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Evolutionary Biology Lecture Guide
BIO 200
Jessica Poulin
Department of Biological Sciences
University at Buffalo–SUNY
7th Edition
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Copyright © 2017 by Jessica Poulin
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iii
Dear Students,
Welcome to Bio 200—Introduction to Evolutionary Biology! I’m excited to be beginning
this course with you, as evolutionary biology and its sister fields are the parts o biology I
love most.
Tis lecture guide is designed to help you keep on top o all o the material we’ll be discuss-
ing this semester. Tere’s a lot o it, so the most successul students keep on top o the mate-
rial as we go and are very organized! For each lecture this guide contains an outline, a list o
key terms or concepts, a list o people to know, and a list o organisms to know. Tese itemswill help to make sure that you are taking notes on the correct things and understand all the
parts o lecture I think are most important (i.e., that I will test you on!).
Te key terms and concepts are listed in the approximate order that they appear in class.
Many students use the space afer the terms to take notes during class. Others take notes
in class and then fill in the guide later to cement the concepts we covered. Please use the
system that works best or you.
Te paper guide does not contain copies o the slides I will lecture rom. Tese cannot be
sold due to copyright issues. However, slides will be posted on UBLearns. I SRONGLY
urge you to print the slides beore coming to class to take notes on.
As a companion to this guide, you are receiving access to practice questions or the entire
course. Tese will be posted online (directions or accessing the questions are on UBLearns).
For each lecture you will be able to work through a set o 10–14 practice exam questions.
Tese questions are a very good gauge o the exams I will give in class. I strongly recom-
mend you take your practice test afer going over your notes and that you time yoursel!
Your midterms will be given during class time, so you have 50 minutes to take a 30 question
test. Tat’s 1.6 minutes per question. Efficiency is a major key to exam success! As with
most things academic, practice improves perormance. Tat’s why I provide the practice
questions.
Tere are also two old exams or each section o the course (Evolution, Diversity, and Ecol-
ogy/Final) available. Wait until you have gone to all the lectures rom a given exam, studiedyour notes, taken all the practice tests, AND made your cheat sheet. Ten take the old ex-
ams as i you were taking a real test (with your cheat sheet and under time). Tis is excellent
preparation or what it will be like to be in the real exam!
Good luck—I look orward to working with all o you this term!
Best!
Dr. Poulin
WELCOME
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iv Bio 200 Lecture Guide
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v
Table of Contents
Letter to Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
able o Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Evolution Section
Lecture 2 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lecture 3 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lecture 4 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Lecture 5 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lecture 6 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lecture 7 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Lecture 8 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Lecture 9 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Lecture 10 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Reerence Page or Evolution Material (Exams 1 and 3) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Diversity Section
Lecture 11 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Lecture 12 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Lecture 13 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Lecture 14 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lecture 15 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Lecture 16 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Lecture 17 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Lecture 18 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Lecture 19 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Lecture 20 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Lecture 21 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
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vi Bio 200 Lecture Guide
Lecture 22 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Lecture 23 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Lecture 24 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Reerence Page or Diversity (Exams 2 and 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Ecology Section
Lecture 25 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Lecture 26 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Lecture 27 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Lecture 28 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Lecture 29 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Lecture 30 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Lecture 31 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
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1
Outline
ime Scales
1. Te ormation o the Earth
2. What happens next: Four eras
3. A brie tour through the history o time (on Earth)
Origin of Life
1. Extra-terrestrial origins?
2. What is lie?
3. Te Earth beore lie originated
4. Four steps
Key Terms/Concepts
Note: You do not need to know details about the ormation o the Earth itsel, just the basic
terms will be fine here.
1. Protoplanetary disk
2. Formation o our sun
3. Protoplanet
4. Precambrian supereon
5. Paleozoic era
6. Mesozoic era
7. Cenozoic era
Lecture 2
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2
Lecture 8. Hadean eon (Don’t just tell me it’s the first period o time on Earth; be able to de-
scribe it.)
9. Archean eon
10. Unicellular vs. multicellular
11. Cyanobacterial mats/stromatolites
12. Bacterial ossils
13. Archean ossils
14. Earliest multicellular lie
15. rilobites
16. Archeocyathids
17. 1st land plants
18. 1st land animals
19. Permian extinction
20. Age o reptiles
21. 1st mammals
22. K– extinction event
23. K– boundary
24. Geological clock
25. Continental drif and changing geography
26. What is lie?
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3
27. Four steps to orm lie
28. Miller and Urey’s experiment
29. Building blocks o lie
30. Monomers and polymers
31. Te importance o clay
32. Protobionts
33. Four reasons we think there was originally an RNA world
34. Viroids
People to Know
• Stanley Miller
• Harold Urey
Organisms to Know
• Cyanobacteria
• rilobites
• Archeocyathids
• Dinosaurs
• Morganucodon watsoni
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4
Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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5
Outline
History of the Teory of Evolution and Mr. Darwin
1. Supernatural vs. scientific explanations or creation
2. History o evolutionary thought
3. Introducing Mr. Darwin
4. Darwin’s ollowers
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Features o a divinely inspired creation
2. Common descent
3. ransmutation o species
4. Binomial nomenclature
5. Nested hierarchy o organisms
6. Sedimentation
7. Erosion
8. Gradualism
9. Great Geological Cycle
10. “we find no vestige o a beginning [o time], no prospect o an end”
Lecture 3
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6
Lecture 11. “invisible hand”
12. Competition and sel-interest
13. Lamarckian evolution
14. Acquired traits
15. Populations grow geometrically, while ood supplies only grow linearly
16. Te role o disasters in keeping the ood supply in line with the population
17. Impact o extinction on theories o creation
18. Catastrophism
19. “the present is the key to the past”
20. Uniormitarianism
21. Atolls
22. Darwin’s observations on the voyage o the Beagle and their impact on his theory
23. Te importance o WHERE the organisms came rom on the Galapagos
24. Wallace’s line
25. What’s the big idea?
People to Know
• Anaximander
• Carolus Linnaeus
• James Hutton
• Adam Smith
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7
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
• Tomas Malthus
• Georges Cuvier
• Charles Lyell
• Charles Darwin
• Alred Russel Wallace
• Gregor Mendel
• James Watson
• Francis Crick
Organisms to Know
• Glyptodon
• Mockingbirds
• Galapagos tortoises
• Finches
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8
Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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9
Outline
Darwin’s Evidence
1. Darwin’s hypothesis o natural selection
2. Evidence or Darwin’s hypothesis rom his lietime
3. Modern evidence
4. Implications o Darwin’s hypothesis
5. Evidence to support the implications
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Tree actors necessary or natural selection
2. Five actors necessary or natural selection
3. Explain evidence that individuals vary
4. Explain evidence that organisms overbreed given available resources
5. Te Grants’ work on the medium ground finch
6. Daphne Major
7. Can you analyze the graphs rom the Grants’ work?
8. El Niño years and La Niña years
9. Can you explain how the Grants’ data shows evidence o adaptation to environmental
conditions (better variations have better survival)?
