Post World War II Cult of Domesticity According to Betty Friedan, by the end of the 1950s:

The average marriage age had dropped to 20

14 million girls were engaged by 17

Women attending college had dropped from 47% in 1920 to 35% in 1958

60% of women dropped out of college to get married (Ph. T – Putting Husband Through)

Despite warnings about having more than 3-4 children, families continued to have large families

Document 1 Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique (1963) For over fifteen years there was no word of this yearning in the millions of words written about women, for women, in all the columns, books and articles by experts telling women their role was to seek fulfillment as wives and mothers. Over and over women heard in voices of tradition and of Freudian sophistication that they could desire--no greater destiny than to glory in their own femininity. Experts told them how to catch a man and keep him, how to breastfeed children and handle their toilet training, how to cope with sibling rivalry and adolescent rebellion; how to buy a dishwasher, bake bread, cook gourmet snails, and build a swimming pool with their own hands; how to dress, look, and act more feminine and make marriage more exciting; how to keep their husbands from dying young and their sons from growing into delinquents. They were taught to pity the neurotic, unfeminine, unhappy women who wanted to be poets or physicists or presidents. They learned that truly feminine women do not want careers, higher education, political rights--the independence and the opportunities that the old-fashioned feminists fought for.

Document 2 PROVISIONS OF EQUAL PAY ACT OF 1963 An Act to prohibit discrimination on account of sex in the payment of wages by employers engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that this Act may be cited as the "Equal Pay Act of 1963." Prohibition of sex discrimination (1) No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility.

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Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2010, Institute for Women’s Policy Research 2010

From National Women’s Law Center FAQ Sheet (accessed January 25, 2019) Women in the U.S. who work full time, year round are typically paid only 80 cents for every dollar paid to their male counterparts. The wage gap has stagnated, with very little change since 2007. This gap in earnings translates into $10,169 less per year in median earnings, leaving women and their families shortchanged. This disparity is the top concern of working women. Although enforcement of the Equal Pay Act and civil rights laws and other progress, including increased access to reproductive health care, have helped narrow the wage gap over time, addressing the significant pay disparities that remain is critical for women and their families. Among full time, year round workers, women who started, but did not finish high school, make 74 cents for

every dollar their male counterparts make. In 2017, women in the United States with only high school diplomas working full time, year round were

typically paid only 76 cents for every dollar paid to their male counterparts. Among workers with a Bachelor’s degree or higher, women typically make 75 cents for every dollar men

make. Even when women earn a Bachelor’s degree, they still make less than what men with an Associate’s degree

make ($52,439 and $54,700, respectively)—and men with only a high school degree but no college education typically make more than women with an Associate’s degree ($42,440 and $40,641, respectively).

Document 4 Civil Rights Act of 1964 In 1964 Congress passed Public Law 88-352. The provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing. The word "sex" was added at the last moment. According to the West Encyclopedia of American Law, Representative Howard W. Smith (D-VA) added the word. His critics argued that Smith, a conservative Southern opponent of federal civil rights, did so to kill the entire bill. Smith, however, argued that he had amended the bill in keeping with his support of Alice Paul and the National Women's Party with whom he had been working. Martha W. Griffiths (D-MI) led the effort to keep the word "sex" in the bill. In the final legislation, Section 703 (a) made it unlawful for an employer to "fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions or privileges or employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin." Title VII of the act created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to implement the law. Document 5 From Wikipedia (accessed January 25, 2019) This list names all the women who currently hold CEO positions at Fortune 500 companies. Women currently hold 26 (5%) of CEO positions at Fortune 500 companies. (Fortune 500 companies are the largest companies on the baiss of revenue)

Mary T. Barra, General Motors Co. (GM)

Gail Bourdreaux, Anthem, Inc.

Michele Buck, The Hershey Company

Safra A. Catz, Oracle Corp.

Mary Dillon, Ulta Beauty

Michele Gass, Kohl’s

Lynn J. Good, Duke Energy Corp.

Tricia Griffith, The Progressive Corp.

Marillyn A. Hewson, Lockheed Martin Corp.

Vicki Hollub, Occidental Petroleum Corp.

Margaret Keane, Synchrony Financial

Mary Laschinger, Veritiv Corporation

Anna Manning, Reinsurance Group of America

Kathryn Marinello, Hertz Global Holdings

Kathleen Mazzarella, Graybar

Beth E. Mooney, KeyCorp

Denise M. Morrison, Campbell Soup Co.

Deanna Mulligan, Guardian Life Insurance

Indra K. Nooyi, PepsiCo, Inc.

Phebe N. Novakovic, General Dynamics Corp.

Patricia K. Poppe, CMS Energy

Barbara Rentler, Ross Stores, Inc.

Virginia M. Rometty, International Business

Machines (IBM) Corp.

