Possible Advantages of Cover Crops Interseeded at V5-V6 Corn in SD No-Till Production Systems a. Bich

8/11/2019 Possible Advantages of Cover Crops Interseeded at V5-V6 Corn in SD No-Till Production Systems a. Bich

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Possible Advantages of Cover

Crops Interseeded at V5-V6Corn Growth Stages in South

Dakota No-Till ProductionSystems

A.D.Bich*, C.L. Reese, S.A. Clay, D.E. Clay, T. Kahrel, S. Hansen,

G. Reicks, P.S. Westhoff


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Introduction

Baling of corn residue for livestock feed has become a

common practice in South Dakota (SD).

Increased from 16% (2007)ato near 50% (2010)b

Reduces soil surface residue remaining after harvest

Potentially could increase soil erosion

Reduces organic matter

Reduction in grazing opportunities for livestock

Establishment of cover crops in midseason (corn-post

emergence) and after critical weed free period may:

Provide control of late-emerging weeds Reduce dependency on herbicide applications (post-corn

emergence)

Improve soil surface residue remaining after harvest

Provide a food source for various species (e.g. livestock,

pheasants)


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Research Objectives

Objectives of this research project was to determine if

interseeding cover crops into corn at the V5-V6 corn growth

stages (post-critical weed free period) would:

Provide a suitable environment for cover crop establishment andgrowth

Suppress late-emerging broadleaf and grass weeds

Be neutral (or increase) corn yield

Be present after corn harvest to provide soil surface cover and a

food source for various animals (e.g. livestock and pheasants).


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Research Locations

Andover, SD (AN) (2010 and 2011) Day County, SD

Trail City, SD (TC) (2011)

Corson County, SD

Research Location Farming Practices:

No-tillage farming systems

Wheat-corn rotations

2 Field Positions per Location

Summit

Toeslope


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Andover 2010 and 2011 Research Sites

Google Earth 2012

2010 Research Plots

2011 Research Plots

Summit

Position

Summit

Position

Toeslope

Position

Toeslope

Position


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Trail City 2011 Research Site

Google Earth 2012

Summit

Position

Toeslope

Position


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Research Plot Design

Randomized Split-Split Design

Main Treatment: Cover Crops

A mixture of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), lentil (Lens

culinaris), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

11 lbs. per acre (lentils)

$0.99/lb. ($9.90/ac)

10 lbs. per acre (winter wheat)

$0.23/lb. ($2.30/ac)

6 lbs. per acre (crimson clover)

$1.00/lb. ($6.00/ac)

$18.20/ac (Total Cost)

Subplots: Cover Crop Planting Procedure

Drill (DRL)

Broadcast (BRD)


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Research Plot Design

Plots: 14 rows wide x 90 feet (ft.) long

30 inch row spacing

5 foot buffer at North and South ends of plots

Subplots: 6 rows wide x 90 ft. long

30 inch row spacing

Plots were replicated 4 times

4 blocks per research site

5 ft. Buffer

5 ft. Buffer

5 ft. Buffer5 ft. Buffer5 ft. Buffer

5 ft. Buffer 5 ft. Buffer 5 ft. Buffer

6RowsBroadca

st

6RowsBroadca

st

6RowsDrill

6RowsDrill


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Plot Establishment

Corn Planting (Planted by Farmer)

AND 2010: 4/21/2010 (96 Day)

AND 2011: 5/11/2011 (85-89 Day)

TRL 2011: (Early May)

Cover Crop Planting At V5-V6

AND 2010: 6/22/2010**

AND 2011: 6/28/2011

TRL 2011: 6/30/2011

**Planted at V6 corn growth Stage


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Cover Crop Planting Critical Weed Free Period (CWFP): is the period in the corn growth

cycle which weeds must be controlled to prevent yield losses

(Mahmoodi, S. and Rahimi, A. 2009)

Corn CWFP: 3rdto 8thleaf (34 days after planting (DAP)) (Ontario 2010)

CWFP

Beckingham, C. 2007


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Cover Crop Planting Only leaves with visible collars (Red Circle) are fully developed and

count as a growth stage.

