Postcrisis Growth and Development

8/7/2019 Postcrisis Growth and Development

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^FX]HPDXDX

IPFY]J BEMMOWOCF^LOE]

Xjbjrfaj Gbrmfust Tfei`ofl Adl Hcbumdb Xopcvomb OMD]FPX


2/587


3/587

^FX]HPDXDXIPFY]J BEM

MOWOCF^LOE]


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^FX]HPDXDXIPFY]J BEM

MOWOCF^LOE]

^bpors ^rosoetom bt tjo AfrobYfrcm @bea Jdij Covoc Hfegoroeho fe ^fst-Hrdsds Irfwtj

bem Movocfploet hf-jfstom y tjo rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt

bem tjo Yfrcm, @bea, wdtj tjo suppfrt fg tjo Afrob Destdtuto gfr Detorebtdfebc Ohfefldh

^fcdhy (ADO^).

B Movocfploet Bioemb gfr tjo I-0>

Xjbjrfaj Gbrmfust Tfei`ofl Adl Hcbumdb Xopcvomb

Omdtfrs


6/587

0>22 ]jo Detorebtdfebc @bea gfr Pohfestruhtdfe bem Movocfploet/]jo Yfrcm @bea

2:2: J Xtroot EYYbsjdeitfe MH 0>=88

]ocopjfeo; 0>0-=98-2>>>

Detoreot; www.wfrcm`bea.fri

O-lbdc; goom`bhaNwfrcm`bea.fri

Bcc rdijts rosorvom

2 0 8 = 28 20 22 2>

]jds vfculo ds b prfmuht fg tjo stbgg fg tjo Detorebtdfebc @bea gfr Pohfestruhtdfe bem Movocfploet/

]jo Yfrcm @bea. ]jo flemdeis, detorprotbtdfes, bem hfehcusdfes oxprossom de tjds vfculo mf eft

eohossbrdcy roffoht tjo vdows fg tjo Oxohutdvo Mdrohtfrs fg ]jo Yfrcm @bea fr tjo ifvoreloets tjoyroprosoet. ]jo Yfrcm @bea mfos eft iubrbetoo tjo bhhurbhy fg tjo mbtb dehcumom de tjds wfra.

]jo lbps de tjds `ffa woro prfmuhom `y tjo Lbp Mosdie _edt fg ]jo Yfrcm @bea. ]jo `fuembrdos,

hfcfrs, moefldebtdfes, bem bey ftjor degfrlbtdfe sjfwe fe tjoso lbps mf eft dlpcy, fe tjo pbrt fg

]jo Yfrcm @bea Irfup, bey kumiloet fe tjo coibc stbtus fg bey torrdtfry, fr bey oemfrsoloet fr

bhhoptbeho fg suhj `fuembrdos.

Pdijts bem ôrldssdfes

]jo lbtordbc de tjds pu`cdhbtdfe ds hfpyrdijtom. Hfpydei bem/fr trbesldttdei pfrtdfes fr bcc fg tjds

wfra wdtjfut porldssdfe lby ò b vdfcbtdfe fg bppcdhb`co cbw. ]jo Detorebtdfebc @bea gfr Pohfe-

struhtdfe bem Movocfploet/]jo Yfrcm @bea oehfurbios mdssoldebtdfe fg dts wfra bem wdcc efrlbccyirbet porldssdfe tf roprfmuho pfrtdfes fg tjo wfra prflptcy.

Gfr porldssdfe tf pjftfhfpy fr roprdet bey pbrt fg tjds wfra, pcobso soem b roquost wdtj hflpcoto

degfrlbtdfe tf tjo Hfpyrdijt Hcobrbeho Hoetor Deh., 000 Pfsowffm Mrdvo, Mbevors, LB >2408, _XB1

tocopjfeo; 49:-9?>-:=>>1 gbx; 49:-9?>-==9>1 Detoreot; www.hfpyrdijt.hfl.

Bcc ftjor quordos fe rdijts bem cdhoesos, dehcumdei su`sdmdbry rdijts, sjfucm ò bmmrossom tf tjo Fgflho

fg tjo û`cdsjor, ]jo Yfrcm @bea, 2:2: J Xtroot EY, Ybsjdeitfe, MH 0>=88, _XB1 gbx; 0>0-?00-0=001

o-lbdc; pu`rdijtsNwfrcm`bea.fri.

DX@E; 49:->-:028-:?2:->

oDX@E; 49:->-:028-:?08-=

MFD; 2>.2?47/49:->-:028-:?2:->

Cd`rbry fg Hfeiross Hbtbcfidei-de-û`cdhbtdfe Mbtb jbs òoe roquostom.


7/587

v

Hfetoets

Gfrowfrm xv

Kustde Tdgu Cde bem Dc XbAfei

Bhaefwcomiloets xdx

B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors xxd

B``rovdbtdfes xxxddd

^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem Movocfploet;B Movocfploet Bioemb gfr tjo

I-0>; Fvorvdow 2

Xjbjrfaj Gbrmfust, Tfei`ofl Adl, bem

Hcbumdb Xopcvomb

2 Yjy Movocfploet Xjfucm @o b

^rdfrdty Bioemb gfr tjo I-0> 78

Dc XbAfei

0 Yjy tjo I-0> Xjfucm @o Detorostom

de tjo Movocfploet fg tjo I-27> 79

Eifzd Fafekf-Dwobcb

8 B Icf`bc Ohfefly wdtj Luctdpco

Irfwtj ^fcos 99

Kustde Tdgu Cde

Hflloets `y Dgzbc Bcd 2>7

Hflloets `y Kfei-Yjb Coo 22>


8/587

vd Hfetoets

Hflloets `y ]uemo Colf 22=

Hjbdrs Xullbry `y ]rovfr Lbeuoc 227

= ]jo I-0> bem Icf`bc Movocfploet 224

[db Rurosjd

Hflloets `y Mbeey Codpzdior 2?0

Hflloets `y Lbjlfum Lfjdocmde 2??

Hflloets `y Pf`ort Wfs 27>

Hjbdrs Xullbry `y Irbolo Yjoocor 274

? Kfdet Mdshfvory bem _pirbmdei fg

Hflpbrbtdvo Bmvbetbio; Cossfes

grfl Afrobs Movocfploet Oxpordoeho 298

Yfejyua Cdl

Hflloets `y Mbeey Codpzdior 009

Hflloets `y Acbus Pfjcbem 080

Hjbdrs Xullbry `y Tffe Ko Hjf 08?

7 Bhjdovdei tjo Ldccoeedul Movocfploet

Ifbcs de tjo Bgtorlbtj fg tjo Icf`bc

Ohfefldh Hrdsds 084

Aoopdei tjo rfldso 0=2

Kflf Awblo Xuembrbl

]jo Ldccoeedul Movocfploet

Ifbcs bgtor tjo Hrdsds 0?8

Mocfle If bem Jbes ]dllor

Hjbdrs Xullbry `y Xjbjrfaj Gbrmfust 074

9 Bdm gfr ]rbmo; @udcmdei fe ^rfiross

]fmby gfr ]flfrrfws Guturo 094

@orebrm Jfoalbe bem Kfje X. Ydcsfe

Hflloets `y Brbehjb Ifezcoz 827

Hflloets `y Bcbe Ydetors 802

Hjbdrs Xullbry `y Oreostf [omdccf 807


9/587

Hfetoets vdd

: Degrbstruhturo bem Xustbdeb`co

Movocfploet 804 Lbrdbeeo Gby bem Ldhjboc ]flbe, wdtj

Mbedoc @oedtoz bem Xtogbe Hsfrmbs

Hflloets `y Adyfsjd Afmorb 898

Hflloets `y Jboryfei Awfe 897

Hflloets `y Jocoe Lfuetgfrm 89:

4 Gffm Xohurdty; ]jo Eoom gfrLuctdcbtorbc Bhtdfe 8:8

Hjrdstfpjor Mocibmf, wdtj Pfòrt ]fwesoem,

Drdmo Hohhbhhd, Turdo ]bedldhjd Jfòri, Xbswbtd

@frb, Ydcc Lbrtde, Mfe Ldthjocc, Mfe Cbrsfe,

Ayl Bemorsfe bem Jbssbe [blbe

Hflloets y Mbvdm Eb`brrf =07

Hflloets `y Hjodaj Xfurbei =04 Hflloets `y Kfbhjdl vfe @rbue =88

Hjbdrs Xullbry `y Jba-Xu Adl =89

2> ]fwbrm _edvorsbc Bhhoss; Bmmrossdei

tjo Icf`bc Hjbccoeio fg Gdebehdbc Dehcusdfe =84

ôor Xtode, @daad Pbemjbwb

bem Edeb @dcbemzdh

Hflloets `y Bcgrom Jbeedi =40

Hflloets `y Tfeiòfl Adl =4?

Hjbdrs Xullbry `y ^rdehoss Lxdlb fg tjo

Eotjorcbems =44

Bppoemdx B Lbtrdx fg ^rfpfsom ^fcdhy

Bhtdfes; B Movocfploet Bioemb

gfr tjo I-0> ?>8

Bppoemdx @ I-0> bem EfeI-0>

Xocohtom Ohfefldh bem Xfhdbc Demdhbtfrs ?>4

Demox ?0?


10/587

vddd Hfetoets

@fxos

2. B Xullbry fg tjo Pfuemtb`co ^fcdhy Mdshussdfe ?7

8.2. Oxblpcos fg Aefwcomio Xjbrdei gfr

Oxpfrt Movocfploet 2>0

=.2. Degrbstruhturo Devostloet Eooms de Bgrdhb 288

:.2. Ostdlbtdei Degrbstruhturo Oxpoemdturo Eooms 8=0

:.0. B Eoom gfr @ottor Mbtb fe û`cdh Degrbstruhturo

Xpoemdei 8=7

:.8. Xflo Xuiiostdfes gfr Pomuhdei tjo Hfsts fg ^^^s 8?2

:.=. Fppfrtuedtdos gfr Dehrobsdei Degrbstruhturo Guemdei 8?=

2>.2. Loxdhf; Be Oxblpco fg Movocfploet @beas

Adha-Xtbrtdei Gdebehdbc Xorvdhos =?7

2>.0. I-: Xulldt (CBqudcb, Kucy 0>>4) tf ?x? Mohcbrbtdfe =72

2>.8. Hbso Xtumy; L-ôsb (Aoeyb) =78

2>.=. Lzbesd Bhhfuets =77

2>.?. Cbha fg Gdebehdbc Hbpb`dcdty de ^rbhtdho =92

2>.7. Ifvoreloet-Com Dedtdbtdvos de Mbtb Hfccohtdfede Demdb =97

2>B.2. Ldhrfflebeho bldm tjo Gdebehdbc Hrdsds =:0

Lbps

2>.2. Icf`bc Lbp fg tjo Gdebehdbccy Dehcumom ==9

2>.0. Pohoet Oxblpcos fg Hfuetrdos Bmvbehdei GuccGdebehdbc Dehcusdfe =?0

Gdiuros

2. Aoy ^dccbrs gfr ^fcdhy Bhtdfe tf Bhjdovo Xtrfei,

Xustbdeb`co, bem @bcbehom Irfwtj =

0. Pobc IM^ Irfwtj de Movocfpdei bem Jdij-DehfloHfuetrdos, 24420>2> :

8. Hfetrdùtdfes fg Movocfpdei bem Jdij-Dehflo

Hfuetrdos tf Yfrcm IM^ Irfwtj, 24420>2> 4

=. Movocfpdei bem Jdij-Dehflo Hfuetrdos Xjbro

fg Yfrcm IM , 24:>0>>: 2>


11/587

Hfetoets dx

?. Movocfpdei bem Jdij-Dehflo Hfuetrdos Xjbro

fg Yfrcm Oxpfrts, 24:>0>>: 2> 7. Movocfpdei bem Jdij-Dehflo Hfuetrdos Xjbro

fg Yfrcm Eot GMD, 24:>0>>: 22

9. ^rfiross fg tjo Edeo I-0> Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos

tfwbrm tjo LMIs 28

:. Ooht fg Irfwtj Bhhocorbtdfe bem Mohocorbtdfe

fe Aoy Julbe Movocfploet bem Ioemor

Demdhbtfrs de Bcc hfuetrdos, 24:>0>>: 2=

4. ]jo I-0>s Bpprfbhj tf Movocfploet 82 8.2. Demustrdbc ^rfmuhtdfe Demox, 24480>>4 :>

8.0. Detorost rbtos de tjo Ourf Brob bem tjo _edtom Xtbtos,

24440>2> :2

8.8. Ibp de Irfwtj Pbtos òtwooe Movocfpdei Poidfes bem

Jdij-Dehflo Hfuetrdos, 0>>>>: :?

8.=. I-0> Xjbros fg Icf`bc Irfss Ebtdfebc Dehflo :7

8.?. Dehrobsdei ]rbmo bem Hbpdtbc Gcfw Cdeas :9

8.7. Ovfcutdfe fg Eot Hbpdtbc Gcfws tf Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos 42

8.9. Pdsa fg Cfw Dehflo Hfuetrdos Mo`t Mdstross 4?

=.2. Irfwtj Ds Pohfvordei, @ut Xustbdeb`dcdty Ydcc Mopoem

fe Xuppfrtdvo ^fcdhdos 202

=.0. ]roem, ùt Eft Hyhcdhbc, Irfwtj Mohfupcdei 208

=.8. Futput Ibps ^rfkohtom tf Mohcdeo Fecy Irbmubccy 20=

=.=. Dlpbht fg Xcfwor Irfwtj fe Xocohtom LMIs 20?

=.?. ^rfiross fg Movocfpdei-Hfuetry I-0> Lolòrs

tfwbrm LMIs 209

=.7. Dehrobsdei Gdshbc Xtrbdes de Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos 20:

=.9. Hfro Xpoemdei bt Pdsa 204

=.:. Bclfst Jbcg fg Icf`bc Irfwtj Hflos grfl

Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos 282

=.4. Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos Bro Cobmdei Pohfvory

de ]rbmo 282

=.2>. Eot ^rdvbto Hbpdtbc Gcfws tf Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos;Fecy b Lfmost Pohfvory 28?

=.22. Movocfpdei-Hfuetry Gdebehdei Ibps Ydcc

Polbde Cbrio 28?

=.20. Dlpbht fe ^fvorty fg b >.? ôrhoetbio ^fdet Mohcdeo

de IM^ Irfwtj Pbto 287


12/587

x Hfetoets

=.28. F hdbc Movocfploet Gdebehdei; FMB bem Luctdcbtorbc

Coemdei 284 =.2=. Hfccbpso bem Pohfvory fg Yfrcm ]rbmo; Hurroet

vorsus ^bst Hrdsos 2==

=.2?. ]rbmo Lobsuros Dlpcoloetom Yfrcmwdmo bem

`y I-0>, Efvol`or 0>>:Lby 0>2> 2=7

=.27. Hfl`deom I-0> _so fg Betdmulpdei,

Hfuetorvbdcdei Mutdos, bem Xbgoiubrms 2=9

=.29. Eot Gdebehdbc ]rbesgors tf Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos,

`y Poidfe, 0>>>>4 278 =.2:. ]rbmo Xjfhas de Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos `y

^rfmuht-@bsom Oxpfrt Xpohdbcdzbtdfe, 0>>92> 277

=.24. ^or Hbpdtb IM^ Irfwtj fg Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos

`y Mfldebet ]ohjefcfiy-Hfetoet fg Oxpfrt

Xpohdbcdzbtdfe, 247>0>>> 279

?.2. Afrobs Kfureoy grfl ^fvorty tf ^rfspordty 29=

?.0. Xohtfrbc Hflpfsdtdfe fg Afrobs IM^ 29=

?.8. Afrobs Oxpfrts, Dlpfrts, bem Devostloet

Pocbtdvo tf IM^ 29?

