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Post Civil War African Post Civil War African American ExperienceAmerican Experience
A Quick SurveyA Quick Survey
Amendment Passed After the Civil War
13th Amendment:
Officially abolished slavery in the U.S.
Important because started new era in U.S.
history.
The Reconstruction, 1865-1877
- After the Civil War, President Andrew
Johnson pardoned the South.
- Instead, a group of Northern Congressmen,
nicknamed the Radical Republicans, began
the Reconstruction in the South.
- The Congressmen sent federal troops into
the South to transform the South.
14th Amendment:
•Requires states to give all citizens due process of
law, and gives all citizens equal protection.
•Important because states must protect rights of ALL
citizens.
15th Amendment:
•Gives ALL citizens the right to vote.
•Important because African American males had
legal right to vote, despite Southern restrictions.
The Reconstruction Amendments
Successes of Reconstruction
- Expanded access to education for AfAms
- Several Af Am Congressmen and state
representatives elected to office
- South had roads/railroads built
The Failure of Reconstruction
- 1877, end of Reconstruction.
- President Hayes pulled troops out and Southern governments established a system of segregation.
- The Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacists used terrorist tactics to intimidate Af Ams.
Lynching
Murdering a person without due process of
law; a tactic used to keep whites in power.
STATISTICS:
- 3445 African Americans were lynched since
1882, when records began to be kept.
- Lynching was a public affair, handled by a
mob of people.
Voting in the South
•Af.Ams made up majorities in the South; to
keep power, whites had to restrict their right
to vote
•Ways that governments disenfranchised (took
the vote away) Af.Ams:
- Grandfather Clause
- Poll Tax – economic way to avoid Af.Am.
voting
- Intimidation tactics
- Literacy Tests
Definitions:
- Jim Crow :
The systematic practice of discriminating
against and segregating black people in the
South.
- Segregation
To separate, to keep races or ethnic groups
apart.
Important because Af Ams lived under this
system of legal segregation from Reconstruction
up until the 1960s. (90 YEARS)
Plessy v. Ferguson
- Homer Plessy sat in the white section of
the railroad car to confront segregation
laws.
- Instead, in Plessy v. Ferguson, the
Supreme Court agreed with segregation’s
rules and said it was legal as long as each
race got equal treatment.
- It took 58 years to overturn this with the
Brown v. Board of Ed. case.
As a result of the Great Migration
North by 1.75 million Af Ams in South:
Harlem Renaissance
- A period in the 1920s when Af Am
achievements in art, music and
literature flourished.
- Important b/c redefined image of
Af.Am. in the U.S., and gave black
communities pride in their own abilities.
HarlemLangston Hughes, 1951
What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore— And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over— like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags like a heavy load.
Or does it explode?
Some changes started to occur in the
1940s:
- 1948, President Truman signed
Executive Order desegregating the US
military.
- The NAACP, the National Association for
the Advancement of the Colored People,
founded in 1909, had legislative successes
combating Plessy, preparing them for the
Brown case.
Nonviolent Actions Used by the CR
Movement
Civil Disobedience
A group's refusal to obey a law because they
believe the law is immoral (as in protest against
discrimination); African Americans used this kind
of direct action to force a change to the laws.
Sit-In
A form of civil disobedience that involves one or
more persons nonviolently occupying an area to
promote political or social change; a primary
action used in the Civil Rights movement.
Greensboro, South CarolinaGreensboro, South Carolina
What does nonviolent resistance
mean?
Nonviolent Resistance
The practice of achieving political goals
through symbolic protests, civil
disobedience, and other methods, and
without using violence. Primary strategy in
the Civil Rights movement.
•In the years before Brown , the Civil Rights
movement was mostly focused on legal action,
trying to get laws changed through legal means.
•The NAACP had been working against
discrimination for years, but in a much less public
manner.
•As the 1960s began, the Civil Rights movement
got a different focus. It was made up of mass
action by communities against the discrimination
they lived through.
Mass Action vs Legislative Action