Possible heavy-ion experimentsat GSI/FAIR and at J-PARC

Outline:The future FAIR in DarmstadtHeavy-ion collisions at FAIR / J-PARC: the physics caseThe Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment at FAIR Feasibility studies and Detector R&D

Peter Senger (GSI)

Nuclear Physics at J-PARC, Tokai, Japan, June 1 – 2, 2007

SIS100/SIS300

CBM

HESR

PANDASuper- FRS

NUSTAR

NESR

CR

GSIAcceleratorFacilities

SIS18

PP

AP

storage and cooler rings

• beams of rare isotopes• e – A Collider• 1011 stored and cooled antiprotons

0.8 - 14.5 GeV

primary beams

• 238U28+: 3∙1011/s at 1.5-2 AGeV• protons: 4x1013/cycle at 30 GeV,

90 GeV max. energy• 238U92+: 2∙109/s at 35 GeV/u

( 45 AGeV for Z=A/2)

secondary beams

• rare isotopes 1.5 - 2 GeV/u; factor 10 000 increased intensity

• antiprotons 3(0) - 30 GeV

The international Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research

accelerator technical challenges

•Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets•high energy electron cooling•dynamical vacuum, beam losses

Accelerator physicshigh intensive heavy ion beamsdynamical vacuumrapidly cycling superconducting magnetshigh energy electron cooling

Research programs at FAIR

Rare isotope beams: nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysicsnuclear structure far off stabilitynucleosynthesis in stars and supernovaeinstable hypernuclei (Take Saito)

Beams of antiprotons: hadron physicsquark-confinement potentialsearch for gluonic matter and hybridsdouble hypernuclei

Nucleus-nucleus collisions: compressed baryonic matter baryonic matter at highest densities (neutron stars) phase transitions and critical endpointin-medium properties of hadrons

Short-pulse heavy ion beams: plasma physicsmatter at high pressure, densities, and temperaturefundamentals of nuclear fusion

Atomic physics, FLAIR, and applied researchhighly charged atomslow energy antiprotonsradiobiology

Compressing and heating nuclear matter in heavy-ion collisions

baryons hadrons partons

Compression + heating = quark-gluon matter(pion production)

Core collapse supernovae, Neutron stars

Early universe

Super-dense matter in nature: neutron star

F. Weber J.Phys. G27 (2001) 465

Strange degrees of freedom ?In-medium properties of hadrons ?Compressibility of nuclear matter?

Deconfinement at high baryon densities ?

The phase diagram of strongly interacting matter

RHIC, LHC: cross over transition, QGP at high T and low ρ

coexistence phase

hadronsQGP

critical point

Low-energy RHIC: search for QCD-CP with bulk observables

Origin of hadron mass?

FAIR: comprehensive research program incl. rare probes

Critical endpoint:Z. Fodor, S. Katz, hep-lat/0402006S. Ejiri et al., hep-lat/0312006crossover at small μB

ε=0.5 GeV/fm3

first order phase transition

baryon density:

ρB ≈ 4 ( mT/2π)3/2 x[exp((μB-m)/T) - exp((-μB-m)/T)]

baryons - antibaryons

FAIR

SIS18

SPS

RHICLHC

Mapping the QCD phase diagram with heavy-ion collisions

lattice QCD

? Recent L QCD calculations:TC = 150 - 190 MeV(reflecting crossover ?)

J-PARC

Baryon and energy density in central cell (Au+Au, b=0 fm):Transport code HSD: mean field, hadrons + resonances + strings

E. Bratkovskaya, W. Cassing

Baryon and energy densities created in heavy-ion collisions at FAIR/J-PARC energies

FAIR: Au at 35 AGeVJ-PARC: Au at 19 AGeV

Energy density

Signatures of QGP in relativistic heavy-ion collisionstransversemomentum

volume

charm, strangeness

antibaryons

elliptic flow

e-by-e fluctuations

high pt hadrons

heavy quarkonia

mass and width of ρ,ω,φ

thermal photonsand dileptons

taken from the book: Quark-Gluon-Plasma:from big bang to little bangbyKohsuke Yagi, Tetsuo Hatsuda, Yasuo Miake (2006)

adapted from an original byShoji Nagamiya

εCεC

seach for discontinuitiesin excitation functionsof various observables !

