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Postwar America 1945-1960
Chapters 24 and 25
Potsdam Conference
Divided Germany into 4 zones controlled by US, USSR, GB, and France
Eliminated the Nazi Party Rebuild German Industry Moved Germans in other territories
back to Germany
Potsdam Problems Stalin refuses to allow elections in
new Eastern European nations Stalin also wants complete control of
half of Germany Churchill loses re-election while at the
conference It is at Potsdam that the other Allied
leaders are informed of the Atomic Test
Japan US occupied Japan from 1945 to 1952 Emperor Hirohito remained with NO power,
Premier Hideki Tojo was sentenced to death by a Military Tribunal
Gen MacArthur was given the responsibility to write a new constitution
1947 Constitution: A democratic system was set up, freedom of religion and the right of women to vote were included
Japanese military was dismantled to ensure an end to the militarism
Most Japanese accepted the constitution
Nuremberg Trials War Trials were setup in one of Hitler’s
most supportive cities, Nuremberg 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death Others avoided prosecution by leaving
Germany before the surrender and going to safe havens in South and Central America
At the trials survivors gave vivid accounts of the atrocities brought on by the Nazi’s
Most of the men who took the stand claimed they were simply “following orders”
United Nations Drawn from the League of Nations it
to was designed to prevent wars and foster peace
General Assembly: all members Security Council: 5 permanent
members (US, Britain, Russia, China, and France) and 10 rotating members
Security Council can veto a General Assembly motion
Founding of Israel p. 8361. What is Zionism? Why is it a problem?2. What happened when Britain withdrew
from Palestine in 1948?3. What countries attacked the new Israeli
state?4. Why were they able to fight them off?5. Who is Ralph Bunche?6. How did the final 1949 agreement resolve
the conflict?7. Is this the end of the problems in
Palestine?
Quiz: Section 1 T/F1. At Potsdam, Germany was divided into 3
zones between USSR, USA and Great Britain.
2. The Emperor and the Premier were both executed after WW2.
3. Eisenhower is sent to help write a new Japanese Constitution.
4. At the Nuremberg Trials more than 100 Nazi leaders were killed.
5. The United Nations Security Council has 5 permanent members.
COLD WAR BeginsChapter 25 Section 1 Cold War: Political standoff between
Democracy and Communism Begins due to American mistrust of Soviet
motives in Eastern Europe The USSR intended to occupy nations in
Eastern Europe in order to install Communist governments to help ensure their safety from Germany and the Western Powers (USA, Great Britain)
Cold War: Page 852
1. Satellite State:2. Containment:3. What countries did the USSR control
by the end of WW2?4. What did Churchill claim the USSR
had done to Europe?
Cold War1. Satellite States: Countries under Soviet
control, most had “puppet” communist governments
2. Containment: US and British policy of stopping the Soviet Communist spread
3. What countries did the USSR control by the end of WW2? (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, parts of Poland and Romania)
4. What did Churchill claim the USSR had done to Europe? (He said an “Iron Curtain has descended across the continent”)
Atomic Age
1. What are the Baruch Plan? (BP was an international organization that would impose penalties on countries violating nuclear restrictions)
2. Atomic Energy Act? (AEA created a commission that oversaw nuclear research and promoted the use of peacetime atomic energy)
Crisis in Berlin Page 851
1. What was the cause of the Berlin Airlift?
2. What is NATO and what was the Soviet response to it?
Crisis in Berlin Page 851
1. What was the cause of the Berlin Airlift? (Soviets had blocked access to Berlin in an effort to keep the Western Powers out. US and Britain airlifted food and supplies to people of Berlin. The blockade failed.)
2. What is NATO and what was the Soviet response to it? (North Atlantic Treaty Organization: promised to defend one another from attack. Soviets respond with the Warsaw Pact.)
Greece 1946-Civil War erupts between Communist
and British backed Greek monarchs 1947-Britain stops aiding Greece 1947-Russia takes land from Greece to
control the Mediterranean and Black Seas 1947-Truman Doctrine: The US will aid
ANY country who wishes to fight communism (Korea, Vietnam, etc.)
1948-US gives $400 million to aid Turkey and Greece
Marshall Plan (E.R.P.)
George C. Marshall, Truman’s Sec of State European Recovery Program: Thought that
if the US helped countries in Europe financially they could fight off communism
Truman requested $17 billion for European aid in 1948
After the Soviets overthrew the Czech government the aid for Marshall Plan was granted
Marshall won the Nobel Peace prize for his efforts, he later served as Sec of Defense for Truman to deal with wars against communist countries
Quiz Section 2 T/F 1. Satellite nations were countries in
Eastern Europe with Soviet friendly Communist governments.
2. During the Berlin Airlift the US and Britain brought food and supplies to West Berlin breaking the Soviet blockade.
3. The US never joins NATO.4. The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any
country being threatened by Communism.5. The Marshall Plan, although supported by
Truman, is never enacted into law.
