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20 RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 JULY/AUGUST 2014 INTRODUCTION Potash was a hot topic in the early 1960’s when I was a young logging engineer assigned at Lanigan, SK with one operator and a breadwagon (equivalent to today’s “cube-van”). We dripped oil-base mud into the motel and all along the Yellowhead from Saskatoon to Yorkton. Potash price peaks in 2010 encouraged a renewed interest in potash, especially on Indian Reserves and deeper plays where solution mining is more practical than subsurface mining. The price peak in 2010 has subsided to more rational levels but exploration and development, not to mention talk of acquisitions and mergers, are still active. This level of interest has generated a modest amount of petrophysical analysis, using logs that date from the mid-1960’s to the present. The major source of potash in the world is the Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation in Saskatchewan, which provides 11 million POTASH PETROPHYSICS – Then and Now | By E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng, Spectrum 2000 Mindware Ltd, www.spec2000.net, [email protected] Figure 1. Recent potash price per tonne FOB Vancouver, courtesy InfoMine.com. ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 30 35 35 35 40 30 35 35 30 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 30 30 35 30 35 35 35 25 35 35 35 35 30 30 30 35 35 35 30 30 30 30 35 35 35 30 35 35 30 40 30 30 40 30 40 35 30 35 35 35 30 35 40 35 35 40 30 35 35 30 30 35 30 30 30 30 35 30 30 35 30 25 35 40 35 30 35 35 35 35 30 30 25 30 35 30 30 35 35 35 30 40 30 30 35 35 40 30 40 40 30 35 35 30 30 35 30 30 30 30 30 30 35 30 30 30 35 35 516 75 53 190 118 45 10 82 105 42 74 30 48 81 75 92 142 390 224 101 109 142 202 200 300 143 289 155 120 T45 T35 T50 West Shale Basin East Ba Kaybob T40 Edson Karr Willesden Green 124697.23 miles 322965.63 km British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan SASKATCHEWAN ALBERTA BRITISH COLUMBIA THE DUVERNAY PROJECT Work on Canadian Discovery and partners’ Duvernay Project is well underway. This study evaluates the Geomechanics, Hydrocarbon Systems and Geological Setting of the Devonian Duvernay Formation in the Kaybob to Willesden Green Area. TRICAN GEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS Canadian Discovery Ltd. GRAHAM DAVIES CONSULTANTS LTD. GEOLOGICAL GDGC Subscribe now and qualify for pre-completion pricing Contact Cheryl Wright [email protected] | 403.269.3644 Image Left: Geothermal Gradient (All Units) Results to date indicate: » Variable lithology and a well-defined facies/ lithology dependent fracture fabric » Stratigraphy shows a possible extension to the current play areas » Geochemistry shows source rock maturity is strongly related to heat flow variations A geomechanical evaluation, detailed geochemistry, hydrogeology and reservoir mapping will be completed prior to study delivery.

Potash Petrophysics

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Potash was a hot topic in the early 1960’swhen I was a young logging engineerassigned at Lanigan, SK with one operatorand a breadwagon (equivalent to today’s“cube-van”). We dripped oil-base mud intothe motel and all along the Yellowhead fromSaskatoon to Yorkton. Potash price peaksin 2010 encouraged a renewed interest inpotash, especially on Indian Reserves anddeeper plays where solution mining is morepractical than subsurface mining.