Lecture 4
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10
Lecture 10. I I told you about weather conditions on Daphne Major, could you make predic-
tions about what would happen PHYSICALLY to the finches there?
11. Heritability
12. What does heritability say about natural selection?
13. Other issues that made Darwin’s work hard or people to accept
14. Te age o the earth (how does this support Darwin?)
15. Fossil evidence o adaptation (how does this support Darwin?)
16. Percent o living ossils decreases the older the rock strata (how does this supportDarwin?)
17. Archaeopteryx (how does this support Darwin?)
18. Modern examples o transitional orms (how does this support Darwin?)
19. Te horse lineages
20. Te problem with missing links
21. What did Darwin know about the proo o his hypothesis beore his death?
People to Know
• Peter Grant
• Rosemary Grant
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11
Organisms to Know
• Archaeopteryx
• Ambulocetus natans
• iktaalik
• Te Equidae
• Hyracotherium
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12
Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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13
Outline
What Darwin Didn’t Know: Mendel and Basic Genetics
1. Gregor Mendel and the collapse o the blending model
2. Mendel’s basic process
3. Monohybrid crosses
4. Mendel’s five element model and the principle o segregation
5. Punnett squares
6. Dihybrid crosses
7. Principle o independent assortment
Extending Mendel
1. Do peas make it too easy?
2. Gene linkage
3. Polygenic inheritance
4. Epistasis
5. Pleiotropy
6. Incomplete dominance and codominance
7. Environmental effects on gene expression
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Blending inheritance
2. Why work with peas?
3. rue breeding
4. What does it mean to “cross” something?
Lecture 5
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Lecture 5. What is a trait?
6. Hybrids
7. Te importance o quantification o results
8. Monohybrid crosses
9. P generation
10. Cross ertilization
11. F1, F2, etc., generations
12. Sel-crossing
13. Monohybrid ratios
14. Latent traits
15. Te meaning o the five element model—what conclusions does Mendel draw rom
each o his elements?
16. Factors/Genes
17. Allele
18. Homozygote/Homozygous
19. Heterozygote/Heterozygous
20. Dominant
21. Recessive
22. Genotype
23. Phenotype
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15
24. Mendel’s 1st law/Segregation
25. How do you fill in and analyze a Punnett square?
26. Where are the gametes on a Punnett square?
27. Can you determine the parental genotypes rom a Punnett square?
28. Phenotype vs. genotype ratios
29. Dihybrid crosses
30. Dihybrid ratios
31. Can you find the gametes and parental genotypes rom a dihybrid Punnett square?
32. Mendel’s 2nd law/Independent assortment
33. Gene linkage
34. wo state cases vs. multi-state cases
35. Polygenic inheritance
36. Epistasis
37. How is epistasis different rom polygeneic inheritance?
38. Given a genotype would you know what color a Labrador was?
39. Pleiotropy
40. Why is sickle cell still around?
41. Incomplete dominance
42. Codominance
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Lecture 43. How does incomplete dominance differ rom codominance? Could you tell them
apart?
44. How are blood types determined?
45. Environmental effects on gene expression
People to Know
• Gregor Mendel
Organisms to Know
• Peas
• Labradors
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17
Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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19
Outline
What Mendel Didn’t Know: Chromosomes and Recombination
1. Chromosomes are discovered and come in pairs
2. A brie introduction to mitosis and meiosis
3. Haploidy, diploidy, polyploidy
4. Sex chromosomes: an unusual pair
5. Recombination via crossing over
What Does DNA Do?
1. Understanding how we’ve gone rom actors to DNA
2. Nucleic acids, the double helix, and a quick tour o DNA replication
3. Te central dogma (DNA→ RNA→ aa→ Protein)
4. How central is it?
5. Codons and translation: A universal code
6. Closely related species have similar proteins and DNA
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Chromosomes
2. Te implications o paired chromosomes
3. Human chromosome counts
4. Karyotype
5. Chromatid
6. Sister chromatids
Lecture 6
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20
Lecture 7. Centromere
8. Homologous pair
9. Basics o mitosis and meiosis
10. Cell outcomes o mitosis and meiosis
11. Basic differences between mitosis and meiosis
12. Ploidy
13. Sex chromosomes
14. Crossing over/Recombination
15. How do chromosomes explain gene linkage?
16. Does recombination eliminate gene linkage?
17. Te basic structure o DNA
18. Nucleotides
19. How does DNA replicate?
20. What is the central dogma o molecular biology?
21. ranscription and translation
22. How are proteins ormed?
23. Given a DNA or RNA transcript, can you “build” a protein?
24. Codons and the amino acid table (do not memorize table)
25. What do comparisons o amino acid sequences (Cytochrome C), gene unctions, or
DNA sequences tell us about organism relatedness?
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21
People to Know
• James Watson
• Francis Crick
Organisms to Know
• No new organisms or lecture 6
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22
Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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23
Outline
Microevolution
1. What causes evolution?
2. Allele requencies: A critical measure
3. Gene flow
4. Non-random mating
5. Genetic drif
Mutation in Detail
1. How do codons get read?
2. Incorrect readings: a variety o point mutations
3. Chromosome level mutations
4. Aneuploidy and polyploidy
5. Causes and effects o mutations
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Allele requency
2. Population
3. Can an individual evolve?
4. Microevolution
5. Microevolutionary orces
6. Gene flow
7. Does gene flow increase or decrease genetic variation?
Lecture 7
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Lecture 8. Non-random mating
9. Assortative mating
10. Sel-ertilization
11. Does non-random mating increase or decrease genetic variation?
12. Genetic drif
13. Founder effect
14. Bottleneck effect
15. How are ounder and bottleneck effects different?
16. Does genetic drif increase or decrease genetic variation? Founder effects? Bottle-
neck effects?
