Post World War II

FOURTH QUARTERMr. Steenhoff’s class

Post-War Domestic Policy

• Demobilization: transition to peacetime• G.I. Bill of Rights

Move to suburbia

Little Boxes

• Little boxes on the hillside,Little boxes made of ticky tacky,1

Little boxes on the hillside,Little boxes all the same.There's a green one and a pink one And a blue one and a yellow one,And they're all made out of ticky tackyAnd they all look just the same.

• And the people in the housesAll went to the university,Where they were put in boxesAnd they came out all the same,And there's doctors and lawyers,And business executives,And they're all made out of ticky tackyAnd they all look just the same.

• And they all play on the golf courseAnd drink their martinis dry,And they all have pretty childrenAnd the children go to school,And the children go to summer campAnd then to the university,Where they are put in boxesAnd they come out all the same.

• And the boys go into businessAnd marry and raise a familyIn boxes made of ticky tacky And they all look just the same.There's a green one and a pink oneAnd a blue one and a yellow one,And they're all made out of ticky tackyAnd they all look just the same.

Harry S Truman

• Believed that the best way to avoid a third world war was that all nations should have the right of self determination

Post-War Foreign Policy

• Battle of Ideologies: Democracy and Capitalism vs. Communism

• Capitalism• Communism– Joseph Stalin– Transformed USSR from rural to Industrial Power

• The United States wanted to have free access to the markets of the world.

• Atomic Weapons• Expansion of Soviet power in Central and

Eastern Europe and Asia

• Containment of Communism• Military and Economic Aid: • Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan– Designed to restrict the spread of Communism

• Military Alliances:• NATO• SEATO

• “Satellite Nations:--Eastern European nations that were dominated by the USSR

• Response to Berlin Blockade: Airlift

• Communist revolution in China (1949)

• The Korean War (1950-1953):• Limited War and Containment• Causes of the War• Role of the U.S. and the United Nations• Results of the War: a divided Korea: the 38th

parallel• MacArthur’s defiance

• Expanding business (some t meet the needs of the Marshall Plan)

• Planned obsolesce`– Led to the use of credit and personal debt.

• Conglomerates– Major corporation that includes many smaller

unrelated companies

• Strikes at home– Truman threatened to draft striking railroad

workers– Strike settled in less than an hour!

•DWIGHT D.EISENHOWER

MODERN REPUBLICANISM (1953-1956)

• Modern Republicanism– Government’s role expanded in conjunction with

an increase in taxes, especially income taxes, and a corresponding increase in publically funded social services

• Middle of the Road Approach• Hydrogen Bomb

• Domestic Issues• Joseph McCarthy• McCarthyism: the Red Scare• Many people lost their jobs

Not to be confused with

• J. McCarthy

• The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Hearings

• The Rosenbergs

Foreign Policy

• Ends Korean War (1953)• Eisenhower Doctrine (1956): Containment in

the Middle East• The Domino Theory: Containment in

Southeast Asia (1954)• Intervention in Latin America• Guatemala (1954)• U.S. embargo on Cuba (1960)

Relations with U.S.S.R.

• Arms Race – U.S. develops H-Bomb (1952)• The Warsaw Pact (1955)• Khrushchev visits U.S.

• Space race: Sputnik –creation of NASA• U-2 Incident

ELECTION OF 1960: KENNEDY VS. NIXON

• First Televised Debates

• Kennedy Elected

•DOMESTIC POLICY: KENNEDY’S NEW FRONTIER (1961-1963)

• Emphasis on Technology, Science, and Social Relations

• Space Exploration

• Sputnik 1 • October 4, 1957• U.S.S.R.

• First US satellite• Explorer 1• January 31, 1958

• April 12 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin• First man in space• U.S.S.R.• Americans feared the USSR was ahead of the

US in the production of missiles• Problem here?• Brinksmanship

First AmericanAlan Shepard May5, 1961

But just ten years later

• July 20, 1969• First man on Moon• Neil Armstrong • Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin• AMERICANS

FOREIGN POLICY

• Bay of Pigs (1961)• Cuban exiles return to overthrow Castro• With the backing of Kennedy• Kennedy promises US air support• Kennedy abandons Cubans on the beach• Alpha 66

• Berlin Crisis (1961)• (4 June – 9 November 1961)• In November 1958, Soviet Premier

Nikita Khrushchev issued an ultimatum giving the Western powers six months to agree to withdraw from Berlin and make it a free, demilitarized city.

