OMAYAL ACHI COLLEGE OF NURSINGPRACTICE TEACHING ON NURSING
EDUCATIONPOSTERS AND ILLUSTRATED BOOKS
POSTERS:DEFINITION:Posters are graphical presentation of simple
ideas, which combine picture and short headlinesCHARACTERISTICS:
Good posters tell the message at a glance It should be eye catching
It should be brief It should be clear It should be good suitable
for firsthand experience The design must captivate the
audienceTYPESThere are two types of posters Teachers prepared
posters Commercially prepared postersPURPOSES To educate the public
regarding a particular To teach the patients about safety measures,
and other facts relating to health To convey the message easily To
understand the matter at a glance To make an instant appeal
PLANNING THE POSTERS: In making posters first write out on a
sheet of paper, the words that express the message and also draw a
rough sketch of picture needed. Next cut down the number of words
and try to think about a slogan or phrase which expresses the idea.
Once it has been decided what the poster will contain, make a small
scale- working poster. This will give you an idea of what the
finished product will look like. Also it lets you make changes
easily.
MATERIALS TO USE:The most commonly used materials are drawing
paper, poster board, or thick construction paper or chart. Material
to write or draw are thick wax crayons, water colors, felt tip
pens, bright colored pencils. The effects of poster depend upon the
constrast of colors.Planning the posters:- In making the posters
first write out on a sheet of paper, the words that express the
messages, and also draw a rough sketch of the picture needed Next
cut down the number of words and try to think about a slogan or
phrase, which express the idea. Once it has been decided what the
poster will contain, make a small scale- working poster. This will
give an idea what the finished product will look like , also it
lets you make changes easily. The effect of posters depends on
contrast of the colors.
Principles:- Posters vary in size but those which are 55cm wide
by 70 cm long 2228, or 70 m wide by 112 cm are the most effective.
Avoid crowding the letters by first lightly penciling in letters
and lines then filling in the letters. Most of the letter should be
5 cm length(2)high. Use colors to attract attention and for
contrast. Do not overlook the possibility of cutting the paper into
a shape which onvey the message. If nothing is available one can
make use of old magazines pictures or clippings from current
periodicals. Anything on your posters needs to be large enough for
the audience to see. Small artwork that is barely visible is not
useful. Stand where the audience would be and see if everything on
your poster is readable or visible. Text:- Keep text short. Dont
write entire sentences. Instead, list only points or concepts and
then explain these with your words. Bullets often work well.
Audiences are easily bored if you have too much writing and then
just read off of your poster. Writing can be done by hand, with
stencils, or on a computer. If you write by hand, use light pencil
marks to guide you so your lines are straight . Use a lettering
style or font that is easy to read and that fits your topic. Ornate
fonts are usually not very effective. Be sure you dont use too many
different fonts on one poster. Generally, one or two different
styles are all you need. Capital letters are usually more difficult
to read than lower case ones. Use capitals only when needed or for
special emphasis. Boldface type, italics, and underlining can also
be used for emphasis, but again, dont overuse them.
Color:- The use of color is extremely important. Color can
create a mood, it can match your topic, and it can help tie all of
your presentation together. It can be used to highlight major
points or to help organize your information. Dont overuse color;
two to three colors per poster generally works best. You will need
to experiment until you find a combination of colors that works
well for what you are attempting to present. It is best to choose
one color of poster board to use for all your posters. This creates
a professional look and unites all your visual aids together. Make
sure the colors you select are readable. Use dark colors on light
backgrounds and light colors on dark backgrounds. Good poster board
colors are white, green, blue and gray. Bright yellow, red or
orange may be hard to look at for very long although they can be
used for special effects. Try to use one dominant color and have a
contrast between light and dark colors. Avoid using red and green
together as this is difficult for color blind people to see.
Borders Borders visually force your audience to focus on the text
on the poster by acting as a barrier. This barrier stops the
audiences eyes from wandering off the paper. Borders can be as
simple as a straight black line drawn around the perimeter of the
poster board. They can be more elaborate as long as they do not
distract from the content. Decorating the four corners can be an
effective border.
ADVANTAGES:1. Permits correlation of information2. Assist
organization of material3. Photograph are nearer to reality than
drawings, but association is often valuable4. Easily produced and
depicted5. Easy to store or catalogue and retrieveDIS ADVANTAGES:1.
