Possibility to utilize solar heating system in Mongolia

D.CHIMEDDORJ

Chief Engineer

Energy Authority of Mongolia

May 16, 2012

ContentsContentsIntroduction

Background The burning platform

Solar Energy study in MongoliaSolar heating concepts

Soum and Aimag heat demand Heat demand and Generation in UB Solar heating technology Connecting to District heating network Economic overview

Conclusion

Background informationBackground informationMongolia has an extremely harsh winter

climate

Winter temperature range is -10 C to -30 C in the daytime

Temperature drop is -40 C at night.

Long heating season, with a total of eight months from the middle of September to the middle of May.

Background informationBackground informationUlaanbaatar (UB) is the coldest capital city

in the world.The air quality is dangerously bad - UB is

becoming the world’s most polluted city.In UB, annual average particulate matter

concentrations have been recorded at as high as 279.

World Health Organization recommended PM10 level is 20.

UB’s PM10 levels are 14 times higher than the WHO’s recommendation.

Background informationBackground information

The heating demand is continuously increasing.

The heat supply in Mongolia is mainly provided from combined heat and power plants.

The energy source is mainly coal which, despite co-generation, contributes to carbon emissions.

The burning platformThe burning platform

From a global perspective the increasing global fuel prices, local environment (air pollution), limitation of fuel reserves and extensive amount of available solar resources, creates a burning platform for solar heating in district heating systems around the world.

The burning platformThe burning platform

In northern Europe the solar heating systems are not only an environmental friendly solution, but also cost-efficient compared to other solutions.

Furthermore, systems designed for solar heating has a tendency to be more efficient than traditional district heating systems, as temperature levels has been considered, heat storage tanks and other technical solutions has been utilized.

The burning platformThe burning platformSolar heating solutions have been used

world wide for decades, not to say centuries, but have most often been relatively simple solutions with i.e. a tank on the roof with lack of controlling etc.

However, the technology has been matured over the last decades where large scale solar heating plants have been constructed and connected to existing district heating systems.

The technology is now days robust and can operate in both harsh winter climate and hot summer climate.

Solar Energy study in MongoliaSolar Energy study in Mongolia

The research started since 1961 Insolation of the direct radiation Insolation of the diffuse radiation Insolation of the total radiation Average irradiance in hours per day

Solar Radiation Map of Mongolia Ministry of Education, Culture and Science - in 2010

Solar Radiation Map of MongoliaSolar Radiation Map of Mongolia

Insolation of radiation annually /DNI/

№ Regions \by color\ Potential \ kWh/m2\

1 800-930

2 930-1060

3 1060-1190

4 1190-1320

5 1320-1450

6 1450-1580

7 1580-1710

8 1710-1840

9 1840-1970

10 1970-2100

DNIDNIIn Mongolia the annual irradiation is

1350-1850 kWh/m2 and as illustrated in table the annual irradiation in Ulaanbaatar is above 1800 kWh/m2.

Which placements are feasible for Solar Thermal Plant?Which placements are feasible for Solar Thermal Plant?

Excellent(>2200 kWh/m2 ・

a)

Good(>2000 kWh/m2 ・ a)

Acceptable (>1800 kWh/m2 ・

a)

Low(<1600 kWh/m2 ・ a)

Classification of regions by the Annual Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI)

Example: DNI in China?Example: DNI in China?

Large zones with more than 2400 – 2600 kwh/m2/year !!!

Solar heating conceptSolar heating concept

Soum and Aimag heat demandHeat demand and Generation in UBSolar heating technologyConnecting to District heating network

