Post World War IPost World War INationalismNationalism

Post World War I

Nationalism

Japan China

Germany India Italy

Soviet Union

PeoplePeopleDiplomacy

Economy

Leader(s)

Military

Important

Events

ItalyItaly

Leader(s) – Benito MussoliniLeader(s) – Benito Mussolini Working class family Working class family

backgroundbackground Early socialist, but switchedEarly socialist, but switched Formed Formed Fasci di Fasci di

Combattimento party Combattimento party ((Fascists)Fascists)

Defended private property Defended private property and class structure & and class structure & prevented a communist prevented a communist revolutionrevolution

Promised work & benefitsPromised work & benefits Blackshirts – Mussolini’s Blackshirts – Mussolini’s

followersfollowers Appointed prime minister & Appointed prime minister & Ended democratic rule & Ended democratic rule &

bans non-Fascist parties bans non-Fascist parties establishes a corporate establishes a corporate statestate

Wanted to recapture the Wanted to recapture the greatness & glory of the greatness & glory of the Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Called himself Called himself El DuceEl Duce

Important EventsImportant Events 1920 – strikes in 1920 – strikes in

Lombardy and Piedmont Lombardy and Piedmont (Mussolini supported)(Mussolini supported)

1922 – Fascists march 1922 – Fascists march on Rome & Mussolini on Rome & Mussolini appointed Prime appointed Prime MinisterMinister

1924 – Fascists win a 1924 – Fascists win a majority of seats in majority of seats in parliamentparliament

1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis is signedis signed

PeoplePeople Post WW I – Post WW I –

dissatisfied with dissatisfied with Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Veterans, workers, Veterans, workers, and peasants unhappyand peasants unhappy

1920 - Peasants seize 1920 - Peasants seize landland

Middle and upper Middle and upper classes feared a classes feared a communist revolutioncommunist revolution

Many Italians opposed Many Italians opposed fascism, but most fascism, but most supported Mussolinisupported Mussolini

Diplomacy Diplomacy Italy invades Italy invades

Ethiopia in 1935Ethiopia in 1935 Mussolini wants to Mussolini wants to

enhance Italy’s enhance Italy’s image as a world image as a world powerpower

League of Nations League of Nations imposes sanctions, imposes sanctions, but they do not workbut they do not work

1936 – Rome-Berlin 1936 – Rome-Berlin AxisAxis

EconomyEconomy

Economic Economic downturn after WW downturn after WW II

Strikes, inflation, Strikes, inflation, shortages of coalshortages of coal

Mussolini solved Mussolini solved unemployment unemployment problemproblem

Military Military

WW I veterans WW I veterans could not find workcould not find work

Built up Italy’s Built up Italy’s armed forcesarmed forces

Army invaded Army invaded Ethiopia in 1935Ethiopia in 1935

GermanyGermany

Leader(s) – Adolf HitlerLeader(s) – Adolf Hitler Austrian bornAustrian born World War I veteranWorld War I veteran Member of the National Member of the National

Socialist Workers’ PartySocialist Workers’ Party Led the BrownshirtsLed the Brownshirts 1923 - Staged the “Beer Hall 1923 - Staged the “Beer Hall

Putsch” – failedPutsch” – failed Wrote Wrote Mein KampfMein Kampf Blamed Jews & Communists Blamed Jews & Communists

for losing warfor losing war Appealed to German’s sense Appealed to German’s sense

of historyof history Becomes Chancellor in 1933Becomes Chancellor in 1933 Attacks JewsAttacks Jews Takes title of Takes title of der Fder Führerührer Restores Germany’s military Restores Germany’s military

mightmight Ignored Versailles TreatyIgnored Versailles Treaty Organizes Nazi youth Organizes Nazi youth

movementmovement

Important EventsImportant Events 1919 – Germans elect an 1919 – Germans elect an

assembly which establishes a assembly which establishes a democratic republic called the democratic republic called the Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic

1923 – Ruhr Valley occupied by 1923 – Ruhr Valley occupied by French troops & Beer Hall PutschFrench troops & Beer Hall Putsch

1929 – Great Depression in 1929 – Great Depression in GermanyGermany

1933 – Hitler becomes 1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor & Reichstag firechancellor & Reichstag fire

