THE ANALYSIS OF CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS USED IN ROMANIA

Herbei M.*, Herbei R.**, Dragomir L.*, Smuleac A.**USAMVB TIMISOARA, **UNIVERSITY OF PETROSANI

POLYHEDRON PROJECTION MUFLING

- introduced in 1873 - Austrian paper cover and Transilvania -

Mflingprojectionwasintroducedin1873bytheGermanGeodeticMu-flingandwasusedtoachievelargescalemaps.ThisprojectionmappingwasusedwhichincludedAustriaandTransylvania,scale1:75000.Greatdisadvan-tageofthisprojectionisthatitallowsconnectingmultiplesheetsofpaper.Pa-perscanbeconnectedonlyiftheyarealongthesamemeridian.

Orderingthesheetsscale1:1.000.000andprojectingintoaplan

CONIC CONFORMAL LAMBERT - CHOLESKY

-introducedin1917,ontheClarke1880ellipsoid-

Thisprojectionwasintroducedin1917tounifydifferentcartographicpro-jectionsuseduntilthatdate.ReferencesurfaceusedforprojectionCholenskyLambertusingClarke1880ellipsoiddefinedby.BasemapofRomaniacalledDirectorPlanDrawingwasperformedatscale1:20000inatotalof2118sheetscoveringtheterritoryofRomania.

TimisoaraDirectorialdrawingPlanLambertCholeskyProjection

PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION AZIMUTH LINE WITH THE

SECANT STEREOGRAPHIC 1970 -introducedin1970,ontheKrasovski1940ellipsoid-

Thestereographicrepresentation(projection)ischaracterizedthatacertainpartofterrestrialsurfaceisrepresentedonthesurfaceofaplantangentorse-cantonthereferencesurface.

WorldmapinStereographicprojectionandgeometricelementsinRomanianStereoprojection

ThegeographiccoordinatesofCentralPointare:46grN,25grEGr.

ThelinearlocaldeformationsdependingonthedistanceoverthecentralpointoftheStereo1970projection

BIIBLIOGRAFY1. HERBEIO.,HERBEIM.GeographicInformationSystems.Theoreticalandapplications,UniversitasPress,Petrosani,2010;2. HERBEIO.,HERBEIM.CartographicalProjections,UniversitasPress,Petrosani,2011.3. MOROANU,B.,-RelativelineardeformationStereographic1970,Gauss-Krger,UTMprojectionsandcomparisonsbetweenthem,20074. MUNTEANU,C.,MathematicCartography,MatrixRomPublishing,Bucureti,20035. PALAMARIU,M.,PDURE,I.,ORTELECAN,M.,Cartographyandchronometry,AeternitasPublishing,AlbaIulia,20026. http://earth.unibuc.ro/

EQUIDISTANT CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION CASSINI

-introducedin1876ontheBessel1841ellipsoid-

Cassiniprojectiontopographicmap,drawntoscale1:2000bytheRoma-nianMilitaryTopographicServicebetween1873-1900,firstusedthedecimalsystemofmeter,includingEastMoldovaandWallachiausingBessel1841el-lipsoid.

WorldmapinCassiniProjection

PERSPECTIVE AZIMUTH PROJECTION WITH THE

SECANT PLAN STEREOGRAPHIC BRASOV -introducedin1933,ontheHayfordellipsoid-

Azimuthstereographicprojectionhasbeenadoptedinourcountryin1930,initiallyinversiontangentplanewiththecenterpointlocatedinthecity,later(1933)adoptingtheplanSecantversiononly.InbothcasesweusedreferenceelementsoftheHayfordellipsoid.Thecentralpointwasconsideredapointabout30milesnorthofBrasov. Secantplanewasloweredto4253mverticallyfromthesurfaceoftheel-lipsoid,resultinginzerodistortioncirclewitharadiusof232,378kmandisabouthalfthedistancefromthefocuspoint(centerRomania)tothedistantpoints.Deformationsarenegativeinsidethecircle,touchingthecenter-0.332m/kmandpositiveoutside,reachingtheperiphery+0.554m/km.

PROJECTION PSEUDO-CONIC EQUIVALENT BONNE -introducedin1895,ontheClarke1880andBessel1841ellipsoid-

Pseudo-conicBonneprojectionwasfirstusedbytheFrenchGeodesicBonne,in1752,tobuildthemapofFrance,andbythelatenineteenthcenturyinourcountry.Inthisprojectionparallelcirclesinthisprojectionarerepre-sentedbyarcsofconcentriccircles.

CartographicalnetworkinpseudoconicBonneprojection

FortheRomanianterritorylocatedtotheEastfromZimniceaMeridian,wasusedBessel1841ellipsoidandfortheRomanianterritorylocatedtotheVestfromZimniceaMeridianwasusedClarke1880ellipsoid

Theindexseriestopographicmapsof1:75000Romanian

TRANSVERSAL CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION COMPLY

GAUSS KRUGER -introducedin1951,ontheKrasovski1940ellipsoid-

ThisprojectionischaracterizedthatacertainareaoftheterrestrialsurfaceisrepresentedonacylindertangentortransversaltothesurfaceofreferencewhichisconsideredasphereThisprojectionischaracterizedthatacertainareaoftheterrestrialsurfaceisrepresentedonacylindertangentortransversaltothesurfaceofreferencewhichisconsideredasphere

TheRomanianMapdeformationsinGaussKrugerprojection

Abstract

Basic documents that are made according to measurements and topographic surveying for the purpose of creating various projects are plans and topographic maps. Achieving these documents must accurately represent the earths surface with its representative elements. These documents are made by using cartographic projections that must be analyzed according to the quality of the representation in order to obtain plans and maps with high accuracy and superior quality. Regarding the elements that can be deformed within a projection, these are angles, distance or acres. Between the years 1855-1857, the first map of Wallachia was made (also known as Satmari Map) using the scale 1:57 600. This map contains the historical provinces Wallachia and Oltenia, and it is the first map under the name of Romania. After the First World War, due to economic, political and administrative reasons, the necessity arose for a large-scale map (1:20 000, 1:10 000 or even 1:5 000) by reproducing and multiplying existing land originals. The new cartographic documents, known as drawing master plans were drawn up in a unique projection throughout the country, namely the Lambert projection. After the Second World War, the Romanian Cartography has strongly developed. Thus, in order to obtain plans and topographic maps in the shortest time and at the lowest possible price, the Photogrammetry Center was established in 1958, which later in 1970 became the Institute of Geodesy, Photogrammetry, Cartography and Land Management (IGFCOT), where plans were drawn up to the scales 1:2 000, 1:5 000 and 1:10 000 required either by national economy, or for land records, or to urban planning. The modern topographic map was also created to the scale 1:25 000 (1972-1981) using the Gauss-Krger transverse cylindrical projection. In Romania, over time many cartographic projections were used to create basic maps, as follows:

Mufling polyhedral projection introduced in 1873 for the Austrian map covering also TransilvaniaCassini cylindrical projection introduced in 1876 based on Bessel ellipsoidBonne equivalent conical projection introduced in 1895, based on Clarke ellipsoidLambert- Cholesky conformal conic projection - introduced in 1917, based on Clarke ellipsoidGauss Kruger transverse cylindrical conformal projection introduced in 1951, based on ellipsoid Krasovski 1940Stereographic secant conformal perspective azimuthal projection 1970 plan introduced in 1970, based on ellipsoid Krasovski 1940