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Review Article
POTENTIAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MEDICINAL PLANTS - A REVIEW
DEEPA MURUGESAN AND RENUKA DEVIPONNUSWAMY
Department of Biotechnology Anna University, Regional centre, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu – 640047,India.
Email: [email protected]
Received: 5 March 2014 Revised and Accepted: 20 March 2014
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants play a vital role in drug discovery. Medicinal plants are very useful for human to cure various ailments. There is a worldwide interest in searching for the safe new phytochemical compound drugs. Some of the medicinal plants have been experimentally validated. Anti-inflammatory drugs like NSAIDs used to reduce the swelling and pain of inflammation. Longterm uses of NSAID cause adverse side effects and damage human biological system such as liver, gastrointestinal tract etc. Many medicinal plants are reported to have potential anti-inflammation activity. In this review we have described some medicinal plants which have potent anti-inflammatory activity.
Keywords: Ailments, Phytochemical, Anti-Inflammatory, Gastrointestinal.
INTRODUCTION
Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to harmful stimuli, pathogens, irritants characterized by redness, warmth, swelling and pain [1,2]. Inflammation is either acute or chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation may be an initial response of the body to harmful stimuli. In chronic inflammation, the inflammatory response is out of proportion resulting in damage to the body. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the key enzymes in the synthesis of prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes which are involved in inflammation, pain and platelet aggregation [3]. Inflammatory diseases are major worldwide problem.
Many researchers reported that inflammation and several human diseases including heart attack and Alzheimer’s disease [4, 5, 6] and cancer [7]. Chronic inflammation lies at the basis of many diseases of advanced age such as heart attacks, Alzheimer’s diseases, and cancer [8]. The drugs used to reduce inflammation are NSAIDs. These drugs block COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme activity. COX enzymes assist with prostaglandin production. NSAIDs, steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are being used till now, As a result long term uses of these drugs cause adverse side effects and damage human biological system such as liver, gastrointestinal tract, etc. As a result of adverse side effects, like gastric lesions, cardiovascular, renal failure [9]and gastrointestinal damage[10,11] caused by NSAIDs.
Now there is a need for the new safe, potent, nontoxicor less toxic anti-inflammatory drug. Plant medicines are great importance in the primary healthcare in many developing countries. According to World Health Organization (WHO) still about 80% of the world population rely mainly on plant-based drugs. In Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani, utilizing a large number of medicinal plants were used for the treatment of human diseases [12]. The medicinal plants occupied a unique place in human life. It provides more information about the use of plants or plant parts as medicine[13]. Plant-based drugs used in the traditional medicine have paid great attention because it is easily available, less expensive and also have no side effects [14]. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide verity of phytochemical compounds as secondary metabolites. Many of the phytochemicals have been used to effectively treat the various ailmentsfor mankind. World Health Organization has made an attempt to identify all medicinal plants used globally and listed more than 20,000 species. Most of the medicinal plant parts are used as raw drugs and they possess varied medicinal properties [15]. Plants have a great potential for producing new drugsand used in traditional medicine to treat chronic and even infectious diseases [16].The Phytomedicine are more import in the treatment of inflammation. In recent years, there is an increasing awareness about the importance of medicinal plants. Many medicinal plants have shown to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory effect in the treatment of inflammation by using various models.