1934 – Purge of the Brownshirts1934 – Purge of the Brownshirts 1935 – Nuremburg Laws enacted1935 – Nuremburg Laws enacted 1936 – Hitler and Mussolini sign 1936 – Hitler and Mussolini sign

the Berlin-Rome Axisthe Berlin-Rome Axis 1938 – Kristallnacht1938 – Kristallnacht 1938 - Austria is annexed – 1938 - Austria is annexed –

“One blood demands one Reich”“One blood demands one Reich” 1938 – Hitler demands and 1938 – Hitler demands and

receives the Sudetenland of receives the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia (appeasement) Czechoslovakia (appeasement) at the Munich Conferenceat the Munich Conference

PeoplePeople Blamed Weimar leaders for Blamed Weimar leaders for

signing the Versailles Treatysigning the Versailles Treaty Widespread opposition to Widespread opposition to

Weimar LeadersWeimar Leaders Brownshirts – private army of Brownshirts – private army of

veterans and street thugsveterans and street thugs Hitler appealed to workers Hitler appealed to workers

and industrialistsand industrialists Political parties banned by Political parties banned by

NazisNazis Labor unions taken over by Labor unions taken over by

NazisNazis Churches controlled and Churches controlled and

clergy silencedclergy silenced Jews – stripped of citizenship Jews – stripped of citizenship

and right to hold office; and right to hold office; barred from schools and barred from schools and destroyed businessdestroyed business

DiplomacyDiplomacy France - occupies the France - occupies the

industrial Ruhr Valleyindustrial Ruhr Valley U.S. – provides loans to U.S. – provides loans to

Germany – helps free Germany – helps free Germany of debtGermany of debt

Adolf Hitler supports Adolf Hitler supports General Francisco General Francisco Franco of the Spanish Franco of the Spanish Nationalists in the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936-39) he wanted (1936-39) he wanted Spanish iron ore and Spanish iron ore and magnesium; prevent magnesium; prevent spread of communism; spread of communism; test new weapons and test new weapons and military tactics military tactics (blitzkrieg)(blitzkrieg)

EconomyEconomy Allies set reparations at $35 Allies set reparations at $35

billion billion 1922 – Germany says it can 1922 – Germany says it can

not pay (industrial Ruhr not pay (industrial Ruhr Valley is occupied)Valley is occupied)

Inflation soaredInflation soared Savings of Germans wiped Savings of Germans wiped

outout Mid-1920s – France reaches Mid-1920s – France reaches

compromise with Germanycompromise with Germany U.S provides loans – U.S provides loans –

Germany has 5-year period Germany has 5-year period of prosperityof prosperity

Great Depression (begins in Great Depression (begins in 1929) – unemployment, etc. 1929) – unemployment, etc.

MilitaryMilitary Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

limited the size of the limited the size of the Germany armyGermany army

Hitler sought to Hitler sought to restore Germany’s restore Germany’s military mightmilitary might

German factories German factories begin turning out begin turning out guns, ammunition, guns, ammunition, airplanes, tanks, etc.airplanes, tanks, etc.

Government stresses Government stresses importance of a strong importance of a strong militarymilitary

JapanJapan

Leader(s)Leader(s)

Emperor Hirohito – Emperor Hirohito – constitutional constitutional monarchmonarch

Influential military Influential military leaders – opposed leaders – opposed to democratic to democratic reformsreforms

Important EventsImportant Events 1922- disarmament 1922- disarmament

conference/ Japan conference/ Japan becomes 3becomes 3rdrd most powerful most powerful navynavy

1923 – earthquake in 1923 – earthquake in Tokyo-Yokohama areaTokyo-Yokohama area

1924 – U.S. bans Japanese 1924 – U.S. bans Japanese immigrationimmigration

1931 – invades Manchuria1931 – invades Manchuria 1937 – war with China 1937 – war with China

beginsbegins 1941 – attack on Pearl 1941 – attack on Pearl

HarborHarbor

DiplomacyDiplomacy Twenty-One Demands Twenty-One Demands

makes China Japanese makes China Japanese protectorateprotectorate

Disarmament Disarmament conference in conference in Washington benefits Washington benefits JapanJapan

