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8/13/2019 Positive Pschology of Hope and Compassion
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COMPASSION
The English words compassion (from Latin) or empathy and sympathy (from Greek) denote fellow
feeling, affinity for, and sorrow for the sufferings of another. The word compassion is defined in various
but similar ways as: (a) a feeling of sorrow or pity for the pain or misfortunes of another that inclines
one to help; (b) feeling deep sympathy for anothers suffering or misfortune accompanied by a desire toalleviate the pain and remove its cause; (c) the feeling of emotion when one is moved by the suffering of
another and by the need to relieve it, and (d) sympathetic consciousness of anothers distress with a
desire to alleviate it.
The definition has two components:first, feeling for or with, a feeling of closeness to others (to feel
compassion), coupled with a desire to help, a sense of responsibility for anothers welfare (to show
compassion).
There is a feeling component to compassion and a showing component. We need to keep these in
balance. On the feeling continuum, if we only have a feeling of distress with anothers pain, then there is
the capacity for trauma simply to spread with vicarious effects and other consequences. However, if we
are so detached, self-protected, and disconnected, then we have a diminished capacity to understand
and intervene. On the showing continuum, if we just show un-discerned action, then there is the
possibility of ineffectiveness, of compounding problems, and issues for rescuers such as whose
distress is being relieved? However, if we are not practically engaged and merely have a vague hope that
someone should intervene without taking any effective meaningful action, then this can lead to further
impotence and victimization for the person.
A definition:
Compassion is a painful emotion occasioned by the awareness of another personsundeserved misfortune (Nussbaum, 2001).
Notable themes:
Compassion is an emotion. Compassion is an individual or interpersonal phenomenon
A broadened conceptualization of individual compassion
FeelingCompassion is a way of experiencing emotions (e.g., Blum, 1980; Solomon,1998).
ActionCompassion is evident in the ways people respond to anothers suffering (e.g.,Frost, Dutton, Worline, & Wilson, 2000; Reich 1989).
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ContextThe nature and expression of compassion are shaped by social contexts (e.g.,Nussbaum, 2001; Wuthnow, 1991).
Compassion is a multidimensional emotional construct expressed through action within a social context.
Components of Compassion
Attributes Self Compassion Compassion to others Compassion from
others
1. Sensitivity I notice when I am
distressed
I would notice that the
person was distressed
The person noticed
when I was distressed
2. Sympathy I have a sense of
wishing to help myself
when I am distressed
I would feel moved to
help the person
I felt that the person
was genuinely moved
and wished to care for
me.
3. Non-judgmental I accept, rather than
judge myself, when I
am distressed.
I would accept the
person in their distress
The person accepted
rather than judged me.
4. Empathy I am able to makes
sense of my feelings
The persons feelings
would make sense to
me
I felt that the person
understood my feelings.
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5. Distress Tolerance I am able to tolerate
my distress.
I would be able to
tolerate being with the
person
The person was able to
tolerate my distress.
6. Well-being I actively invest in myown well-being
The persons well-being would be
important to me.
The person was clearlyconcerned about my
well-being.
Ref: Professor Paul Gilbert, The Compassionate Mind.
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HOPE
Snyder, Irving & Anderson (1991, as cited in Snyder, 2000, p.8) define hope as a positive motivational
state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful (a) agency (goal-directed energy) and
(b) pathways (planning to meet goals) .
Hope theory can be subdivided into four categories: goals, pathway thoughts, agency thoughts and
barriers. Goals that are valuable and uncertain are described by Snyder (1994, as cited in Snyder, 2000,
p.9) as the anchors of hope theory as they provide direction and an endpoint for hopeful thinking.
Pathway thoughts refer to the routes we take to achieve our desired goals and the individuals perceived
ability to produce these routes (Snyder, 2000). Agency thoughts refer to the motivation we have to
undertake the routes towards our goals. Barriers block the attainment of our goals and in the event of a
barrier we can either give up or we can use our pathway thoughts to create new routes.
Goal attainment has been found to be associated with positive emotions (Snyder et al, 1996), whereas
goal blockages are related to negative emotions (Diener, 1984); however this is not always the case.
High hope individuals do not react in the same way to barriers as low hope individuals, instead they view
barriers as challenges to overcome and use their pathway thoughts to plan an alternative route to their
goals (Snyder, 1994 as cited in Snyder, 2000 p. 10). High hope has been found to correlate with a
number of beneficial constructs including, academic achievement (Snyder et al, 2002) and lower levels
of depression (Snyder et al, 1997). Meanwhile low hope is associated with negative outcomes including
a reduction in well-being (Diener, 1984).
In studies, hope has been linked to higher academic and athletic performance, better adjustment, and
better coping with health issues:
Performance - Hope is linked to higher standardized achievement test scores but not to scores on
intelligence tests. Higher hope and higher GPA are positively correlated. According to Curry (as cited in
Snyder, 2000), higher hope and increased athletic performance are positively correlated.
Adjustment - The level of hope people have is related to their perceptions about themselves and their
goals. People with higher levels of hope remember more positive comments and events about
themselves, whereas people with lower levels remember more negative comments and events. People
with higher levels of hope feel challenged by goals, whereas people with lower levels feel demoralized
by goals. People with higher levels of hope have higher feelings of self-worth.
Health - Higher levels of hope are correlated with better coping skills and higher levels of pain tolerance.
For spinal cord injury patients and adolescent burn survivors, those with higher levels of hope showed
better coping with the problem, less depression, fewer harmful-to-recovery behaviors, and interacted
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better with caregivers. Using a cold-pressor test, Snyder and Brown (in Snyder, 2000) found that higher
hope correlated positively with less perceived pain and greater endurance for pain. For cancer patients,
higher hope was related to greater knowledge and better coping with the disease.