• West refuses

• August 12-13, 1961 East Berlin’s boarders are sealed

• 97 miles of barbed wire• Improved wire fence (1962–1965)• Concrete wall (1965–1975)• Grenzmauer 75 (Border Wall 75) (1975–1989)• 32,000 combat engineers build The Wall• Sealing in East German citizens

1989

• Why did Russian Premier Khrushchev decide to build the Berlin Wall?

• He needed to keep East Berliners, especially the intellectuals, from escaping into West Berlin.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• October 14–28, 1962• For thirteen days the world stood at the brink

of nuclear war.• Castro afraid US would invade again• USSR wanted to counter American lead in

ballistic missiles• (US 298 ICBM vs. USSR estimate 75. USSR did

have 700 medium range missiles)

• Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba.

• The first consignment of R-12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8, followed by a second on September 16

• Unconfirmed rumors started coming to US• Oct 14 U-2 airplane photographs missile

sites

• Kennedy notified on Oct 15.• Convenes National Security Council at 6:30 pm

• POSSIBLE ACTIONS

• Diplomacy: Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles.

• Warning: Send a message to Castro to warn him of the grave danger he, and Cuba were in.

• Blockade: Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba.

• Air strike: Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites.

• Invasion: Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro.

• Military wanted last two• On October 18, President Kennedy met with

Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, Andrei Gromyko, who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only

• On October 22 at 7:00 pm EDT, President Kennedy delivered a nation-wide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles.

• “All ships of any kind bound for Cuba, from whatever nation or port, will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, be turned back”

• Blockade

• On the evening of October 24, the Soviet news agency broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to President Kennedy, in which Khrushchev warned that the United States' "pirate action" would lead to war.

• On the morning of October 27, a U-2F was shot down over Cuba.

• On October 29 the Soviets agreed to withdraw the missiles.

• Kennedy agreed to never invade Cuba• Secretly Kennedy agreed to remove American

missiles from Turkey (on the Soviet boarder not 90 miles away like the Cuban missiles)

• Which of the following consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis had the GREATEST impact on future relations between the United States and the Soviet Union?

• The creation of a “hot line” to improve communication between both

• Vietnam: • More Military Advisors• More funding for South Vietnam• Agrees to the removal of Diem• Peace Corps

•THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT

KENNEDY (NOVEMBER 1963)

The conspiracies

• Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald• Johnson Becomes President

JOHNSON’S GREAT SOCIETY (1963-1969)

• Domestic Program to End War, Eradicate Poverty & Racial Injustice, Dispel Ignorance, Overcome Disease, and Revitalize Cities

• “War on Poverty”• Tax cuts• Economic Opportunity Act (1964): Job Creation• Medicare & Medicaid• Funding for Housing

• “The Great Society”

Civil Rights MovementPre-Johnson

• de facto segregation– segregation that exists by practice and custom

• The Warren Court – Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education (1954)– ended legal segregation of the races– !4th Amendment

• Montgomery Bus Boycott – Dr. King & Rosa Parks

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

• Greensboro Sit-In

The “Little Rock Nine”

• National Highway Act (1956)

Post-Johnson

• Support for Civil Rights• Civil Rights Act of 1964– Act made racial discrimination in public places,

such as theaters, restaurants and hotels, illegal

• Voting Rights Act of 1965• 24th Amendment

• Dr. King’s March on Washington

• “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…”

• He dreams of an America where an individual’s quality is determined by their principles and values rather than by their race or ethnic background.

• Dr. King vs. Malcolm X

• Affirmative Action

Foreign Policy

• Involvement in Vietnam• Gulf of Tonkin incident• The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)– “take all necessary measures…”

• What conclusion can be drawn from the incident in the Gulf of Tonkin?

• The North Vietnamese were acting in self-defense.