Japanese army Japanese army invades Manchuriainvades Manchuria

Attack on Pearl Attack on Pearl Harbor, Singapore, Harbor, Singapore, and Dutch East Indies and Dutch East Indies in 1941in 1941

PeoplePeople 1872-1925 - 1872-1925 -

population explosion population explosion from 35 million to 60 from 35 million to 60 million million

1930s – militarism 1930s – militarism influences all aspects influences all aspects of Japanese lifeof Japanese life

Democratically Democratically minded Japanese minded Japanese hoped Emperor would hoped Emperor would stop militarismstop militarism

Working and middle Working and middle class growsclass grows

Military dress was Military dress was appealingappealing

Universal male Universal male suffragesuffrage

EconomyEconomy Most of the Japanese Most of the Japanese

economy was in hands economy was in hands of of ziabatsuziabatsu

Challenges of Challenges of population densitypopulation density

World wide depression World wide depression devastated silk devastated silk factories and other factories and other industriesindustries

Tokyo-Yokohama Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake affects earthquake affects economyeconomy

Land was scarceLand was scarce Very few resources Very few resources

(especially iron ore, (especially iron ore, coal, and oil)coal, and oil)

MilitaryMilitary

Army leaders decide Army leaders decide to invade NE China to invade NE China (Manchurian (Manchurian Incident)Incident)

Government could Government could not control armynot control army

1932 – assassinates 1932 – assassinates a prime minister of a prime minister of JapanJapan

IndiaIndia

Leader(s)Leader(s) Mohandas (Mahatma) Mohandas (Mahatma)

Gandhi - middle class Gandhi - middle class background; pacifist background; pacifist who believed in civil who believed in civil disobediencedisobedience

Indian National Indian National Congress & Muslim Congress & Muslim League – nationalist League – nationalist organizations that lead organizations that lead India to independenceIndia to independence

1922 - British arrest 1922 - British arrest GandhiGandhi

1930 - 200 mile march 1930 - 200 mile march to the sea by Gandhi to to the sea by Gandhi to protest the salt taxprotest the salt tax

Important EventsImportant Events 1914 – Gandhi leaves 1914 – Gandhi leaves

South Africa for IndiaSouth Africa for India 1919 – Britain imposes 1919 – Britain imposes

harsh laws on India to harsh laws on India to stifle oppositionstifle opposition

1919 - Amritsar massacre1919 - Amritsar massacre 1922 - British arrest 1922 - British arrest

GandhiGandhi 1930 - 200 mile march to 1930 - 200 mile march to

the sea by Gandhi to the sea by Gandhi to protest the salt taxprotest the salt tax

1935 - British parliament 1935 - British parliament passes the Government of passes the Government of India Act – limited self rule India Act – limited self rule for Indiafor India

DiplomacyDiplomacy

1935 - British pass 1935 - British pass the “Government of the “Government of India Act” – limited India Act” – limited self rule for Indiaself rule for India

India had no control India had no control over diplomacy over diplomacy until they achieved until they achieved independence in independence in 19481948

PeoplePeople Were urged to reject Were urged to reject

Western civilization by Western civilization by GandhiGandhi

Boycotted British goodsBoycotted British goods Shocked by brutal Shocked by brutal

massacre at 1919 Amritsarmassacre at 1919 Amritsar Hindu-Muslim tension Hindu-Muslim tension

increaseincrease Nationalists supported Nationalists supported

Britain in WW I, but want Britain in WW I, but want independence for Indiaindependence for India

Some Indian’s want to Some Indian’s want to remain in the British remain in the British empire, but desire home-empire, but desire home-rulerule

EconomyEconomy

Wheat from India Wheat from India fed Allied soldiers fed Allied soldiers in WW Iin WW I

Indian cotton Indian cotton clothed Allied clothed Allied troopstroops

MilitaryMilitary

Indian soldiers Indian soldiers fought for the fought for the British in World British in World War I (Middle East War I (Middle East & Africa)& Africa)

ChinaChina

Leader(s)Leader(s) Sun Yixian(yat-sen) – Sun Yixian(yat-sen) –

declares China a declares China a republic in 1912republic in 1912

Yuan Shikai – takes Yuan Shikai – takes power & creates power & creates dictatorshipdictatorship

Chiang Kai-shek – Chiang Kai-shek – officer in the officer in the Kuomintang Army; Kuomintang Army; defeats the warlords in defeats the warlords in 1928 and establishes a 1928 and establishes a government in Nanjinggovernment in Nanjing

Mao Zedong – leader Mao Zedong – leader who leads 100,000 who leads 100,000 communist .communist .