17. Mutation
18. Where do new genes come rom?
19. Crick and Brenner’s experiments and their results
20. Degenerate code
21. Reading rame and rameshif
22. Silent, missense, and nonsense mutations
23. Chromosome level mutations
24. Nondisjunction
25. Aneuploidy
26. Monosomy
27. risomy and common trisomys
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28. Polyploidy
29. Causes o mutation (mutagens)
30. Outcomes o mutation
People to Know
• Francis Crick
• Sydney Brenner
Organisms to Know
• No new organisms or lecture 7
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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27
Outline
Natural Selection
1. Te only adaptive evolutionary orce
2. Stabilizing selection
3. Directional selection
4. Disruptive selection
5. Balancing selection
6. Determining fitness
Sexual Selection
1. Males and emales have different reproductive strategies
2. Females choose…
3. …most o the time (when the exception proves the rule)
4. Males compete
5. Females gain by their choosiness
a. Co-parents
b. erritory
c. When males don’t stick around—theories!
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Natural selection
2. Adaptation
3. Adaptive
4. Selective orces (definition and examples)
5. Fitness
Lecture 8
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Lecture 6. Absolute fitness
7. Relative fitness
8. Stabilizing selection
9. Directional selection
10. Disruptive selection
11. Balancing selection
12. Heterozygote advantage
13. Negative requency dependent selection
14. Reproductive strategy
15. Parental investment
16. What happens when male and emale parental investment is equal or males invest
more?
17. Female choice
18. Male/Male competition
19. Sexual dimorphism
20. Paternal care
21. erritory deense and resource acquisition
22. Good genes hypothesis
23. Handicap principle hypothesis
24. Runaway selection
25. Ghost o selection past
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People to Know
• No new people or lecture 8
Organisms to Know
• Fence lizards
• Pocket mice
• Salmon
• Colonial bentgrass, Agrostis tenuis
• Elephant seals
• Australian riflebirds
• Pea owl
• Long-tailed widowbird
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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31
Outline
Species Concepts and Reproductive Isolation
1. What is a species?
2. Morphological species concept
3. Biological species concept
4. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
5. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
Species Formation
1. How does one species become two?
2. Allopatric speciation
3. How is allopatry achieved?
4. Is sympatric speciation possible?
5. Neat examples o speciation: Adaptive radiation and ring species
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Morphological Species Concept
2. Biological Species Concept
3. Reproductive isolation
4. Prezygotic vs. postzygotic isolating mechanisms
5. Geographic or ecological isolation
6. Allopatric/allopatry
7. Sympatric/sympatry
Lecture 9
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Lecture 8. emporal isolation
9. Behavioral isolation
10. Mechanical isolation
11. Gametic isolation
12. Hybrid inviability
13. Hybrid inertility
14. Hybrid breakdown
15. How does allopatric speciation occur?
16. Ways that allopatric isolation can occur (dispersal, vicariance, “the third one”)
17. How is continental drif related to allopatric speciation and species distributions?
18. How do the different microevolutionary orces affect the chances o speciation?
19. Sympatric speciation
20. Polyploidy
21. How might disruptive selection lead to sympatric speciation?
22. Adaptive radiation
23. Subspecies
24. Ring species
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 9
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Organisms to Know
• Liger/igon (no, you don’t have to remember which parents lead to which)
• Wild lettuce (Lactuca sp.)
• Blue- and red-ooted boobies
• Abalone
• Donkey, Horse, and Mule
• Cycads
• Anolis lizards
• Cichlid fish
• Pea aphids
• Silverswords and arweed
• Rat snakes
• Salamanders
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Phylogenetic rees
1. Introducing trees and tree terminology
2. How to make trees rom molecular data
a. Parsimony
3. And i you don’t have molecular data?
a. Homology and homoplasy
4. Putting events on trees
5. Does taxonomy reflect phylogeny?
a. Monophyly and paraphyly
Key Terms/Concepts1. Common descent
2. Common ancestor
3. Phylogeny
4. How is time represented on a phylogeny?
5. Branches
6. Nodes
7. ips
8. Great chain o being
Lecture 10
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Lecture 9. Why is a phylogeny different than a “great chain”?
10. Sister taxa
11. Outgroup
12. Nodes twist without affecting evolutionary relatedness
13. Making trees with DNA data
14. Parsimony
15. Do mutations in a single species give more or less inormation or phylogeny build-
ing than mutations in multiple species?
16. Non-DNA traits used or making phylogenies
17. Homoplasious traits/Convergent traits
18. Homologous traits
19. Derived traits vs. ancestral traits
20. Making trees with traits tables
21. Placing event “tick marks” on trees
22. Universal common ancestor
23. Most recent common ancestor
24. Monophyletic
25. Prokaryotes
26. Paraphyletic
27. Why doesn’t taxonomy always reflect phylogeny?
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People to Know
• No new people or lecture 10
Organisms to Know
• No new organisms or lecture 10
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Te dates for critical time periods in the Earth’s history:
Precambrian supereon: 4.6 BYA–543 MYA
Paleozoic era: 543 MYA–250 MYA
Mesozoic era: 250 MYA–65 MYA
Cenozoic era: 65 MYA–now
Te Amino Acid Code—Square
Phe
Firstposition
Secondposition Ala = Alanine
Arg = Arginine
Asn = Asparagine
Asp = Aspartate
Cys = Cystine
Gln = Glutamine
Glu = Glutamate
Gly = Glycine
His = Histidine
Ile = Isoleucine
Leu = Leucine
Lys = Lysine
Met = Methionine
Phe = Phenylalanine
Pro = Proline
Ser = Serine
Thr = Threonine
Trp = Tryptophan
Tyr = Tyrosine
Val = Valine
Thirdposition
Leu
UUU
U C A G
U
C
A
G
UUC
UUA
UUG
CUU
CUC
CUA
CUG
AUU
AUC
AUA
AUG
GUU
GUC
GUA
GUG
Leu
Ile
Met/start
Stop Stop
Stop
Val
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG
CCU
CCC
CCA
CCG
ACU
ACC
ACA
ACG
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
Pro
Thr
Ser
Ala
TyrUAU
UAC
UAA
UAG
CAU
CAC
CAA
CAG
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AAA
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UGC
UGA
UGG
U
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A
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U
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C
A
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CGU
CGC
CGA
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AGC
AGA
AGG
GGU
GGC
GGA
GGG
His
Gln
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Lys
Ser
Arg
Asp
Glu
Arg
Gly
©Hayden-McNeil, LLC
Reference Page for EvolutionMaterial (Exams 1 and 3)
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Te Amino Acid Code—Circle
5'
3'
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Pro (P)
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) Thr (T)
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for methionine and is the
start codon.