• Troops Sent to South Vietnam• Air Strikes Against North Vietnam• Response to Tet Offensive (1968)• Criticism at Home: Hawks vs. Doves

Test

• Test : Post World War Two to Johnson Administration

Social Trends of the 1960s:

• Resurgence of Feminism• Student Activism• Creation of the New Left• Counterculture: Hippies, Sex, Drugs, Music,

Woodstock

Woodstock 1969

Half a million peopleNo one dies

Yeah, come on all of you, big strong men,• Uncle Sam needs your help again.• • He's got himself in a terrible jam• Way down yonder in Vietnam• So put down your books and pick up a gun,• We're gonna have a whole lotta fun.• • And it's one, two, three,• What are we fighting for ?• Don't ask me, I don't give a damn,• Next stop is Vietnam;

“I feel like I’m fixing to die rag”Country Joe McDonald

• And it's five, six, seven,• Open up the pearly gates,• Well there ain't no time to wonder why,• Whoopee! we're all gonna die.• • Well, come on generals, let's move fast;• Your big chance has come at last.• Gotta go out and get those reds —• The only good commie is the one who's dead• • And you know that peace can only be won• When we've blown 'em all to kingdom come.• • And it's one, two, three,• What are we fighting for ?• Don't ask me, I don't give a damn,• Next stop is Vietnam;

• Huh!• Well, come on Wall Street, don't move slow,• Why man, this is war au-go-go.• There's plenty good money to be made• By supplying the Army with the tools of the trade,• Just hope and pray that if they drop the bomb,• They drop it on the Viet Cong.• • And it's one, two, three,• What are we fighting for ?• Don't ask me, I don't give a damn,• Next stop is Vietnam.• And it's five, six, seven,• Open up the pearly gates,• Well there ain't no time to wonder why• Whoopee! we're all gonna die.

• Well, come on mothers throughout the land,• Pack your boys off to Vietnam.• Come on fathers, don't hesitate,• Send 'em off before it's too late.• Be the first one on your block• To have your boy come home in a box.• • And it's one, two, three• What are we fighting for ?• Don't ask me, I don't give a damn,• Next stop is Vietnam.• And it's five, six, seven,• Open up the pearly gates,• Well there ain't no time to wonder why,• Whoopee! we're all gonna die

• Ethnic pride• Black Pride• Native Americans: American Indian

• Election of 1968• Emergence of the Republican Party in the

South• Nixon vs. Humphrey• Nixon elected

Richard Milhous Nixon

•FOREIGN AFFAIRS UNDER NIXON

• Vietnam• “Vietnamization” of the war• Invasion and Bombing of Cambodia and Laos• The Paris Peace Accords of 1973: Ceasefire

and U.S. Withdrawal• War Powers Resolution (1973)• Fall of South Vietnam and the Unification of

Vietnam (1975)

• Détente with the U.S.S.R.• Arms Limitations: SALT I• Improved relations with Communist China:

Nixon’s Visit to China

• The Women’s Movement • The Birth Control Pill• National Organization for Women• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA):1972

• Resignation of Agnew as Vice-President

• Pleaded guilty to tax invasion• (plea deal for excepting over $100,000 in

bribes while governor of Maryland)

• Appointment of Ford to Vice-Presidency

• Watergate & the Nixon Resignation• Public Loses Faith in Government after

Vietnam and the Watergate Scandal

• Gerald Ford as President (1974-1977)

• Unconditional Pardon for Nixon

• What is the primary reason the United States offers foreign aid to other countries?

• To support struggling democracies and countries considered critical to foreign policy objectives.

ELECTION OF 1976: JIMMY CARTER ELECTED

• Washington outsider• Southern Democrat from Georgia

Domestic Policies

• Increase in minimum wage• Ineffective response to economic problems• High unemployment• High interest rates• High inflation

Foreign Policy

• Panama Canal Treaty• Camp David Accords– Israel and Egypt– America supports both of these countries

• Response to Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

• Response to the Iran Hostage Crisis

ELECTION OF 1980: REAGAN AND THE REPUBLICAN RESURGENCE

• •DOMESTIC POLICIES• Business Deregulation• Transfer of Power to State and Local Units• Supply-Side Economics • Tax Cuts – Incentives to Business and Private

Individuals

• Balance the Budget – Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act (1985)

• Clash with Congress Over Budget Deficits• Cut Social Programs and Social Security• Defense Spending

