Post Civil War UnitWilliam L. Rogers

Russell Middle School

13th Amendment

• Bans slavery in the United States and all of its territories.

14th Amendment

• Grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States and guarantees them equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

• Ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

• The above amendments guarantee equal protection under the law for ALL citizens of the United States.• If you are born here, you are a citizen.• Being a citizen, you have the right to vote

no matter what.• ALL American citizens are to be protected

by the law no matter what.

Reconstruction Policies and Problems With those Policies

What the U. S. Congress Made to Happen for the Former Slaves - 1

• Southern Military leaders could not hold public office. (Example-Robert E. Lee Could not become Governor of Virginia)

• African-Americans COULD hold public office. (1st time in U. S. History)

• Civil Rights Acts of 1866 gives African Americans equal rights, and allows the Union army to enforce this law.

What the U. S. Congress Made to Happen for the Former Slaves - 1

• Northern Soldiers supervised all aspects of Southern Life.

• The Freedman’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African Americans in the South.• Helped them get land –”40 Acres and a Mule”• Helped ensure former slaves got to vote.

Southern Whites React to Union Acts

• Southerners resented Northern “Carpetbaggers,” who took advantage of the South during reconstruction.

• Southern States adopt Black Codes to limit the economic and physical freedom of former slaves.• Laws that said blacks had to read a

tough page of words to vote – most blacks could not read then.

The End of Reconstruction

Reconstruction Officially Ends In 1877

• Came as a result of a compromise over the election of 1876.• Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden

were running for President of the United States. It was so close, the election went to the U. S. House of Representatives!!

• Rutherford B. Hayes cut a deal to get Florida’s electoral votes. He told white leaders of Florida he would get the Union troops out of the South his first year in office.

Reconstruction Officially Ends In 1877

• Came as a result of a compromise over the election of 1876.• Rutherford B. Hayes was elected President

by the House of Representatives with the deal!!

• It was called “The Bad Deal” by many in the North and former slaves across the nation, and they were right!

• All the Rights African Americans gained WERE LOST due to “Jim Crow” laws.

Definition: Racial Discrimination

• Based only on race.

• Directed mostly on African Americans, but other groups were segregated.

• American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924!

Jim Crow Laws

• Laws passed to discriminate against African Americans.

• Made Discrimination practices LEGAL in many communities and states.

• Were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.

African American Reaction to the Jim Crow Laws

• Booker T. Washington’s view:• Equality can be achieved through

vocational education• Accepted social segregation

• W. E. B. Dubois’s view:• Wanted full political, civil, and social rights

for African Americans.

Describing the Legacies:Abe Lincoln, Robert E. Lee,

and Frederick Douglass

Abraham Lincoln

• At first did not want to free the slaves.

• During the war, his views changed.

Abraham Lincoln

• Wanted Reconstruction to be a based on rebuilding to bring the nation together. (Called reconciliation)

• Believed the preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South.

Robert E. Lee on Reconstruction:

• Urged Southerners to reunite with Northerners at the end of the war when some people wanted to continue to fight.

• Became President of Washington College, known now as Washington and Lee University.

Frederick Douglass

• Fought for the Constitutional Amendments that guaranteed voting rights.

• Was considered a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for everyone.

Westward Expansion After the Civil War

Why Move West?

• Opportunities for Land Ownership• For the Poor, immigrants, former slaves

• Technological advances, including:• Transcontinential Railroad• Telegraph

• Change of getting wealth• Finding gold and silver in the West

Why Move West?

• Desire for Adventure• Considered “wild” frontier

• Desire for a new beginning for former enslaved African Americans• Chance to have their own land without

being treated unfairly.

Westward Expansion:What Did It Do To The Native Americans?

MASSIVE Changes For the Native Americans! - 1

• American Indians were opposed to the Westward Expansion.• Battle of Little Big Horn• Sitting Bull• Geronimo

• Am. Indians forced relocation from their traditional lands to desolate reservations.• Chief Joseph, Nez Perez

MASSIVE Changes For the Native Americans! - 2

• Population reduced due to:• War with U.S. Cavalry• Disease• Ex. Battle of Wounded Knee

• Assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes• Reduction of buffalo herds by whites• “Indian Schools” to educate Am. Indians in the

white way of life. – Carlisle School in Pennsylvania.

• Lost homelands as treaties were broken by whites.

Why Did People Come to The United States After the Civil War?

Increased Immigration Post Civil War

• Hope for better opportunities• Free land out west

• Desire for religious freedom• Escape from oppressive government• Desire for adventure

• Go to the American “wild” west.

Cities In America Post Civil War:Development, Immigration,

Industrialization, and Discrimination

Why American Cities Grew & Developed After The Civil War:

• Specialized Industries in certain Cities• Pittsburgh: Steel• Chicago: Meat Processing

• Immigration from other nations• People came to the cities first, moved out

when they earned the money to move.• Americans moved from rural areas to

urban areas for job opportunities.

Rapid Industrialization & Urbanization led to Problems, Too

• Immigrants were forced to live in slums, killing many due to poor living conditions.

• Immigrants were forced into neighborhoods based upon where they came from.

• Given “tenement housing”• Small rooms for many people, no

bathrooms, building was dirty & unhealthy to live in.

How to Solve the Problems

• Settlement Houses for Immigrants• Hull House: founded by Jane Addams

• Political machines that gained power by taking care of the needs of new immigrants• Housing• Jobs• Food• In return, immigrants voted how they were

told.

New Groups Were Discriminated Against

• Forced into Ghettos and Tenements• Irish• Chinese• Japanese• Jews

• Political Corruption by the political machines• Immigrants began to realize they were

being used for the glory of a few men.

How the U.S. was Transformed from Agricultural Nation to an

Industrial Nation

New Inventions that Brought on Change

• Electricity: Thomas Edison• Lighting (light bulb)• Mechanical uses of electricity

• Telephone service: Alexander Graham Bell

Reasons for the Rise & Prosperity of Big Business

• National markets for products are created due to advances in transportation.

• Captains of industry • John D. Rockefeller-oil• Andrew Carnegie-steel• Cornelius Vanderbilt-shipping & railroads

• Advertising• Low-cost production

Factors that Resulted in growth of Industry

• New access to raw materials & energy.

• Availability of work force due to increased immigration.

• New inventions

• Financial resources

Examples of Big Businesses

• Railroads

• Oil

• Steel

Postwar changes in Daily Life

• Mechanization (ex-reaper) reduced farm labor needs & increased production.

• Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs.

• Industrialization provided new access to consumer goods (e.g. mail order)

NEGATIVE effects of Industrialization

• Child labor

• Low wages for long hours

• Unsafe working conditions

Rise of Labor - Outcomes

• Formation of Unions• Growth of American Federation of Labor

• STRIKES• Aftermath of Homestead Strike

Effects of Progressive Movement Workplace Reforms

• Improved safety conditions

• Reduced work hours

• Placed restrictions on child labor

Effects of Women’s Suffrage

• Increased educational opportunities

• Women get right to vote• Women obtain right to vote when 19th

amendment to U. S. Constitution is passed• Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady

Stanton worked for women’s suffrage.

Temperance Movement

• Made up of groups who wanted to end the making and consuming of alcohol.

• Supported the 18th Amendment to Constitution which prohibits the manufacture, sale, and transporting of alcoholic beverages.