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Lys (K)
Ser (S)
Arg (R)
Val (V)
Ala (A)
Asp(D)
Glu(E)
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Reerence Page or Evolution Material (Exams 1 and 3)
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Outline
Viruses and the Nature of Life
1. Lie or not lie?
2. What are viruses?
3. Virus structure and reproduction
4. Slow viruses???
Te ree of Life
1. Te real tree o lie vs….
2. our view o the tree
a. Our view is biased
3. Te three domain model is a better system
4. Diversity is noted in different ways or different organisms
5. Bacteria and Archaea
6. Te protists are not monophyletic
7. Plants, ungi, and animals are (slightly) more understood
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What is lie?
2. Virus structure
3. Capsid/protein coat
4. Viral hereditary material
5. Virions
6. Helical and Icosahedral shapes
Lecture 11
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Lecture 7. Binal
8. Bacteriophage
9. Te basics o viral replication
10. Why do some scientists argue that viruses are not alive? Why do other scientists
(and your book) disagree?
11. SE and some examples
12. How are prions different than viruses?
13. Why were prions originally called slow viruses?
14. Prion “replication”
15. How is the traditional (5 or 6 kingdom) view o the tree o lie biased?
16. Tree domain model
17. LUCA
18. raits shared by all lie-orms
19. Key traits common to bacteria and archaea
20. Defining traits o eukaryotes
21. How is the new eukaryotic tree different rom older views?
People to Know • No new people or lecture 11
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“Organisms” to Know
• Corona virus
• obacco mosaic virus
• Adenovirus
• Influenza
• Scrapie
• Bovine spongiorm encephalopathy (Mad-Cow Disease)
• Chronic wasting disease
• Creutzeldt-Jakob disease
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
“Prokaryotes”
1. 2/3s o the tree o lie in 1/2 a lecture!
2. Fundamentally different rom eukaryotes
3. Early classification
4. Metabolism
5. Differentiating archaea and bacteria
6. Common bacteria
7. Common archaea
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Why is “prokaryotes” in quotes?
2. Why do we only spend one day on 2/3s o the tree o lie?
3. Differentiate the “prokaryotes” rom the eukaryotes
a. Unicellularity
b. Internal structure
c. Chromosomes
d. Cell division
Lecture 12
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Lecture e. Gene transer
. Cell wall
g. Flagella
h. Size?
4. Colonial or filamentous growth
5. Nucleoid
6. Binary fission
7. Bacterial generation time
8. Lateral gene transer
9. Web o lie vs. tree o lie
10. Peptidoglycan, Pseudomurein
11. Gram + and Gram – bacteria, Archaea?
12. Pre-DNA bacterial classification
a. Shape (bacilli, cocci, spirillum)
b. Metabolism (anaerobes [acultative, obligate, aerotolerant], aerobes, photoau-
totrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs)
c. Other classification topics
13. Can you make tick marks on a phylogeny?
14. Low-GC Gram +
15. High-GC Gram +
16. Hyperthermic bacteria
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17. Hadobacteria
18. Cyanobacteria
19. Spirochetes
20. Chlamydias
21. Proteobacteria
22. Crenarcheota
23. Extremophiles (Termophilic, Cryophilic, Halophilic, etc.)
24. Euryarcheota
25. Methanogens
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 12
Organisms to Know
(Some of these are organisms, and some are the diseases caused by the organisms.)
• Termotoga maritima
• Bacillus anthracis
• Botulism
• uberculosis
• Actinomyces
• Deinococcus
• Syphilis
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Lecture • Lyme disease
• Escherichia coli
• Salmonella
• Plague
• Cholera
• Methanopyrus
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Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Origin of the Eukaryotes
1. Earliest eukaryotes
2. Eukaryotic traits
3. Origin o organelles
4. Endosymbiosis: mitochondria and chloroplasts
Protists
1. Protists are not monophyletic
2. Protist traits
3. Building the bridge to multicellularity
ypes of Protists1. Alveolates
2. Stramenopiles
3. Rhizarians
4. Excavates
5. Amoebozoans
6. Choanoflagellates
Lecture 13
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Lecture Key Terms/Concepts
1. Eukaryote traits
2. How does compartmentalization lead to internal structure?
3. Why is the loss o the cell wall critical to eukaryotic development?
4. Formation o organelles
5. Endosymbiosis leading to mitochondria and chloroplasts—know figures!
6. How are the protists prooundly paraphyletic?
7. Variation in protist traits
a. Locomotion
b. Cell suraces
c. Nutrition
d. Reproduction
8. Te development o multicellularity
9. Protist groups
a. Alveolates
i. Dinoflagellates
ii. Apicomplexa
iii. Ciliates
b. Stramenopiles
i. Brown algaes
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ii. Diatoms
iii. Oomycetes (water molds and downy mildews)
c. Rhizarians (ex.: Foraminierans)
d. Excavates
i. Diplomonads and Parabasalids
ii. Euglenids
e. Amoebozoans
i. Loboseans
ii. Plasmodial and cellular slime molds
. Choanoflagellates—within Opisthikonts with animals and ungus
10. Origin o chloroplasts (multiple endosymbiotic events)
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 13
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Lecture Organisms to Know
• Gymnopodium
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Paramecium
• Brown algae (ex.: giant kelp)
• Sea otters
• Diatoms
• White rust
• Giardia intestinalis
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Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Origin of Land Plants