Joey Wat, YUM China

Geisha Williams, PG&E Corp.

Glass Ceiling: an unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities.

Document 6 National Organization of Women (NOW) – Statement of Purpose, October 29, 1966 We, men and women who hereby constitute ourselves as the National Organization for Women, believe that the time has come for a new movement toward true equality for all women in America, and toward a fully equal partnership of the sexes, as part of the world-wide revolution of human rights now taking place within and beyond our national borders. The purpose of NOW is to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men. We believe the time has come to move beyond the abstract argument, discussion and symposia over the status and special nature of women which has raged in America in recent years; the time has come to confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings. WE BELIEVE that the power of American law, and the protection guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution to the civil rights of all individuals, must be effectively applied and enforced to isolate and remove patterns of sex discrimination, to ensure equality of opportunity in employment and education, and equality of civil and political rights and responsibilities on behalf of women, as well as for Negroes and other deprived groups… WE REJECT the current assumptions that a man must carry the sole burden of supporting himself, his wife, and family, and that a woman is automatically entitled to lifelong support by a man upon her marriage, or that marriage, home and family are primarily woman’s world and responsibility — hers, to dominate — his to support. We believe that a true partnership between the sexes demands a different concept of marriage, an equitable sharing of the responsibilities of home and children and of the economic burdens of their support… WE BELIEVE that women must now exercise their political rights and responsibilities as American citizens. They must refuse to be segregated on the basis of sex into separate-and-not-equal ladies’ auxiliaries in the political parties, and they must demand representation according to their numbers in the regularly constituted party committees — at local, state, and national levels — and in the informal power structure, participating fully in the selection of candidates and political decision-making, and running for office themselves. WE BELIEVE THAT women will do most to create a new image of women by acting now, and by speaking out in behalf of their own equality, freedom, and human dignity – – not in pleas for special privilege, nor in enmity toward men, who are also victims of the current, half-equality between the sexes – – but in an active, self-respecting partnership with men. By so doing, women will develop confidence in their own ability to determine actively, in partnership with men, the conditions of their life, their choices, their future and their society.

Document 7a

Document 7b Selected Statistics on Female Participation in School Athletics

Document 8a Source: Roe v. Wade (1973) – PBS Supreme Court Roe v. Wade (1973) ruled unconstitutional a state law that banned abortions except to save the life of the mother. The Court ruled that the states were forbidden from outlawing or regulating any aspect of abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy, could only enact abortion regulations reasonably related to maternal health in the second and third trimesters, and could enact abortion laws protecting the life of the fetus only in the third trimester. Even then, an exception had to be made to protect the life of the mother. Controversial from the moment it was released, Roe v. Wade politically divided the nation more than any other recent case and continues to inspire heated debates, politics, and even violence today ("the culture wars"). Though by no means the Supreme Court's most important decision, Roe v. Wade remains its most recognized. Roe v. Wade, controversial when released in January 1973, remains one of the most intensely debated Supreme Court decision today. In no other case has the Court entertained so many disputes around ethics, religion, and biology, and then so definitively ruled on them all. To the political Right (conservatives), critics accuse the Court in Roe of legalizing the murder of human life with flimsy constitutional justifications. To the Left (liberals), critics maintain that Roe was poorly reasoned and caused an unnecessary political backlash against abortion rights. Defenders of the decision, however, argue that Roe v. Wade was a disinterested, pragmatic, and ultimately principled decision defending the most basic rights of personal liberty and privacy. Document 8b

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Women in Office (Rutgers Center for American Women and Politics – Accessed January 2019) Presidents: 0/45 First Major Party Candidate: Hillary Clinton - D (2016) First Major Party VP Candidate: Geraldine Ferraro - D (1984)

Sarah Palin – R (2008) Cabinet/Cabinet Level Offices: 7/23 First: Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor, 1933 (appointed by FDR) Supreme Court Justices: 3/9 (4/113 historically) First: Sandra Day O’Connor, 1981 (appointed by Reagan) Senate: 25/100 (25%) First Elected: Hattie Caraway, 1932 (Arkansas) House of Representatives: 102/435 (23.4%) First Elected: Jeannette Rankin, 1916 (Montana) First (Only) Female Speaker: Nancy Pelosi, 2007-2015 & 2019- (California) State Governors: 9/50 (18%) First Elected: Nellie Ross, 1924 (Wyoming) First Elected without being wife or widow of previous sitting governor: Ella Grasso, 1974 (Connecticut) Statewide Executives: 86/312 (27.6%) State Legislatures Senate: 503/1972 (25.5%) House/Assembly: 1609/5411 (29.7%) Mayors Cities of 30,000+: 297/1365 (21.8%) 100 Largest Cities: 23/100 (23%)