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Power and PoliticsBases, Tactics and Behaviors What is Power? The capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with As wishes

Exists as a potential or fully actualized influence over a dependent relationship

What is essence of Power?Why Power is what it is? Dependency- the function of PowerPower and Dependency The General Dependency assumptions

The greater Bs dependency on A, the greater the power A has over B

Possession/control of scarce organizational resources that others need makes a manager powerful

Access to optional resources (e.g., multiple suppliers) reduces the resource holders powerPower and Dependency Dependency increases when resources are:ImportantScarceNo substitutable

Contrasting Leadership and PowerLeaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. Leaders achieve goals, and power is a means of facilitating their achievement

Their different axis on which leadership and power can be differentiatedContrasting Leadership and PowerLeadershipPowerFocuses on goal achievementRequires goal compatibility with followersFocuses influence downward

Research FocusLeadership styles and relationships with followers

Used as a means for achieving goalsRequires follower dependencyUsed to gain lateral and upward influence

Research FocusPower tactics for gaining compliance

Where does power come from? What are its sources?

What is it that gives individuals or a group influence over others?Bases or sources of PowerWe can divide sources or bases of power into two general groupings formal and personal and then breaking each of these down into more specific categories

Formal powerBased on an individuals position in an organization;

Formal power can come from the ability to coerce or reward, from formal authority, or from control of information

It has four basisBases of Formal PowerCoercive PowerA power base dependent on fear of negative results

Reward PowerCompliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable

Basis of Formal PowerLegitimate PowerThe formal authority to control and use resources based on a persons position in the formal hierarchy

Information PowerPower that comes from access to and control over information.

Personal PowerPower that comes from an individuals unique characteristics such as expertise, the respect, and admiration of others, and charisma

It has three basis Bases of Personal PowerExpert PowerInfluence based on special skills or knowledge.

Referent PowerInfluence based on possession by an individual of desirable resources or personal traits.

Charismatic PowerAn extension of referent power stemming from an individuals personality and interpersonal style.

How power is translated into actions?OrHow power is manifested into actions?Through Power Tactics Power TacticsWays in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions

They are influenced by nine different factorsInfluence TacticsLegitimacyRelying on ones authority position or stressing that a request is in accordance with organizational policies or rules

Rational persuasionPresenting logical arguments and factual evidences to demonstrate that a request is reasonable

Influence TacticsInspirational appealsDeveloping emotional commitment by appealing to a targets values, needs, hopes, and aspirations

ConsultationIncreasing the targets motivation and support by involving him/her in deciding how the plan or change will be done

Influence TacticsExchangeRewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for following a request

Personal appealsAsking for compliance based on friendship or loyaltyInfluence TacticsIngratiationUsing flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to making a request

PressureUsing warnings, repeated demands and threats

CoalitionsEnlisting the aid of other people to persuade the target or using the support of others as a reason for the target to agree

How power is exerted? By PoliticsPolitical BehaviorActivities that are not required as part of ones formal role in the organization, but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages or disadvantages within the organization.

It exist in two formsForms of Political BehaviorLegitimate Political Behavior Normal everyday politics - complaining, bypassing, obstructing

Illegitimate Political BehaviorExtreme political behavior that violates the implied rules of the game: sabotage, whistle-blowing, and symbolic protest

He who knows how to flatter also knows how to slander

Napoleon Bonaparte

The great power is great responsbility

Spiderman