1. How do plants evolve?
2. “actics” or land invasion
3. A general plant lie cycle
4. Just what is a plant?
5. Red algae: Te outgroup to the plants
6. Chlorophytes and stoneworts
Non-Seeded Land Plants
1. Moving to land: Embryophytes
2. Nonvascular plants or Bryophytes: Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts
3. Te moss lie cycle
4. Te next big advance: racheid cells
5. Lycophytes and Monilophytes (Horsetails and Ferns)
6. Te ern lie cycle
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Major ways plants differ rom protists
2. Challenges o land living
3. Adaptations to land dwelling
4. Diplontic lie cycle
Lecture 14
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Lecture 5. Haplodiplontic lie cycle
• Sporangia
• Spore mother cells
• Spores
• Archegonium
• Antheridium
• Zygote
• Embryo
6. Sporophyte
7. Gametophyte
8. How do the events o meiosis and syngamy (ertilization) shape the haplodiplontic
lie cycle?
9. Dominant lie stages
10. Describe different ways to define “plants”
11. Rhodophyta (Red algaes)
12. Chloroplast ormation
13. Primary and secondary endosymbiosis
14. Chlorophyll types
15. Chlorophytes
16. Stoneworts
17. Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)
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18. Seedless vascular plants (racheophytes)
19. What does it mean to be nonvascular?
20. raits o bryophytes
21. Moss lie cycle
22. racheid cells (xylem and phloem)
23. Benefits o tracheids
24. Lycophytes
25. Microphylls and megaphylls
26. Monilophytes
27. Sori
28. Fern lie cycle
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 14
Organisms to Know
• Giant sequoia, Sequoiadendron giganteum
• Coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens
• Chlamydomonas
• Volvox
• Red algaes (ex.: the species that makes Nori)
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Lecture • Chara
• Liverworts
• Hornworts
• Mosses
• Club mosses
• Horsetails
• Ferns
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Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Seed Plants—Gymnosperms
1. Te seed is an important advancement
2. Gymnosperms have naked seeds
3. Gymnosperm lie cycle
4. Tere are our groups o gymnosperms
Seed Plants—Angiosperms
1. Flowers and ruits
2. Dissecting a flower
3. What is a ruit?
4. Angiosperm lie cycle
5. Why are angiosperms so successul?
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Parts o a seed
a. Megaspore
b. Nucellus
c. Integument
d. Micropyle
2. Tree ways seeds are adaptive
Lecture 15
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Lecture 3. Homospory vs. heterospory
4. Microspore mother cell, microspores, pollen, sperm
5. Ovules, megaspore mother cell, megaspore, emale gametophyte
6. Naked seeds
7. Pollen tube
8. Why aren’t seed plants dependent on water?
9. Cycads
10. Ginkgos
11. Gnetophytes
12. Coniers
13. raits o angiosperms (flowers and ruit)
14. Flower parts (sepals, petals, anthers, filaments, stamens, ovary, ovules, style, stigma,
carpel)
15. ypes o ruits
16. Egg, Synergids, Antipodals, Polar nuclei
17. Pollen tube, ube cell, Generative cell
18. Double ertilization, 2N zygote, 3N endosperm
19. How is the angiosperm lie cycle different than the gymnosperm lie cycle?
20. What do we think makes angiosperms so successul?
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People to Know
• No new people or lecture 15
Organisms to Know
• Ginkgo biloba
• Welwitschia
• Ephedra (Mormon tea)
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
ouring the Angiosperms
1. A ossil angiosperm: Archaefructus
2. Te most ancestral extant group: Amborella
3. Modern groups
4. Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales
5. Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllum
6. Magnoliidae, Eudicots, and Monocots
Coevolution of Plants and Pollinators
1. Pollination versus ertilization
2. Abiotic vs. biotic
3. Abiotic: Water and wind
4. Biotic: Insects (beetles, bees, butterflies, moths)
5. Biotic: Birds and bats
6. Plant goal achievement: rap flowers, a case study
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What is the “abominable mystery”?
2. Te nine clades o angiosperms (ocus on the seven in your book)
a. Archaefructus
b. Amborella
c. Nymphaeales
d. Astrobaileyales
Lecture 16
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Lecture e. Chloranthaceae
. Ceratophyllum
g. Magnoliids
h. Eudicots
i. Monocots
3. Definition o pollination syndrome
4. Pollination vs. ertilization
5. Abiotic vs. biotic (generally and with regard to pollination)
6. Specific pollination syndromes:
a. Water
b. Wind
c. Beetle
d. Short- vs. long-tongued bee
e. Fly
. Butterfly
g. Moth
h. Hummingbird
i. Bat
7. Coevolution
8. Nectar guide
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9. UV spectrum and pollination
10. What do flowers “get” out o these coevolutionary relationships?
11. Te example o Aristolochia (trap flowers)
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 16
Organisms to Know
• Archefructus
• Amborella trichopoda
• Water lily
• Star anise
• Magnolias
• Nutmeg
• Rose
• Pea
• Daffodil
• Orchid
• rap flowers
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
What’s a Fungus?
1. Te ungus hike (Not really testable, right?)
2. Defining traits o ungi
3. General biology o the ungi
ypes and Ecology
1. Microsporidia
2. Chytridomycetes
3. Zygomycetes
4. Glomeromycetes
5. Ascomycetes
6. Basidiomycetes
7. Fungal ecology: mutualists, saprobes, and parasites
Key Terms/Concepts
1. How do ungi fit onto the eukaryotic tree?
2. “Uniying” ungal traits
3. Cell types
4. Fungal body
a. Hyphae
b. Septa
Lecture 17
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23. Ascomycetes
24. Basidiomycetes
25. Mutualists
26. Saprophytes
27. Parasites
28. Why are ungal diseases hard to treat?
People to Know • No new people or lecture 17
Organisms to Know
(Again, some of these are species and some are diseases caused by fungi.)
• Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
• Cup ungus
• Yeast
• Penicillin
• ruffles and morels
• Cheese molds
• Chestnut Blight
• Dutch Elm Disease
• Mushrooms
• Athlete’s oot
• Ringworm
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Outline
Animal Diversity
1. raits o all animals
2. Te animal body plan evolves through five key transitions
3. Te new (DNA-based) animal tree
Te Basal Animals
1. Non-symmetric and radially symmetric animals
a. Sponges, Cnidaria (and Ctenophora)
2. Bilaterians
a. Arrow worms
b. Lophotrochozoans: Part 1 (Pretty much, worms)
i. Bryozoans and Entoprocts
ii. Flatworms
iii. Rotiers
iv. Ribbon worms
v. Annelids
Key Terms/Concepts
1. raits that uniy animals
2. Symmetry
a. Radial
b. Bilateral
3. Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior
Lecture 18
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Lecture 4. Cephalization
5. Diploblastic development
6. riploblastic development
7. Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
8. Benefits o variable tissues
9. Protostome vs. deuterostome
10. Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates
11. Segmentation and locomotion
12. How has the DNA-based tree changed rom the old morphological tree?
13. Lophotrochozoans
14. Ecdysozoans
15. Sponges
16. Sponge morphology
a. Choanocytes
b. Water pores
17. Cnidarians
18. Polyps
19. Medusae
20. Cnidarian digestion
21. All you need to know about Ctenophorans and Placozoans is that they are other
phyla o radial, diploblastic animals
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Lecture • Leeches
• Polychaetes (ex.: ube worms)
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Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Lophotrochozoans: Part 2 (Mollusks)
1. Mollusks are highly diverse
2. Mollusk body plan
3. Mollusk reproduction
4. Tere are our classes o mollusks
Ecdysozoans
1. What is an ecdysozoan?
a. Nematodes (roundworms) and Horsehair worms
b. Water bears and Onychophorans (velvet worms)
c. Arthropods
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What did the common ancestor to mollusks look like?
2. Parts and various roles o the generalized mollusk body plan
a. Visceral mass
b. Foot
c. Mantle
3. Cephalization in the mollusks
4. Radula
5. Mollusk reproduction
Lecture 19
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Lecture 6. Polyplacophora (Chitons)
7. Gastropods
8. Bivalves
9. Cephalopods
10. What makes an ecdysozoan?
11. Nematodes (Roundworms)
12. Eutely
13. Model organisms
14. Horsehair worms
15. Water bears
16. Onychophorans (Velvet worms)
17. What did the common ancestor o the arthropods probably look like?
18. Species richness (number o species) o arthropods
19. rilobites
20. Jointed appendages and body segments in arthropods (head, thorax, abdomen)
21. Exoskeletons in arthropods
22. Molting in arthropods
23. Limitations placed on organisms with exoskeletons
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24. Differentiations between arthropod groups
a. Arachnids (Chelicerae, eight legs, etc.)
b. Myriapods (Repeating segments, leg pairs, etc.)
c. Crustaceans (wo antennae, three-part bodies, etc.)
d. Insects (Six legs, antennae, three-part bodies, etc.)
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 19
Organisms to Know
• Slugs
• Snails
• Nudibranchs
• Clams
• Mussels
• Oysters
• Scallops
• Octopus
• Squid
• Nautilus
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Lecture • Horseshoe crab
• Hookworms
• Pinworms
• Caenorhabditis elegans or C. elegans
• Grasshopper
• icks
• Spiders
• Scorpions
• Centipedes
• Millipedes
• Shrimp
• Lobster
• Crab
• Pill bug
• Fly
• Dragonfly
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Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Echinoderms and Hemichordates
1. Echinoderms are the first deuterostome
2. Pentaradial symmetry and endoskeleton
3. Te water vascular system and tube eet
4. Echinoderm regeneration and reproduction
5. Tere are three groups o Echinoderms
6. Tere’s just not a ton to say about hemichordates: Acorn worms
Chordates raits and Non-Vertebral Chordates
1. What makes a chordate?
2. Lancelets
3. unicates
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What makes a deuterostome?
2. Ancestral deuterostomes: homalozoans
3. Echinoderms
4. Pentaradial symmetry
5. Echinoderm larvae
6. Echinoderm skeletons
7. Water vasculature system
Lecture 20
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Lecture 8. Madreporite and tube eet
9. Oral surace
10. Aboral surace
11. Asexual and sexual reproduction in echinoderms
12. Extinct echinoderms
13. Te three groups o echinoderms: Crinoids, Echinozoans, and Asterozoans
14. Can you name and describe defining organisms in each group?
15. Hemichordates
16. Chordate traits
a. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
b. Notochord
c. Pharyngeal gill slits
d. Post-anal tail
17. Chordate segmentation
18. Non-vertebral chordate groups (Lancelets and unicates)
19. Non-vertebral chordate larvae and chordate traits
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 20
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Organisms to Know
• Sea stars
• Brittle stars
• Sea urchins
• Sand dollars
• Sea lilies
• Feather stars
• Sea cucumbers
• Acorn worms
• unicates (Sea squirts)
• Lancelets
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
What Makes a Vertebrate?
1. Vertebrate traits
2. Hagfish: Sister taxa or the first vertebrates?
3. Lampreys
Fish
1. Fish traits and classes
2. Te evolution o jaws
3. eeth and the sharks
4. Bony fish dominate the fish world
Te Invasion of Land 1. Lobed fish led the invasion o land
2. Amphibian traits
3. errestrials challenges led to species like Ichthyostega
4. Tree classes o amphibians
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Vertebrate traits
a. Head
b. Endoskeleton supported by vertebrae
c. Internal organs
d. Circulatory system
Lecture 21
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Lecture 2. Where to put the hagfish?
3. Hagfish and lampreys: Cyclostomes
4. Vertebrate groups
5. Fish diversity (only ully aquatic group)
6. Five traits o all fish
a. Jaws
b. Paired appendages
c. Internal gills
d. Single loop blood circulation
e. Amino acid deficiencies
7. Sharks and rays
8. Te importance o teeth
9. Cartilage vs. bone
10. Swim bladders
11. Ray-finned fish vs. Lobe-finned fish (esp. locomotion)
12. Challenges o land invasion
13. Amphibians
14. raits shared by modern amphibians
a. Legs
b. Lungs
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c. Cutaneous respiration
d. Pulmonary veins
e. Partially divided hearts
15. Major amphibian groups
16. Age o amphibians
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 21
Organisms to Know
• Sea horses/Leay sea dragons
• unas
• Eels
• Manta rays (rays in general)
• Coelacanths
• Lungfish
• Ichthyostega
• Frogs and toads
• Salamanders
• Mud puppies
• Caecilians
• Eryops megacephalus
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Reptiles
1. Mastering the art o living on land
2. raits o modern reptiles
3. Synapsids and diapsids
4. Archosaurs and dinosaurs
5. Modern reptiles
a. uataras
b. Lizards and snakes (squamates)
c. urtles and tortoises
d. Crocodilians
Birds1. Where did birds come rom?
