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7/27/2019 Potential Renewable Energy Sources for Kuwait_2
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Potential Renewable Energy Sources for Kuwait
By
Salah
2011
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Potential Renewable Energy Sources for Kuwait
Kuwaits solution to providing enforcement to the current grid capacity and reliability is
by exploring the various available options of renewable energy. Some of the major renewable
forms of energy being utilized all over the world include solar, geothermal, wind and hydro
energy. Based on the countrys climatic conditions, the potential sources of energy available for
Kuwait are as follows.
Solar Energy
A key source of energy that Kuwait could utilize is solar energy. Solar energy involves
converting the freely available and abundant sunlight to electrical power. The country
experiences high temperatures and very sunny days between June and September (Salam
&Mazrooei, 2007). Kuwait can therefore comfortably sustain solar power production
throughout the summer.
Solar as a form of energy can be looked at from two angles: thermal-where solar energy
is used for heating and photovoltaic (PV) which involves solar energy being used for power
production.
The first form of energy involves converting the heat from the sun into electricity, which
is used in homes for water heating and desalination. Utilization in this way would result in much
saving in terms of expenditure on energy. This form of energy can be used to cater for all
household energy needs. It can also be used in street lighting as well as in industries for food
production. It requires little cost to set up and maintain a solar energy system in your house.
Apart from this being a cheaper option, it is environmental friendly in that it does not emit any
harmful gases.
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The second option of utilizing sunlight, photovoltaic, would require more complex
system put in place. This option is in fact under consideration by the Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC) to be implemented in Kuwait. Plans are underway to invest $3.6 billion in Kuwait alone
to achieve photovoltaic energy in the country (Alnaser 2008). Using solar energy is expected to
reduce the contribution of Kuwait to the worlds emission of Carbon Monoxide which currently
stands at about 0.2% (Alnaser, 2008). Alnaser (2008) has further argued that globally, there has
been an average increase of 40% in terms of the volumes of energy produced from solar. There
is still more room for improvement because the amount of energy produced in a single day is
enough to sustain life for years.
Solar as a source of energy has a major shortcoming in that it is susceptible to
interruption and thus not stable (ABB, 2011). The supply may be low during the cloudy and
rainy days. The power produced may thus not be efficient and reliable for critical uses such as in
production industries. Advances in technology should however be able to solve this problem in
future. A more complex system that is able to store the solar energy and giving the user the
control of the units being consumed is being explored. ABB (2011) has explained how lithium-
ion batteries can be integrated with solar energy to provide back up during low production
periods.
Previous attempts by the Kuwait government to embark on solar energy project were
thwarted by sand storm and the prevailing large amount of dust on potential tapping areas. The
government has at times appeared not to be too enthusiastic to the idea as it fails to give
financial incentives to those willing to pursue such projects.(Hashem, 2011).
There is a renewed effort by the countrys government to invest in exploring the solar
energy options. Recently, the countrys Chamber of Commerce and Industry, (KCCI), revealed
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a government-lead project that would cost $120bn. The project is to be implemented within the
next five years. It involves the government embracing solar energy as part of its development
plans. (Hashem, 2011).
The government has also shown interests by partnering with other countries
governments to implement solar projects all over the country. Fortune CT from UK and Toyota
T Suchu Corporation from Japan are some of the international companies actively participating
in implantation of solar energy in different regions in Kuwait.
Solar energy has little effect on the environments as not gases are emitted. The costs of
acquiring a solar system are also cheaper compared to geothermal and hydro. Maintaining the
system costs almost nothing as no fuel is used.
Wind Energy
Wind energy involves utilizing the strength of wind to move large treadmills which in
turn rotate to produce power. Just like solar energy, this form of energy is renewable and has
little harm to the environment. Already, countries like Brazil are utilizing this form of energy
ABB (2011). Brazil utilizes the offshore wind to generated energy which is then transmitted in
the normal power lines for hundreds of kilometers. Countries with similar weather patterns
including North African and other Middle East countries are in the process of implementing
wind power use. It is projected that in years to come, wind energy will be used to produce about
12% the global energy and in the process a significant alternative energy source in the coming
years (Alnaser, 2008).