?.=. Afrobs Xhjffc Oerfccloet Pbto 2:7

?.?. Hfehoptubc Mdbirbl gfr tjo JHD Mrdvo 0>0

?.7. Detorebtdfebc Hflpbrdsfe fg Povobcom

Hflpbrbtdvo Bmvbetbio 0>9

?.9. Afrobs Irfss P&M Oxpoemdturo 02>

?.:. Afrobs @usdeoss P&M Oxpoemdturo; Grfl Bssdldcbtdfe

tf Deefvbtdfe 022

?.4. Mo`t-Oqudty Pbtdf bem Detorost Hfvorbio Pbtdf

de Afrobs Lbeugbhturdei Xohtfr 028

7.2. ^rfmuhtdfe Cfss grfl ]rbmo Xjfhas de

Xu`-Xbjbrbe Bgrdhb 0?7

7.0. Lomdbe Ifvoreloet Gdshbc @bcbeho 0?:

7.8. ^rfiross fe tjo LMIs 0?4

7.=. Eot Oerfccloet Pbtos de ^rdlbry Omuhbtdfe,Xocohtom Hfuetrdos 072

7.?. Oohts fg Irfwtj Bhhocorbtdfes bem Mohocorbtdfes

fe Aoy Julbe Movocfploet bem Ioemor Demdhbtfrs,

Bcc Hfuetrdos 070


13/587

Hfetoets xd

9.2. FMB Hflldtloets tf Bdm gfr ]rbmo, 244?0>>: 0:?

9.0. Bdm gfr ]rbmo `y Pohdpdoet Irfup, @dcbtorbc vs.Luctdcbtorbc Mfefrs 0:7

9.8. ]roems de Yfrcm @bea ]rbmo Coemdei, 0>>2>4 0:9

9.=. Lbthjdei Molbem wdtj Xuppcy fg Bdm

gfr ]rbmo, 0>>? 04>

9.?. Xorvdhos ]rbmo Postrdhtdvoeoss Demox 049

9.7. Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos Bhhfuet gfr be Dehrobsdei

Xjbro fg Yfrcm ]rbmo 8>>

9.9. Xfutjore Hfuetrdos Xtdcc Oxpfrt Gowor Wbrdotdos]jbe Efrtjore Feos 8>2

:.2. Dlpbht fg Degrbstruhturo Rubetdty bem

Rubcdty fe Irfwtj 88?

:.0. Dlpbht fg Degrbstruhturo Rubetdty bem Rubcdty fe

Dehflo Deoqubcdty 887

:.8. ^L2> Bl`doet Hfehoetrbtdfe `y

Poidfe de 0>>7 889

:.=. Bvorbio XF0Oldssdfes Pocbtom tf Ocohtrdhdty

^rfmuhtdfe, `y Poidfe, 0>>> 889

:.?. Bvorbio HF0Oldssdfes Pocbtom tf Ocohtrdhdty

^rfmuhtdfe, `y Poidfe, 0>>7 88:

:.7. Hfeeohtdfe Mocbys Bro Xu`stbetdbc de

Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos 8=2

:.9. Ocohtrdhdty-Ioeorbtdei Hbpbhdty por ^orsfe de

Movocfpdei bem Jdij-Dehflo Hfuetrdos, 0>>9 8=2

:.:. ]jo Aoy Xtops fg b Iffm Degrbstruhturo Bssossloet 8==

:.4. Devostloet Hflldtloets tf ^^D ^rfkohts

Pobhjdei Hcfsuro de Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos,

244>0>>: 8=9

:.2>. ^^D Degrbstruhturo ^rfkohts y Xohtfr 8=:

:.22. Iofirbpjdh Hfehoetrbtdfe fg ^^D de Movocfpdei

Hfuetrdos 8=4

:.20. Hjbeio de Dlpfrtbeho fg ^^D `y Poidfe 8=4 :.28. Mdstrd`utdfe fg ^^D `y Dehflo Irfup 8?>

:.2=. ]jo @bcbeho fg Degrbstruhturo Gdebehdei

bem Guemdei 8?0

4.2. Icf`bc _emorefurdsjloet Dehdmoeho ]roem 8:4


14/587

xdd Hfetoets

4.0. Pobc Mflostdh bem Detorebtdfebc Pdho ^rdhos,

Demdb, 247?0>>= 848 4.8. Mohcdedei Gffm ^rdhos Bldm Pdsdei Xtfhas 847

4.=. Irbde Xtfha Mostfhadei bgtor 24:8 bem 2449 849

4.?. Gffm bem Irbde ^rdhos, 0>>>2> 84:

4.7. Xcfwdei Irfwtj Pbtos fg Tdocms gfr Lbkfr

Horobcs, Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos =>4

4.9. Cfhbc Irbde ^rdho Wfcbtdcdty de Otjdfpdb =20

4.:. ]jo Mdstrd`utdfe fg Xbgoty Eot ^rfirbls =27

2>.2. Cb`fr Gfrho de Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos ==2 2>.0. Hfccb`frbtdvo Mdblfem Lfmoc gfr Gdebehdbc Dehcusdfe;

Ioeorbtdfe 2.> (244>s0>2>) ==0

2>.8. Hfccb`frbtdvo Mdblfem Lfmoc gfr Gdebehdbc Dehcusdfe;

Ioeorbtdfe 0.> (0>2>0>0>s) ==8

2>.=. Pobhjdei tjo Gdebehdbc Dehcusdfe ]briot; Aoy ^dccbrs ===

2>.?. Mofledei Gdebehdbc Dehcusdfe ==?

2>.7. Jdij ]urefvor de Gdebehdbc Destruloets; Purbc

bem _r`be ==7

2>.9. Bhhoss bem ^byloet ]rbesbhtdfes Ibps ==:

2>.:. Xovoe @oeoflts fg Gdebehdbc Dehcusdfe ==4

2>.4. Bhhoss tf Gdebeho bem Ldccoeedul

Movocfploet Ifbcs =?>

2>.2>. Hurroet bem ^ftoetdbc Dlpbht fg Gdebehdbc

Degrbstruhturo =?9

2>.22. Poldttbeho Hfst bhrfss Xocohtom

Hfuetry Hfrrdmfrs =72

2>.20. Xuppcy vs. Ibp gfr Gdebehdbc rfmuhts =70

2>.28. Icf`bc ]roems Xjdgtdei tjo Gdebehdbc Dehcusdfe

Grfetdor Gfrwbrm =78

2>.2=. ]jroo Mdloesdfes fg Pospfesd`co Gdebeho =74

2>.2?. Lobsurdei Gdebehdbc Bhhoss; Aoy Oxdstdei Popfrts =98

]b`cos

2. ^orhoetbio fg ^fvorty de Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos,

24:2 bem 0>>? 20


15/587

Hfetoets xddd

8.2. I-0> Xjbros fg Icf`bc Irfss Ebtdfebc Dehflo

bem Icf`bc Oxpfrts := 8.0. Xjbro de Icf`bc IM^ Irfwtj ::

=.2. @bso-Hbso Irfwtj Futcffa gfr Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos 200

=.0. Futcffa gfr ^fvorty de Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos 20=

?.2. Hflpbrbtdvo Irfwtj Oxpordoeho, 247>0>>= 2:?

?.0. Devostloet bem Xbvdeis de Afrob, 247024:2 240

?.8. ]briots gfr tjo JHD Mrdvo 0>>

?.=. Devostloet Poqudroloet Ostdlbtos gfr tjo JHD Mrdvo 0>2

?.?. ^rfkohtom Molbem bem Xuppcy fg ]ohjedhdbes 0>= ?.7. ]ohjedhbc Jdij Xhjffc Lbebioloet Xystol 0>=

?.9. Afrobs ]fp ]oe Oxpfrts 020

:.2. Jfusojfcm Bhhoss tf Degrbstruhturo de Movocfpdei

Hfuetrdos 8=>

:.0. Degrbstruhturo Xpoemdei Eooms bem tjo Guemdei

Ibp de Bgrdhb 8==

4.2. Hfuetrdos wdtj tjo Cbriost Dehrobso de Mflostdh

^rdho fg Lbde Xtbpcos =>9

2>.2. Hurroet Lobsuroloet fg tjo _e`beaom ==>

2>B.2. Ldhrfflebeho bt b Icbeho, 0>>: =94

@2. I-0> bem EfeI-0> Hfuetrdos bt b Icbeho, 0>>: ?2>

@0. Xjbro de tjo Yfrcm Ohfefly ?20

@8. Ohfefldh Irfwtj ?2=

@=. Detoirbtdfe wdtj tjo Icf`bc Ohfefly ?27

@?. ^fpucbtdfe Xdzo bem Hjdcm Lfrtbcdty ?2:

@7. ^brtdhdpbtdfe de Omuhbtdfe ?0>

@9. Xhdoeho, ]ohjefcfiy, Hflluedhbtdfes, bem ]rbmo ?00

@:. ^fvorty Pbtos ?0=


16/587


17/587

xv

Gfrowfrm

]fmbys gbst-ovfcvdei icf`bc ohfefly bhhflpbedos rbpdm ohfefldh

pfwor sjdgts. Xflo movocfpdei hfuetrdos bro oloridei bs ohfefldh pfw-

ors. Ftjors bro òhfldei eow pfcos fg irfwtj. @ut lbey bro stdcc strui-

icdei tf bttbde tjodr pftoetdbc de tjds eow orb. Ydtj ohfefldh mostdedos

ef cfeior mofleom `y efrtj fr sfutj, obst fr wost, tjo wfrcm ds de tjo

prfhoss fg ro`bcbehdei ohfefldh, pfcdtdhbc, bem sfhdbc pfwor.

De tjds luctdpfcbr wfrcm fecy luctdcbtorbc bpprfbhjos hbe prfvdmoicf`bc sfcutdfes tf icf`bc prf`cols. ]jo Irfup fg 0>s rbpdm rospfeso tf

sjfro up hfeflmoeho de tjo wbao fg tjo flebehdbc hrdsds ds b porgoht oxbl-

pco fg tjo hfetdeudei eoom gfr detorebtdfebc ohfefldh hffporbtdfe bem

hffrmdebtdfe. ]joro ds cdttco mfu`t tjbt tjo bhtdfes `y tjo I-0> provoetom

tjo icf`bc ohfefly grfl scdmdei detf beftjor Irobt Moprossdfe. Mospdto

ovdmoeho fg ohfefldh dlprfvoloet, jfwovor, tjo icf`bc rohfvory

rolbdes grbidco, lbadei detorebtdfebc ohfefldh pfcdhy hffrmdebtdfe bcc

tjo lfro dlpfrtbet.

Efw tjbt lbey fg tjo I-0> hfuetrdos bro rohfvordei, dt ds tdlo tf

tjdea b`fut tjfso hfuetrdos tjbt bro eft pbrt fg tjds gfrul, ùt wjfso

irfwtj bem movocfploet prfspohts bro fg oqubc dlpfrtbeho de roostb`-

cdsjdei bem oesurdei icf`bc prfspordty.

Gfr tjds, tjo wfrcm eooms b lfro strbtoidh bpprfbhj tf movocfploet

bem b lfro dehcusdvo cobmorsjdp struhturo. ]jo I-0> jbs `ftj tjo

hfevoedei pfwor bem tjo coidtdlbhy tf bssulo b cobmorsjdp rfco bem

put gfrtj aoy dssuos tjbt roqudro dllomdbto icf`bc bttoetdfe. @y tbha-

cdei tjo lfst prossdei dssuos bem tjfso wdtj tjo irobtost pftoetdbc

òeoflt tf julbe wocc-òdei, dt hbe gucflcc dts rfco bs b prfvdmor fg

icf`bc pu`cdh iffms.


18/587

xvd Gfrowfrm

]jo movocfpdei wfrcm ds bhhrudei be dehrobsdei sjbro fg wfrcm futput

bem jocpdei tf mrdvo rohfvory wdtj sustbdeom molbem gfr dlpfrts. Bsirfwtj ro`bcbehos, oloridei ohfefldos wdcc prfvdmo eow bem rfùst

lbraots gfr hbpdtbc iffms, devostloet, bem aefwcomio. Tot dt ds dlpfs-

sd`co gfr tjo wfrcm tf sustbde bcbehom irfwtj bs cfei bs tjoro bro porsds-

toet ibps de movocfploet. Bs tjo ]frfetf Xulldt Cobmors Mohcbrbtdfe

stbtos; Ebrrfwdei tjo movocfploet ibp bem romuhdei pfvorty bro deto-

irbc tf fur `rfbmor f`kohtdvo fg bhjdovdei strfei, sustbdeb`co, bem `bc-

behom irfwtj bem oesurdei b lfro rfùst bem rosdcdoet icf`bc ohfefly

gfr bcc.]jo Popu`cdh fg Afrobwjdhj kust tureom grfl be bdm rohdpdoet tf b

mfefr hfuetry de tjo FOHM Movocfploet Bssdstbeho Hflldttoo

sjfws tjbt odei b movocfpdei hfuetry ds eft b porlbeoet stbto fg ebturo

bem ds tjus wocc pfsdtdfeom tf sorvo bs tjo `rdmio òtwooe bmvbehom

ohfefldos bem movocfpdei hfuetrdos. Bem bs tjo jfst fg tjo Efvolòr

0>2> I-0> Xulldt de Xofuc, Afrob ds rdeidei movocfploet dssuos tf tjo

gfro bt tjo I-0>, hfevoedei luctdcbtorbc destdtutdfes bem movocfploet

oxports grfl brfuem tjo wfrcm tf jocp gfrlucbto luctdyobr bhtdfe pcbes

gfr tjo Irfup tf bmfpt.

De tjo rueup tf tjo sulldt, Afrob hfccb`frbtom wdtj tjo Yfrcm @bea

tf jfst b jdij covoc hfegoroeho, ^fst-Hrdsds Irfwtj bem Movocfploet, fe

Kueo 8-=, 0>2>, de @usbe, Afrob. ]jo hfegoroeho hfvorom brobs hrdtdhbc tf

tjo icf`bc movocfploet bioemb bem hoetrbc tf tjo I-0>s lbembto tf

gfstor strfei, sustbdeb`co, bem `bcbehom irfwtj. ]jds vfculo ds b sul-

lbry fg tjbt hfegoroeho, b rohfrm fg tjo hfegoroeho prfhoomdeis, bem b

ropfsdtfry fg degfrlbtdfe grfl cobmdei oxports fe sflo fg tjo lfst

prossdei icf`bc movocfploet dssuos.

]jo vfculo hfvors suhj hrfss-huttdei tfpdhs bs tjo olorioeho fg

luctdpfcbr irfwtj de tjo pfsthrdsds pordfm, be bebcysds fg Afrobs movoc-

fploet oxpordoeho fe jfw tf trbesgfrl grfl b cfw-dehflo hfuetry tf

be bmvbehom ohfefly, bem tjo dlpbht fg tjo icf`bc hrdsds fe bhjdovdei

tjo Ldccoeedul Movocfploet Ifbcs y 0>2?. Ftjor tfpdhs dehcumo degrb-

struhturo bem sustbdeb`co movocfploet, prflftdei bdm gfr trbmo, oesur-dei gffm sohurdty, bem bmvbehdei dehcusdvo flebeho.

]jo `ffa lbaos b strfei hbso gfr detoirbtdei hrdtdhbc movocfploet

dssuos rocbtdei tf icf`bc irfwtj, bs wocc bs julbe movocfploet dssuos lfro

`rfbmcy, detf tjo I-0> bioemb bem gfr `rdeidei efe-I-0> movocfpdei


19/587

Gfrowfrm xvdd

hfuetrdos fe fbrm tf oesuro tjodr pbrtdhdpbtdfe de tjo icf`bc rohfvory bem

tf oejbeho tjo coidtdlbhy bem hromd`dcdty fg tjo I-0> prfhoss. Dt oemfrsostjo hfehopt fg luctdpfcbr irfwtj, hfehcumdei wdtj b strfei hfesoesus tjbt

movocfpdei hfuetrdos jbvo be dlpfrtbet rfco tf pcby de sustbdeb`co icf`bc

irfwtj bem wdcc òhflo dehrobsdeicy lfro dlpfrtbet de tjo wfrcm ohfe-

fly. De frmor gfr tjds tf jbppoe, jfwovor, tjoro lust o b irobtor gfhus fe

rolfvdei f`stbhcos tf irfwtj.

]jo I-0> hbe jocp gfstor strfeior irfwtj de movocfpdei hfuetrdos `y

gfhusdei fe tjo gfccfwdei brobs wdtjde dts lbembto bem movocfploet

bioemb;

Gbhdcdtbtdei tjo movocfploet fg be bhtdfe pcbe gfr dehrobsdei pu`cdhbem prdvbto flebehdei fg degrbstruhturo, bs wocc bs dlprfvdei tjo ogfl-

hdoehy bem oevdrfeloetbc sustbdeb`dcdty fg degrbstruhturo prfkohts

tjrfuij tohjedhbc bssdstbeho.