№ Aimags Heating demand, Gcal/hHot water

demand, Gcal/h

Total Demand

Gcal/h MW/h

1 Dundgobi 9.25   9.25 7.96

2 Dornogobi 13.4   13.4 11.52

3 GobiSumber 5.6   5.6 4.82

4 Bulgan 9.7   9.7 8.34

5 Huvsgul 15.9   15.9 13.67

6 Sukhbaatar 11.6   11.6 9.98

7 Khentii 10.94   10.94 9.41

8 Bayankhongor 13.41   13.41 11.53

9 Uvurkhangai 3.04   3.04 2.61

10 Arkhangai 10.87 2.85 13.72 11.80

11 Uvs 11.4 0.6 12 10.32

12 Khovd 11.3 0.6 11.9 10.23

13 Gobi-Altai 14.7   14.7 12.64

14 Zavkhan 13.86 0.17 14.03 12.07

15 Selenge 28.5 0.17 28.67 24.66

16 Tuv 18.68    18.68 16,06

17 Bayan-Ulgii 15.8   15.8 13.59

 Total 217,95 4.39 222.34 191.21

TPP-2 TPP-3 TPP-4 Total

Power performance

Gcal/h 57 485 1045 1585

Connected consumption

Gcal/h52 485 960 1495

Difference 5 0 85 90

Solar heating technologies

There are four main technologies within solar thermal technologies:

Central Receiver Tower Plant Parabolic solar unit Evacuated tubes Flat plate collectors

Central Receiver Tower PlantCentral Receiver Tower Plant

Concentrates solar radiation on a point receiver at the top of a tower

Enables operation at high temperature level and provides heat storage capabilities

Has high net solar to electrical efficiency and is a commercially proven technology

Solar Thermal Plant with Central ReceiverSolar Thermal Plant with Central Receiver

Receiver

Helioltats

Central Receiver

Tower

Heliostat reflectors

Power Conversion

System

Energy Conversion system

Parabolic solar unitParabolic solar unit

A trough-shaped parabolic reflector is used to concentrate sunlight on an insulated tube (Dewar tube) or heat pipe, placed at the focal point, containing coolant which transfers heat from the collectors to the boilers in the power station.

Temperature range: 0-400°C

Parabolic solar unitParabolic solar unit

Evacuated tubesEvacuated tubes

Evacuated heat pipe tubes are composed of multiple evacuated glass tubes each containing an absorber plate fused to a heat pipe.

The heat from the hot end of the heat pipes is transferred to the transfer fluid of a domestic hot water or hydronic space heating system in a heat exchanger called a “manifold”. Temperature range: 0-150°C

Evacuated tubes Evacuated tubes

Flat plate collectorsFlat plate collectors

The solar energy is transformed into heat by the absorber which is located in the inside of the solar collector. It absorbs the solar heat and transmits it to a frost-resisting liquid which circulates in a system of pipes.

The heated liquid is lead to a warm water tank, store tank or a separate heat exchanger. Temperature range: 0-120°C

Flat plate collectors Flat plate collectors

Connection to District Heating network

District Heating networks in Mongolia, are most often divided into primary and secondary networks.

The primary network can be seen as a transmission network where substations equipped with heat exchangers are separating the primary and the secondary network.

The secondary networks are distributing heat to a number of dwellings.

Connection to District Heating network Connection to District Heating network

The temperature levels on the primary network are often 130/70, sometimes up to 150/80.

The temperature levels on the secondary networks are typically in the range of 95/70.

Connection to District Heating network Connection to District Heating network

There are several ways to connect solar heating units to a district heating network.

Most common way is solar heating units in combination with heat storage tank connected to the secondary network thru a heat exchanger. The hot water from the solar heating units is mixed with the supply water from the substation (when necessary). The storage tank can be used to level the variations in heat demand and solar heat resources for optimal utilization of the resources.

Connection diagram Connection diagram

Secondary network installation with heat storage tank

Main scheme Main scheme

Operating process

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Cost estimation Cost estimation The cost for Turn-key solar heating

equipment/plant is estimated to 500-800 USD/m2.

For a typical soum center heating area of 10'000m2 with 1Gcal/h peak demand and assuming that 25% of the heat comes from solar panels, the cost would be 0.25-0.42 million USD.

Conclusion Conclusion Use Solar Thermal Energy:

• for heating system of the Aimag centers• for central heating system of the Soums’

centers• for heating system of Ulaanbaatar’s districts• Infrastructure development by Government

• Using investment opportunities as a cooperation between government and private sector

Recommendation Recommendation Solar heating system ◦Provide FS for Solar heating system of

Soum and aimag center. ◦Provide FS for Solar Heating system in

UB Ger area and/or Support UB district heating network

FS for Solar Thermal PP in grid connection

Implement Pilot project