Larson, E. 2011

Andover and Trail City 2011

Interseeding Stage


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Drilled cover crops at Andover, SD 2011

(15 Days After Planting)

Broadcast cover crops at Andover, SD 2011



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Broadcast cover crops at Trail City, SD 2011


Drilled cover crops at Trail City, SD 2011



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Cover Crop and Weed Biomass Harvests

Cover crop and weed biomass harvests were completed at corn

maturity prior to corn grain and stover harvests.

AND 2010: (Mid September)

AND 2011: 8/22/2011

TRL 2011: 9/14/2011

Harvesting Procedure 3 x 1/10thm2per subplot

Samples were separated by:

Cover crop and weeds

Broadleaf and grass

Individually bagged and labeled

Dried at 86F

Weighed and data collected

Analyzed

Broadcast Treatment at Harvest


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Andover 2010: Cover Crop Establishment

Cover Crop

Species

Summit Toeslope

BRD V6 DRL V6 BRD V6 DRL V6

-----lbs. per acre----- -----lbs. per acre-----Crimson C. 107.64 105.42 20.09 35.7

Winter W. 7.81 26.77 0 1.1

Total Biomass 115.45 132.19 20.09 36.8

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

BRD V6 DRL V6 BRD V6 DRL V6

Summit Toeslope

CoverCropBiom

ass(lbs.peracre) Winter W.

Crimson C.


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Andover 2011: Cover Crop Establishment

Cover Crop

Species

Summit Toeslope

BRD DRL BRD DRL-----lbs. per acre----- -----lbs. per acre-----

Winter W. 5.73 43.88 9.04 222.26

Crimson C. 4.41 10.36 1.32 40.57

Total Biomass 10.14 54.24 10.36 262.83

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

BRD DRL BRD DRL

Summit Toeslope

CoverCropBioma

ss(lbs.peracre)

Crimson C.

Winter W.


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Trail City 2011: Cover Crop Establishment

Cover Crop

Species

Summit Toeslope

BRD DRL BRD DRL

-----lbs. per acre----- -----lbs. per acre-----

Crimson C. 1.10 24.04 105.84 273.64

Winter W. 0 13.89 0 13.67

Total Biomass 1.10 37.93 105.84 287.31

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

BRD DRL BRD DRL

Summit Toeslope

CoverCropBiom

ass(lbs.peracre)

Winter W.

Crimson C.


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Cover Crop Establishment Conclusion

Drilling (DRL) resulted in better establishment of cover crops when

compared to broadcast (BRD).

At the AND 2010, AND 2011, and TRL 2011 summit positions, drilled

treatments had a 13, 82, and 97% higher establishment when comparedto the broadcast treatments

At the AND 2010, AND 2011, and TRL 2011 toeslope positions, drilled

treatments had a 45, 96, and 63% higher establishment when compared

to the broadcast treatments


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Cover Crop Establishment Conclusion Cont.

All cover crops were established during the growing season, however,

at harvest, only crimson clover and winter wheat remained.

AND 2010

Crimson clover was the dominant species remaining at the summit and

toeslope field positions at harvest.

AND 2011

Winter wheat was the dominant species remaining at the summit and

toeslope positions at harvest.

TRL 2011

Crimson clover was the dominant species remaining at the summit and

toeslope field positions at harvest.


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Cover Crop Biomass Cont.

Andover 2011: 10/27/2011


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Andover 2010: Cover Crops vs. Grass Weeds

Cover Crop

Application

Summit Toeslope

-----lbs. per acre-----

BRD 142.88 105.83

DRL 106.08 91.13

CONTROL 539.21 157.46P-Value 0.0061 0.0068

Grass weed biomass was reduced by 74% (BRD) and 80% (DRL) at thesummit position.

Grass weed biomass was reduced by 33% (BRD) and 42% (DRL) at the

toeslope position.


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Andover 2011: Cover Crops vs. Grass Weeds

Cover Crop

Application

Summit Toeslope


BRD 60.99 76.95

DRL 44.85 18.65

CONTROL 60.97 77.62P-Value NS 0.059

Cover crops had no significant effect on grass weed biomass at the

summit position.

Grass weed biomass was reduced slightly (BRD) and 76% (DRL) at the

toeslope position.