Pohfiedzdei tjo dlpfrtbeho fg trbmo hbpbhdty bem lbraot bhhoss bemhfesdmordei tjo dlpcoloetbtdfe fg spohdflh lobsuros, suhj bs bdm gfr

trbmobem muty groo, quftb groo bhhoss gfr cobst movocfpom hfuetrdos. Oehfurbidei birdhucturbc prfmuhtdvdty bem suppfrtdei tjo flijt bibdest

lbceutrdtdfe `y prfvdmdei bmmdtdfebc rosfurhostf shbco up birdhucturbc

bem gffm sohurdtybssdstbeho tf ocdid`co movocfpdei hfuetrdos.

Hfevoedei b icf`bc pbrteorsjdp wdtj tjo rocovbet stbaojfcmors brfuembhhoss tf flebehobem flebehdbc sorvdhos tf ostb`cdsj b hfllfe icf`bc

flebehdbc ifbc tjbt eft fecy gfhusos fe hromdt, ùt bcsf fe b rbeio fg

flebehdbc prfmuhts, dehcumdei pbyloets, sbvdeis, roldttbehos, bem

desurbeho.

Pospfemdei tf tjo wfrcms ohfefldh movocfploet hjbccoeios hcobrcy

roqudros tjfuijtguc cobmorsjdp bem icf`bccy hffrmdebtom rospfesos. Yo

jfpo tjds vfculo wdcc ò usom bs b tffc bem b rogoroeho de tjds prfhoss.

Kustde Tdgu Cde Dc XbAfeiXoedfr Wdho rosdmoet bem Hjdog Ohfefldst Hjbdrlbe

Movocfploet Ohfefldhs ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt

]jo Yfrcm @bea


20/587


21/587

xdx

Bhaefwcomiloets

]jo AfrobYfrcm @bea Jdij Covoc Hfegoroeho fe ^fst-Hrdsds Irfwtj

bem Movocfploet wbs b kfdet oggfrt uemortbaoe `y Afrobs ^rosdmoetdbc

Hflldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt bem tjo Yfrcm @bea, wdtj sdi-

edflhbet suppfrt grfl tjo Afrob Destdtuto gfr Detorebtdfebc Ohfefldh

^fcdhy (ADO^).

]jo hfegoroeho wbs hfehodvom bem fribedzom uemor tjo fvorbcc iudm-

beho fg Kustde Tdgu Cde, Hjdog Ohfefldst bem Xoedfr Wdho rosdmoet fg tjoYfrcm @bea, bem Dc XbAfei, Hjbdrlbe fg tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr

tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt, de hfekuehtdfe wdtj b hfro tobl hflprdsdei

Hjbeiyfei Pjoo, Tfeiòfl Adl, Kbo Jwbe Adl, Deku Hjbei, bem

Jouei Ayu Hjfd grfl tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xulldt1

Yffa Hjbo, Tuc Awfe, Kdfeo Kuei, Xuayfuei bra, bem Kdsue Kofei grfl

tjo Afrob Destdtuto gfr Detorebtdfebc Ohfefldh ^fcdhy (ADO^)1 bem Xjbj-

rfaj Gbrmfust, Hcbumdb Xopcvomb, Jbomuha Coo, Dc Tfuei ^bra, bem

Hcbdro Lbrairbg grfl tjo Yfrcm @bea.

]jo tobl ds irbtoguc gfr tjo sdiedflhbet hfetrdùtdfe lbmo `y tjo

butjfrs, mdshussbets, hjbdrs, bem pbeocdsts wjf bttoemom tjo hfegoroeho.

]jo hfegoroeho òeofltom grfl b wdmo rbeio fg hfesuctbtdfes, bem tjo

tobl ds irbtoguc tf Eifzd Fafekf-Dwobcb bem Irbolo Yjoocor gfr tjodr

devbcub`co suppfrt bem bmvdho, bem tf Koggroy Cowds, Mf Jyofei Adl,

Bee Jbrrdsfe, Mbvdm Pfsoe`cbtt, Wdarbl Eojru, Bjlbm Bjsbe, Wdebyb

Xwbrffp, Kdl ^bras, bem Kogg Hjocsay gfr tjodr jocpguc hflloets bem

suiiostdfes tjrfuijfut tjo prfhoss. Lorrocc ]uha-^rdlmbjc, Hbldcco

Gueeocc, bem Pfucb Tbzdid hfetrdùtom oefrlfuscy tjrfuij lomdb bem

Yo` suppfrt. ]jo tobl ds bcsf irbtoguc tf Pdtu ]jflbs bem Lurdoc

Mbrcdeitfe, wjf prfvdmom oxhoccoet pro-hfegoroeho cfidstdhbc bssdstbeho


22/587

xx Bhaefwcomiloets

de Ybsjdeitfe, M.H., bem tf DfHfevox de Afrob gfr futstbemdei cfidstdhbc

suppfrt de Xofuc bem @usbe.]jds hfegoroeho prfhoomdeis , wjdhj sorvos bs tjo gfrlbc rohfrm fg tjo

Afrob-Yfrcm @bea Movocfploet Hfegoroeho de Kueo 0>2>, wbs propbrom

`y b hfro tobl hflprdsdei Tfei`ofl Adl grfl tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hfl-

ldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt bem b tobl grfl tjo Fporbtdfes bem

Xtrbtoiy Irfup, Movocfploet Ohfefldhs Wdho ^rosdmoehy fg tjo Yfrcm

@bea, com `y Xjbjrfaj Gbrmfust bem Hcbumdb Xopcvomb. ]jo omdtfrs

wfucm cdao tf ospohdbccy tjbea Hcbdro Lbrairbg bem Kucdb @brlodor gfr

tjodr bssdstbeho de rovdowdei tjds hfegoroeho prfhoomdeis. Yo bro bcsfirbtoguc tf Gorebemf Dl, Mdldtrds Lbvrdmds, bem Lorrocc ]uha-^rdlmbjc

gfr tjodr jocp bt vbrdfus stbio fg tjds prfkoht bem tjo Movocfploet Mbtb

Irfup fg tjo Yfrcm @bea gfr tjodr hflloets bem qubcdty bssurbeho fe

tjo stbtdstdhbc bppoemdx. ]jo vfculo wbs flebehom `y tjo Yfrcm @beas

Movocfploet Ohfefldhs Wdho ^rosdmoehy bem Obst Bsdb ^fvorty Pomuh-

tdfe bem Ohfefldh Lbebioloet uedt, bem tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo

gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt. ]jo Yfrcm @beas Fgflho fg tjo ^u`cdsjor

prfvdmom omdtfrdbc, mosdie, bem prdetdei sorvdhos, uemor tjo mdrohtdfe fg

Xtopjoe LhIrfbrty, Pdha Cumwdha, bem Moedso @oriorfe.


23/587

xxd

B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem

Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors

Dgzbc Bcdjbs ooe tjo Hjdog Ohfefldst fg tjo Dscbldh Movocfploet @bea

sdeho 0>>:. Grfl 0>>0 tf 0>>: jo wbs Hjdog Ohfefldst fg tjo Bsdbe

Movocfploet @bea, be destdtutdfe jo kfdeom de 24:=. ^rovdfuscy, jo wbs

b gbhucty lol`or bt tjo Demdbe Destdtuto fg Lbebioloet de Bjlomb`bm.

Jo jfcms b mfhtfrbto grfl Kfjes Jfpades _edvorsdty.

Blbr @jbttbhjbrybds tjo Mdrohtfr fg tjo Xohrotbrdbt fg tjo Detorifvore-

loetbc Irfup fg ]woety-Gfur fe Detorebtdfebc Lfeotbry Bggbdrs bem

Movocfploet. @ogfro tjds, jo jbm b cfei hbroor bt tjo Yfrcm @bea, wjoro

jo wbs be bmvdsfr tf tjo ^rosdmoet bem Xoedfr Lbebioloet fe tjo @beas

oeibioloet wdtj aoy detorebtdfebc irfupdeis bem destdtutdfes, dehcum-

dei tjo DLG, I-9, I-0>, FOHM, bem Gdebehdbc Xtb`dcdty Gfrul. Jo hfl-

pcotom jds uemorirbmubto stumdos bt tjo _edvorsdty fg Mocjd bem @rbemods

_edvorsdty bem jds irbmubto omuhbtdfe bt ^rdehotfe _edvorsdty.

Tffe Ko Hjfds tjo Mobe fg tjo Irbmubto Xhjffc fg Detorebtdfebc Xtumdos

bt Xfibei _edvorsdty. Jds provdfus pfsdtdfes de tjo Popu`cdh fg Afrob

dehcumo Ohfefldh Bmvdsfr tf tjo ^rosdmoet, Bl`bssbmfr tf tjo _edtom

Adeimfl, Wdho ^rosdmoet fg tjo Afrob Destdtuto fg ^u`cdh Gdebeho, bem

Xoedfr Hfuesocfr tf tjo Moputy rdlo Ldedstor bem Ldedstor fg Gdebeho

bem Ohfefly. Jo bcsf wfraom bt tjo Yfrcm @bea bs b soedfr ohfefldst

bem bt tjo Detorebtdfebc Lfeotbry Guem bs be ohfefldst. Jo rohodvom jdsuemorirbmubto moiroo de ohfefldhs grfl Xofuc Ebtdfebc _edvorsdty bem

jds ^jM de ohfefldhs grfl Xtbegfrm _edvorsdty.

Hjrdstfpjor Mocibmfds Xtrbtoiy bem ^fcdhy Bmvdsor gfr tjo Birdhucturo

bem Purbc Movocfploet Mopbrtloet bt tjo Yfrcm @bea. Jo cobms tjo


24/587

xxdd B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors

Purbc ^fcdhdos tobl wdtjde tjo mopbrtloet, hffrmdebtos tjo sohrotbrdbt

fg tjo @beas Icf`bc Gffm Hrdsds Pospfeso ^rfirbl, bem ds prfirbllbebior gfr tjo Icf`bc Birdhucturbc bem Gffm Xohurdty ^rfirbl. Jo

kfdeom tjo @bea de 0>>7 bgtor eobrcy 09 yobrs bt tjo Detorebtdfebc Gffm

^fcdhy Posobrhj Destdtuto bem tjo Detorebtdfebc Cdvostfha Posobrhj

Destdtuto.

Xjbjrfaj Gbrmfust ds tjo Mdrohtfr fg Fporbtdfes bem Xtrbtoiy de tjo

Movocfploet Ohfefldhs Wdho ^rosdmoehy bt tjo Yfrcm @bea. @ogfro tjds,

jo sorvom bs Xoedfr Bmvdsor tf tjo Mdrohtfr-Ioeorbc fg tjo @beas Demo-

poemoet Ovbcubtdfe Irfup bem bs Xoedfr Ohfefldh Bmvdsor tf tjo Xoedfr

Wdho ^rosdmoet bem Hjdog Ohfefldst. @ogfro hfldei tf tjo @bea de 24:9,

jo jocm pfsdtdfes bt tjo _edtom Ebtdfes Xohrotbrdbt de Eow Tfra, wbs b

vdsdtdei cohturor de ohfefldhs bt tjo Yjbrtfe Xhjffc, bem sorvom de tjo

Ldedstry fg Gfrodie Bggbdrs de Drbe. Jo jfcms b ^jM de ohfefldhs grfl

tjo _edvorsdty fg ^oeesycvbedb.

Lbrdbeeo Gbyds tjo Hjdog Ohfefldst fg tjo Xustbdeb`co Movocfploet

Eotwfra bt tjo Yfrcm @bea bem hfmdrohtfr fg tjo Yfrcm MovocfploetPopfrt 0>2>; Movocfploet bem Hcdlbto Hjbeio.Xjo jbs jocm pfsdtdfes de

mdggoroet roidfes fg tjo Yfrcm @bea (Obstore Ourfpo bem Hoetrbc Bsdb,

Cbtde Blordhb bem tjo Hbrd``obe, Bgrdhb) wfradei fe degrbstruhturo,

ur`be dssuos, bem hcdlbto hjbeio. Xjo jfcms b ^jM de ohfefldhs grfl

Hfcul`db _edvorsdty.

Brbehjb Ifezcozds tjo Hjdog fg Hb`deot tf Yfrcm ]rbmo Fribedzbtdfe

Mdrohtfr-Ioeorbc ^bshbc Cbly. @otwooe 0>>0 bem 0>>= sjo wbs tjo

Ourfpobe _edfe spfaoswflbe gfr trbmo bem bmvdsfr tf tjo Ourfpobe

_edfe ]rbmo Hflldssdfeor. Xjo kfdeom tjo Ourfpobe Hflldssdfe de

2447, wjoro sjo jocm sovorbc pfsdtdfes de tjo brob fg detorebtdfebc trbmo. Xjo

jfcms b moiroo de cbw grfl tjo _edvorsdty fg Ebvbrrb bem b pfstirbmubto

moiroo de ourfpobe cbw grfl _edvorsdty Hbrcfs DDD de Lbmrdm.

Bcgrom Jbeedi ds tjo Oxohutdvo Mdrohtfr fg tjo Bccdbeho gfr Gdebehdbc

Dehcusdfe. rovdfuscy jo wbs tjo Mdrohtfr fg I][s Xustbdeb`co Ohfefldh

Movocfploet prfirbls de Demfeosdb bem sorvom bs tjo jobm fg tjo

Gdebehdbc Xystol Movocfploet ^rfirbl de _ibemb. Jo bcsf wfraom fe

ldhrfflebeho roiucbtfry bem suporvdsfry dssuos de @fcdvdb bem wbs tjo

jobm fg I][s Gdebehdbc Xystol Movocfploet _edt fg tjo ^cbeedei bem


25/587

B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors xxddd

Movocfploet Mopbrtloet. Jo stbrtom jds hbroor bt tjo Iorlbe Ldedstry

gfr Ohfefldh Hffporbtdfe bem Movocfploet.@orebrm Jfoalbeds tjo Mdrohtfr fg tjo Detorebtdfebc ]rbmo Mopbrtloet

bt tjo Yfrcm @bea. rovdfus pfsdtdfes bt tjo Yfrcm @bea dehcumo Posobrhj

Lbebior fg tjo trbmo bem detorebtdfebc detoirbtdfe tobl de tjo Movocfp-

loet Posobrhj Irfup, Lbebior fg tjo trbmo hbpbhdty udcmdei prfirbl fg

tjo Yfrcm @bea Destdtuto, bem ]rbmo Ohfefldst de tjo Ldmmco Obst bem

Efrtj Bgrdhb bem Ourfpo bem Hoetrbc Bsdb mopbrtloets. @ogfro kfdedei

tjo Yfrcm @bea de 2448, jo wbs be ohfefldst de tjo Ioeorbc Birooloet

fe ]brdggs bem ]rbmoXohrotbrdbt de Ioeovb, suppfrtdei tjo _ruiuby Pfuem

eoiftdbtdfes. Jo ds b irbmubto fg Orbslus _edvorsdty, Pfttormbl, bem

jfcms b ^jM de ohfefldhs grfl tjo _edvorsdty fg Ldhjdibe.

Jba-Xu Adlds hurroetcy Hjbdrlbe fg tjo Bsdb Ohfefldh Hflluedty

Gfuembtdfe, wjdhj rosdmos wdtjde tjo Ldedstry fg Gfrodie Bggbdrs bem

]rbmo fg tjo Popu`cdh fg Afrob. Jo sorvom bs _emorsohrotbry-Ioeorbc fg

tjo _edtom Ebtdfes bem Oxohutdvo Xohrotbry fg tjo _E Ohfefldh bem

Xfhdbc Hflldssdfe gfr Bsdb bem tjo ^bhdflh gfr sovoe yobrs (0>>>>9).Jo obreom b ^jM de ohfefldhs grfl tjo _edvorsdty fg Xfutj Hbrfcdeb

bem be L^jdc de ohfefldhs grfl Omde`urij _edvorsdty.