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20 RESERVOIR ISSUE 07JULY/AUGUST 2014 INTRODUCTIONPotashwasahottopicintheearly1960s whenIwasayoungloggingengineer assignedatLanigan,SKwithoneoperator andabreadwagon(equivalenttotodays cube-van). We dripped oil-base mud into the motel and all along the Yellowhead from SaskatoontoYorkton.Potashpricepeaks in2010encouragedarenewedinterestin potash,especiallyonIndianReservesand deeper plays where solution mining is more practical than subsurface mining. Thepricepeakin2010hassubsidedto morerationallevelsbutexplorationand development,nottomentiontalkof acquisitionsandmergers,arestillactive. Thislevelofinteresthasgenerateda modestamountofpetrophysicalanalysis, using logs that date from the mid-1960s to the present.The major source of potash in the world is theDevonianPrairieEvaporiteFormation in Saskatchewan, which provides 11 million POTASH PETROPHYSICS Then and Now| By E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng, Spectrum 2000 Mindware Ltd, www.spec2000.net, [email protected] 1. Recent potash price per tonne FOB Vancouver, courtesy InfoMine.com.(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( (( (( (( (( (( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!")")")")")")")")") ")")")") ")")") ")")")")")") ")")")")") ")")")")")") ")")")")")")")")")")")")")")")")")")")")") ") ") ")")")")") ") ") ")")") ")") ")")")")")")")")")")")")")")")")") ")")") ")")") ") ")")")")")")")")")")") ") ")")")")") ")")") ") ") ") ")") ")")")") ") ")")")") ")")")")")") ")") ")")") ")") ")")") ")")")")") ")")")")")")")!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!! !! !! !!!30403535354 0353030353035353535353040353530353535303530403530353535303035303535303535353530303035253535303035353535352535353540304030403040353035353535303030403035303535353030403030353035353035353535353530353530304030352535303040353030303540403530303035253535353530303540303035354040253040303535353535303035303030353040353530353530353035303035253035354035353535303535353530303535302535303525303030353525353035354035304030404030353540303535403040303540253040353535353530303530253030303530303030303530303535353530303030353 03535516755319011845108210542743048817592142390224101109142 202200300143 289155120Alberta British Columbia SaskatchewanManitobaProjection: UTM; Central Meridian -115.5; NorthAmerican Datum19831:600,0000 10 20 30 40KmWell s! Duvernay Producers! Gas Condensate Ratio") Duvernay Cores (Preliminary)" ) Duvernay Geochemistry Data (GSC, AGS)Duvernay / Muskwa Isotherms (C)6080100120Geothermal Gradient (All Uni ts) /1000mCI =5C/1000mHigh: 59Low: 21Structuraland GeologicalEdges(( (( Paleozoic DeformationFrontLeduc Reefs (WCSB Atlas, 1994)DuvernayGeothermal Gradient (All Units)Copyright 2013 Canadian Discovery Ltd. All Rights Reserved.Author: M FocklerCartographer: C Keeler 1EnclosureReviewer:Filename: DVRN_GEOTHERMAL_ALL_MAP_PRELIM.mxdProject: DVRNCreated: 21-J anuary-2013Last Edited: 16-J uly-2013DVRN T30T45T60T65T70T75T80R10R20 R15 R10 R5 R1W5 R25R15T50T40T30T35R5 R1W6 R25R20R10W4T80T75T70T65T60T55T45R10W4R15 R20 R25 R1W5 R5 R10 R15T35T50T55WestShal e Basi nEastShal e Basi nKaybobT40EdsonKar rWi l l esdenGr een(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( (( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((124697.23 miles322965.63 km22British ColumbiaManitobaAlbertaSaskatchewanSASKATCHEWANALBERTABRITISH COLUMBIATHE DUVERNAY PROJECTWorkonCanadianDiscoveryandpartnersDuvernayProjectiswell underway.ThisstudyevaluatestheGeomechanics,HydrocarbonSystems and Geological Setting of the Devonian Duvernay Formation in the Kaybob to Willesden Green Area.TRICAN GEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONSCanadianDiscoveryLtd.GRAHAM DAVIESCONSULTANTS LTD.GEOLOGICALGDGCSubscribe now and qualify forpre-completion pricingContact Cheryl [email protected] | 403.269.3644Image Left: Geothermal Gradient (All Units)Results to date indicate: Variable lithology and a well-defined facies/lithology dependent fracture fabric Stratigraphyshowsapossibleextensionto the current play areas Geochemistry shows source rock maturity is strongly related to heat flow variationsA geomechanical evaluation, detailed geochemistry, hydrogeology and reservoir mapping will be completed prior to study delivery. RESERVOIR ISSUE 07JULY/AUGUST 201421tonnesperyear.Russiaissecondat6.9 millionandtheUSA(mostlyfromNew Mexico)at1.2milliontonnesperyear.A dozenothercountriesinEurope,Middle East,andSouthAmericaproducepotash from evaporite deposits.The main potash salts are sylvite, carnalite, langbeinite, and polyhalite, mixed in varying concentrationswithhalite(rocksalt). Themainuseofpotashisasfertilizer. Sylvinite is the most important ore for the productionofpotashinNorthAmerica. MostCanadianoperationsminesylvinite withproportionsofabout31%KCland 66% NaCl with the balance being insoluble clays,anhydrite,andinsomelocations carnallite. PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POTASH MINERALSPotassiumisradioactivesothegamma raylogisusedtoidentifypotashbearing zones.Potashmineralshavedistinctive physicalpropertiesonotherlogs,so conventionalmulti-mineralmodelscanbe usedtodeterminethemineralmixture, justaswedoincarbonatesintheoiland gas environment.Table 1 POTASH MINERAL PROPERTIESMineral Halite Sylvite Carnallite Insolubles Langbeinite Polyhalite UnitsFormula NaCI KCIKMgCI3 6H2OClay K2SO4Mg2(SO4)2K2SO4Mg(SO4)(Ca(SO4))2 2H2OPotassium (K) Content 0.00 0.524 0.141 0.08-0.10 0.188 0.130 weight fractionGamma Ray 0 747 200 120-150 268 185API Units(linear tool)Apparent K20 Content 0.00 0.63 0.17 0.10-0.15 0.225 0.156 weight fractionHydrogen Index 0.00 -0.02 0.60 0.30-0.40 -0.01 0.25 fractionalSonic Travel Time 67.0 74.0 78.0 90.0-120.0 52.0 57.0microsecondsper footDensity (log) 2.03 1.86 1.57 2.35-2.65 2.82 2.78 gram/ccDensity (true) 2.16 1.98 1.61 2.35-2.65 2.83 2.79 gram/ccPhotoelectric 4.72 8.76 4.29 1.45-3.50 3.56 4.32 capture unitsFigure 2. Potash production statistics 2010.(Continued on page 22...)22 RESERVOIR ISSUE 07JULY/AUGUST 2014 The Vp/Vs ratio for most salts is near 1.90, so shear travel time is about 1.90 times the compressional travel time given above. AdensityversusK20(orgammaray) crossplothelpstodefinewhichminerals might be present. POTASH ANALYSIS CONCEPTS OLDER LOGSSincepotassiumisradioactive,theK2O contentcanbederivedfromgammaray logs,andthistechniquehasbeenused since the mid 1960s(Crain and Anderson, JCPT, 1966).Mostanalogoil-fieldGRlogswerenon-linearaboveabout300APIunitsdueto deadtimeinthecountingcircuit.These olderlogsarestillavailableinthewell files.Thenon-linearrelationshipisshown below.Digitaltoolsfromthe1980sand onwardweremorelinear.Holesizeand mudweightcorrectionsarestillneeded forboththeoldandthenewversionsof the logs.POTASH ORE GRADE FROMGAMMA RAY LOGSK2O content was derived from GRc using thelookuptableshownattheright. Itislinearupto400APIunitsand exponential thereafter. Values in the table representa6inchboreholefilledwith dieselat7.2lb/gal.Thelinearportion ofthelookuptableisrepresentedby: 3: IF GRc