Kuwaits wind speed is above the 1400 per hour threshold which is considered as the
minimum wind speed that can sustain economically viable wind production. Salam &Mazrooei
(2007) have noted that in recent years, Kuwait has been experiencing increasing wind speeds.
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There has been an increase of wind speeds of up to 0.21 ms-1 between 1999 and 2004. The
country could look at the positive side of this effect. Windmills could be set up at strategic
places to help trap the wind energy and convert it to electrical energy. Alnaser(2008) has
projected that Kuwait would be generating a significant amount of wind and solar energy by the
year 2015.
For Kuwait to achieve this form of energy, a complex system made up of several wind
turbines will have to be put in place at strategic areas. An ideal area would be on the sea shore to
capitalize on the sea breeze common in such places. The acquisition of these turbines as well as
setting up the plants will cost quite a lot. The government has to therefore provide some funding
or offer incentive to private investor who may be willing to undertake the venture.
Wind plans have also been known to have a negative effect on the wildlife in the
surrounding area especially the birds. The construction sites of wind power plants require an
area that is free from wind obstruction. With buildings built across the country, finding such a
place may be a bit hard.Economically sustainable production of wind power requires that there
be windy conditions throughout which might not always be the case.
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy involves utilizing the heat on the ground to yield energy. Kuwait has
the potential of creating geothermal energy that is yet to be fully exploited. Plans are underway
to increase this option of energy generation. The Kuwait government has given a go ahead to
contractor to construct a water plant, Al-Zour North power plant that is expected to produce
about 4,800 megawatts of power (Izzak, 2010). The government is also planning to increase
production in existing plants by replacing old systems with more efficient ones. Izzak, (2010)
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Just like the other aforementioned options, Hydro plant set up requires a lot of resources
to set up. Such a project would therefore require substantive funding from either the government
or private sector. This form of energy would require building of dams. This would result in
interfering with the wildlife existing in the rivers as well as the surrounding area.
Bio Fuel
Bio Fuel energy offers the only alternative to fossil fuel as a renewable carbon based
source of fuel that exist is significant quantity (Klass, 2004). Klass, (2004) has argued that the
levels of natural gas would not be sufficient to sustain the demand during the beginning of the
21st century. Such a situation would force the world to look elsewhere for their energy supply.
This could require the stakeholders in the sector to shift to unexploited biomass as the
alternative source of energy.
Kuwait can position herself for such an eventuality by investing in the relevant biomass
conversion technologies. The country could, for instance, invest in power plants which use
wood energy which is burned to generate steam. This steam is in turn channeled to turbines to
produce energy.
To sustain this way of energy production, there requires a sufficient supply of biomass.
Breeding plants that produce high amount of biomass can achieve this. Klass, (2004) has
identified particular plant species that can achieve help achieve this. Such plants include the
unique herbaceous biomass plants and other hybrid flora, which he refers to as energy plants.
Klass (2004) has explained a way of ensuring a constant supply of biomass for biofuel. This is
by ensuring that a new growth of biomass will readily come up in place of the biomass collected
for energy production.
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Bio fuel use has an additional advantage in that it has does not pollute the environment
and displaces the use of fuel. When used in conjunction with coal or wood, bio fuel reduces the
amount of harmful gasses released to the environment. Bio fuel use could also reduce the rate at
which fossil fuel is being depleted from earth.
Ethanol fuel
Closely related to bio fuel is use of ethanol. This ethanol as gotten from plants such as
sugarcane, wheat and corn and can be used for fueling vehicles. Setting up plants for ethanol
harvesting is relatively cheap. However, getting a constant supply of ethanol producing plants
would require a considerable resource allocation. The process of production of energy is also
quit costly, as it requires fuel. The fuel used in producing ethanol may also result in production
of gases, which may pollute the environment.