Tfei`ofl Adlds Mdrohtfr Ioeorbc fg tjo Icf`bc Gdebehdbc Brhjdtohturo

@urobu de tjo rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt. @ogfro

bssuldei tjds pfsdtdfe, jo wbs Mdrohtfr Ioeorbc bem Jobm fg tjo ^fst

Desurbeho _edt fg Afrob ^fst. Jo wbs bcsf Moputy Bssdstbet Hjbdrlbe fg

tjo rosdmoetdbc Hfuehdc fe Ebtdfebc Hflpotdtdvoeoss, Moputy Xohrotbry

gfr Ohfefldh ^fcdhdos de tjo Fgflho fg tjo ^rosdmoet fg Afrob, bem tjo

Mdrohtfr fg tjo @beadei Xystol Mdvdsdfe de tjo Ldedstry fg Gdebeho bem

Ohfefly. Grfl 0>>> tf 0>>?, jo wbs b Xoedfr Gdebehdbc Ohfefldst bt

tjo Yfrcm @bea. Jo rohodvom jds mfhtfrbto de ohfefldhs grfl ]jo

Iofrio Ybsjdeitfe _edvorsdty fe b Guc`rdijt Xhjfcbrsjdp.

Adyfsjd Afmorb ds tjo Wdho-^rosdmoet fg tjo Kbpbe Detorebtdfebc Hffp-

orbtdfe Bioehy. Grfl 0>>7 tf 0>2>, jo sorvom bs Oxohutdvo Xohrotbry fg

tjo kfdet Yfrcm @beaDLG Movocfploet Hflldttoo. Jds Yfrcm @bea

oxpordoeho bcsf dehcumos sorvdei bs Hfuetry Mdrohtfr gfr Hoetrbc Bsdb

bem tjo Bctorebto Oxohutdvo Mdrohtfr gfr Kbpbe. rovdfuscy jo jocm soedfr

pfsdtdfes de Kbpbes Ldedstry fg Gdebeho, dehcumdei Xoedfr Moputy Wdho


26/587

xxdv B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors

Ldedstor gfr Detorebtdfebc Bggbdrs bem Moputy Mdrohtfr-Ioeorbc de hjbrio

fg tjo Luctdcbtorbc Movocfploet @beas bt tjo Detorebtdfebc @urobu.Lr. Afmorb irbmubtom grfl tjo _edvorsdty fg ]fayf wdtj b `bhjocfr

moiroo de cbw bem grfl tjo _edvorsdty fg ]suau`b wdtj b lbstors moiroo

de ohfefldhs.

Jboryfei Awfekfdeom tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc

Xulldt de 0>>4. Jo ds rospfesd`co gfr movocfpdei aoy icf`bc bioemb

dtols, dehcumdei trbmo, movocfploet, bem hcdlbto hjbeio. @ogfro jds hur-

roet pfst, jo wbs tjo Mdrohtfr-Ioeorbc gfr tjo Detorebtdfebc Ohfefldh

Bggbdrs @urobu fg tjo Ldedstry fg Gfrodie Bggbdrs bem ]rbmo fg tjo Popu`-

cdh fg Afrob. Jo bcsf sorvom fe tjo Afrobe Mocoibtdfe tf tjo Detoreb-

tdfebc Hdvdc Bvdbtdfe Fribedzbtdfe de Lfetrobc bem tf tjo Fribedsbtdfe

fg Ohfefldh Hf-fporbtdfe bem Movocfploet.

Kfei-Yjb Coo ds Hjdog Ohfefldst fg tjo Bsdbe Movocfploet @bea

(BM@). Jo ds tjo jobm spfaosporsfe gfr tjo BM@ fe ohfefldh gfro-

hbsts bem troems bem fvorsoos tjo Ohfefldhs bem Posobrhj Mopbrt-

loet. ^rovdfuscy, jo jobmom tjo BM@s Fgflho fg Poidfebc OhfefldhDetoirbtdfe. Jo jbs fvor 0> yobrs fg prfgossdfebc oxpordoeho de ohf-

efldhs bem bhbmoldb bem jbs pu`cdsjom eulorfus `ffas bem kfurebc

brtdhcos de Oeicdsj bem Afrobe. Jo f`tbdeom jds mfhtfrbto bem b lbs-

tors moiroo de ohfefldhs grfl Jbrvbrm _edvorsdty, bem lbstors bem

`bhjocfr moiroos de ohfefldhs grfl Afrob _edvorsdty de Xofuc.

Mbeey Codpzdiords rfgossfr fg tjo ^rbhtdho fg Detorebtdfebc @usdeoss bt

]jo Iofrio Ybsjdeitfe _edvorsdty Xhjffc fg @usdeoss. Jo sorvom bs tjo

Wdho Hjbdr fg tjo Hflldssdfe fe Irfwtj bem Movocfploet bem bs tjo

Yfrcm @beas Wdho ^rosdmoet fg tjo ^fvorty Pomuhtdfe bem Ohfefldh

Lbebioloet eotwfra grfl 0>>= tf 0>>4. De tjds hbpbhdty, jo wfraom

hcfsocy wdtj Poidfebc Wdho ^rosdmoets fe ohfefldh lbttors bem wbs de

hjbrio fg @bea rocbtdfes wdtj tjo I-9 bem I-0>. rovdfuscy, jo sorvom de

tjo Ohfefldh @urobu fg tjo _.X. Mopbrtloet fg Xtbto bem fe dts ^fcdhy

^cbeedei Xtbgg, wjoro jo wbs be ohfefldh bmvdsfr tf tjo Xohrotbry fg

Xtbto. Jo f`tbdeom jds ^jM de ohfefldhs grfl @rfwe _edvorsdty.

]uemo Colf ds tjo Moputy Ifvorefr fg tjo Fporbtdfes Mdrohtfrbto gfr

tjo Hoetrbc @bea fg Ediordb. ^rovdfuscy, jo jocm vbrdfus pfsdtdfes de

Yolb @bea ^ch bem de 0>>> wbs bppfdetom tjo Lbebidei Mdrohtfr bem


27/587

B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors xxv

Hjdog Oxohutdvo Fgflhor. @ogfro tjds, jo wfraom bt eulorfus `beas,

dehcumdei Lbeugbhturors Lorhjbet @bea, ôba Lorhjbet @bea Cdldtom,Hjbrtorom @bea Cdldtom, bem Oqubtfrdbc ]rust @bea. Jo stbrtom jds

hbroor wdtj Brtjur Bemorsoe, wjoro jo wfraom bs stbgg Bumdtfr bem

Hfesuctbet ògfro cobvdei gfr XHFB Ediordbe ^ch bs Hfesfcdmbtdfes

Lbebior. Jo jfcms b moiroo de bhhfuetbehy grfl tjo _edvorsdty fg Ediordb,

Esuaab. Jo hflpcotom tjo Destdtuto fg Hjbrtorom Bhhfuetbets fg Ediordb

Oxbldebtdfe de 24:7.

Yfejyua Cdlds Mdrohtfr fg ^fcdhy Posobrhj bt tjo Afrob Movocfploet

Destdtutos Hoetor gfr Detorebtdfebc Movocfploet. Jo ds bcsf b lolòr fg

tjo Bmvdsfry Hfuehdc gfr tjo Afrob Ohfefldh Destdtuto de Ybsjdeitfe,

M.H. ^rovdfuscy Mr. Cdl wbs b Wdsdtdei Goccfw bt tjo @rffadeis Destdtu-

tdfe, tbuijt bt tjo Afrob Ldcdtbry Bhbmoly, bem wfraom bs b hfesuctbet

gfr tjo Yfrcm @bea bem tjo Bsdbe Movocfploet @bea Destdtuto. Jo bcsf

sorvom bs be bmvdsfr gfr tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo fe Efrtjobst Bsdb.

Jo rohodvom b @BX de pjysdhs bem jdstfry bem b ^jM de ohfefldhs grfl

Xtbegfrm _edvorsdty.Kustde Tdgu Cde ds tjo Yfrcm @beas Hjdog Ohfefldst bem Xoedfr Wdho

^rosdmoet. Xdeho Kueo 0>>: , jo jbs òoe fe cobvo grfl ôadei _edvorsdty,

wjoro jo sorvom gfr 2? yobrs bs ^rfgossfr bem Gfuemdei Mdrohtfr fg tjo

Hjdeb Hoetro gfr Ohfefldh Posobrhj. Blfei jds pu`cdh rfcos, jo wbs b

Moputy fg Hjdebs ôfpcos Hfeiross, Wdho Hjbdrlbe fg tjo Hflldttoo

gfr Ohfefldh Bggbdrs fg tjo Hjdeoso ôfpcos ^fcdtdhbc Hfesuctbtdfe Hfe-

goroeho, bem Wdho Hjbdrlbe fg tjo Bcc-Hjdeb Gomorbtdfe fg Demustry bem

Hfllorho. Jo sorvos fe sovorbc ebtdfebc bem detorebtdfebc hflldttoos

fe movocfploet pfcdhy, tohjefcfiy, bem tjo oevdrfeloet, bem ds tjo

rohdpdoet fg eulorfus bhbmoldh prdzos bem bwbrms. Jo rohodvom jds jM

de ohfefldhs grfl tjo _edvorsdty fg Hjdhbif.

]rovfr Lbeuoc ds Ldedstor de tjo ^rosdmoehy de hjbrio fg tjo Ebtdfebc

^cbeedei Hflldssdfe de tjo Hb`deot fg Xfutj Bgrdhb. Jds mohbmos-cfei

pu`cdh sorvdho hbroor òibe wjoe jo wbs ocohtom tf tjo Ebtdfebc Oxohu-

tdvo Hflldttoo fg tjo Bgrdhbe Ebtdfebc Hfeiross. Xu`soquoetcy, jo jocm

lbey pfsdtdfes de tjo ifvoreloet, dehcumdei Ldedstor fg ]rbmo bem

Demustry bem Ldedstor fg Gdebeho. Jo jbs hjbdrom tjo Movocfploet

Hflldttoo fg tjo Yfrcm @bea bem tjo I-0> lootdeis de Efvolòr 0>>9.


28/587

xxvd B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors

Jo wbs b Hflldssdfeor fe tjo Hflldssdfe gfr Bgrdhb bem b lolòr fg

tjo Hflldssdfe fe Irfwtj bem Movocfploet. De 0>>: Lr. Lbeuoc wbsbppfdetom Xpohdbc Oevfy gfr Movocfploet Gdebeho y tjo _edtom Ebtdfes

Xohrotbry-Ioeorbc. Jo stumdom Hdvdc bem Xtruhturbc Oeideoordei bt oede-

sucb ]ohjedafe bem hflpcotom be Oxohutdvo Lbebioloet ^rfirbl bt

Xtbegfrm Ebtdfebc _edvorsdty de Xdeibpfro.

^rdehoss Lxdlb fg tjo Eotjorcbems wbs bppfdetom `y tjo _edtom

Ebtdfes Xohrotbry-Ioeorbc bs jds Xpohdbc Bmvfhbto gfr Dehcusdvo Gdebeho

gfr Movocfploet de 0>>4. Bs Xpohdbc Bmvfhbto, ^rdehoss Lxdlb pcbys b

cobmdei rfco de prflftdei òst prbhtdhos bem pfcdhdos tjbt wdcc dehrobso

bhhoss tf flebeho, bmvbeho hfesulor prftohtdfe, bem oejbeho flebehdbc

cdtorbhy. Grfl 0>>7 tf 0>>4 tjo ^rdehoss sorvom fe tjo _E Bmvdsfrs

Irfup fe Dehcusdvo Gdebehdbc Xohtfrs, wbs b lolòr fg tjo Irfups

Oxohutdvo Hflldttoo, bem hjbdrom dts Yfradei Irfup fe Bmvfhbhy. ]jo

^rdehoss jbs sorvom fe tjo Muthj Hfuehdc fe Ldhrfflebeho sdeho 0>>7.

Xjo wbs bcsf b lolòr fg tjo _E Bmvdsfrs Irfup tf tjo 0>>? Detoreb-

tdfebc Tobr fg Ldhrfhromdt.

Pozb Lfijbmbl ds hurroetcy Mdrohtfr fg tjo Mopbrtloet fg Xtrbtoiy,

^fcdhy, bem Povdow bt tjo Detorebtdfebc Lfeotbry Guem. @ogfro tjds, jo

wbs Jobm fg tjo Lbebidei Mdrohtfrs fgflho gfr tjroo yobrs. Jo jbs provd-

fuscy wfraom de `ftj tjo Ourfpobe bem Bsdb-^bhdflh mopbrtloets fg tjo

Guem, dehcumdei odei tjo Guems Ldssdfe Hjdog gfr ]uraoy otwooe 0>>8

bem 0>>?. Jo obreom b `bhjocfr moiroo de Lbtjolbtdhs bt Fxgfrm _ed-

vorsdty, b lbstors moiroo bt tjo Cfemfe Xhjffc fg Ohfefldhs, bem b ^jM

de ohfefldhs bt tjo _edvorsdty fg Ybrwdha.

Lbjlfum Lfjdocmdejbs òoe tjo Ldedstor fg Devostloet fg tjo Brb`

Popu`cdh fg Oiypt sdeho 0>>=. Jo ds tjo Ifvorefr fg tjo Brb` Popu`cdh fg

Oiypt tf tjo Yfrcm @bea, tjo Bctorebto Ifvorefr tf tjo Bgrdhbe Movocfp-

loet @bea, tjo Bctorebto Ifvorefr tf tjo Dscbldh Movocfploet @bea, bem

Lolòr fg tjo @fbrm fg ]rustoos fg tjo @rdtdsj _edvorsdty de Hbdrf. Bcfei-

sdmo jds ldedstordbc pfsdtdfe, jo ds b ^rfgossfr de Gdebehdbc Ohfefldhs bt

Hbdrf _edvorsdty bem jfcms cobmdei pfsdtdfes de eulorfus tjdea tbeas,rosobrhj hoetors, bem bhbmoldh destdtutdfes. Jo jbs wfraom bs b soedfr ohf-

efldh bmvdsfr tf lbey ldedstrdos de tjo Oiyptdbe ifvoreloet bem sorvom

bs b lolòr fg tjo @fbrm fg tjo Mdrohtfrs fg tjo Hoetrbc @bea fg Oiypt.


29/587

B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors xxvdd

Jo jfcms b Lbstor fg Xhdoeho de Ohfefldh bem Xfhdbc fcdhy Bebcysds grfl

tjo _edvorsdty fg Tfra bem b ^jM de ohfefldhs grfl tjo _edvorsdty fgYbrwdha.

Jocoe Lfuetgfrmds Xpohdbc Hfuesocfr gfr tjo Oevdrfeloet Mdrohtfrbto

fg tjo Fribedsbtdfe gfr Ohfefldh Hf-fporbtdfe bem Movocfploet

(FOHM). Xjo jbs wfraom de tjo Oevdrfeloet Mdrohtfrbto fg tjo FOHM

sdeho 2449 bem bs Jobm fg tjo Mdvdsdfe fe Hcdlbto Hjbeio, @dfmdvorsdty,

bem Movocfploet sdeho 0>>7. @ogfro kfdedei tjo FOHM, sjo lbebiom b

rohyhcdei hflpbey de tjo _edtom Adeimfl bem wfraom gfr be oevdrfe-

loetbc efeprfflt fribedzbtdfe de Bustrbcdb. Xjo jfcms lbstors moiroos

de Oevdrfeloetbc Ohfefldhs grfl _edvorsdty Hfccoio Cfemfe bem de

Oevdrfeloetbc Lbebioloet grfl tjo _edvorsdty fg Loc`fureo.

Mbvdm Eb`brrfhffrmdebtos tjo _edtom Ebtdfe Xystols Jdij Covoc ]bsa

Gfrho fe tjo Icf`bc Gffm Xohurdty Hrdsds. Jo kfdeom tjo fgflho fg tjo _E

Xohrotbry-Ioeorbc de 0>>? bs Xoedfr Hffrmdebtfr gfr Bvdbe bem ^be-

moldh Deffuoezb. ^rovdfuscy, jo wbs Oxohutdvo Mdrohtfr fg tjo Yfrcm

Jobctj Fribedzbtdfe bem com dts Mopbrtloet gfr Jobctj Bhtdfe de Hrd-sos. Gfr lbey yobrs jo wfraom de hjdcm jobctj bem eutrdtdfe prfirbls de

Drbq, Xfutj Bsdb, bem Obst Bgrdhb. Jo tbuijt bt tjo Cfemfe bem Cdvorpffc

Xhjffcs fg ]rfpdhbc Lomdhdeo bem sorvom bs Hjdog Jobctj bem ^fpucbtdfe

Bmvdsor tf tjo @rdtdsj Ifvoreloets Fvorsobs Movocfploet Bmldedstrb-

tdfe. Jo wbs bcsf Mdrohtfr gfr Julbe Movocfploet de tjo _A Mopbrt-

loet gfr Detorebtdfebc Movocfploet. Jo stumdom bt Fxgfrm bem Cfemfe

_edvorsdtdos.