Important EventsImportant Events 1912 – Chinese republic

declared 1914 – Sun Yixian ousted 1923 – Chiang kai-shek

grows in power 1925 – Sun Yixian dies1925 – Sun Yixian dies 1927 – communists fail to 1927 – communists fail to

take over Kuomintang; take over Kuomintang; Chiang purges themChiang purges them

1931 – Japan invades 1931 – Japan invades ManchuriaManchuria

1934-35 – Long March 1934-35 – Long March (100,000 communists (100,000 communists troops to 8,000)troops to 8,000)

DiplomacyDiplomacy

““21 Demands”: 21 Demands”: Japanese list of Japanese list of demands designed to demands designed to control China. control China.

Versailles Treaty Versailles Treaty granted Shandong granted Shandong Peninsula to Japan – Peninsula to Japan – was humiliating and was humiliating and surprising to Chinasurprising to China

Japan invades in 1931 Japan invades in 1931 and controls most of and controls most of eastern China by 1939eastern China by 1939

PeoplePeople

Shocked by Versailles Shocked by Versailles TreatyTreaty

““May 4May 4thth Movement”: Movement”: Reformers reject Confucian Reformers reject Confucian traditions/adopt Western traditions/adopt Western traditions in order to keep traditions in order to keep the West at bay. the West at bay.

Peasants supported Peasants supported communists because theycommunists because they– overthrew landlordsoverthrew landlords– redistributed land to redistributed land to

peasantspeasants

EconomyEconomy

Agriculturally Agriculturally based economy based economy with millions of with millions of peasantspeasants

MilitaryMilitary Warlords divided China Warlords divided China

amongst themselves in amongst themselves in 1916 – civil war 1916 – civil war followedfollowed

Kuomintang Army Kuomintang Army battled Red Army in battled Red Army in 1930s for control of 1930s for control of ChinaChina

Long March – retreat of Long March – retreat of communistscommunists

Chiang Kai-shek’s Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist’s forces and Nationalist’s forces and the Communist forces the Communist forces suspended their suspended their conflict with each other conflict with each other in order to concentrate in order to concentrate on fighting the on fighting the JapaneseJapanese

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Leader(s)Leader(s) Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) – Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) –

Bolshevik leader; suffered a Bolshevik leader; suffered a stroke in 1922stroke in 1922

Leon Trotsky – most Leon Trotsky – most important person in the important person in the communist party after communist party after Lenin; built the Red Army Lenin; built the Red Army into an effective fighting into an effective fighting force; believed in a world force; believed in a world wide revolution; exiled to wide revolution; exiled to Siberia (and then expelled) Siberia (and then expelled) by Stalin; assassinated in by Stalin; assassinated in Mexico City Mexico City

Joseph Stalin – skilled Joseph Stalin – skilled administrator; rose to administrator; rose to general secretary of the general secretary of the Communist party; Communist party; outmaneuvered Trotsky outmaneuvered Trotsky after Lenin’s death; after Lenin’s death; believed in Soviet Union believed in Soviet Union first in terms of revolution; first in terms of revolution; had Trotsky murderedhad Trotsky murdered

Important EventsImportant Events 1919 – Comintern 1919 – Comintern

establishedestablished 1921 – Lenin announces New 1921 – Lenin announces New

Economic Policy (NEP)Economic Policy (NEP) 1922 – Official name changes 1922 – Official name changes

to Union of Soviet Socialist to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), new Republics (USSR), new constitution written, and constitution written, and Lenin suffers two strokesLenin suffers two strokes

1924 – Lenin dies1924 – Lenin dies 1928 – Stalin declares end to 1928 – Stalin declares end to

NEP, announces Five Year NEP, announces Five Year Plans and collectivizationPlans and collectivization