Table 1: List of medicinal plants used for anti-inflammatory activity
S. No. Name of the plant Part Used Type of plant extract
Model used Reference
1. Acacia modesta Leaves Methanol Carrageenan
[17]
2. Adenentherapavonina Leaves Ethanol
CarrageenanCotton Pellet [18]
3. Albizialebbeck Bark PetroleumEther Chloroform Ethanol
Carrageenan Dextran Cotton Pellet Freund’s Complete Adjuvant
[19]
4. Alpiniagalangal Root Alcohol Carrageenan Bradykinin Formaldehyde
[20]
5. Alstoniascholaris Leaves Ethanol Carrageenan [21] 6. Andrographispaniculata Stem Chloroform Carrageenan [22] 7. Argyreiaspeciosa Root Methanol Carrageenan
[23]
8. Balanitesaegyptiaca Aerial Parts Petroleum Ether Ethanol
Carrageenan [24]
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 6, Issue 4, 2014
Innovare
Academic Sciences
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9. Bambusa vulgaris
Leaves Methanol Carrageenan Cotton Pellet
[25]
10. Barleriacristata
Leaves Aqueous Carrageenan [26]
11. Bauhinia purpurea Stem Ethanol Carrageenan
[27]
12. Boswelliaserrate Oleo-Gum-Rein Petroleum Ether Aqueous
Carrageenan
[28]
13. Bowdichiavirgilioides Bark Leaves
Aqueous Carrageenan [29]
14. Calotropisprocera Latex Aqueous Carrageenan [30] 15. Camellia sinensis Leaves Aqueous
Aqueous Carrageenan Arachidonic Acid CarrageenanHistamineSerotonin Prostaglandin
[31] [32]
16. Carumcopticum Seeds Alcohol, Aqueous Carrageenan, Cotton Pellet
[33]
17. cassia fistula Bark Aqueous Methanol Carrageenan
[34]
18. Chloranthuseretus Leaves Methanol Carrageenan Histamine Serotonin Cotton Pellet
[35]
19. Crotalaria juncea Leaves Ethanol Freund’s Adjuvant [36] 20. Dilleniaindica
Leaves Methanol Carrageenan [37]
21. Dregeavolubilis Leaves Methanol
Petroleum Ether Chloroform
Carrageenan [38]
22. Drimysangustifolia Leaves Bark
Aqueous Carrageenan [39]
23. Ecboliumviride Root Ethanol Carrageenan Cotton Pellet [40]
24. Ficusamplissima
Bark Acetone Carrageenan Histamine
[41]
25. Ficusbengalensis
Bark PetroleumEther Ethanol
Carrageenan [42]
26. Foeniculumvulgare Fruit Methanol Carrageenan Arachidonic Acid Formaldehyde
[43]
27. Gynadropsispentaphylla Stem Aqueous Carrageenan [44] 28. Holopteleaintegrifolia Leaves Aqueous Carrageenan [45] 29. Hygrophilaspinosa Leaves PetroleumEther
Chloroform Ethanol Aqueous
Carrageenan [46]
30. Hypericum rumeliacum
Aerial Parts Ethanol Carrageenan [47]
31. Ionidiumsuffruticosam Whole Plant Methanol Carrageenan Histamine Serotonin
[48]
32. Kalanchoecrenata
Leaves Hexane Ethyl Acetate N-Butanol Aqueous
Carrageenen, Histamine Serotonin Formalin
[49]
33. Lamiophlomis rotate
Aerial Parts Aqueous Carrageenan [50]
34. Lantana trifolia Leaves Ethanol Carrageenan Histamine Serotonin
[51]
35. Leonotis nepetaefolia
Leaves Stem Flowers
Hexane Ethyl Acetate Methanol
TPA [52]
36. Leucasaspera Aerial Parts Ethanol Formalin [53] 37. Lotus pedunculat
Aerial Parts Ethanol Carrageenan [54]
38. Mallotus philippinensis
Stem Wood Ethanol Formaldehyde Carrageenan
[55]
39. Malvaparviflora Stem Methanol Carrageenan Histamine
[56]
40. Mitragynaparvifolia Leaves Ethanol Carrageenan [57] 41. Monochoriavaginalis Roots
Leaves Methanol Carrageenan [58]
42. Moringaoleifera Leaves Aqueous Carrageenan [59]
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45
43. Mortoniagreggii Roots Leaves
Acetone Carrageenan TPA
[60]
44. Nothospondiasstaudtii Leaves Aqueous Methanol Chloroform
Carrageenan
[61]
45. Onosmaaucheranum Root Chloroform
Carrageenan
[62]
46. Onosmaisauricum Root Chloroform Carrageenan [62] 47. Onosmasauricum Root Ethanol Carrageenan [62] 48. Onosmasericeum Root Ethanol Carrageenan [62] 49. Passiflorafoetida Leaves Ethanol Carrageenan
Histamine [63]
50. Pedilanthus tithymaloides
Stem Leaves
Tincture Carrageenan [64]
51. Petroselinum trispum
Leaves Ethanol Carrageenan Cotton Pellet
[65]
52. Pimentaracemosa Leaves Aqueous Carrageenan TPA
[66]