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Trail City 2011: Cover Crops vs. Grass Weeds

Cover CropApplication

Summit Toeslope


BRD 29.92 3.84

DRL 2.05 11.1

CONTROL 37.02 27.18P-Value 0.12 0.12


summit position.


toeslope position.


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Cover Crops vs. Broadleaf Weeds

Cover crops overall had no significant effect on broadleaf weed biomass

at the Andover 2010, Andover 2011, and Trail City 2011 research

locations

*At the summit, only 1 block of the DRL treatment had broadleaf weeds,

therefore, the presences of broadleaf weeds is not consistent among all the

blocks in the study for the DRL treatment.

Cover Crop

Application

AND 2010

(SUM)

AND 2010

(TOE)

AND 2011

(SUM)

AND 2011

(TOE)

TRL 2011

(SUM)

TRL 2011

(TOE)--------------------lbs. per acre--------------------

BRD 122.8 0 0 0 86.6 237.3

DRL 180.8 4.5 *18.2 0.5 43.9 181.2

CONTROL 8.9 15.6 0 0 46.4 195.6

P-Value NS NS 0.0043 NS NS NS


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Cover Crops vs. Corn Yield

Cover Crop

Application

Andover 2010 Andover 2011 Trail City 2011

Summit Toeslope Summit Toeslope Summit Toeslope

-----bushels/acre----- -----bushels/acre----- -----bushels/acre-----

BRD 203 a 208 a 154 ab 203 ab 79 a 160 a

DRL 198 a 209 a 158 ab 207 ab 73 a 158 a

Control 214 a 198 a 175 a 205 ab 72 a 144 a

Cover crops had no significant effect on corn grain yield at either field positions

at Andover in 2010 and 2011 and Trail City in 2011.

C l i


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Conclusion

Establishment of cover crops at the V5 and V6 stage was successful.

Drilling resulted in better establishment than broadcasting.

Increased soil surface residue and grazing opportunities.

Crimson clover (AND 2010 and TRL 2011) and winter wheat (AND

2011) were the most prolific cover crop species remaining at

harvest.

Provided approximately 20% ground cover (visual estimation).

$8.30 per acre to apply a mixture of crimson clover and winter wheat

Cover crops had no influence on broadleaf weed biomass.

Cover crops reduced grass weed biomass by 59-94% (DRL) and slight

to 86% (BRD).

Cover crops had no influence on yield.

A k l d t


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Acknowledgements Natural Resource Conservation Service

Conservation Innovation Grants

CIG Grant: Agreement Number: 9-148

Roger and Grant Rix (Farmer Cooperation)

Rick Bieber (Farmer Cooperation)

South Dakota Wheat Commision

South Dakota Corn Utilization Council

South Dakota Soybean Research and Promotion Council

South Dakota State University

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station


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ReferencesUSDA-NASS. 2012. Quick Stats: U.S. & All States County Data: Crops (South Dakota).http://www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/PullData_US_CNTY.jsp

USDA-NASS2. 2011. 2010 State Agriculture Overview: South Dakota.http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Ag_Overview/AgOverview_SD.pdf

NASS. 2011. Agricultural Chemical Use Database (South Dakota).http://www.pestmanagement.info/nass/act_dsp_bar.cfm

USDA-NASS3. 2011. U.S. & All States Data: Chemical Usage Field Crops (South Dakota).http://www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/PullData_US.jsp

Janssen, L., N.Klien, G. Taylor, E. Opoku, and M. Holbeck. 2008. Conservation reserve resource programin South Dakota. South Dakota State University Economics Research Report 2008-1.

Mamani-Pati, F., D.E. Clay, C.G. Carlson , S.A. Clay, G. Reicks, and K. Kim. 2010b. Nitrogen rate, landscapeposition, and harvest corn stover impacts on energy gains and carbon budgets of corn grown in SouthDakota. Agronomy Journal. 102:1535-1541

Google Earth. 2012

Larson, E. 2011. How to Determine Growth Stages of Young Corn Sorghum. http://www.mississippi-crops.com/2011/04/21/how-to-determine-growth-stages-of-young-corn-or-sorghum

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Possible Advantages of Cover Crops Interseeded at V5-V6 Corn in SD No-Till Production Systems a. Bich