Eifzd Fafekf-Dwobcbds b Lbebidei Mdrohtfr fg tjo Yfrcm @bea, b pfsd-

tdfe tjbt dehcumos spohdbc fvorsdijt fg tjo @beas wfra de Obstore Ourfpo

bem Hoetrbc Bsdb, Xfutj Bsdb, bem Bgrdhb. Grfl 0>>8 tf 0>>7 sjo sorvom

bs Ediordbs Ldedstor fg Gdebeho bem Ohfefly bem wbs Jobm fg Ediordbs

luhj bhhcbdlom ^rosdmoetdbc Ohfefldh ]obl. Xjo wbs bcsf `rdoffy Lde-

dstor fg Gfrodie Bggbdrs. ^rovdfuscy sjo pursuom b 02-yobr hbroor bt tjo

Yfrcm @bea, wjoro sjo jocm tjo pfst fg Wdho ^rosdmoet bem Hfrpfrbto

Xohrotbry. Jor toeuro dehcumom pfsdtdfes de ftj tjo Obst Bsdb bem ^bhdflhbem Ldmmco Obst bem Efrtj Bgrdhb Poidfes. Xjo bcsf sorvom bs Mdrohtfr

fg Destdtutdfebc Hjbeio bem Xtrbtoiy bem bs Xpohdbc Bssdstbet tf tjo

Xoedfr Wdho ^rosdmoet fg Fporbtdfes. Xjo pbrtdhdpbtos fe eulorfus


30/587

xxvddd B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors

`fbrms bem bmvdsfry irfups, dehcumdei tjo FEO Hblpbdie, tjo Hoetor

gfr Icf`bc Movocfploet, bem tjo Pfhaogoccor Gfuembtdfe. Xjo wbs omu-hbtom bt Jbrvbrm _edvorsdty bem jbs b ^jM de Poidfebc Ohfefldhs bem

Movocfploet grfl tjo Lbssbhjusotts Destdtuto fg ]ohjefcfiy.

[dbRurosjdds b Xoedfr Bmvdsor de tjo Fgflho fg tjo Hjdog Ohfefldst bemXoedfr Wdho ^rosdmoet fg tjo Yfrcm @bea bem jbs jocm eulorfus ftjor

cobmorsjdp pfsdtdfes bt tjo @bea fe `ftj icf`bc ohfefldh dssuos bem

movocfploet pfcdhy bt tjo hfuetry covoc. Jo jbs com @bea tobls fe sov-

orbc ffbisjdp pu`cdhbtdfes, dehcumdei tjo Icf`bc Lfedtfrdei Popfrtbem

Icf`bc Ohfefldh ^rfspohts, bem ds hurroetcy cobmdei tjo @beas wfra gfr

tjo I-0> Irfwtj Grblowfra bem Lutubc Bssossloet ^rfhoss. @ogfro

kfdedei tjo @bea, jo wfraom bt tjo Detorebtdfebc Lfeotbry Guem. Jo

jfcms b M^jdc de ohfefldhs grfl Fxgfrm _edvorsdty wjoro jo stumdom bs

b Pjfmos Xhjfcbr.

Hjbeiyfei Pjoo ds Xohrotbry Ioeorbc fg tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo

gfr tjo I-0> Xulldt bem tjo eow Afrobe Xjorpb grfl Efvolòr

0>>4. @ogfro kfdedei tjo Hflldttoo, jo sorvom bs Wdho-hjbdrlbe fg tjo

Afrobe Gdebehdbc Xorvdhos Hflldssdfe. @ogfro tjbt jo wbs b prfgossfr

fg Ohfefldhs bt Xofuc Ebtdfebc _edvorsdty bem tjo _edvorsdty fg Pfhj-

ostor. De bmmdtdfe tf jds wfra de bhbmoldb, jo jbs òoe be bhtdvo pfcdhy

bmvdsfr tf tjo Afrobe ifvoreloet. Gfrlor pfsdtdfes dehcumo Mdrohtfr

fg tjo Icf`bc Gdebehdbc Posobrhj Destdtuto bem Afrobe Gdxom Dehflo

Posobrhj Destdtuto, efeoxohutdvo mdrohtfr fg tjo Afrob Movocfploet

@bea, bmvdsfr tf tjo @bea fg Afrob, bem bmvdsfr tf tjo Afrob Xohurdtdos

Mopfsdtfry. Jo rohodvom jds ^jM de ohfefldhs grfl Jbrvbrm _edvor-

sdty de 24:4.

Acbus Pfjcbemds tjo Yfrcm @beas Hfuetry Mdrohtfr gfr Hjdeb, Lfeifcdb,

bem tjo Popu`cdh fg Afrob. Jo kfdeom tjo @bea de 24:2 bs be bmvdsfr tf

tjo Iorlbe Oxohutdvo Mdrohtfr. Xdeho tjbt tdlo, jo jbs jocm b eulòr fg

aoy pfsdtdfes, dehcumdei Hfuetry Mdrohtfr bssdieloets de tjo Pussdbe

Gomorbtdfe bem Wdotebl. @otwooe 24:? bem 244? jo wfraom wdtj tjo

Iorlbe ifvoreloet fe tjo dlpcoloetbtdfe fg detorebtdfebc movocfp-

loet bssdstbeho pfcdhdos.

Dc XbAfeihjbdrs tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt

de tjo Fgflho fg tjo ^rosdmoet, Popu`cdh fg Afrob. Jo sorvom de tjo Fgflho


31/587

B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors xxdx

fg tjo ^rosdmoet bs Xpohdbc Ohfefldh Bmvdsor tf tjo rosdmoet grfl 0>>:

tf 0>>4. Murdei tjds tdlo jo bcsf hjbdrom tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hfuehdc feEbtdfebc Hflpotdtdvoeoss. ^rovdfuscy jo sorvom bs Ldedstor fg Gdebeho,

Xoedfr Xohrotbry tf tjo rosdmoet gfr Ohfefldh Bggbdrs, Xoedfr Hfuesocfr

tf tjo Ldedstor fg tjo Ohfefldh ^cbeedei @fbrm, bem Xoedfr Ohfefldst

fg tjo Hfuehdc fe Ohfefldh bem Xhdoetdflh Bggbdrs gfr tjo ^rosdmoet. Jo

wbs tjo Gfuemor bem Hjbdrlbe bem HOF fg tjo Destdtuto gfr Icf`bc Ohf-

efldhs. Jo irbmubtom grfl Xofuc Ebtdfebc _edvorsdty bem rohodvom jds

L@B bem ^jM grfl tjo _edvorsdty fg Hbcdgfredb bt Cfs Beiocos.

Hcbumdb Xopcvombds Xoedfr Ohfefldst bem Bhtdei Posobrhj Lbebior

gfr ^brteorsjdps, Hbpbhdty @udcmdei, bem Futrobhj de tjo Movocfploet

Ohfefldhs Wdho ^rosdmoehy bt tjo Yfrcm @bea. Xjo jbs jocm pfsdtdfes de

mdggoroet uedts fg tjo Yfrcm @bea (Cbtde Blordhb bem tjo Hbrd`òbe

Poidfe bem tjo Movocfploet Posobrhj Irfup) wfradei fe trbmo, cb`fr,

bem flshbc dssuos. Xjo wbs bcsf b lolòr fg tjo tobl tjbt prfmuhomYfrcm

Movocfploet Popfrt 2449; ]jo Xtbto de b Hjbeidei Yfrcm. Xjo jfcms

moiroos de ohfefldhs grfl tjo _edvorsdmbm mo Hjdco bem tjo _edvorsdty fg

Hbcdgfredb bt Cfs Beiocos.

Hjodaj Xfurbei ds Xoedfr ^rfirbl Lbebior fg Hfuetry Xtrbtoidos bt

tjo Detorebtdfebc Guem gfr Birdhucturbc Movocfploet. Jo jbs sdiedflhbet

oxpordoeho de birdhucturo bem rurbc movocfploet, oevdrfeloetbc bem

ebturbc rosfurhos lbebioloet, ldhrfflebeho, slbcc-shbco rurbc oetor-

prdso, bem lbraot cdeas. Jo jbs jocm pfsdtdfes bt tjo Ebtdfebc Movocfp-

loet @bea fg Xoeoibc bem tjo Yfrcm @bea, blfei ftjor destdtutdfes. Jo

jfcms be L@B de flebeho bem ohfefldhs grfl OXXOH @usdeoss Xhjffc deGrbeho, hflpcoloetom `y trbdedei de oevdrfeloetbc ohfefldhs bem

pfcdhy bebcysds bt Jbrvbrm _edvorsdty.

ôor Xtodeds b Xoedfr Lbebior de tjo Bhhoss tf Gdebeho Bmvdsfry irfup

fg tjo Detorebtdfebc Gdebeho Hfrpfrbtdfe (DGH). De tjds guehtdfe, jo

fvorsoos bem suppfrts DGHs tohjedhbc bssdstbeho bem bmvdsfry sorvdhos de

flebehdbc lbraots wfrcmwdmo, dehcumdei ldhrfflebeho, slbcc bem lomdul

oetorprdso `beadei, bem oeoriy ogflhdoehy flebeho. Gurtjor, jo ds cobmdeitjo Yfrcm @bea bem DGHs wfra de flebehdbc degrbstruhturo, wjdhj dehcumos

tjo movocfploet fg hromdt urobus, hfccbtorbc roidstrdos, pbyloet systols,

bem roldttbehos sorvdhos tf suppfrt irobtor bhhoss tf bggfrmb`co flebehdbc

sorvdhos de movocfpdei hfuetrdos.


32/587

xxx B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors

Kflf Awblo Xuembrbl ds tjo _edtom Ebtdfes Bssdstbet Xohrotbry-

Ioeorbc gfr Ohfefldh Movocfploet de tjo _E Mopbrtloet fg Ohfefldhbem Xfhdbc Bggbdrs. Jo ds b Wdsdtdei Xoedfr Posobrhj Goccfw bt tjo Bsdb

Posobrhj Destdtuto bt tjo Ebtdfebc _edvorsdty fg Xdeibpfro bem ^rfgossfr

de tjo Bppcdom Ohfefldhs Mopbrtloet bt tjo _edvorsdty fg Lbcbyb. Jo ds

bcsf tjo gfuemor bem hjbdr fg Detorebtdfebc Movocfploet Ohfefldhs

Bssfhdbtos. Jo sorvom fe tjo Bmvdsfry @fbrm fg tjo _edtom Ebtdfes

Posobrhj Destdtuto fe Xfhdbc Movocfploet bem wbs ^rosdmoet fg tjo

Lbcbysdbe Xfhdbc Xhdoeho Bssfhdbtdfe. Jo jbs tbuijt bt tfp uedvorsdtdos

wfrcmwdmo, dehcumdei Jbrvbrm, Tbco, bem Hbl`rdmio. Jo stumdom bttjo ^oebei Groo Xhjffc, Pfybc Ldcdtbry Hfccoio, bem Tbco bem Jbrvbrm

uedvorsdtdos.

Jbes ]dllor ds Mdrohtfr fg tjo Yfrcm @beas Movocfploet ^rfspohts

Irfup. _emor jds lbebioloet, tjo Irfup prfmuhos tjo Yfrcm @beas

beeubc pu`cdhbtdfes Icf`bc Ohfefldh ^rfspohts, Icf`bc Movocfploet

Gdebeho, bem Icf`bc Lfedtfrdei Popfrt. @ogfro kfdedei tjo @bea, jo wbs

jobm fg detorebtdfebc ohfefldh bebcysds bt tjo Hoetrbc ^cbeedei @urobude tjo Eotjorcbems. Jo jbs ooe b rosobrhjor bt tjo _edvorsdty fg Cfmz de

^fcbem bem bt tjo Eotjorcbems Ohfefldh Destdtuto. Jo jfcms b lbstors

moiroo de ohfeflotrdhs grfl Orbslus _edvorsdty de Pfttormbl.

Ldhjboc ]flbe ds Posobrhj Lbebior fg tjo Oeoriy bem Oevdrfeloet

]obl bem Cobm Ohfefldst fe Hcdlbto Hjbeio de tjo Yfrcm @beas

Movocfploet Posobrhj Mopbrtloet. @ogfro kfdedei tjo @bea, jo sorvom

bs Mdrohtfr fg tjo PBEM Hfrpfrbtdfes oevdrfeloet bem oeoriy prf-

irbl. ^rovdfus bppfdetloets bcsf dehcumo Xoedfr Ohfefldst de tjo Xus-

tbdeb`co Movocfploet Mopbrtloet fg tjo Detor-Blordhbe Movocfploet

@bea bem Xoedfr Goccfw bem Posobrhj Mdvdsdfe Mdrohtfr bt Posfurhos gfr

tjo Guturo. Jo jbs sorvom bs be bmkueht gbhucty lol`or bt Kfjes Jfp-

ades _edvorsdtys Edtzo Xhjffc fg Bmvbehom Detorebtdfebc Xtumdos bem bt

tjo @roe Xhjffc fg tjo Oevdrfeloet bt tjo _edvorsdty fg Hbcdgfredb bt

Xbetb @br`brb.

Kfbhjdl vfe @rbueds tjo Mdrohtfr fg tjo Hoetor gfr Movocfploet Posobrhj

([OG) bt _edvorsdty fg @fee de Iorlbey. [OG ds b cobmdei luctdmdshdpcdebry

rosobrhj hoetor fe detorebtdfebc movocfploet ohfefldhs dssuos, ebturbc

rosfurho dssuos, bem pfcdhy. Grfl 0>>0 tf 0>>4 jo wbs Mdrohtfr Ioeorbc fg


33/587


34/587

xxxdd B`fut tjo Omdtfrs bem Hfegoroeho ^rosoetors

Xffidc Tfueijbs `ooe ^rosdmoet fg tjo Ebtdfebc Xtrbtoiy Destdtuto de

Xofuc sdeho 0>>7. Hfehurroetcy jo sorvos fe tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoofe Irooe Irfwtj, wjoro jo hjbdrs tjo Xu`hflldttoo fe Irfwtj bem

Demustrdos, bem fe tjo Bmvdsfry Kfdet Hflldttoo gfr Gdebehdbc Bmvbeho-

loet gfr tjo Gdebehdbc Xorvdhos Hflldssdfe. Jo ds Hjbdrlbe fg tjo

Afrob Ebtdfebc Hflldttoo gfr ^bhdflh Ohfefldh Hffporbtdfe, Hjbdr-

lbe fg tjo Irooe Devostloet Gfrul Afrob, bem Wdho-Hjbdr fg tjo Xofuc

Gdebehdbc Gfrul. Jo wbs bcsf Afrobs Bl`bssbmfr tf tjo Fribedsbtdfe

gfr Ohfefldh Hf-fporbtdfe bem Movocfploet. Jo f`tbdeom jds ^jM de

ohfefldhs grfl Kfjes Jfpades _edvorsdty.

Oreostf [omdccfds Mdrohtfr fg tjo Tbco Hoetor gfr tjo Xtumy fg Icf`bcdzb-

tdfe, ^rfgossfr fg Detorebtdfebc Ohfefldhs bem ^fcdtdhs, ^rfgossfr fg

Detorebtdfebc bem Brob Xtumdos, bem ^rfgossfr Bmkueht fg Gfrostry bem

Oevdrfeloetbc Xtumdos bt Tbco _edvorsdty. Jo sorvom bs ^rosdmoet fg

Loxdhf grfl 244= tf 0>>>. Jo ds Hjbdrlbe fg @fbrm fg tjo Icf`bc

Movocfploet Eotwfra bem ds b lol`or fg tjo Gfuembtdfe @fbrm fg tjo

Yfrcm Ohfefldh Gfrul, tjo ]rdcbtorbc Hflldssdfe, tjo I-8>, tjo @fbrm

fg Mdrohtfrs fg tjo Destdtuto gfr Detorebtdfebc Ohfefldhs, bem tjo @fbrm

fg Mdrohtfrs fg tjo Detor-Blordhbe Mdbcfiuo. De bmmdtdfe, jo sdts fe tjo

@fbrm fg Mdrohtfrs fg sovorbc detorebtdfebc hfrpfrbtdfes bem jbs pbr-

tdhdpbtom de eulorfus detorebtdfebc hflldssdfes.