1930s – series of purges by 1930s – series of purges by StalinStalin

Stalin seizes Ukraine’s grain Stalin seizes Ukraine’s grain results in death of millionsresults in death of millions

1934 – Socialist realism art 1934 – Socialist realism art institutedinstituted

1943 – Comintern dissolved1943 – Comintern dissolved

DiplomacyDiplomacy

Comintern Comintern established to established to encourage encourage Communist parties Communist parties in other countries in other countries to overthrow their to overthrow their governments by governments by legal or illegal legal or illegal means means

PeoplePeople 27 million died in WW I, 27 million died in WW I,

revolution, and civil warrevolution, and civil war Leadership of the communist Leadership of the communist

party controlled the workers party controlled the workers (was supposed to be the other (was supposed to be the other way around)way around)

Private businesses, small Private businesses, small manufacturers and farmers manufacturers and farmers allowed to operate under NEPallowed to operate under NEP

Peasant majority (farmers) Peasant majority (farmers) were fiercely anticommunist – were fiercely anticommunist – had prospered under NEPhad prospered under NEP

Kulaks (prosperous peasants) Kulaks (prosperous peasants) – opposed collectivization– opposed collectivization

Millions of communist party Millions of communist party members were expelled and members were expelled and sent to labor camps (purges)sent to labor camps (purges)

Non-Russian nationalities Non-Russian nationalities suffered; Russians dominated suffered; Russians dominated Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Thousands of peasants were Thousands of peasants were killed when opposing killed when opposing collectivization; millions in the collectivization; millions in the Ukraine starvedUkraine starved

EconomyEconomy NEP – major industries NEP – major industries

under government under government control; small control; small businesses allowed to businesses allowed to operateoperate

Five Year Plans – Five Year Plans – success in spurring success in spurring industrial growth industrial growth

Collectivization Collectivization produced terrible produced terrible results – opposition and results – opposition and starvation; Soviet union starvation; Soviet union unable to feed its unable to feed its populationpopulation

MilitaryMilitary

Military leadership Military leadership suffered as a result suffered as a result of purges – would of purges – would take them years to take them years to recoverrecover

MexicoMexico

LeadersLeaders

Porfirio DiazPorfirio Diaz: led Mexico for 35 : led Mexico for 35 years. years.

Francisco MaderoFrancisco Madero: Reformer; : Reformer; demands free elections. demands free elections. Elected Elected in 1911 by assassinated by in 1911 by assassinated by one of his generals.one of his generals.

Leader(s)Leader(s)

Venustiano Carranza: Passed Venustiano Carranza: Passed Constitution of 1917Constitution of 1917..

Lazaro CardenasLazaro Cardenas: Pushed : Pushed nationalization of industries (oil) and nationalization of industries (oil) and gave land to peasants. gave land to peasants.

Important EventsImportant Events

After Diaz steps down; almost a After Diaz steps down; almost a decade of civil war. decade of civil war.

Constitution of 1917: Strengthened Constitution of 1917: Strengthened government control over economy.government control over economy.

DiplomacyDiplomacy

Generally poor relations with U.S.Generally poor relations with U.S.– U.S. :U.S. :

interferes in Mexican Revolutioninterferes in Mexican Revolution invades Veracruz, Northern Mexico, invades Veracruz, Northern Mexico,

NicaraguaNicaragua

Good Neighbor Policy: U.S. lessened Good Neighbor Policy: U.S. lessened interference in Latin America, interference in Latin America, supported Latin American endeavors. supported Latin American endeavors.

PeoplePeople

Military dictators & small groups of Military dictators & small groups of wealthy controlled power. wealthy controlled power.

Majority of Mexicans poor.Majority of Mexicans poor. Cultural Nationalism: Pride in one’s Cultural Nationalism: Pride in one’s

own culture. own culture. Diego Rivera & other muralists Diego Rivera & other muralists

portrayed Mexican struggle for portrayed Mexican struggle for liberty.liberty.

This mural is located at the City College of San Francisco.

EconomyEconomy

Latin American natural resources Latin American natural resources sold to Western powers. sold to Western powers.

Great Depression: Demand for Latin Great Depression: Demand for Latin Americans goods vanished. Americans goods vanished.