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Presentation @ World Congress of International Positive Psychology Association June 2013
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RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2012
www.PosterPresentations.com
• Advances in technology have enabled curious individuals to easily collect, analyze, and interpret quantifiable data on their everyday experiences. These individuals then use this data to make positive changes in their lifestyles. This self-tracking movement is known as the “Quantified Self,” and embraces the idea of self-knowledge through numbers.
• Using data collected by survey, it was discovered that active participants of the Quantified Self movement demonstrated higher levels of personal growth initiative, curiosity, meaning in life, general self-efficacy, creative self-efficacy, reflection, and subjective happiness than the comparison group. Curiosity, creative self-efficacy, and gender predict active participation in Quantified Self.
• Using content analysis from archival and open-ended survey items, the motivation behind self-experimentation and what these self-quantifiers are tracking was learned.
Abstract & Overview
1. They have a specific goal.2. They are curious. 3. They believe personal data is an
investment that will pay off in the future.
(Wolf, 2010)
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QS Non-QS
PGIS* CEI-II***
MLQ-Presence***
MLQ-Search*
SHS*** Creative Self-Efficacy***
Self-Efficacy**
Reflection**
* p < .05** p < .01*** p < .001
Figure 2: Individual Differences: QS vs Non-QS
• Long-term self-experimentation (SE) as a method for generating ideas and solving ambiguous problems (Roberts, 2004), enhancing memory, improving critical thinking, and making more informed decisions. (Cowley, Lindgren, & Langdon, 2006), and examining effects of treatments and interventions (Weisse, 2012).
• In business, quantitative data is often the gold standard of truth and the basis for organizational initiatives. Why not so when it comes down to the individual?
• Quantified Self (QS): “Self-Knowledge Through
Self-Experimentation
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131.
Preskill, H., & Torres, R. T. (2000). The learning dimension of evaluation use. New Directions for Evaluation. 88, 25-38.
Roberts, S. (2004). Self-experimentation as a source of new ideas: Examples about sleep,mood, health, and weight. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27, 227-288.
Weisse, A. B. (2012). Self-experimentation and its role in medical research. Texas Heart Institute Journal, 39(1), 51-54.
Wolf, G. (2010, April 28). The data driven life. The New York Times.
The Quantified Self: “Self-Knowledge Through Numbers”
Why People Engage in QS and Self-Tracking
Potential Benefits of SE & QSParticipants & Procedure: A sample of active participants in the Quantified Self (N = 74, 19 women, 55 men, Mage = 38.70 years, age range: 21-68) and a comparison group of non-participants (N = 138, 70 women, 68 men, Mage = 38.72 years, age range: 18-71) were recruited to take an online survey.Measures: • Personal Growth Initiative Scale (PGIS; Robitschek,
1999) (α = .90)
• Curiosity and Exploration Inventory (CEI-II; Kashdan et al. 2004) (α = .92)
• Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI –knowledge of cognition dimension; Schraw & Dennison, 1994) (α = .82)
• Self-Regulation of Learning Self-Report Scale (planning (α = .92), self-monitoring (α = .83) , self-evaluation (α = .92) , reflection (α = .83), self-efficacy (α = .83) ; Toering et al., 2012)
• Creative Self-Efficacy (Beghetto, 2006) (α = .86)
• Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ, Steger et al., 2006) (α = .92, .94)
• Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS, Lyubormirsky ,et al. 2005) (α = .92)
Where is QS?
Possible Explanations
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Who is Likely to Engage in the SE Process Long-Term?
• Curiosity (p < .001, Wald = 11.83, B =1.09) and creative self-efficacy (p = .034, Wald = 2.811, B = .610) predicted active participation in the Quantified Self above and beyond age, gender, education level, and mobile phone type.
• The odds of a male being active in QS is 2.32 times greater than for a female.
• Curiosity, creative self-efficacy, and gender predict active participation in Quantified Self.
1. Personal Development as a never-ending, meaningful pursuit.
2. 40% of variance in happiness from deliberate activity (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005)
3.Process Use (Patton, 1997) – individual changes in thinking and behavior that happen as a result of the learning that occurs during the SE process.
4. Upward spirals of Transformative Learning (Preskill & Torres, 2000)
How is What Quantified SelfersAre Tracking Different from non-QS?
Self-Experimentation and the Quantified Self: New Avenues for Positive Psychology Research and Application Jeff Fajans
• Variety- • QS keep track of more things• 6.77 (QS) vs 1.40 (nonQS)
(p < .001, t = -4.804)
• E.g. Mood/Emotion; Learning & Cognition; Meditation; Sex; Technology Usage
• Depth/Intricacy• Health- Not just weight or calories
consumed - but heart rate variability, daily steps taken, amount of deep and REM sleep, bowel movements
• Complexity• QS have elaborate and integrated
self-tracking systems that track complex behavior and mechanisms (e.g. geolocation and fitness; Relationships between meditation and stress, mood)
• Experimental and correlational in nature, not just descriptive
References
ContactJeff Fajans – [email protected] , 214-766-
3908
What’s Next?
• Quantified Coaching (Fajans & Spurlin, 2013)
• Self-Experimentation Capacity Building• Leader and Employee Development
Applications
