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Power and Violence

Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

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Page 1: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Power and Violence

Page 2: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

What is power?

The ability to exercise one’s will

TYPES:1. Personal Power2. Social Power3. Marital Power

Page 3: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Marital Power1.Decision Making 2.Division of Labor 3.Sense of Empowerment

* Objective Measure of Power* Subjective Measure of

Fairness(note: subjective measure matters

most in marital satisfaction)

Page 4: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Six Sources of Power (French & Raven)

1.Coercive Power (punishment)2.Reward Power (non/material gifts)3.Expert Power (superior judgment)4.Informational Power (persuasion)5.Referent Power (couple identity)6.Legitimate Power (patriarchy)

Page 5: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Dynamics of Power(Blood & Wolf)

Using the Resource Hypothesis, the researchers suggest that patriarchy as a power source was no longer prevalent

Interviewed 900 wives in 196072 % Egalitarian 25 % Male dominated 3 % Female dominated

Page 6: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Criticism of Blood & Wolf Study

1.Not all decisions are equal2.Left out important areas of life :

a. sexual lifeb. number of childrenc. freedom to have friends of opp./same sex

3.There’s more than the final say, e.g., who comes up with the alternatives

4.Division of labor5.Autonomy

Page 7: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Resources and Gender

Men+ Higher Wages+ Older+ Physical Strength

+ High remarriage rate

Women+ Working in Paid Labor

- Reproductive Role- Economic Dependence

Page 8: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Resource in Cultural Context

Patriarchal Norm v. Egalitarian Norm

Today, in American culture:

Transitional Egalitarian Situation

Love, Need, and PowerPrinciple of Least Interested (Waller)

How does gender play a role in these theories?

Page 9: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Family Violence

All forms of abuse have at their center the exploitation of a power difference

Page 10: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

The Power and Control Wheel

Behaviors some Males use for coercive power and control

Page 11: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

What the Data SaysNational Crime Victimization Survey (2001)700,000 (nonfatal) incidences of violence (rape/sexual assault, robbery, aggravated Assault)

85 % against women (ages 16-24)Men ages 25-34 most victimized

• Between 1993-2004 violent crime against women declined by 40 Percent

• Intimate partner homicide for men down by 45 %

Page 12: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Intimate-Partner Murder

Page 13: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Who Commits Intimate-Partner Violence?

Asymmetrical Violence:Women are primarily the victims of abuse

Symmetrical Violence:both men and women engage in intimate-partner violence

Page 14: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

1. Sample DifferencesUsing college students versus wider age range* College women more willing to strike out in

argument

2. MeasuresCTS does not include sexual violence

3. Typologies of intimate-partner violencePatriarchal Terrorism

intended to establish a general pattern of dominance* normally not focused on particular dispute

Common Couple Violencemutual violence between couple over specific dispute* involves fewer instances, not likely to escalate, may be more common than patriarchal terrorism

Three major Explanations

Page 15: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Why Do Men Do It?

Coercive power is invoked when all other power sources are unavailable

* this leads to Patriarchal Terrorism

Page 16: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Three-Phase Cycle of Domestic Violence

1. Tension forms from minor altercation 2. Situation escalates to violent explosion3. (honeymoon stage) Husband treats wife with love and care

*similar pattern found in same-sex relationships

Page 17: Power and Violence. What is power? The ability to exercise one’s will TYPES: 1. Personal Power 2. Social Power 3. Marital Power

Why Do Women Stay?

1. Fear* 75% of murders are reactions to leaving

2. Cultural Norm* Rule of Thumb; Katz’s indifference to male

violence

3. Love, Econ. Dependency, Hopes for Reform

4. Gender Socialization* Women are the ones to keep marriages

together

5. Childhood Experience6. Low Self-Esteem