35/587

xxxddd

B``rovdbtdfes

BDHM Bgrdhb Degrb Hfuetry Mdbiefstdh

BDMX bhqudrom dllueo moflhdoehy syemrflo

BLH Bmvbeho Lbraot Hflldtloet

@PDH @rbzdc, Pussdbe Gomorbtdfe, Demdb, bem Hjdeb

HBX hfuetry bssdstbeho strbtoiy

HH] hfemdtdfebc hbsj trbesgor

HIB^ Hfesuctbtdvo Irfup tf Bssdst tjo ^ffrHF

0hbr`fe mdfxdmo

MBH Movocfploet Bssdstbeho Hflldttoo (fg tjo FOHM)

ODG Oejbehom Detoirbtom Grblowfra

GBF Gffm bem Birdhucturo Fribedzbtdfe

GDOI Gdebehdbc Dehcusdfe Oxports Irfup (fg tjo I-0>)

I-9 Irfup fg Xovoe

I-: Irfup fg Odijt

I-0> Irfup fg ]woety

IM^ irfss mflostdh prfmuht

IIEM Icf`bc Irooe Eow Mobc

IED irfss ebtdfebc dehflo

I0^ ifvoreloet tf porsfe

JHD jobvy bem hjoldhbc demustrdos

JDW julbe dlluefmoflhdoehy vdrus

DMB Detorebtdfebc Movocfploet Bssfhdbtdfe

DGH Detorebtdfebc Gdebeho Hfrpfrbtdfe

DGGD Detorebtdfebc Gdebeho Gbhdcdty gfr Dlluedzbtdfe

DGD detorebtdfebc flebehdbc destdtutdfe

DCF Detorebtdfebc Cb`fur Fribedzbtdfe


36/587

xxxdv B``rovdbtdfes

DLG Detorebtdfebc Lfeotbry Guem

DEGPB Degrbstruhturo Pohfvory bem Bssots ^cbtgfrl (fg tjo Yfrcm@bea)

LM@ luctdcbtorbc movocfploet `bea

LMIs Ldccoeedul Movocfploet Ifbcs

LGD ldhrfflebeho destdtutdfe

FMB fgflhdbc movocfploet bssdstbeho

FOHM Fribedsbtdfe gfr Ohfefldh Hf-fporbtdfe bem Movocfploet

^^D prdvbto pbrtdhdpbtdfe de degrbstruhturo

^^DBG pu`cdh-prdvbto degrbstruhturo bmvdsfry gbhdcdty^FX pfdet fg sbco

^^^ pu`cdh-prdvbto pbrteorsjdp

^PX^ ^fvorty Pomuhtdfe Xtrbtoiy ^bpor

P&M rosobrhj bem movocfploet

XLOs slbcc bem lomdul oetorprdsos

XF0 sfmdul mdfxdmo

XYG sfvorodie wobctj guem

Y]F Yfrcm ]rbmo Fribedzbtdfe

Bcc mfccbr blfuets bro _.X. mfccbrs.


37/587

2

]jo 0>>: icf`bc ohfefldh hrdsds ds briub`cy tjo moopost bem lfst hfl-

pcox sdeho tjo Irobt Moprossdfe. ]jo hrdsds, wjdhj frdidebtom de tjo slbcc

_.X. su`prdlo jfusdei lbraot, qudhacy sprobm bhrfss flebehdbc destdtu-

tdfes, lbraots, bem hfuetrdos. De tjo obrcy stbios fg tjo hrdsds, lfst

oxports ocdovom tjbt dts eoibtdvo dlpbht wfucm o hfefleom tf movocfpom

hfuetrdos. Bs tjo hrdsds prfirossom, jfwovor, movocfpdei hfuetrdos goct tjo

oggohts tjrfuij vbrdfus trbesldssdfe lohjbedsls suhj bs trbmo, hfl-

lfmdty prdhos, hbpdtbc fffws, bem roldttbehos. @y tjo oem fg 0>>:, tjoro

wbs wdmosprobm rohfiedtdfe tjbt tjo hrdsds wbs icf`bc bem tjbt bhtdfes y

tjo Irfup fg 9 (I-9) bmvbehom ohfefldos bcfeo wfucm eft hfetbde tjo

rbpdmcy sprobmdei icf`bc ohfefldh loctmfwe.2

Bs b rosuct, de Efvolòr 0>>: bem gfr tjo flrst tdlo, tjo Irfup fg 0>(I-0>) cobmors hfevoeom de Ybsjdeitfe, M.H., tf hfesdmor hffporbtdvo

oggfrts tf hfpo wdtj tjo flebehdbc hrdsds, tf òide hfesdmorbtdfe fg hrdtdhbc

flebehdbc bem roiucbtfry rogfrl tf bvfdm sdldcbr hrdsos de tjo guturo, bem

tf cby tjo gfuembtdfes gfr rostfrdei ohfefldh irfwtj.0Dts porgfrlbeho

Xjbjrfaj Gbrmfust

Yfrcm @bea

Tfeiòfl Adl

^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt

Hcbumdb Xopcvomb

Yfrcm @bea

^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem

Movocfploet; B MovocfploetBioemb gfr tjo I-0>; Fvorvdow


38/587

0 ^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem Movocfploet

murdei tjo hrdsds jbs hfeflrlom dt bs b coidtdlbto gfrul gfr bmmrossdei

ohfefldh dssuos de tjds hfetoxt.

Pospfesos fg tjo I-0> tf tjo Hrdsds

Muo de pbrt tf b tdlocy bem hffrmdebtom pfcdhy rospfeso blfei tjo I-0>

lolòr hfuetrdos, b icf`bc rohfvory jbs òoe uemorwby sdeho tjo cbst

qubrtor fg 0>>4. ]jo rohfvory rolbdes grbidco, jfwovor, bem tjo ropor-

hussdfes grfl tjo hrdsds jbvo hjbeiom tjo cbemshbpo gfr ohfefldh irfwtj

bem flebeho, pbrtdhucbrcy gfr movocfpdei hfuetrdos tjbt hfucm gbho romuhombhhoss tf icf`bc hbpdtbc fffws (Yfrcm @bea 0>2>b). Xustbdedei tjo rohfv-

ory, roostb cdsjdei ohfefldh stb`dcdty, bem ro`bcbehdei icf`bc irfwtj wdcc

roqudro hffrmdebtom pfcdhy rospfesos bem dehcusdvo luctdcbtorbc destdtu-

tdfes wdtj sugflhdoet coidtdlbhy tf biroo fe bem dlpcoloet sfcutdfes tf

cfei-torl icf`bc hjbccoeios.

De 0>>4, cobmors bt tjo I-0> sulldt de ^dttsùrij fgflhdbccy oemfrsom

tjbt ifbc wjoe tjoy mohcbrom bs tjodr fgflhdbc f`kohtdvos tjo bhjdovoloet

fg strfei, sustbdeb`co bem `bcbehom irfwtj blfei I-0> lolòrs bem

rbdsdei cdvdei stbembrms de oloridei lbraots bem movocfpdei hfuetrdos

(I-0> 0>>4). ]jo I-0>s ]frfetf sulldt de Kueo 0>2> su`soquoetcy

hfeflrlom bem roolpjbsdzom tjo dehcusdfe fg movocfploet dssuos fe tjo

bioemb. Bhhfrmdei tf tjo ]frfetf mohcbrbtdfe, Ebrrfwdei tjo movocfp-

loet ibp bem romuhdei pfvorty bro detoirbc tf fur `rfbmor f`kohtdvo fg

bhjdovdei strfei, sustbdeb`co bem `bcbehom irfwtj bem oesurdei b lfro

rfùst bem rosdcdoet icf`bc ohfefly gfr bcc (I-0> 0>2>). 8

Yjdco tjo flebehdbc hrdsds prfvdmom tjo dllomdbto dlpotus gfr hfe-

voedei tjo I-0> bt tjo cobmors covoc, tjo `rfbmor I-0> lolòrsjdp bcsf

roffohtom tjo irfwdei wodijt fg tjo myebldh oloridei ohfefldos.

Yjorobs tjo irfss mflostdh prfmuht (IM^) fg movocfpdei hfuetrdos rop-

rosoetom b`fut 29 porhoet fg icf`bc IM^ de 24:>, bs fg 0>>: tjodr sjbro

jbm dehrobsom tf 04 porhoet, wdtj b hfetrdùtdfe tf icf`bc irfwtj fg

b`fut ?> porhoet. Mospdto tjds prfiross, movocfploet hjbccoeios rolbde

mbuetdei bem ibps porsdst, wdtj tjo hurroet hrdsds gurtjor hflpcdhbtdeioggfrts tf romuho pfvorty bem loot tjo Ldccoeedul Movocfploet Ifbcs

(LMIs). @ohbuso fg tjo icf`bc ohfefldh hrdsds, be ostdlbtom 7= ldccdfe

lfro pofpco de movocfpdei hfuetrdos wdcc ò cdvdei fe coss tjbe $2.0? b

mby (97 ldccdfe lfro fe coss tjbe $0 b mby) de 0>2>. Ovoe `y 0>2?, tjo


39/587

^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem Movocfploet; B Movocfploet Bioemb gfr tjo I-0>; Fvorvdow 8

bmmdtdfebc eulòr fg pffr bttrdùtb`co tf tjo dlpbht fg tjo hrdsds hfucm

ò ?8 ldccdfe bem 74 ldccdfe, rospohtdvocy, `bsom fe tjoso twf pfvortycdeos. ]jo dllomdbto dlpbht fg tjo hrdsds fe movocfploet demdhbtfrs de

cfw-dehflo hfuetrdos hfucm jbvo òoe wfrso, ùt sfuemor pfcdhdos bem

dlprfvom lbhrf husjdfes bccfwom spoemdei fe sfhdbc sohtfrs tf ò

lbdetbdeom de lbey hfuetrdos (Yfrcm @bea 0>2>`).

]jo AfrobYfrcm @bea Jdij Covoc Hfegoroeho fe Movocfploet

Bs b rospfeso tf tjo uehortbde ohfefldh oevdrfeloet, hfehore fvor dts

cfei-torl dlpbht fe tjo LMIs, bem tjo ^dttsùrij hflldtloet tfrbdsdei cdvdei stbembrms de movocfpdei hfuetrdos, tjo Popu`cdh fg Afrob,

bs jfst fg tjo Efvolòr 0>2> I-0> sulldt de Xofuc, bpprfbhjom tjo

Yfrcm @bea de obrcy 0>2> wdtj b prfpfsbc tf fribedzo b kfdet jdij-covoc

hfegoroeho fe movocfploet. Bs b hfuetry tjbt jbm trbesgfrlom dtsocg

grfl b movocfpdei tf b movocfpom hfuetry wdtjde b ioeorbtdfe, Afrob ds

uedquocy pfsdtdfeom tf bmm coidtdlbhy bem tf sorvo bs b `rdmio òtwooe

movocfpdei hfuetrdos bem jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos. Gfr tjo Yfrcm @bea,

tjo hfccb`frbtdfe prfvdmom b ebturbc oxtoesdfe fg dts oggfrts tf bppcy dts

oxportdso tf prossdei movocfploet dssuos bem oesuro irobtor bttoetdfe tf

efeI-0> movocfpdei hfuetrdos dssuos wdtjde tjo I-0> prfhoss.

]jo AfrobYfrcm @bea jdij-covoc hfegoroeho ^fsthrdsds Irfwtj

bem Movocfploet, jocm de Kueo 0>2>, de @usbe, Popu`cdh fg Afrob, suh-

hossguccy `rfuijt b rbeio fg aoy movocfploet dssuos tf tjo gfrogrfet,

cbdm tjo irfuemwfra gfr sottdei icf`bc movocfploet prdfrdtdos, bem

jocpom bmvbeho tjo mdshussdfe blfei tjo detorebtdfebc hflluedty,

tjo I-0>, bem tjo efeI-0> hfuetrdos fe movocfploet pfcdhy fptdfes

bem prdfrdtdos. ]jo pbpors, hflloetbrdos, bem mdshussdfe grfl tjbt

hfegoroehowjdhj wbs hfjfstom `y tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr tjo

I-0> Xofuc Xulldt bem tjo Yfrcm @bea, wdtj suppfrt grfl tjo Afrob

Destdtuto gfr Detorebtdfebc Ohfefldh ^fcdhy (ADO^)gfrl tjo `bsds fg

tjds vfculo. Gdiuro 2 sjfws tjo aoy brobs fg movocfploet pfcdhy tjbt

bro hfvorom de tjo gfccfwdei hjbptors.

B`fut ]jds Wfculo

]jds vfculo mrbws tfiotjor tjo pbpors bem prfhoomdeis prosoetom bt tjo

AfrobYfrcm @bea Jdij Covoc Hfegoroeho fe ^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem

Movocfploet, wjdhj tffa pcbho de @usbe, Afrob. ]jo stbrtdei pfdet gfr


40/587

= ^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem Movocfploet

tjoso hfetrdùtdfes wbs tjo oloridei icf`bc hfesoesus fe twf dlpfr-tbet dssuos. Gdrst, bs icf`bcdzbtdfe prfhooms, tjo irfwtj prfspohts fg

movocfpdei hfuetrdos òhflo lfro hcfsocy tdom tf tjo fvorbcc ovfcutdfe

fg tjo icf`bc ohfefly. Xohfem, wjdco tjo I-0> hfuetrdos jbvo b pftoe-

tdbccy dlpfrtbet rfco tf pcby de tjo hffrmdebtdfe fg detorebtdfebc movoc-

fploet pfcdhyde hffporbtdfe wdtj detorebtdfebc fribedzbtdfestjoy

hbe bmmross fecy b cdldtom eulòr fg dssuos. ]jo tjroo hrdtordb usom tf

iudmo tjo socohtdfe fg prdfrdty movocfploet dssuos bem pfcdhdos gfr hfe-

sdmorbtdfe `y tjo I-0> (bem tjus gfr dehcusdfe de tjds vfculo) woro; (b)

wjotjor tjoy hbe jocp prflfto strfei, sustbdeb`co, bem bcbehom irfwtj

bem tjus jocp suppfrt ohfefldh rohfvory de movocfpdei hfuetrdos, bs

wocc bs de bmvbehom ohfefldos1 (`) wjotjor detorebtdfebc hffporbtdfe,

detorebtdfebc flebehdei, bem spohdflh bhtdfes bro eoomom1 bem (h) wjotjor

tjoy cdo wdtjde tjo I-0> lbembto fg detorebtdfebc ohfefldh bem flebe-

hdbc hffporbtdfe.

]jo vfculo ds fribedzom bs gfccfws. De hjbptors 2 bem 0, Dc XbAfei,hjbdrlbe fg tjo ^rosdmoetdbc Hflldttoo gfr tjo I-0> Xofuc Xulldt, bem

Eifzd Fafekf-Dwobcb, lbebidei mdrohtfr fg tjo Yfrcm @bea, prfvdmo

hfevdehdei briuloets fe tjo dlpfrtbeho fg detoirbtdei movocfploet

detf tjo I-0> bioemb, tjo eoom tf idvo vfdho tf efeI-0> movocfpdei

Gdiuro 2. Aoy ^dccbrs gfr fcdhy Bhtdfe tf Bhjdovo Xtrfei, Xustbdeb`co, bem @bcbehom Irfwtj

Xfurho;Butjfrs.

