PowerPoint Presentation

Postwar OutcomesSoviet forces occupy most of Eastern and Central Europe and Eastern GermanyGermany and Berlin are divided into East (U.S.S.R.-communist) and West (America, Britain and France-democratic)Japan is occupied by the U.S., becomes a democracy with U.S. military protection

How will the US fight Communism?MARSHALL PLAN=U.S. economic aid to rebuild Europe and prevent spread of Communism

TRUMAN DOCTRINE=military support for countries fighting against communism (Containment)

DETERENCE = mutual destruction with the atomic bombMean neither side will bomb the other

Alliances and OrganizationsUnited Nations international organization meant to prevent war and conflict/NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)US and its allies, the West.Protection from Soviet UnionWarsaw PactSoviet Union and its allies, the EastProtection from the US and NATOUnderstanding: The COLD WARInfluenced global politics and U.S. domestic politics, foreign policy and the role of government in the economy for 45 yearsCompetition between two different systems.Democracy and Capitalism (free market economy)Totalitarianism and Socialism (Communism)ContainmentU.S. policy to provide military support to keep Communism from spreading (okay where it is, but no more)Based on the Truman DoctrineLeads to the Korean Conflict and the Vietnam War

Communism in ChinaIncreases U.S. fear of CommunismSoviets and Chinese become enemiesPresident Nixon uses this in his foreign policy in the 1970sHe travels to ChinaWeapons build upUSSR matches US in nuclear weapons in the 1950sMassive Retaliation Policy (Eisenhower) also known as brinksmanshipThreat of nuclear war-destruction of both countries becomes possible.Cold War at HomeFear of Communism and the threat of Nuclear war50s and 60s--U.S. citizens build bomb shelters and schools hold nuclear attack drills

Convictions of Soviet spies and Soviet construction of nuclear weapons increase fearAlger Hiss, Julius and Ethel RosenbergRed Scare (McCarthyism)Senator Joseph McCarthy falsely accuses many of being communist--increases fear and destroys careersMcCarthyism: making false accusations with little or no evidence, based on rumor or guilt by associationSuburban and Commercial AmericaLevittown, Long Island (First real suburban development)Examples of 1950s/1960s CultureCredit CardsTelevisionFranchise Restaurants Rock and RollBaseball (Jackie Robinson)1950s Video

Division of KoreaDivided at the 38th parallel (38 degrees north latitude): Japan surrenders North to the Soviets, and South to the Allies

Two nations developNorth Korea=Soviet-supported Communist government

South Korea=U.S. supported non-Communist governmentInvasion, June 25, 1950North Korea invades South Korea, captures nearly all of South Korea

14President Harry Truman gets help from UN to assist South KoreaPictured: Korean War Memorial in D.C.CounterattackUN troops under General Douglas MacArthur assist South KoreaSuccessfully fight the NorthCommunist China enters and helps the North

15Shown: Douglas MacArthurCeasefire1953, two Koreas agree to keep earlier boundary (38th parallel)The two sides technically remain at war today.Korean WarNorth Korea invades South KoreaUNITED NATIONS counterattacks, led by MacArthurCommunist China aids North Korea

Stalemate results in Communist North and Free South at the 38th Parallel (considered victory for Containment Policy)Communism takes Cuba(remember Cuba is 90 miles off Florida coast!)Fidel Castro leads communist revolution in the late 1950sMany Cubans flee to FloridaFailure of the BAY OF PIGS--U.S. sponsored revolt--attempt to invade Cuba and overthrow castroCuban Missile Crisis1962 U.S.S.R. attempt to place nuclear missiles in CubaJohn F. Kennedy orders them removedU.S. blockades CubaFor several days, the world was on the brink of nuclear warKhrushchev backs down (blinks) and removes the missilesVietnam WarNorth Vietnam, supplied by USSR, tries to install communist government in SouthNorth led by Ho Chi MinhU.S. helps South Vietnams resistanceAmerican military buildup begins with JFK and intensifies with Lyndon Johnson after Kennedys assassination in 1963

Vietnam WarTonkin Gulf ResolutionGives Johnson ability to send more troops.U.S. military forces defeat North Vietnam in the field but cant force an end to the warU.S. is divided about the warActive opposition to US involvement, especially on college campuses (Kent State Massacre, 1970)Hawks vs. DovesJohnson decides not to run for re-election, Nixon becomes the next President promising to bring the war to an honorable end.

Kent State Massacre, 1970Vietnam WarNixon begins VIETNAMIZATION-replacing U.S. troops with South Vietnamese (SV) troops and U.S. military aidVietnamization failsSV cant resist Soviet-supplied NVUS troops evacuatedVietnam becomes one, Communist nationNixon forced from office by the WATERGATE SCANDALCommunism had spread through Asia and Eastern Europe

Foreign PolicyBecomes major issue in all presidential electionsState of Virginia InformationLarge military expenditures benefit Virginia more than any other stateHampton Roads-military & air basesNorthern Virginia-Pentagon Private military contractorsMilitaryStrong military was the key to American victory over the Soviet Union in the Cold WarMillions of Americans served at great personal and family sacrifice (duty) in conflicts that werent always popularResult: US ideals of democracy and freedom prevail in the Cold WarAmerican military forces during the Cold WarPres. JFKs inaugural address pledges U.S. will: PAY ANY PRICE, BEAR ANY BURDEN, MEET ANY HARDSHIP, SUPPORT ANY FRIEND, OPPOSE ANY FOE IN ORDER TO ASSURE THE SURVIVAL AND SUCCES OF LIBERTY.Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.American military forces during the Cold WarBeginning of a period of lack of confidence in government JFK (WW II vet) assassinated in Dallas, Texas, 1963Vietnam Vets return to face indifference or hostility (different from other wars)Takes years for the nation to heal and recognize and honor themUnderstanding: the end of the Cold warBoth internal and external pressures caused the collapse of the Soviet UnionInternal Problems of the Soviet Union Increasing military expenses to compete with USIncreased NATIONALISM in Soviet republicsFast-paced economic reforms to market economyGorbachev-GLASTNOST (openness) and PERESTROIKA (economic restructuring)Role of President Reagan in the fall of the Soviet UnionIncreased U.S. military and economic pressure on the USSRChallenged their moral legitimacyBerlin wall speech: Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.

New Post-Cold War goals and policiesForeign aidHumanitarian aidHuman rights supportGeorge H.W. Bush 1989-1993 (1 term)Fall of Communism in Eastern EuropeReunification of GermanyCollapse of YugoslaviaBreak-up of Soviet Union (1991)Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)First time women serve in combat rolesOperation Desert StormWilliam J. Clinton1993-2001North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Full diplomatic relations with VietnamRenewed trade with South Africa after APARTHEIDNATO action in the former YugoslaviaGeorge W. Bush2001-2009Terrorist attack on U.S. soil (9/11/2001)War in AfghanistanWar in IraqPatriot Act