Post doc project

• links between physiology, behaviour, and life history

• ecological implications of physiology

• physiological mechanisms of ecology

Life History

Behaviour

Physiology

Cell Biology

Molecular Biology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Basic design

• natural and experimentally-induced variation in autumn hoard size

• winter behaviour and metabolism

• spring behaviour and metabolism

• reproductive success

a) Metabolic requirements of foraging in a cold environment

• reduced hoard size increases cold exposure

• increases thermogenic requirements

• increased Summit MR – FMR – RMR in winter

b) Links between RMR, FMR, and SMR

• repeated winter and reproductive metabolic measurements

• quantified and experimentally manipulated food availability

d) Metabolic consequences of early reproduction

• timing of parturition important

• natural (and experimentally induced?) variation in parturition date

• predict early breeders have higher FMR (and RMR?), lower production efficiency, but higher RS

Life History

Behaviour

Physiology

Cell Biology

Molecular Biology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

I. Autumn Hoarding Behaviour

<1000 <3000 <5000 <7000 <9000 <110000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Average = 1170

Estimated Number of Cones Hoarded

Number of

Individuals

Autumn 2001 Hoarding ObservationsSU/KL Cone Count = 19.5

<1000 <3000 <5000 <7000 <9000 <110000

1

2

3

4

5

6

Average = 5020

Estimated Number of Cones Hoarded

Number of

Individuals

Autumn 2002 Hoarding ObservationsSU/KL Cone Count = 35.0

Average = 5020

Estimated Number of Cones Hoarded

Number of

Individuals

Autumn 2003 Hoarding ObservationsSU/KL Cone Count = 9

<1000 <3000 <5000 <7000 <9000 <110000

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 3500

5000

10000

15000

20000

Estimated Number

of Cones

Hoarded

Number of Cones per Tree

Hoarding Functional Response

<1000 <3000 <5000 <7000 <9000 <110000

1

2

3

4

5

6 Juveniles (avg= 2950)

Ad. Females (avg= 5020)

Ad. Males (avg= 8645)

Autumn 2002 Hoarding ObservationsSU/KL Cone Count = 35.0

Within Year Variation by Age and Sex Class

Estimated Number of Cones Hoarded

Number of

Individuals

2001 20020.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Proportion ofCones Hoarded

to 1o Midden

Scatterhoarding vs. Larderhoarding

<0.1 <0.2 <0.3 <0.4 <0.5 <0.6 <0.7 <0.8 <0.9 <1.00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

20012002

Mushrooms/Truffles vs. Cones

Number of

Individuals

Frequency of Mushroom/Truffle Hoarding(proportion of total # of hoarded items)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Cones to midden from focalsM

idd

en s

urf

ace

con

e co

un

ts

2001 2002

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Cones to middens from focals

Mid

den

su

rfac

e co

ne

cou

nt

Midden Surface Cone Counts

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Cones to midden from focals

Mid

den

su

rfac

e co

ne

cou

nt

2001 & 2002 Combinedr2 = 0.32, p < 0.001

Midden Surface Cone Counts

II. Winter & Reproductive Energetics

180 200 220 240 260 280 300100

120

140

160

180

200

220

WinterResting

MetabolicRate

(kJ/day)

Body Mass (g)

n = 36, r2 = 0.11, p = 0.047

Winter Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

WinterResting

MetabolicRate

(kJ/day)

SU/KL Control LL Control Food Add50

100

150

200

250

300

Avg = 140 kJ/day

Winter Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

p = 0.23

Winter Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320100

150

200

250

300

350

WinterDaily

EnergyExpenditure

(kJ/day)

Body Mass (g)

n = 51, r2 = 0.190, p = 0.001

Winter Field Metabolic Rate (FMR or DEE)

WinterDaily

EnergyExpenditure

(kJ/day)

SU/KL Control LL Control Food Add100

150

200

250

300

350

Avg = 200 kJ/day

Winter Field Metabolic Rate (FMR or DEE)

100 150 200 250 300125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

WinterFMR

(kJ/day)

Winter RMR (kJ/day)

n = 28, r = 0.012, p = 0.95

Winter FMR vs. Winter RMR

SU/KL Control LL Control Food Add0

1

2

3

4

WinterDaily

EnergyExpenditure

(x RMR)

Avg = 1.45xRMR

Winter FMR vs. Winter RMR

DailyEnergy

Expenditure(kJ/day)

Winter Lactating0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Winter FMR and Lactating FMR

220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360100

200

300

400

500

600

700

LactatingDaily

EnergyExpenditure

(kJ/day)

Body Mass (g)

n = 46, r = 0.001, p = 0.94

Lactating FMR

KL/SU Control LL Control Food Add100

200

300

400

500

600

700

LactatingDaily

EnergyExpenditure

(kJ/day)

Lactating FMR

May14 May24 Jun3 Jun13 Jun23 Jul3 Jul13100

200

300

400

500

600

700

LactatingDaily

EnergyExpenditure

(kJ/day)

Lactating FMR

Winter Lactating0

100

200

300

400

500

1xRMR

2xRMR

3xRMR

DailyEnergy

Expenditure(kJ/day)

LL Food AddKL/SU Control

FMR Summary

LL Control

Winter Lactating0

100

200

300

400

500

1xRMR

2xRMR

3xRMR

DailyEnergy

Expenditure(kJ/day)

LL Food AddKL/SU ControlLL Control

Source Sum-of-Squares df Mean-Square F-ratio PSEASON 278658.157 1 278658.157 42.328 0.000TREAT 32509.834 2 16254.917 2.469 0.090SEASON*TREAT 63555.514 2 31777.757 4.827 0.010BODYMASS 4225.126 1 4225.126 0.642 0.425Error 592497.575 90 6583.306

Winter Lactating0

100

200

300

400

500

1xRMR

2xRMR

3xRMR

DailyEnergy

Expenditure(kJ/day)

LL Food AddKL/SU Control

FMR Summary

LL Control

1994 Control (following mast year)