C. Blume et al. (NA49 at CERN-SPS), nucl-ex/0409008

Discontinuity in strangeness production: signature for phase transition ?

Decrease of baryon-chemicalpotential: transition frombaryon-dominatedto meson-dominatedmatter

?

Low energy run at RHIC: remeasurement of K/π (incl. e-by-e)CBM: Excitation function of multistrange particle productionand propagation (collective flow)

Diagnostic probes

U+U 23 AGeV

Compressed Baryonic Matter:physics topics and observables

Onset of chiral symmetry restoration at high ρBin-medium modifications of hadrons (ρ,ω,φ →e+e-(μ+μ-), D)

Deconfinement phase transition at high ρBexcitation function and flow of strangeness (K, Λ, Σ, Ξ, Ω)excitation function and flow of charm (J/ψ, ψ', D0, D±, Λc)sequential melting of J/ψ and ψ', charmonium suppression

The equation-of-state at high ρBcollective flow of hadronsparticle production at threshold energies (open charm)

QCD critical endpointexcitation function of event-by-event fluctuations (K/π,...)

CBM Physics Book in preparation

SIS18 SIS100/300

Meson production in central Au+Au collisionsW. Cassing, E. Bratkovskaya, A. Sibirtsev, Nucl. Phys. A 691 (2001) 745

(C. Fuchs)

Probing the quark-pluon plasma with charmonium

Dissociation (melting) of J/ψ in the QGP ?Sequential melting of J/ψ and ψ' ?

1 fmC C

measure excitation function of charmonium production !

Quarkonium dissociation temperatures – Digal, Karsch, Satz

Dimuon pairs measured by NA60 (CERN)

5-week-long run in Oct.–Nov. 2003~ 4 × 1012 ions delivered in total

In+In 158 AGeV

no ρ,ω,φ → e+e- (μ+μ-) data between 2 and 40 AGeVno J/ψ → e+e- (μ+μ-) data below 160 AGeV

Experimental challenges

up to 107 Au+Au reactions/sec (beam intensities up to 109 ions/s with 1 % interaction target)

determination of (displaced) vertices with high resolution (≈ 50 μm)

identification of leptons and hadrons

Central Au+Au collision at 25 AGeV:URQMD + GEANT4

160 p 400 π-

400 π+

44 K+

13 K-

Hyperon detection with STS (no p, K, π identification)

Λ Ξ- Ω-

total efficiency 10.6% 2.1% 1.0%

(uds) (dss) (sss)

central Au+Au collisions at 25 AGeV:

Silicon tracker: 2 hybrid pixel (750 µm each), 4 microstrips (400 µm each)Strips with 50 µm pitch and 5o stereo anglefull event reconstruction

τ = 317 μm/c)2 (GeV/cinvm

1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4

)2E

ntri

es /

4 (M

eV/c

0

10000

20000

30000 = 4.4σ2S/B

Eff = 3.25%

Track reconstruction: • realistic magnetic field, • 2 MAPS, 6 micro-strip detectors• proton identification required

Benchmark for MVD and STS performance: D mesons from Au+Au collisions at 25 AGeV

D production cross sections from HSD25 AGeV Au+Au from UrQMDcentral collisions

τ = 123 μm/c

D0K-

π+

D meson production in pp and pN collisions

D0

Experiments on charm productionin pp and pA at J-PARC !?

Electron identification with RICH and TRD

Che

renk

ovrin

g ra

dius

(cm

)RICH

TRD

2 ( GeV/cinvm2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4

pai

rs /

-210

-110

1

10

210

310

Simulation of ρ, ω, φ, J/ψ → e+e-

• track reconstruction in STS and TRD• electron identification with RICH and TRD

central Au+Au collisions at 25AGeV (target 25 μm)

J/ψ

ψ'φ

ω

ρ

η-Dalitz

π-Dalitz

The CBM muon option

Muon detection system:5 hadron absorber layers (Fe) and 15 tracking chambers

Simulation of ρ, ω, φ, J/ψ, ψ' → μ+ μ-

• central collisions Au+Au 25 AGeV• full track reconstruction• realistic layout of Silicon Trackerand Muon Chambers