Factors to consider when selecting a suitable location to build a new Renewable Energy
power
Solar energy
The process of selecting a fit location for building a new renewable power plant or
station not only in Kuwait, but also other regions is not an easy one. Rather, it is influenced by
some essential factors that require consideration if the entire process should come out
successful. One of these factors is solar energy. It is essential to note some significant variables
that might affect solar energy, and; therefore, need to be considered in selecting an area for the
process. Intermittency has an effect on solar energy because electricity production from solar
sources largely relies on the light energy amount in a given region. The solar output changes
through seasons and throughout the day. In addition, it is affected by cloud cover. The factors
can be predicted. In fact, some of the solar thermal systems utilize the storage of heat in the
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production of power even when the sun is not shining. According to San (2012), intermittency
and capacity factor are essential for consideration in selecting a suitable location to build a new
renewable power station in Kuwait. The degree to which the solar-generated electricity
intermittency becomes an issue depends on the extent to which the solar generation profile
matches demand. Solar thermal plants, for instance, Nevada Solar one somewhat corresponds to
peak loads of summer in regions with considerable demands of cooling including those of the
south-western United States. Storage systems of thermal energy have the potential of improving
the level of match between consumption and supply. The rise in thermal systems capacity
factor does not reflect a rise in efficiency. Rather, it represents the spreading out of the period
over which the thermal system produces power.
Wind energy
Wind turbines refer to devices that are involved in the process of converting kinetic
energy from the wind into mechanical energy. This process is referred to as wind power. In this
case, if mechanical energy is used in the production of electricity, the tool can be called wind
power plant or wind turbine. Wind turbines apply big blades in order to catch the wind. The
blades are forced round when the wind blows. The process drives a turbine that produces
electricity. When the wind is strong, there is more production of electricity and when the wind is
weak then there is low electricity generation. There are different types of wind turbines some of
which include pole mounted and building mounted, as domestic-sized wind turbines. Pole
mounted wind turbines stand free and erected in a fit and exposed position, frequently about
5KW to 6KW (Chubb, 2007). The building mounted wind turbines, on the other hand, are
smaller systems that can be installed on a homes roof where there exists an appropriate wind
resource. In most cases, the sizes of these turbines are 1KW to 2KW.
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The most essential environmental cost in relation to both onshore and offshore energy
arises from the manufacturing and recycling materials utilized for wind turbines. During the
entire process of building a power station in Kuwait, wind turbines are exceedingly
environmentally effectual and gas emissions from greenhouses are not a big deal.
Onshore wind
Onshore power energy has an effect on the environment mainly in terms of noise
pollution, harm to birds, and visual pollution. The matter of noise and visual pollution has in
many cases been less anticipated. There are, however, numerous cost advantages related
onshore wind that have a great impact on the environment (Michaelides, 2012). There is the
benefit of being closely linked to existing electrical grids, thus new reducing the effects related
with constructing new ones. The environmental cost of constructing and establishing this kind
of wind turbine is part of the process, which is harms the environment. The cost with this type
of turbine is lower than the onshore wind turbine.
Offshore wind
This kind of power exists at the coast where turbines are put on concrete platforms,
which stretch to the bottom of the ocean, as well as, out of the sea through the application of
platforms. This increases the environmental cost as additional materials are needed. The effect
of these kinds of turbines on humans and sea organisms is low because they move further out
and do not harm the sea bed. The extra materials required to construct platforms that can be able
to withstand deep sea levers conditions are ultimately dealt away with through the additional
effectiveness and efficiency that arises because of putting turbines in the offshore. The low pay-
back period associated with the turbines (Michaelides, 2012).
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Whereas offshore wind turbines have extra environmental costs in relation to materials,
both offshore and onshore wind turbines have exceedingly low or short environmental payback
periods. Additionally, the visual and noise pollution that arise from onshore wind turbines create
a compelling instance to favor the offshore wind turbines. It is possible that developments in
technology will make the production of wind turbine more effectual , and this will lead to the
cancellation of variations of environmental cost between offshore and onshore wind power
(Chubb, 2007). The increased effectiveness and efficiency of onshore wind energy leads to an
environmental cost which is approximately equal and the increased efficiency of the turbines
over the onshore platforms will lead to an environmental cost that is crucially equal.