2. Birds share our key traits
3. Beak and oot morphology determine ecology
4. Bird evolution
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Reptile perect transition to terrestrial lie
2. Defining traits o reptiles
3. Who are the amniotes?
4. Benefits o the amniotic egg
5. Internal ertilization
Lecture 22
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26. Bird skeletons
27. Bird lungs
28. Endothermy in birds
29. Beak and oot morphology
30. General order o bird evolution
31. Passeriormes (song birds)
People to Know • No new people or lecture 22
Organisms to Know
• Pelycosaurs
• Crocodiles
• Alligators
• Caimans
• Gavials
• Velociraptors
• Ostriches
• Ducks and Geese
• Owls
• Parrots
• Woodpeckers
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Movie: A Winning Design
Mammals
1. Te age o mammals
2. Mammals share five traits
3. Certain mammals have some pretty cool derived traits
4. Tere are two groups o mammals
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Why do mammals have a winning design?
2. How do animals in very cold climates stay warm (two reasons)?
3. Mammals live in highly variable habitats
4. Mammals gain nutrients rom many different sources
5. Details about monotreme biology—how are they different rom other mammals?
6. Size variation among mammals
7. Mammalian ancestors
8. Some mammals are extinct
Lecture 23
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Lecture 9. Five mammalian traits:
a. Hair (including various roles o hair)
b. Mammary glands
c. Endothermy
d. Sweat glands
e. Placentas
10. Mammalian teeth
11. Herbivores’ gut symbionts
12. Hooves and horns
13. Prototherians (monotremes) vs. therians
14. Marsupials
15. Eutherians
16. Common ancestor to the eutherians
17. Rapid radiation o eutherians afer dinosaurs go extinct
18. Eutherian diversity mirrors the break up o the continents
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People to Know
• David Attenborough
Organisms to Know
• Echidna
• Platypus
• Whales and Dolphins
• Porcupines
• Hedgehogs
• Bats
• Koalas
• Yapok
• Wallaby
• Wombat
• Virginia opossum
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture 4. Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys)
5. Catarrhini
6. Old World Monkeys
7. Hominoids (Gibbons, Great Apes, Humans)
8. Hominins
9. Differentiating humans and apes
10. Bipedalism
11. Ardipithecus
12. Australopithicines ( Australopithecus and Paranthropus sp.)
13. Homo species
14. Assimilation hypothesis
15. “Out o Arica” hypothesis
People to Know
• “Lucy” and “Ardi”
Organisms to Know
• Carpolestes simpsoni
• Lemurs
• Lorises
• Pottos
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• arsiers
• amarins
• Marmosets
• Squirrel monkeys
• Howler monkeys
• Capuchin monkeys
• Mandrill
• Baboons
• Rhesus monkeys
• Gibbons
• Orangutans
• Gorillas
• Chimpanzees
• Ardipithecus ramidus
• Australopithicus sp. (afarensis)
• Paranthropus sp.
• Homo habilis
• Homo erectus
• Homo neanderthalensis
• Homo sapiens
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Important transitions among the three domains:
F D L
D
F A B E
Amino acid that initiatesprotein synthesis
Methionine Formyl-methionine Methionine
IntronsPresent in some
genesAbsent Present
Membrane-bounded
organellesAbsent Absent Present
Membrane lipid
structureBranched Unbranched Unbranched
Nuclear envelope Absent Absent Present
Number o different
RNA polymerasesSeveral One Several
Peptidoglycan in cell
wallAbsent Present Absent
Response to the
antibiotics streptomycin
and chloramphenicol
Growth not
inhibitedGrowth inhibited
Growth not
inhibited
Student Notes and Questions
Reference Page for DiversityMaterial (Exams 2 and 3)
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Reerence Page or Diversity (Exams 2 and 3)
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Outline
Ecology: Evolution in the Present Moment
1. What is ecology?
2. Why talk about ecology in an evolution course?
3. Adaptations are affected by the biotic and abiotic environment
Large Scale Climate Patterns
1. Global patterns in temperature and precipitation
2. Seasons
Variation in Climate Patterns
1. Local variation in climate
2. Global variation in climate3. Stochasticity
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Define ecology
2. How is ecology related to evolution?
3. Abiotic
4. Biotic
5. Tree actors influence climate
6. Intensity o sunlight on Earth varies
7. Effect o light intensity on temperature
Lecture 25
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Lecture 8. Effect o light intensity on rain
9. Hadley circulation
10. Hadley cells
11. Main effects o rising and sinking air streams
12. Distribution o rain orests
13. Distribution o deserts
14. Distribution o temperate orests
15. Polar deserts
16. What causes the seasons?
17. opography or terrain
a. Slope
b. Orientation to other eatures
c. Elevation
18. Factors that lead to local variation in climate
a. Rain in the southern hemisphere
b. Rain shadows
c. Slope and local drought
d. North- vs. south-acing slopes
e. Elevation and temperature
. Lake effect snow
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19. Adiabatic cooling
20. Less predictable global effects on climate
a. El Niño
b. La Niña
c. Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)