μ-

μ+

μ-

μ+

ω

φρ

ηη-Dalitz

J/ψψ'

Experimental requirements and ongoing R&DTransition Radiation Detector:• e/π discrimination of > 100 (p > 1 GeV/c)• High rate capability up to 100 kHz/cm2

• Position resolution of about 200 μm• Large area (≈ 450 - 650 m2, 9 – 12 layers)

Resistive Plate Chamber (ToF-RPC): • Time resolution ≤ 80 ps• High rate capability up to 25 kHz/cm2

• Efficiency > 95 %• Area 100 m2

Electromagnetic Calorimeter:• energy resolution of 5%/√E(GeV) • high rate capability up to 15 kHz• e/π discrimination of 50-200• Area 100 m2

FEE and DAQ:self triggered digitization, dead time free(prototype chip CBM-NXYTER under test)

Silicon Pixel (Vertex) Detector: • low materal budget: d < 100 μm • single hit resolution < 20 μm• radiation tolerance (dose 1013 neq/cm2)• fast read out

Silicon Micro-strip tracker:• 6-8 detector layers• pitch 60 μm, thickness 250 μm• double sided, stereo angle 5o-15o

• Area 2-3 m2

Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector: • e/π discrimination > 100• hadron blind up to about 6 GeV/c• low mass mirrors • fast UV detector

Muon detection system:• fast gas chambers • high granularity

(GEM, Micromegas)

Observables:Penetrating probes: ρ, ω, ϕ, J/ψ → e+e- (μ+μ-)Strangeness: K, Λ, Σ, Ξ, Ω, Open charm: Do, D±, Ds, Λc, global features: collective flow, fluctuations, ..., exotica

The CBM experimental program

Systematic investigations:A+A collisions from 8 to 45 (35) AGeV, Z/A=0.5 (0.4) p+A collisions from 8 to 90 GeVp+p collisions from 8 to 90 GeVBeam energies up to 8 AGeV: HADES

Large integrated luminosity:High beam intensity and duty cycle,Available for several month per year

Detector requirementsLarge geometrical acceptance (azimuthal symmetry !)good hadron and electron identificationexcellent vertex resolutionhigh rate capability of detectors, FEE and DAQ

CBM Collaboration : 46 institutions, ~ 400 MembersCroatia:RBI, ZagrebChina:Wuhan Univ.Hefei Univ.Cyprus:Nikosia Univ. Czech Republic:CAS, RezTechn. Univ. PragueFrance:IReS StrasbourgHungaria:KFKI BudapestEötvös Univ. BudapestIndia:IOP BhubaneswarUniv. ChandigharIIT KharagpurVECC KolkataSAHA KolkataUniv. Varanasi

Romania: NIPNE BucharestRussia:IHEP ProtvinoINR TroitzkITEP MoscowKRI, St. PetersburgKurchatov Inst., MoscowLHE, JINR DubnaLPP, JINR DubnaLIT, JINR DubnaMEPHI MoscowObninsk State Univ.PNPI GatchinaSINP, Moscow State Univ. St. Petersburg Polytec. U.Ukraine:Shevshenko Univ. , Kiev

Korea:Korea Univ. SeoulPusan National Univ.Norway:Univ. BergenGermany: Univ. Heidelberg, Phys. Inst.Univ. HD, Kirchhoff Inst. Univ. FrankfurtUniv. KaiserslauternUniv. Mannheim Univ. MünsterFZ RossendorfGSI DarmstadtPoland:Jag. Univ. KrakowWarsaw Univ.Silesia Univ. KatowiceNucl. Phys. Inst. KrakowPortugal:LIP Coimbra Supported by EU FP6

Japan ?!

Cost of the FAIR project: ~ 1.1 Billion € (25% from foreign partners).

14 FAIR member states (as of May 2007):Austria, China, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece,India, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden

German Federal Government has approved budget over 10 yearsOfficial start of the FAIR project: Dec. 2007First beams planned for 2013 - 2015