For small group only2. Life period is very little3. May not convey
the exact message
ILLUSTRATED BOOKS:MEANING:Books containing photographs, prints,
drawings, portraits, plates, diagrams, facsimiles, maps, tables, or
other representations or systematic arrangement of data designed to
elucidate or decorate its contents.HISTORY:Book illustration as we
now know it evolved from early European woodblock printing. In the
early 1400s, playing cards were created using block printing, which
was the first use of prints in a sequenced and logical order. "The
first known European block printings with a communications function
were devotional prints of saints." These later turned into block
books in the mid-1400s, used to spread religious messages to
illiterate masses. Each page was carved from one single block of
wood and printed as an imageAs the demand for books grew, and paper
became more available, printers across Germany, the Netherlands,
France, and Italy began devising ways to "mechanize" book
production using movable type.This is when Johann Gutenberg
invented typography and the printing press in the 1450s.As printing
took off and books became common, printers began to use woodblocks
to illustrate them. Hence, "centers for woodblock playing-card and
religious-print production became centers for illustrated bookTYPES
OF ILLUSTRATED BOOKS:Hand DrawnHand drawn images are uncommon in
books simply because of the time it takes to replicate each page.
Hand drawn sketches, watercolors, paintings and calligraphy are
nearly always reserved to limited editions and specialty art books
and accompanying inscriptions.
WoodcutsWoodcuts are a form of relief painting (something which
is embossed from the real surface of painting) where images carved
with the grain into soft wood blocks with knives and chisels create
a raised picture that can be inked over and pressed onto paper thus
transferring the image. These are the earliest forms of printed
illustrations that began in Europe around the end of the 14th
century and the 8th century (or possibly earlier) in East Asia.
Wood block printing was also the technique used to create
blockbooK.Wood EngravingThis process is a similar concept to the
woodcut except that rather than using a soft wood and cutting with
the grain of the wood the artist uses a hard wood and cuts against
the grain. The harder wood makes the process more difficult but
allows for a greater degree of detail in the final print. Wood
engraving was pioneered in the late 18th century and continues to
be used today.IntaglioThis is a form of counter-relief printing
where the surface to be inked is lower than the areas to remain
blank. After the entire surface of the plate is inked, the higher
surfaces are wiped clean and the paper is forced into the groves to
receive the ink. Early types of intaglio printing (1500s) were
prepared on copper plates and these eventually gave way to more
sturdy metals such as steel as new technology became available and
print runs increased requiring a more durable plate. Types of
printing in the intaglio family include aquatint, mezzotint, and
engraving.AquatintAn etching artist uses acid to make marks on a
metal printing plate. They apply an acid resistant coating to a
plate and then mark lines with a needle where the acid will be
allowed contact with the metal. Depressions are created where the
acid has touched the metal creating wells for the ink to collect
in. With aquatint the artist will repeatedly dip the plate into the
acid mixture each time applying an acid resistant substance to
areas that have achieved the desired tonality.
MezzotintThe first tonal method to be used, this is achieved by
roughening the plate with small dots made with a metal tool called
a rocker. These tiny pits in the plate hold the ink when the face
is wiped clean. The result is a varying tonality in the
print.EngravingWith engraving, the design is simply cut into a
metal plate using a burin LithographyInvented in 1796 by the
Bavarian author Alois Senefelder, lithography works on the chemical
principle that grease and water repel each other. There is no
carving in lithography and all design is done on the surface of the
stone or metal plate. To create the image, an artist draws on their
plate with greasy substances in the design they wish to apply and
then covers the plate with a water film. Ink is then applied to the
plate where it will only stick to the greasy design and be repelled
by the water. Thus when the paper is pressed onto the stone a
mirror image of the artists design is left in ink on the
paper.ChromolithographyStemming from the process of lithography,
chromolithography was developed in the early 1800s as an easier way
to make multi-color prints. In the simplest terms,
chromolithography is a colored image printed by many applications
of the lithography technique - each new plate being used for a
different color.IMPLICATION IN NUSING Develops critical thinking
and stimulates creativity Stimulates conceptual learning Promotes
better understanding Makes learning effective Increase the power of
attention and grasping