FOREIGN AFFAIRS

• Increased Military/Defense Spending• Increased Tensions With the Soviet Union:

“The Evil Empire”• Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”)• Response to Glasnost & Perestroika

(Gorbachev)•

• Measures to Oppose Communist Expansion in Central America

• El Salvador• Nicaragua (support of the Contras)• Reagan Doctrine: Support Freedom Fighters

Opposing Hard-Line Leftists and Communist Regimes

• The Iran-Contra Affair

• Intervention in: • Grenada – invasion in 1983• Lebanon – U.S. marines joined multinational

forces• Bombing of Libya: Response to Terrorism• New Disarmament Treaties – START I

Election of 1988: Bush vs. Dukakis

George H.Bush

DOMESTIC POLICIES

• Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) • Problems with Savings and Loan Industry• Problems with Budget Deficit:• Raised Taxes and Reversed Campaign Promise• Problems with Recession

FOREIGN POLICY

• Support for Pro-Democracy Movement in China, Tiananmen Square (1989)

• Persian Gulf War – Operation Desert Storm– Saddam Hussein invasion of Kuwait

• Collapse of the Berlin Wall (1989)• Collapse of the Soviet Union (1991)• Relationship with Yeltsin

• Election of 1992: Bush vs. Clinton

WILLIAM JEFFERSON CLINTON: 1993-2001

DOMESTIC POLICIES

• Beginning of Economic Recovery• Balanced Budget• Commitment to Deficit Reduction• Passage of NAFTA (North American Free Trade

Agreement)To remove trade barriers between Mexico, Canada

and the United States.

• Welfare Reform• “Contract with America”• Al Gore– Global warming

• Republican Opposition to Clinton Policy• Failure of Healthcare Reform• AIDS

• •THE CLINTON SCANDALS• Obstruction of Justice• Perjury• Impeachment by the House & Acquittal in the

Senate

•FOREIGN POLICY

• Clinton Peace Initiative in the Middle East: Palestine and Israel

• Increasing trade with China• The Failed Invasion of Somalia (1993)• Civil Wars in Bosnia and Yugoslavia

•THE DISPUTED ELECTION OF 2000: GORE VS. GEORGE W. BUSH

• The Florida Recount• The Battle Moves to the Supreme Court: Bush

Becomes President

George W. Bush

• Domestic Terrorism: • The Oklahoma City Bombing (1995), • Attack on USS Cole,• First Attack on World Trade Center (1993)

Domestic Affairs:

• The War on Terrorism: The 9/11 Attacks • War on Terrorism• Dealing with the threat of Al-Qaeda• Creation of Department of Homeland Security• Patriot Act: Privacy vs. Security

• Tax Cuts• Reform and Accountability in Education: No

Child Left Behind• Emphasis on Literacy

• Immigration Concerns: Protecting the Border with Mexico

• What has been the emphasis of immigration policy in the United States since 1965?

• A potential immigrant’s refugee status and family reunification.

• California’s Proposition 187

• Foreign Affairs• Bush Doctrine: Pre-emption • The Invasion of Afghanistan• The Invasion of Iraq• Humanitarian Initiatives in Africa

ELECTION OF 2008: BARRAK OBAMA ELECTED

• The First African-American President• Response to the Economic Crisis• Government Bailout of Automobile and

Banking Industries• Healthcare Reform Passed by Congress

• Need for Immigration Reform• Travel Restrictions with Cuba Eased• Response to BP oil spill• Continuation of the War on Terror• Closing Guantanamo– President Obama wants to close the detention center at

Guantanamo because he feels it violates the constitutional principles that Americans believe in.

• The Future of Iraq & Afghanistan• The Debate Over Immigration• Crime and Public Safety• Education• The Communications Revolution

• The Future of Healthcare Reform– Clinton failed to do this,

• Breaking the Cycle of Poverty• The Future of Social Security – Will the aging population put a strain on paying it?

• Women and Minority Groups in the Workforce

• Environmental Concerns• Globalization of the Economy

American workers now compete for jobs with workers in other countries.

Labor problems and Loss of jobs in the U.S International trade and General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade (GATT)• International competition – the emergence of China• .

U.S History

The rest is up to

YOU!!