53. Pinusdensiflora Pollen Ethanol Carrageenan Formalin Arachidonic Acid
[67]
54. Piper sp. Leaves Methanol Carrageenan Cotton Pellet Dextran
[68]
55. Piper longum
Fruit Oil Methanol Aqueous
Carrageenan
[69]
56. Piper sarmentosum Leaves Aqueous Carrageenan [70] 57. Plantagomajo Seeds Methanol Carrageenan [71] 58. Plumeria
acuminate Leaves Methanol Carrageenan
Dextran Histamine Serotonin Cotton Pellet
[72]
59. Polyalthia longifolia
Leaves Toluene, Chloroform, Acetone, Methanol
Carrageenan [73]
60. Punicagranatum Flower PetroleumEther Dichloromethane Methanol
Carrageenan
[74]
61. Phyllanthusamarus Whole Plant Methanol Carrageenan Cotton Pellet
[75]
62. Phyllanthusemblica Fruit Aqueous Carrageenan Cotton Pellet
[76]
63. Riveahypocrateriformis Leaves Ethanol Carrageenan [77] 64. Rhododendron arboretum
Whole Plant Ethanolic Aqueous
Methanolic Carrageenan Histamine
[78]
65. Rungiapectinata
Leaves Hydroalcohol Carrageenen [79]
66. Rungiarepens
Leaves Hydroalcohol Carrageenan
[79]
67. Rubiacardifolia Root Stem
PetroleumEther Ethanol
Carrageenan Freund’s Adjuvant Carrageenan
[80] [81]
68. Sapindustrifoliatus
Pericarp Aqueous Carrageenan Histamine Serotonin Arachidonic Acid TPA
[82]
69. Schimawallichii Bark Ethanol Carrageenan Dextran Cotton Pellet
[83]
70. Sclerocaryabirrea Stem Bark Aqueous Methanol
Carrageenan Histamine Serotonin Freund’s Adjuvant
[84]
71. Semecarpusanacardium Nut Milk Carrageenan Freund’sAdjuvant
[85]
72. Silybummarianum Leaves Methanol Carrageenan [86] 73. Simmondsiachinensis Seed Carrageenan
[87]
74. Smilax china WholePlant Methanol Carrageenan [88] 75. Solanumnigrum Berries Methanol Carrageenan [89] 76. Solanumtrilobatum Root Methanol Carrageenan [90]
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Leaves
Methanol Cotton Pellet Carrageenan
[91]
77. Sonchusoleraceus Aerial Parts Ethanol Carrageenan Cotton Pellet
[92]
78. Spilanthesacmella Aerial Parts Aqueous Carrageenan
[93]
79. Tabernaemontana catharinensis
Bark Ethanol Carrageenan
[94]
80. Terminaliaarjuna Leaves Methanol Carrageenan, Histamine Dextran
[95]
81. Thespesiapopulnea Bark Methanol Carrageenan Histamine Serotonin
[96]
82. Tephrosiapurpurea Gum Ethanol Carrageenan Cotton Pellet
[97]
83. Trachelospermum jasminoides
Leaves Aqueous Carrageenan [98]
84. Trichodesma indicum
Root Chloroform Carrageenan Histamine Dextran Serotonin Cotton Pellet
[99]
85. Ventilagoharmandiana
Stem Bark Methanol Ethyl Phenylpropiolate Arachidonic Acid Carrageenan Cotton Pellet
[100]
86. Vitex negundo
Leaves Leaves Leaves Leaves
Aqueous Methanol PetroleumEther Ethyl Acetate
Carrageenan Carrageenan Carrageenan Cotton Pellet Carrageenan
[101] [102] [103] [104]
87. Zingiberofficinale Rhizome Hydralcoholic Carrageenan Serotonin
[105]
TPA -12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-
CONCLUSION
Large group of medicinal plants are used as traditional medicine, which have potential to cure various ailments. These medicinal plants which containing potential sources of phytocompounds which are used for many therapeutics. Almost all parts of the medicinal plant are used as medicines. Commonly available many medicinal plants are used in Indian traditional medicine. The above referred studies reported that the above mentioned medicinal plants have potent anti-inflammatory activity. In the above study, various models tested for its anti-inflammatory activity. Carrageenan, Histamine, Dextran, Serotonin induced hind paw oedema , cotton pellet induced granuloma, Freund’s Adjuvant are the standard experimental models of acute and sub-acute and chronic inflammation respectively. The test phytodrugs are effective in all the models of inflammation. This review paves a way for further identification of new compounds from various medicinal plants which may be effective in acute and chronic inflammation.
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