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PostCold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime Missions, Attributes and Opportunities Randy Papadopoulos, Ph.D. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command 1

Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

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Page 1: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Post‐Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime Missions, Attributes and 

Opportunities

Randy Papadopoulos, Ph.D.

U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command

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Page 2: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

What I hope to consider

• Address roles of navies after 1991 from a Combinedperspective– Derived from a upcoming book created by Australian, British, Canadian and American authors

• Highlight important characteristics of naval operations in the period

• Suggest historically‐based explanations for what makes these operations work

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Page 3: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Forthcoming book You Cannot Surge Trust: Combined Naval Operations Since 1991

• Eight contributors: Australia, United Kingdom (2), Canada and the United States (4)– Hope to see publication, 2011

• Addresses four operations to 2003

• Not force‐on‐force naval warfare– No Tsushimas, Jutlands, Leyte Gulfs, although environment demands navies must prepare for riskiest high‐end challenges

Page 4: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

The Maritime Contribution to Jointness

• “History shows that the actual functions of the Fleet     (except in purely maritime wars) have been                  threefold:– 1. The furtherance and hindrance of military operations ashore.

– 2. The protection or destruction of commerce.

– 3. The prevention or securing of alliances (i.e. deterring or persuading neutrals as to participating in the war).”

– Sir Julian Corbett, 1909

Page 5: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

…From The Sea (1992)

“…From The SeaPreparing the Naval Service for the 21st

Century”Sept. 1992.

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Page 6: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Three forms of Interoperability

• The Framework of Doctrine– Need to coordinate multinational actions predictably

– Example of Somalia / UNOSOM

– STANAGs, EXTACs, ATPs especially MTP‐1(D) “Multinational Maritime Tactical Instructions and Procedures”

– Determining influence of ROEs

Page 7: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Interoperability through Exercises (II)

• Exercises include everything between– PASSEXs– Technical exchanges– Practicing warfighting

• Longstanding practice: first large NATO maritime exercise Operation Mainbrace, 1952

• “Coalitions always have seams” and exercises build confidence

Page 8: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Technical Interoperability (III)

• AUSCANZUKUS since 1950s

• NTDS / Link‐11

• COWAN / CENTRIXS

• Permit development of Common Maritime Picture– (all know what’s happening)

Page 9: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Justified by busyness: major post‐Cold War USN / allied/ coalition missions

• 1991‐‐Desert Shield / Desert Storm: 6 CVBGs / 3 mos.

• 1991‐2003‐‐Iraq sanctions: one CVBG+ / 12 years

• 1994‐1996‐‐Adriatic Operation Sharp Guard: 2 ships+ / 30 mos.

• 1994‐‐Operation Uphold Democracy (Haiti): 2 CVBGs, one ARG / 1 mo.

• 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo.

• 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG / 2 mos.

• 1999‐‐East Timor: 2 ships / 2 mos.

• 2001‐2003‐‐Afghanistan: three CVBGs, three ARGs / 6 mos.

• 2003‐‐Iraq phases 1‐4: 4 CSGs, 3 ARGs / 4 mos.9

Page 10: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

The 1990s—A Busy Decade

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Page 11: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Iraqi Sanctions, 1991‐2003

• Coalition needed time to establish arms, trade embargoes

• “Loose association” marked command relations: complex ROEs

• Relatively ‘leaky’ embargo at first due to local conditions, duration, Iraqi work‐arounds

• Increasing familiarity, interoperability, experience built trust; by 1999 MIO much more reliable

Page 12: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Modern MIO begins

Page 13: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Operation Sharp Guard, 1993‐1996

• Relatively high threat forward: FRY assets

• Drew on existing NATO SNLF / SNFM, reinforced by  WEU

• Segmented operating areas simplified divergent ROE

• 74,000 ships challenged, nearly 6,000 at‐sea inspections, >1,400 diversions; special case of Lido II

• Success due to longstanding relations, shared doctrine, exercises

Page 14: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

MIO comes of age

Page 15: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

East Timor—1999 (Operation Stabilise)

• Different mission: support civil peacekeeping ashore

• Multilateral INTERFET force led by Australia: 19 nations– USS Mobile Bay part of Exercise Crocodile ‘99

• US ROE highly restrictive: 130 personnel ashore

• ISR, logistics all enabled by multilateral sea power in politically easier fashion

Page 16: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Intervention from the sea

Page 17: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Threat evolves: terrorism, even at sea

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Page 18: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Afghanistan, 2001‐2003

• Everything came together: extraordinarily broad coalition

• Denial of sea to wide‐flung group of terrorists: “Maritime Domain Awareness”

• Differing national commitments aligned neatly by participating navies– Something armies and air forces cannot do

• Built upon “human network”

Page 19: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

What allied navies brought—and needed

Destroyers/Frigates

1989 1989

1998 1999

2008 2009

USA 164 99 73

UK 48 35 25

France 41 39 31

Canada 23 17 15

Germany 24 15 15

Denmark 18 8 7

Netherlands 16 16 7

Italy 20 22 14

Spain 21 17 11

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Page 20: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

There are consequences Alfred T. Mahan didn’t emphasize

• Navies don’t fight other navies– Last ship‐to‐ship battle 1988 (US‐Iran), last ship sunk by a submarine 

1982 (UK‐Argentina), last submerged submarine sunk in 1971 (India‐Pakistan)

• Suggests 21st century navies must not be seen as exclusively kinetic organizations – Predecessors never were

– Contribution to Irregular Warfare?

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Page 21: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Interoperability yields flexibility

*Shows CDRE Jones "dual hatted" as Australian nationalmaritime commander, with RAN units in dark blue.)

CTF 50Rear Admiral KELLYUSS ABE LINCOLN

STRIKE

ANZAC KANIMBLA CZERNICKI CHATHAM

MARLBOROUGH RICHMOND WRANGEL AQUIDNECK

BARANOFF ADAK CHINOOK FIREBOLT

DARWIN

Captain JONESMIO SCREEN Commander

HMAS KANIMBLA

CTG 55.1Commodore PETERSON*

North Arabian Gulf CommanderUSS VALLEY FORGE

RN DIVING TEAM

USN MAMMALS

USN DIVING TEAM

AUSCDT 3

CTU 55.4.3

CTG 55.4Commodore TILLOTSON

Explosive OrdnanceCommander

CTF 55Rear Admiral COSTELLOUSS CONSTELLATION

Sea Supremacy

Vice Admiral KEATINGCommander

5th Fleet

Organization for Iraq, 2003

Page 22: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Impact of these operations on Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower

• Initiative of then‐CNO Michael Mullen, from 2005 speech on “1,000‐ship navy”– CS‐21 reflects human side of interoperability: “Although our forces can surge when necessary to respond to crises, trust and cooperation cannot be surged.”

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Page 23: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Some cautions for the future

• USN risks creating technology gap– Technical interoperability expensive

• Closing seams often requires hard (over?)‐working liaison personnel

• Budgets for exchange, liaison often first cuts propsed

• Each operation must be re‐brokered in advance

Page 24: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

At the end of the day

• Demonstrates long‐standing naval cooperation (since 1950s)

• Partner navies can often ‘plug‐and‐play’

• Doctrine permits predictability, closes seams

• Exercises + operations = familiarity, mutual reliance and trust

• Allows participation while never compromising national sovereignty

Page 25: Post Cold War Combined Naval Operations: Maritime …ARG / 1 mo. • 1995‐‐Operation Deliberate Force: 1 CVBG / 1 mo. • 1999‐‐Adriatic Operation Allied Force: one CVBG

Questions?

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