21. Stochasticity
People to Know • No new people or lecture 25
Organisms to Know
• No new organisms or lecture 25
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture 8. Boreal orest
9. emperate deciduous orest
10. emperate grassland
11. Hot desert
12. Cold desert
13. ropical evergreen orest
14. Why don’t biome boundaries exactly match species range boundaries?
15. Niche
16. Factors that might be important to a niche
17. Niche partitioning
18. Niche packing
19. Factors affecting density o niche packing
20. Fundamental niche vs. realized niche
21. MacArthur’s warblers
People to Know
• Robert Whittaker
• Joseph Connell
• Robert MacArthur
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Organisms to Know
• Cactus
• Euphorbia (member o the Poinsettia amily)
• Honeyeater
• Hummingbird
• Chthamalus barnacles
• Semibalanus barnacles
• Warblers
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture 2. Symbiont
3. Why is competition hard to “see”?
4. Te Ghost o Competition Past
5. How do you study competition?
a. Experiments
b. Comparisons o sympatric and allopatric populations
6. Exploitation competition
7. Intererence competition
8. Interspecific vs. intraspecific
9. Resources
10. Resource partitioning
11. emporal partitioning
12. Character displacement
13. Intraspecific competition can lead to less interspecific competition
14. Predation can limit competition
15. Disturbance can limit competition
16. Intermediate disturbance
17. Competitive exclusion
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People to Know
• Arthur ansley
• G.A. Gause
Organisms to Know
• Galium saxatile
• Galium pumilum
• Stickleback
• Bufo woodhousii
• Hyla crucifer
• Hydrobia sp. (mud snails)
• Paramecium caudatum
• P. aurelia
• P. bursari
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Consumer/Resource Interactions
1. Predation is universal
2. Tere are many types o predation/consumption
3. Consumer species have major effects on prey species
4. Many predator/prey populations cycle
5. Coexistence between predators and prey
Coevolution among Predators and Prey
1. Prey evolve to avoid predators
2. What i you’re sessile?
3. Predators evolve more efficient ways to hunt prey
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Consumer/resource relations
a. rue predators
b. Parasitism
c. Herbivores
i. Predatory herbivores
ii. Parasitic herbivores (grazers, browsers)
d. Detritivores
2. Extinction via predation
Lecture 28
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Lecture 3. Predators lower prey abundance
4. Predators can restrict prey distribution
5. Predator/prey cycling
6. Methods o predator and prey coexistence
a. Reuges
b. Cycling
c. Predators at low abundance
d. Generalist predators
7. Prey evolve deenses
a. Crypsis
b. Chemical deense
c. oxicity
d. Armor
e. Behavioral deense (alarm calling, distraction displays, fleeing, herds)
. Predator satiation
8. Cryptic coloration
9. Object mimicry
10. Aposematic coloration
11. Batesian mimicry
12. Müllerian mimicry
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13. How do sessile organisms avoid predation?
14. How do predators respond to prey deenses?
a. Search images
b. Avoid/use toxins
c. Get past armor
15. ypes o hunting
a. Ambush
b. Stalking
c. Pursuit
16. Who would you expect to hunt in each way?
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 28
Organisms to Know
• Paramecium
• Didinium
• Klamath weed
• Chrysolina beetle
• Megapode
• Lynx
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Lecture • Snowshoe hare
• Bombardier beetle
• Nudibranch
• Skunk
• Bee
• Monarch butterflies
• Viceroy butterflies
• Armadillos
• Clams
• Porcupines
• Anemones
• Cactus
• Sea urchins
• Vine snake
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Student Notes and Questions
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Symbioses
1. Parasitism
a. Ectoparasites vs. endoparasites
b. Multiple hosts
2. Mutualism
a. ypes o mutualism
b. Te importance o stress
3. Commensalism and ammensalism
4. Species interactions may change over time or be hard to name
5. Communities are interactions o species interactions
6. Keystone species
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Coevolution
2. Symbiosis
3. ypes o symbiosis
a. Parasitism
b. Mutualism
c. Commensalism
d. Ammensalism
Lecture 29
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Lecture 4. Examples o ectoparasites
5. Examples o endoparasites
6. Parasites can have complex lie cycles
7. Why does parasite spread ofen decline?
8. Examples o mutualisms
9. Human mutualisms
10. ypes o mutualisms
a. rophic
b. Deensive
c. Dispersive
11. Examples o commensalisms and ammensalisms
12. Nurse plants
13. Species relationships can change over time
14. Species relationships may be unclear
15. Communities are ormed rom groups o species interactions
16. Keystones species
People to Know
• No new people or lecture 29
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Organisms to Know
• Lichen
• Mistletoe
• Indian Pipe
• Nematodes
• Plasmodium
• Dicrocoelium dendriticum, ants, and deer
• Cleaner fish and customer fish
• Honeyguides and honey badgers
• Acacia and Pseudomyrmex ferruginea ants
• ube worms
• Saguaro and paloverde
• Oxpecker birds
• Pisaster (starfish)
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Outline
Te Latitudinal Gradient in Species Diversity
1. A bit on species richness
2. What is the latitudinal gradient?
3. Hypotheses or the cause o the gradient
So, Which Is It?
1. Energy explains some o the pattern
2. Problems with energy as a hypothesis
3. Evolutionary time and niche conservatism: An experiment
4. Is there ever a simple answer?
Key Terms/Concepts1. Diversity
2. Species richness
3. Evenness
4. Species richness and area
5. Species richness and habitat number (environmental heterogeneity)
6. Latitudinal gradient in species diversity
Lecture 30
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People to Know
• Bradord Hawkins
Organisms to Know
• Spruces
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Lecture Student Notes and Questions
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Outline
Te Teory of Island Biogeography
1. Te lesson o Krakatau
2. Island biogeography explains species distributions in new environments
3. Immigration and extinction
4. Reaching equilibrium
5. Size and isolation
Why Do We Care?
1. errestrial islands: reversing the island model
2. Real lie data
3. Protecting the equilibrium
4. Reserve design
5. Charismatic megaauna
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What is Krakatau an example o?
2. Basic outlines o the history o Krakatau
3. Rationales or the new inhabitants o Krakatau (ex.: why are there a lot o birds?)
4. Te Teory o Island Biogeography
5. Immigration decreases over time
6. Extinction increases over time
7. Equilibrium species number
Lecture 31
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Lecture 8. ime to equilibrium varies by species group
9. Island size
10. Island isolation
11. errestrial islands
12. How are terrestrial islands different than oceanic ones?
13. Relaxation
14. Immigration must be possible to prevent extinction
15. Reserve design
16. Corridors
17. Charismatic megaauna
18. Specialists
People to Know
• Robert MacArthur
• E.O. Wilson
Organisms to know
• Coconuts
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Student Notes and Questions
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