Communism In China p. 854
1. Who was the leader of the Chinese Nationalist forces?
2. Who led the Chinese Communists?3. What agreement did the Communists
and Nationalists make during WW2?4. In what way did the US aid the
Nationalists?5. What was the eventual outcome?
Korean War 1945-Korea is divided into 2 zones. North
is Communist, South is occupied by US. Division is at the 38th parallel
1948-N. Korea (Kim Il Sung) S. Korea (Sygmun Rhee) set up government
1949-US and USSR leave Korea as tensions increase
1950-North Korea invades South 1950-Truman responds by sending troops
to help the South led by MacArthur
Korean War continued
Sept. 1950-South Korean and US forces are pushed to tip of Korea near Pusan
Late Sept 1950-MacArthur counterattacks at Inchon, and recaptures Seoul(capital of South Korea)
Nov 1950-China enters war on North Korean side and stalemate ensues along the 38th parallel
Korean War continued 1951-MacArthur publicly states that he
would like to “bomb” China, Truman refuses
1951-MacArthur publicly criticizes Truman and goes to Congress for help
1951-Truman fires MacArthur (replaced by Gen. Ridgeway) MacArthur returns to heroes welcome
1952 –Eisenhower becomes President
Korean War continued
1953-Eisenhower begins massive bombing campaign
July 27th, 1953-Armistice is signed keeping the 38th parallel as a boundary
54,000 US Soldiers die Considered a victory because the
spread of communism is stopped
Election of 1952 Truman’s popularity had hit a low thanks to
Korea, chooses not to seek re-election Republicans saw a chance to break the 20
year Democratic White House Republicans: Eisenhower (Nixon) Democrats: Stevenson (Sparkman) Eisenhower’s patriotic appeal made him a
favorite, “I like Ike” was his slogan Wins by large margin, 442-89
CIA/US InterventionPage 863-865
Outline the CIA involvement in these 4 instances
IranGuatemala Suez Canal Hungary
CIA Iran (1951) Leader is replaced by CIA because he
nationalized British owned oil. Shah(dictator)is placed in power and Iranians become Anti-American.
Guatemala (1954) Democratically elected President is assassinated by CIA for being a “communist sympathizer”. He had redistributed land to the poor.
Suez Canal (1955) West and Russia almost come to war when Egypt nationalizes a dam that the US promised to finance but did not. France, Britain and Israel occupy one end of the canal near the Mediterranean Sea and Russia threatens to use force if they don’t leave.
Hungary (1956) Hungarian Revolution, 40,000 Hungarians flee to US…Revolution fails and USSR maintains control of Hungary after bloody conflict
1. What did US officials first say the U-2 plane was doing over USSR?
2. Who was the pilot?3. How did Eisenhower and Khrushchev
respond to the incident?
U2 Incident
U-2 Incident
1. What did US officials first say the U-2 plane was doing over USSR? (Spying on military bases in the USSR)
2. Who was the pilot? (Gary Powers)3. How did Eisenhower and Khrushchev
respond to the incident? (Eisenhower refused to apologize and relations with USSR deteriorated, Powers was found guilty of espionage and served 1 year and 9 months in Soviet jail)
Quiz Section 3 T/F1. Chaing Kai Shek led the Communist
Revolution in China.2. MacArthur wanted Truman to use an
Atomic bomb in China.3. Eisenhower easily won the election of
1952.4. At the end of the Korean War the 38th
parallel was set as a boundary, same as before the war.
5. The CIA used force to depose of other countries leaders during the 1950’s.
Define and Identify Page 868-875
NSC
HUAC
Hollywood 10
McCarthyism (Page 874)
Define and Identify McCarthyism: Senator Joe McCarthy
creates Anti-Communist hysteria in America urging the government to search for and arrest communist sympathizers (McCarthyism)
HUAC: Investigated suspected communists, mostly in Hollywood
Hollywood 10: California directors and film writers who chose to go to jail rather than speak to the HUAC, they were blacklisted in Hollywood thereafter
Court Cases
Alger Hiss vs. Whitaker Chambers
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
Convicted of selling atomic energy secrets to Russia
Proof is shaky, both are found guilty and executed (electric chair)
Hiss v Chambers
Whittaker Chambers, former communist, accuses Alger Hiss (state dept worker) of being a communist
Hiss denies charges, sues Chambers Chambers produced “Pumpkin
Papers” to prove Hiss lied to HUAC Hiss is accused of perjury, 5 years in
jail
Page 861
1. How powerful is the hydrogen bomb?2. In what ways did the US government
try to ease the fears of US citizens?3. Do you believe that these
government suggestions would have helped in case of nuclear war?
Cold War Fears In 1949 the USSR tested its first
atomic bomb By 1951 the US had developed a new
type of bomb, the H-Bomb or Hydrogen Bomb (it was equivalent to 10,000,000 tons of TNT compared to the Trinity test at Alamogordo that measured 20,000 tons)
Duck and Cover (1951)
Space Race (define)
Sputnik
NASA