Icf`bc Ohfefldh Hfetoxt]fpdhs socohtom gfr tjo hfegoroeho

B Movocfploet

Bioemb gfr tjo I-0>

gfr strfei, sustbdeb`co,bem bcbehom irfwtj

Julbe movocfploet

bem tjo LMIs

]rbmo bem

bdm gfr trbmo

Birdhucturo bem gffm

sohurdty

Gdebeho bem bhhoss tf

gdebeho

Luctdpfcbr irfwtj bem

ro`bcbehdei

Aefwcomio sjbrdei; cossfes

grfl tjo Afrobemovocfploet oxpordoeho

Degrbstruhturo bem

sustbdeb`co movocfploet


41/587

^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem Movocfploet; B Movocfploet Bioemb gfr tjo I-0>; Fvorvdow ?

hfuetrdos, bem tjo aoy rfco Afrob hbe pcby bs b `rdmio otwooe movocfpom

bem movocfpdei hfuetrdos.Hjbptors 87 hfvor rfbm movocfploet tjolos. Kustde Tdgu Cdes pbpor

(hjbptor 8) oxbldeos tjo olorioeho fg luctdpfcbr irfwtj de tjo pfsthrd-

sds pordfm bem tjo rogfrls eoomom tf suppfrt roidfebc spdccfvors1 [db

Rurosjds pbpor (hjbptor =) briuos gfr dehcumdei movocfploet dssuos de

tjo I-0> irfwtj grblowfra bem lutubc bssossloet prfhoss bem tjoro-

gfro lfro systolbtdhbccy detf I-0> pfcdhy mdshussdfes1 Yfejyua Cdl

(hjbptor ?) prfvdmos be de-moptj bebcysds fg Afrobs movocfploet oxpo-

rdoeho tjbt dccustrbtos jfw b cfw-dehflo hfuetry hbe trbesgfrl dtsocgdetf be bmvbehom ohfefly1 bem tjo pbpors `y Mocfle If bem Jbes

]dllor bem `y Kflf AwbloXuembrbl (hjbptor 7) prfvdmo mdggordei

ùt hflpcoloetbry vdows fe tjo dlpbht fg tjo icf`bc hrdsds fe bhjdov-

dei tjo LMIs `y 0>2? bem wjbt dt wdcc tbao tf roibde lfloetul

tfwbrm tjodr hflpcotdfe.

Hjbptors 92> rovdow spohdflh sohtfrbc pfcdhdos bem bhtdfes eoomom tf

bhjdovo strfei, sustbdeb`co, bem `bcbehom irfwtj. Hjbptor 9 `y @orebrm

Jfoalbe bem Kfje Ydcsfe mdshussos bdm gfr trbmo bem rohflldttdei tf

tjo Mfjb bioemb1 hjbptor : `y Lbrdbeeo Gby, Ldhjboc ]flbe, bem

hf-butjfrs cffas bt degrbstruhturo bem sustbdeb`co movocfploet1 hjbp-

tor 4 `y Hjrdstfpjor Mocibmf bem hf-butjfrs briuos gfr luctdcbtorbc

bhtdfe fe birdhucturo bem gffm sohurdty. Gdebccy, hjbptor 2> `y ôor

Xtode, @daad Pbemjbwb, bem Edeb @dcbemzdh bmvbehos dehcusdvo flebeho

bs b tfpdh gfr tjo I-0> bioemb. ]jo vfculo hfehcumos wdtj b lbtrdx fg

prfpfsom pfcdhy bhtdfes sullbrdzdei tjo lbde bhtdfe pfdets pro-

soetom de tjo sohtfrbc pbpors (bppoemdx B) bem mbtb tb`cos fg socohtom

ohfefldh bem sfhdbc demdhbtfrs gfr `ftj I-0> bem efe-I-0> hfuetrdos

(bppoemdx @).

]jo I-0>; B Eow Detorebtdfebc OhfefldhGfrul gfr Icf`bc Hffporbtdfe de tjo 02st Hoetury

Ohfefldh bem flebehdbc hrdsos oxbht b jobvy tfcc de cfst futput bem,lfro fldefuscy, de julbe suggordei. ]jo hurroet icf`bc hrdsds ds ef

oxhoptdfe. Lfrofvor, hrdsos bcsf jbvo òoe jdstfrdhbccy bssfhdbtom wdtj

tjo oem bem òideedei fg eow ohfefldh brrbeioloets bem destdtu-

tdfes. ]jo hurroet hrdsds ds, bibde, ef oxhoptdfe. Ovoe tjfuij tjo I-0>


42/587


43/587


gfrlbccy kfdeom tjo irfup, rosuctdei de tjo gfrlbtdfe fg tjo I-:. Ydtj

tjo Obst Bsdbe hrdsds fg 24494: bem tjo 244: Pussdbe flebehdbc hrdsds,tjo I-9/I-: wbs put tf tjo tost, bem dt òhblo hcobr tjbt tjo `fmy wbs

òideedei tf cfso coidtdlbhy gfr sfcvdei tjo prf`cols gbhdei tjo icf`bc

ohfefly. ]jus, tjo I-0> wbs hrobtom de 2444, `ftj bs b rospfeso tf tjo

flebehdbc hrdsos fg tjo cbto 244>s bem de rohfiedtdfe tjbt aoy oloridei-

lbraot hfuetrdos woro eft bmoqubtocy dehcumom de tjo hfro fg icf`bc

ohfefldh mdshussdfe bem ifvorebeho. Gurtjorlfro, eow icf`bc hjbc-

coeios woro olorideisuhj bs tjo JDW/BDMX pbemoldh bem icf`bc

wbrldeitjbt bggohtom `ftj movocfpom bem movocfpdei hfuetrdos.Mospdto tjoso sjdgts, tjo I-9/I-: rolbdeom tjo lbde ohfefldh gfrul

uetdc tjo 0>>:>4 icf`bc ohfefldh bem flebehdbc hrdsds.

]jo 0>>:>4 hrdsds `rfuijt tf tjo gfrogrfet tjo irfwdei rohfiedtdfe

tjbt tjo I-9/I-: wbs b cdldtom gfrul tf rospfem tf b rbpdmcy sprobmdei

bem trucy icf`bc ohfefldh hrdsds. Bs b rosuct, de Efvolòr 0>>:, I-0>

cobmors hfevoeom de Ybsjdeitfe, M.H., tf mdshuss jfw tf hffporbto sf bs

tf stroeitjoe ohfefldh irfwtj, hfpo wdtj tjo flebehdbc hrdsds, bem cby

tjo gfuembtdfes gfr rogfrl de frmor tf spbra rohfvory bem bvfdm sdldcbr

hrdsos de tjo guturo. ]jo Efvolòr 0>>: sulldt wbs trdiiorom `y tjo

flebehdbc hrdsds, ùt dt bcsf roffohtom mohbmos-cfei sjdgts de tjo icf`bc

ohfefly de wjdhj oloridei ohfefldos jbvo òoe bhqudrdei lfro ohf-

efldh bem pfcdtdhbc propfemorbeho bt tjo icf`bc covoc.

Mohbmos Cfei Xjdgts; ]jo Pdso fg tjo I-0>

]joso mohbmos-cfei sjdgts de tjo icf`bc ohfefly bro dccustrbtom de fliuros

07. ]jo dehrobsdei icf`bcdzbtdfe tjbt tjo wfrcm jbs oxpordoehom de

rohoet mohbmossuppfrtom `y luctdcbtorbc trbmo pfcdhy rogfrls, `rfbm

cdòrbcdzbtdfe de mflostdh trbmo bem devostloet oevdrfeloets, bem tohj-

efcfidhbc bmvbehosjbs gbhdcdtbtom tjo bhhocorbtdfe fg irfwtj de movoc-

fpdei hfuetrdos bem, `y oxtoesdfe, tjo dlpfrtbeho fg tjoso hfuetrdos de

tjo icf`bc ohfefly.

Movocfpdei hfuetrdos jbvo ooe irfwdei bt b luhj gbstor bvorbio rbto

tjbe jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos jbvo, bem tjodr wodijt de tjo icf`bc ohfe-fly jbs ooe rdsdei. De 0>2>, movocfpdei hfuetrdos bro prfkohtom tf irfw

bt 7.0 porhoet. ]joso hfuetrdos hfetrdùtom brfuem => porhoet fg icf`bc

irfwtj de tjo pbst mohbmo, bem de 0>2> tjodr prfkohtom hfetrdùtdfe wdcc


44/587

: ^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem Movocfploet

Gdiuro 0. Pobc IM^ Irfwtj de Movocfpdei bem Jdij-Dehflo Hfuetrdos, 24420>2>

Xfurho;Yfrcm @bea Movocfploet ^rfspohts Irfup.

Pobc IM^ Irfwtj 24420>2> (de hfestbet _X$ 0>>?, bs porhoetbio)

=.>>

0.>>

>.>>

0.>>

=.>>

7.>>

:.>>

2>.>>

%f

ghfestbet0>>?_X$

yobr

2442

2440

2448

244=

244?

2447

2449

244:

2444

0>>>

0>>2

0>>0

0>>8

0>>=

0>>?

0>>7

0>>9

0>>:

0>>4

0>2>

g

I-0> movocfpdei hfuetrdos I-0> jdij dehflo hfuetrdos

efeI-0> movocfpdei hfuetrdos efeI-0> jdij dehflo hfuetrdos

bpprfbhj ?> porhoet. @ohbuso movocfpdei hfuetrdos bro irfwdei gbstor,

tjoy bro bcsf dehrobsdei tjodr sjbro de icf`bc IM^. Yjorobs movocfpdei-

hfuetry IM^ roprosoetom b`fut 29 porhoet fg icf`bc IM^ de 24:>, bs fg

0>>: tjbt sjbro jbm dehrobsom tf 04 porhoet, wjoe lobsurom bt lbraot

oxhjbeio rbtos bem hcfso tf =? porhoet dg purhjbsdei pfwor pbrdty wodijts

bro usom. ]jfso tjbt bro hfetrdùtdei tjo lfst tf tjds eow icf`bc ohf-

efldh cbemshbpo bro tjo movocfpdei hfuetrdos tjbt bro bcsf lolòrs

fg tjo I-0>1 Hjdeb bem tf b cossor oxtoet Demdb jbvo òoe tjo lbde

mrdvors fg tjoso sjdgts. De 24:>, Hjdeb bhhfuetom gfr 2 porhoet fg icf`bc

IM^. Bs fg 0>>:, Hjdebs sjbro jbm dehrobsom tf 7 porhoet fg wfrcm

IM^ (22 porhoet de ^^^ torls), bhhfuetdei gfr b cbrior sjbro de tjoicf`bc ohfefly tjbe tjo ohfefly fg Iorlbey fr tjo _edtom Adeimfl.

Demdb jbs bcsf oloriom bs b pcbyor, wdtj b 0 porhoet sjbro de wfrcm IM^

de 0>>:, sdldcbr tf Hbebmbs bem Afrobs sjbros. Xtdcc ftjor movocfpdei

hfuetrdos tjbt roprosoet fecy b slbcc sjbro fg tjo icf`bc ohfefly jbvo


45/587


Gdiuro 8. Hfetrdùtdfes fg Movocfpdei bem Jdij-Dehflo Hfuetrdos tf Yfrcm

IM^ Irfwtj, 24420>2>

Xfurho;Yfrcm @bea Movocfploet ^rfspohts Irfup.Efto;Bcc wodijts bro de hfestbet 0>>? _.X. mfccbrs.

8.>>

0.>>

2.>>

>.>>

2.>>

0.>>

8.>>

=.>>

?.>>

2442

2440

2448

244=

244?

2447

2449

244:

2444

0>>>

0>>2

0>>0

0>>8

0>>=

0>>?

0>>7

0>>9

0>>:

0>>4

0>2>

g

porhoet

I-0> movocfpdei hfuetrdos I-0> jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos

efeI-0> movocfpdei hfuetrdos efeI-0> jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos wfrcm

oxpordoehom b eow myebldsl bem jbvo bhtom bs irfwtj pfcos de tjodr

rospohtdvo roidfes (soo hjbptor 8 fg tjds `ffa).

Movocfpdei hfuetrdos sjbro fg icf`bc oxpfrts jbs bcsf irfwe qudhacy,

rdsdei grfl 00 porhoet de 24:> tf 82 porhoet de 0>>:. Movocfpdei-

hfuetry lolòrs fg tjo I-0> jbvo com tjds sjdgt; tjodr sjbro de icf`bcoxpfrts, wjdhj bhhfuetom gfr 7 porhoet fg wfrcm oxpfrts de 24:>, rfso

tf 24 porhoet de 0>>:, wdtj Hjdeb, @rbzdc, Demdb, bem Loxdhf cobmdei tjo

wby. ]jo sblo hbe ò sbdm fg eot gfrodie mdroht devostloet (GMD).

Movocfpdei hfuetrdos sjbro de icf`bc GMD wbs 9 porhoet de 24:>, bem

`y 0>>: tjodr sjbro wbs 80 porhoet (wdtj 02 porhoet hfldei grfl tjo

movocfpdei-hfuetry lolòrs fg tjo I-0>).

Hcfsdei tjo Movocfploet Ibp; ]jo Dehcusdfe

fg Movocfploet Dssuos de tjo I-0> Bioemb

Bctjfuij de tjo icf`bc ohfefldh trbesgfrlbtdfe fg tjo pbst mohbmo tjo

wfrcms ohfefldh hoetor jbs sjdgtom bwby grfl jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos


46/587


47/587


tfwbrm movocfpdei hfuetrdos, de pbrtdhucbr movocfpdei-hfuetry lol-

òrs fg tjo I-0>, tjo edeo ldmmco-dehflo hfuetrdos de tjo I-0> hfe-

tdeuo tf gbho lbkfr movocfploet hjbccoeios. Ydtj cbrio hfehoetrbtdfes

fg pfvorty (tb`co 2), tjoy bro jflo tf ?= porhoet fg tjo wfrcms oxtrolo

pffr (?: porhoet `bsom fe b $0-b-mby pfvorty cdeo) bem bhhfuet gfr

lfro tjbe jbcg tjo ostdlbtom dehrobso de icf`bc pfvorty rosuctdei grfl

tjo hrdsds. Lfrofvor, sovorbc fg tjoso hfuetrdos, `bsom fe troems tf mbto,

bro eft fe trbha tf bhjdovo sflo fg tjo Ldccoeedul Movocfploet Ifbcs

(fliuro 9).

Be ostdlbtom 7= ldccdfe lfro pofpco de movocfpdei hfuetrdos wdcc ò

cdvdei fe coss tjbe $2.0? b mby (97 ldccdfe lfro fe coss tjbe $0 b mby) de

0>2> òhbuso fg tjo icf`bc ohfefldh hrdsds. Ovoe `y 0>2?, tjo eulòr fg

bmmdtdfebc pffr bttrdùtb`co tf tjo dlpbht fg tjo hrdsds hfucm o ?8 ldccdfebem 74 ldccdfe, rospohtdvocy, `bsom fe tjoso twf pfvorty cdeos (Yfrcm

@bea 0>2>`). De bmmdtdfe, irfwtj hfetrbhtdfes bro pbrtdhucbrcy mblbidei

gfr julbe movocfploet òhbuso tjo motordfrbtdfe murdei mfwetures ds

cbrior tjbe tjo dlprfvoloet murdei uptures bem tjo gucc sovordty fg

Gdiuro 7. Movocfpdei bem Jdij-Dehflo Hfuetrdos Xjbro fg Yfrcm Eot GMD,

24:>0>>:

Xfurho;Xtbgg hbchucbtdfes `bsom fe Yfrcm Movocfploet Demdhbtfrs.

>

2>

0>

8>

=>

?>

7>

9>

:>

4>

2>>

0>>:0>>>244>yobr

24:>

porhoet

I-0> jdij dehflo efeI-0> jdij dehflo

efeI-0> ldmmco-dehflo I-0> movocfpdei (oxhcumdei Hjdeb bem Demdb)

Hjdeb Demdb


48/587


]b`co 2. ôrhoetbio fg ^fvorty de Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos, 24:2 bem 0>>?

^fpucbtdfe $2.0?/mby ^fpucbtdfe $0.>>/mby 24:2 0>>? 24:2 0>>?

I-0> movocfpdei hfuetrdos 72.? 08.2 94.2 =7.=

Brioetdeb (ur`be) >.> =.? 2.0 22.8

@rbzdc 29.2 9.: 82.2 2:.8

Hjdeb (rurbc) 4=.2 07.2 44.= ??.7

Hjdeb (ur`be) ==.7 2.9 42.? 4.=

Demdb (rurbc) 70.? =8.: ::.? 94.?