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy comes from thermal energy generated and stored on Earth. Thermal
energy refers to energy that identifies the energy the temperature of matter. The geothermal
energy of the earth comes from radioactive decay of minerals and the original formation of the
planet. The geothermal gradient, which represents the difference in temperature of the surface
and the core of the planet, leads to constant thermal energy conduction in the heat from the core
region to the surface. Heat used for geothermal energy may be deep in the earth. Rock is made
to melt by extremely high pressure and temperature (Kursunoglu et al., 2000). Because
geothermal energy is a good source of generation of electricity, it is essential to take it into
consideration as a factor in choosing an area to build a new renewable energy source.
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectric power is normally exceptionally more reliable and dispatchable than other
sources of energy. Within seconds of demands, many dams have the capability of providing
hundreds of megawatts. The precise power availability nature relies on the plant type. In
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hydroelectricity of run of the river nature, the availability of power largely depends on the river
flow, and this type of generation is made the most suitable only at areas where the levels of flow
are influenced by upstream dams. On the other hand, in hydro electronic plants that are
conventional, there is a one-way generator and a reservoir (Great Britain, 2008). The flow of
water through the turbines can be often adjusted to meet demands that are changing. In addition,
the generator is run when demand is high, thus it can be controlled. Hydroelectricity in Kuwait
should be considered in the selection of a location to establish the renewable plant.
Bio Fuel
Another potential source of renewable energy is bio fuel. This is a kind of fuel that is
obtained from biomass. The energy produced can be used for heating and lighting in the rural
areas. It can be also used for cooking at both rural and urban setting. These are significant
sources of energy and; therefore, an essential element in the topic of concern. Bio-fuels
comprise a broad variety of fuels that are obtained from biomass. Various biogases, solid
biomass, and liquid fuels are covered by the term. Liquid bio-fuels comprise of oils such as bio-
diesel and bio-alcohols including bio-ethanol. On the other hand, gaseous bio-fuels are landfill
gas, biogas, and synthetic gas. Bio-fuels can be used as vehicle fuel, as well as, a diesel additive
in order to reduce the level of carbon monoxide, particulates, and hydrocarbons (International
Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, & Umeda,
2012).
Ethanol fuel
Before touching on ethanol fuel, it is essential to mention bio-ethanol. This refers to
alcohol that is made by fermenting the components of sugar of plant materials. In most cases, it
is made from starch crops and sugar. With developed technology being advanced, grasses and
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trees (cellulosic biomass) are also used as feedstocks in the production of ethanol. Ethanol may
be used as vehicle fuels especially in its pure form. However, it is used as an additive for
gasoline in order to improve vehicle emissions and increase octane. Bio-ethanol is broadly used
in Brazil and the United States of America. According to European Environment Agency,
however, bio-fuels do not tackle concerns of global warming (Abbasi and Abbasi, 2008).
Conclusion
The potential is there for Kuwait to explore other option of energy production. The
underlying factor in all these options is some sort of funding for research as well as initial set
up. The government of Kuwait can do this either directly or by offering financial incentive.
Exhaustive cost-benefit analysis is also necessary to establish the viability of each option. Any
option that Kuwait takes would an important enforcement to the current grid capacity which is
dominated by natural gas and oil.
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INDEX
Bio Fuel- refers to a broad range of fuels that are in some form derived from biomass. Bio
fuels cover liquid fuels, various biogases, and solid biomass.
Ethanol fuel- alcohol that is made by fermenting the components of sugar of plant materials
Geothermal energy- energy that comes from thermal energy generated and stored on Earth.
Hydroelectricity- electricity produced from hydropower. The generation of electrical power via
the utilization of the flowing or falling water gravitational force
Solar Energy- energy involved in converting the freely available and abundant sunlight to
electrical power
Wind Energy- energy generated from utilizing the strength of wind to move large treadmills
which in turn rotate to produce power
Wind turbines- devices that are involved in the process of converting kinetic energy from the
wind into mechanical energy
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