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7/29/2019 Power Electronics for Wind Energy Applications
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By
Dennis Woodford, P.Eng.
IEEE Life Fellow
17 September, 2012
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The earliest windturbine generatorsapplied inductiongenerators (one or twospeed)
They required a largeshort circuit ratio,
above 7 to operateeffectively
No power electronics
IEEE
7/29/2019 Power Electronics for Wind Energy Applications
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US patent 5,083,039
granted January 21,1992 to Richardsonand Erdman andassigned to U.S.
Windpower, Inc. Applied power
electronics in a DFIGconfiguration
Ended up beingowned by GE
Expired Feb 1, 2011
IEEE
GE DFIG Wind Turbine GeneratorsCourtesy of GE
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The European and AsianManufacturers of WindTurbine Generators coulduse power electronicsthat applied with ACvoltage control
However, they could not
sell them in NorthAmerica. No AC voltagecontrol allowed
IEEE
Vestas DFIG Wind Turbine
Generator in Denmark
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IEEE
Short circuit ratio less than 7 possible depending on
SVC or STATCOM used
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IEEE
Requires short circuit ratio of 2.5 (2.0 minimum)
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IEEE
Minimum short circuit ratio < 2 theoretically possible
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Numerous complex powerelectronic devices: Wind farms,HVDC/VSC, PV Inverters...
Weak systems, low ESCR, reduced
system inertia Increased loads, need for RAS
schemes
Series capacitors, SVCs and
STATCOMs (instead of newtransmission lines)
Doing more with what you got
New research required for
simulation tools!
IEEE
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There is a possibility ofSub-synchronous controlinstability (SSCI)
What is SSCI?
Interactions between apower electroniccontroller (such as a wind
turbine generator, DClink, VSC, etc) and aseries compensatedsystem
IEEE
Typical series compensation(Courtesy of ABB)
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Wind projects in Texas
Radial 345 kV lines
ERCOT CREZ system expansion
345 kV series compensated lines
PacifiCorp Gateway system expansion
500 kV lines, series capacitors, SVCs Alberta southern system expansion
230 kV lines, series capacitors, SVCs
Proposed 500 kV project in PacifiCorp
UK large scale transmission expansion
IEEE
Example Series Compensated Feeder
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IEEE
Current
Voltage
DFIG wind turbines are more prone to SSCI than Full Converter
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Changes to wind interconnection standards
Requirements to study SSCI
Series capacitor safe turbines Obtain Supplier Guarantee
Development of a wind/series capacitor benchmark system
Possible solutions Higher voltage lines, TCSC (thyristor controlled series capacitors),
operating restrictions, selective bypassing, HVDC ...
Sub-synchronous blocking filter across a series capacitorsegment - expensive
Wind turbine modeling Detailed EMT models (using real controller code)
System models and model development methods
Confidentiality concerns
IEEE
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Blocking filter in parallel with series capacitor
IEEE
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IEEE
Transient Stability ToolsPSS/E or PSLF models are required ininterconnection studies in North America
Used for system impact and facilities studiesNot able to reproduce resonant conditions inthe electrical system and not sufficient forSSCI interaction studies
Control models may not be detailed enough
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IEEE
EMT (electro-magnetic transients) Models:PSCAD or EMTP
Necessary for SSR studies and control interaction studies
Include IGBT firing, harmonics, high speed controls,Multi-level Modular Converters (MMC), etc...
Often use actual code from the hardware -
confidentiality concerns
EMT studies are often not performed or needed in manyinstallations
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IEEE
Wind farms with Types 3 & 4 wind
turbines are virtually Constant Power Consider South East Colorado:
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PSS/E studies showed a certain maximum power
flow Kansas to Colorado EMT studies indicated a lower max power flow
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IEEE
The first DC feeder for awind farm is the 400 MWBorWin Alpha project inthe North Sea by ABB
Other DC feeder projects
are in construction by ABBand Siemens
Courtesy of ABB
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IEEE
Line commutated HVDC (LCC) thyristorrectifiers require AC short circuit capacity to
operate
Basic Type 3 and Type 4 wind turbinegenerators also require AC short circuitcapacity to operate
So, is an LCC rectifier realistic for a feederfor wind farms?
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IEEE
Synchronous condenser and/or generator
required at the rectifier to create the necessaryshort circuit capacityAn LCC feeder may have a minimum power
capability impacting wind farm stand-by energy
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IEEE
A voltage sourced converter (VSC) for a
rectifier can generate adequate and effectiveshort circuit capacity with fixed AC busbarfrequency and steady voltage allowing most
types of wind turbine generators to operate
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IEEE
A voltage sourced converter (VSC) feeder
requires a DC Chopper to protect against DCOvervoltage
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AC cable Molokai to Lanai
One Optionwith VSCs
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DC grid with Multi terminalVSC
Multi terminal VSC modelsnot available in TS programs
Develop EMT models ofonshore VSC converters, DCcables, offshore convertersand turbines (PSCAD)
Use real controls from VSCand wind turbine Suppliers
Interfacing with the EasternInterconnection (PJM) - PSSE
IEEE
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IEEE
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B4-55 HVDC Connection of Offshore WindPower Plants
B4.56 Guidelines for the Preparation ofConnection Agreements for HVDC GridsB4-57 Development of VSC Models for HVDCGridsB4-58 Devices for Load Flow Control and Direct
Voltage Control in a Meshed HVDC GridB4-59 Control and Protection of HVDC GridsB4-60 Designing HVDC Grids for Optimal
Reliability and Availability Performance
IEEE
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Parallel Processing of EMT Simulations
Break the EMT simulation into several cases and runthem in parallel talking to each other
IEEE
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Hybrid Simulations
EMT and Transient Stability simulations are run inparallel, talking to each other
IEEE
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IEEE
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