Demdb (ur`be) ?2.> 87.0 :>.= 7?.:

Demfeosdb (rurbc) 98.> 0=.> 40.: 72.2

Demfeosdb (ur`be) 78.: 2:.: :9.9 =?.:

Loxdhf 4.: 2.9 0=.2 ?.4

Pussdbe Gomorbtdfe >.9 >.0 ?.4 2.?

Xfutj Bgrdhb 8=.: 0>.7 ?2.0 89.>

]uraoy =.? 0.9 2:.7 4.>

EfeI-0> movocfpdei hfuetrdos 87.0 04.4 ?=.: ?>.0

Xfurho;Yfrcm @bea stbgg hbchucbtdfes `bsom fe ^fvhbcEot.

tjo oggohts lbedgost wdtj b cbi. Bhhfrmdei tf ostdlbtos, 2.0 ldccdfe lfro

hjdcmroe uemor tjo bio fg flvo lby mdo òtwooe 0>>4 bem 0>2?, 8?>,>>>

gowor stumoets wdcc hflpcoto prdlbry shjffc de 0>2?, bem b`fut 2>> ldc-

cdfe lfro pofpco lby rolbde wdtjfut bhhoss tf sbgo wbtor de 0>2? bs b

rosuct fg tjo hrdsds (soo fliuro :).

De sullbry, wjdco tjo futcffa gfr hcfsdei movocfploet ibps bem

bhjdovdei lbey fg tjo LMIs wbs wfrrdsflo ogfro tjo hrdsds, dts dlpbht

jbs dlpfsom b gurtjor hjbccoeio bem jbs spbraom b eow soeso fg urioehy

de bmmrossdei `ftj julbe movocfploet bem ohfefldh irfwtj dssuos.

Icf`bc irfwtj ds demoom hoetrbc tf movocfploet. ]jo lfst dlpfrtbet

bhtdfe tjbt tjo I-0> hbe tbao gfr movocfploet ds tf rostfro strfei, sus-

tbdeb`co, bem `bcbehom irfwtj. Bs tjo rohfvory lbturos, tjo cfei-torlirfwtj bioemb sjfucm ò bt tjo hoetor fg I-0> pfcdhy hffrmdebtdfe bem

bpprfbhjom de b lbeeor tjbt bccfws movocfpdei hfuetrdos (I-0> lol-

òrs bem efelolòrs bcdao) tf hcfso movocfploet ibps bem bhjdovo tjo

LMIs.


49/587

Gdiuro 9. ^rfiross fg tjo Edeo I-0> Movocfpdei Hfuetrdos tfwbrm tjo LMIs

Xfurho;Yfrcm @bea stbgg hbchucbtdfes `bsom fe lfst rohoet mbtb bvbdcb`co de Yfrcm Movocfploet Demdhbtfrs.

Efto;]jo edeo I-0> movocfpdei hfuetrdos bro Brioetdeb, @rbzdc, Hjdeb, Demdb, Demfeosdb, Loxdhf, tjo Pussdbe Gomorbtdfe, Xfutj Bgrdhb, bem ]

4

:

9

7

?

=

8

0

2

>

eul`orfgI-0>

ldmmco-dehflohfuetrdos

ifbc2o

xtrolo

pfvo

rty$2.0?

bmby

ifbc2o

xtrolo

pfvorty

$0

bmby

ifbc2h

jdcm

lbce

utrdtdf

e

ifbc=hjdcm

lfrtbcdt

y

ifbc0prdl

bry

omuh

btdf

ehf

lpcotdf

e

ifbc8i

oemo

rpbrdty

deprdl

bryom

uhbtdf

e

ifbc8i

oemo

rpbrdty

de

sohf

embryom

uhbtdf

e

ifbc?b

ttoe

momd

rtjs

ifbc9

bhjdovom fe trbha fgg trbha sordfuscy fgg trbha e

LMIs


50/587

2= ^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem Movocfploet

Luctdpfcbr Irfwtj bem Movocfploet

De tjo rohoet pbst, wo jbvo wdteossom tjroo lbkfr hrdsos; b gffm, b guoc,

bem b flebehdbc hrdsds. Yo jbvo cobreom tjbt tjo wfrcm ds luhj lfrogrbidco bem detormopoemoet tjbe provdfuscy tjfuijt. Dt ds b wfrcm fg

dehrobsdei luctdpfcbrdty, wdtj luctdpco sfurhos fg irfwtj bem wdtj

pfworguc rovorso cdeas `otwooe movocfpdei bem movocfpom hfuetrdos

bem blfei movocfpdei hfuetrdos tjolsocvos. Dt ds b wfrcm de wjdhj tjo

hcfsdei fg movocfploet ibps bem bhjdovdei lbey fg tjo LMIs wdcc

roqudro strfei, sustbdeom, bem `bcbehom irfwtj bem ohfefldh hffrmd-

ebtdfe `y tjo I-0>.

Movocfploet bem tjo I-0>

De hjbptors 2 bem 0, Dc XbAfei bem Eifzd Fafekf-Dwobcb hdto tjo

dlpfrtbeho fg detoirbtdei movocfploet detf tjo I-0> bioemb, bs wocc bs

tjo aoy rfco Afrob hbe pcby bs be detorlomdbry `otwooe movocfpom bem

Gdiuro :. Oggoht fg Irfwtj Bhhocorbtdfe bem Mohocorbtdfe fe Aoy Julbe Movocfploet bem

Ioemor Demdhbtfrs de Bcc hfuetrdos, 24:>0>>:

Xfurho;Icf`bc Lfedtfrdei Popfrt0>2>.

Efto;Mdggoroehos de tjo lobes fg tjoso vbrdb`cos gfr irfwtj bhhocorbtdfes bem mohocorbtdfes (bcc hfuetry-yobr f`sorvb-

tdfes) bro stbtdstdhbccy sdiedflhbet bt 2 porhoet.

:7=0>0=7:

golbco lbco tftbc

b. Cdgo oxpohtbehy bt `drtj

?>=>8>0>2>

>2>0>8>=>?>

degbet lfrtbcdty (por

2,>>> cdvo drtjs)

`. Lfrtbcdty rbtos

8>

0>

2>

>

2>

0>

8>

idrcs `fys tftbc

h. rdlbry hflpcotdfe rbto(% fg rocovbet bio irfup)

=?8?0?2??

?2?0?8?=?

prdlbry

oerfccloet

sohfembry

oerfccloet

tortdbry

oerfccloet

m. Ioemor oqubcdty, rbtdf fg idrcs tf`fys bt shjffc

porhoetbio

pfdeth

jbeio

porhoetbio

pfdeth

jbeio

mobtjs,

tjfusbe

ms

uemor-? hjdcm lfrtbcdty

(por 2,>>>)

yobrsibdeo

m/cfst

irfwtj bhhocorbtdfe irfwtj mohocorbtdfe


51/587

^fsthrdsds Irfwtj bem Movocfploet; B Movocfploet Bioemb gfr tjo I-0>; Fvorvdow 2?

movocfpdei hfuetrdos. De hjbptor 2, XbAfei ohjfos tjo pfdet bhaefwc-

omiom murdei tjo ^dttsùrij sulldt tjbt tjo I-0> lust jbvo tjo sup-pfrt fg tjo 27>+ _edtom Ebtdfes lolòr hfuetrdos tjbt bro eft lolòrs

fg tjo irfup tf lbdetbde tjo coidtdlbhy bem hromd`dcdty fg tjo `fmy. Jo

olpjbsdzos tjbt dt ds eohossbry tf jbvo b robcdstdh bem prbilbtdh bpprfbhj

tf movocfploet tf ibde suppfrt gfr tjo movocfploet bioemb de tjo

I-0>, bs wocc bs jocp tjo wfrcm roibde ohfefldh stb`dcdty. De hjbptor 0,

Fafekf-Dwobcb jdijcdijts tjo gbht tjbt ohfefldh rosdcdoeho de oloridei

ohfefldos bem cfw-dehflo hfuetrdos ds vdtbc tf bhjdovdei tjo I-0>s

ifbc fg ro`bcbehdei tjo icf`bc ohfefly, idvoe tjbt eobrcy jbcg fg icf`bcirfwtj hflos grfl movocfpdei hfuetrdos. ]f oejbeho tjds rosdcdoeho,

sjo bmvfhbtos strfeicy gfr detorebtdfebc oggfrts mdrohtom bt hcfsdei movoc-

fploet ibps bem bt dlpcoloetdei irfwtj-frdoetom pfcdhdos tjbt wdcc

òeoflt movocfpdei hfuetrdos bem pucc tjo wfrcm fut fg tjo hrdsds.

B Icf`bc Ohfefly wdtj Luctdpco ^fcos fg Irfwtj

]jo lbde lossbio fg hjbptor 8, `y Kustde Tdgu Cde, ds tjbt suppfrt fg

strfeior luctdpfcbr irfwtj de movocfpdei hfuetrdos sjfucm o sooe bs be

dlpfrtbet bem detoirbc ocoloet fg tjo icf`bc rohfvory bem strfei, sus-

tbdeb`co, bem `bcbehom irfwtj de tjo icf`bc ohfefly. Cde movocfps tjroo

lbde pfdets de suppfrt fg jds briuloet.

Gdrst, tjo rohfvory grfl tjo icf`bc flebehdbc hrdsds lbsas wdmo vbrdbtdfe

de pfsthrdsds ohfefldh porgfrlbeho bhrfss hfuetrdos. Murdei tjo hurroet

hrdsds, jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos irfwtj rocdom sdiedflhbetcy fe ifvoreloet

pfcdhdos. Fvor tjo lomdul torl, jfwovor, jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos wdcc

eoom tf rocy fe tjo irfwtj fg ldmmco- bem cfw-dehflo hfuetrdos tf stdl-

ucbto tjodr oxpfrts. ]jds detormopoemoeho bem tjo spdccfvors òtwooe

movocfpom bem movocfpdei hfuetrdos wdcc òhflo ovoe lfro dlpfrtbet bs

tjo movocfpom hfuetrdos uewdem tjodr stdlucus pbhabios.

Xohfem, movocfpdei hfuetrdos jbvo tjo pftoetdbc tf òhflo oeideos fg

icf`bc irfwtj, bs luctdpco pfcos olorio bs hoetors fg roidfebc irfwtj.

Hfemdtdfes gfr stroeitjoedei tjoso irfwtj pfcos eoom tf ò dlprfvom,

jfwovor. ]jo gfccfwdei flemdeis idvo ovdmoeho fg tjo olorioeho fg tjosoluctdpco pfcos fg irfwtj;

Movocfpdei-hfuetry IM^ irfwtj jbs òoe jdijor tjbe tjbt fg jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos ovory yobr grfl 0>>> tf 0>>:. ]jds pjoefloefe

jbs eft òoe rostrdhtom tf b sdeico hfuetry fr roidfe; ovory roidfe fg


52/587


tjo movocfpdei wfrcm irow gbstor tjbe tjo jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos,

wdtj tjo bvorbio ibp fvor tjo pordfm rbeidei grfl 2.= porhoetbiopfdets (Cbtde Blordhb bem tjo Hbrd`òbe) tf 7.? porhoetbio pfdets

(Obst Bsdb bem tjo ^bhdflh).

Bhhflpbeydei tjoso irfwtj pbttores jbvo ooe dehrobsdei trbmo cdeas,wdtj tjo mfccbr blfuets gfr lorhjbemdso oxpfrtom grfl movocfpdei

hfuetrdos tf movocfpom hfuetrdos trdpcdei grfl 0>>> tf 0>>:. Lfro-

fvor, tjo sjbro fg movocfpdei-hfuetry dlpfrts grfl jdij-dehflo

hfuetrdos jbs mohcdeom, demdhbtdei tjbt trbmo blfei movocfpdei hfue-

trdos jbs irfwe ovoe gbstor. ]jo I-9s sjbro fg icf`bc irfss ebtdfebc dehflo sjrbea grfl rfuijcy

twf-tjdrms de 249> tf kust fvor feo-jbcg de 0>>:.

]jo ovdmoeho prosoetom `y Cde suiiosts tjbt stroeitjoedei roidfebc

irfwtj wfucm ò iffm gfr icf`bc irfwtj. @ut de frmor gfr eow irfwtj

pfcos tf tbao rfft sflo hfemdtdfes eoom tf mopoem fe sbtdsgydei hortbde

hfemdtdfes; (b) movocfpdei hfuetrdos sjfucm uemortbao struhturbc

rogfrls tjbt jocp tjol lf`dcdzo mflostdh flebehdbc rosfurhos bem bttrbht

gfrodie mdroht devostloet1 (`) sflo movocfpdei hfuetrdos wdcc eoom

oxtorebc bssdstbeho1 bem (h) movocfpdei hfuetrdos eoom tf dlprfvo tjodr

dlpcoloetbtdfe hbpbhdty bem ifvorebeho. Cde briuos tjbt movocfpdei

hfuetrdos roprosoet b tdlocy bem prffltb`co devostloet fppfrtuedty gfr

jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos, ospohdbccy de brobs suhj bs hrdtdhbc degrbstruhturo

tjbt rolfvo `fttcoeohas tf irfwtj. Ocdldebtdei suhj `fttcoeohas hfucm

bccfw gfr dehrobsom dlpfrts fg hbpdtbc iffms `y movocfpdei hfuetrdos

grfl jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos wjoro b cbrio ueusom hbpbhdty de tjo hbpdtbc

iffms sohtfr oxdsts.

De jds hfehcusdfe, Cde eftos tjbt tjo I-0> hbe jocp hrobto òeoflhdbc

fppfrtuedtdos gfr ftj movocfpdei bem jdij-dehflo hfuetrdos. ]jo luc-

tdpfcbr irfwtj fg tjo guturo roqudros b eow luctdcbtorbcdsl de detoreb-

tdfebc rocbtdfes. ]jo I-0>, detorebtdfebc flebehdbc destdtutdfes, bem ftjor

lbkfr icf`bc pcbyors jbvo rffl tf wfra tfiotjor tf prflfto deefvbtdvo

eow flebehdei lohjbedsls, hfesfcdmbto òst prbhtdhos de tjo mosdie fgpu`cdh-prdvbto pbrteorsjdps gfr degrbstruhturo, bem sjbro degfrlbtdfe

bem aefwcomio fe ohfefldh irfwtj bem movocfploet.

De tjo mdshussdfe, Dgzbc Bcdbriuos tjbt Cdes bpprfbhj ds luhj tff `rfbm

bem detorvoetdfedst. Gdrst, Bcd òcdovos tjbt tjo briuloet gfr destdtutdei b


53/587


`rfbm, porlbeoet luctdcbtorbc ifvorebeho systol gfr ohfefldh hffrmd-

ebtdfe bsom fe tjo I-0>s oggohtdvo pfcdhy hffrmdebtdfe de rospfeso tf tjohrdsds jbs yot tf o su`stbetdbtom. Xohfem, jo hbccs gfr tjo I-0> tf prdfrdtdzo

dts wfra bem gfhus fe brobs wjoro tjo aefwe fr porhodvom oxtorebcdtdos bro

sf cbrio bem porvbsdvo tjbt tjoy roqudro icf`bc hffrmdebtdfe `y tjo I-0>.

]jdrm, jo briuos tjbt prdvbto hflpbedos, bem eft hfuetrdos fr tjodr pfcdhy

lbaors, bro tjo robc irfwtj pfcos bem tjbt tjo uemorcydei myebldh fg ohf-

efldh bhtdvdty mfos eft roqudro I-0> devfcvoloet. Bhhfrmdei tf Bcd, tjo

rfco fg tjo I-0> sjfucm eft `o tf hfccb`frbto mdrohtcy tf cobm fr motorldeo

ohfefldh porgfrlbeho bhrfss mdggoroet irfwtj pfcos.]jo I-0> hbe pcby b rfco, suiiosts Bcd, de tjo ostb`cdsjloet fg b icf`bc,

strbtoidh pffcdei fg pu`cdh bem prdvbto aefwcomio tf bhhocorbto shdoetdflh

`robatjrfuijs bem movocfp eow tohjefcfiy rocbtom tf roeowb`co oeoriy

ogflhdoehy.

Kfei-Yjb Coo gfhusos fe Bsdbs rfco de hrobtdei sustbdeom roidfebc

b

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