POSITION PAPER 2018/2019 CROP · 416 01 245 275.5* SMALL < 300 MEDIUM 300 - 330 MEDIUM-LARGE 330 - 360 LARGE > 360 Orange production The orange season lasts for a long period,

CITRICULTUREYearbook

CROP 2018/20191

ORANGE JUICE VALUE CHAINPOSITION PAPER

Brazilian

2018/2019 CROP

CreditsCitrusBR – Brazilian Association of Citrus Exporters

Executive-director: Ibiapaba [email protected]

International Relations Manager: Tatiana [email protected]

Editorial Coordination: Viviane [email protected]

Research and Support: Alexandre [email protected]

Financial and Administrative Coordination: Célia [email protected]

Administrative Assistant: Alex Paixã[email protected]

Project Analyst: Carolina [email protected]

Graphic Project: Milton Toller [email protected]

Photos: Lau Polinésio, Murilo Constantino

Translation: Leonardo [email protected]

CitrusBRRua Joaquim Floriano, 820/834 – 19.Itaim Bibi – São Paulo/SPCep: 04534-003Tel. +55 (11) [email protected]

www.citrusbr.com

facebook.com/citrusbr


CROP 2018/20193

YEARSANOS

1st EditionSão Paulo

Brazilian Association of Citrus Exporters - CitrusBR

BrazilianORANGE JUICE

VALUE CHAINPOSITION PAPER

2018/2019 CROP

Summary

Foreword 6

The importance of citriculture in Brazil

Bringing development to the countryside 08 Orange juice production 11 Orange juice exports 12

How citriculture contributes to social development Orange cultivation generates jobs, income and opportunities to thousands of people 16 The importance of citriculture to Brazil 20

The environment and the orange juice value chain Decreased water and pesticide use 26 Conscious water use in citriculture 30

Health benefits of orange juice Scientific studies point to the health benefits of drinking orange juice 32


CROP 2018/20195

CITRICULTUREYearbookCROP 2018/2019

6

Ten years of evolution and transparency

CitrusBR was born ten years ago. An audacious project that brought with it the firm proposal to establish a new institutional relationship with the citrus chain and society. The idea was quite simple, but powerful, and

consisted of the purpose of supplying qualified information to the market to facilitate

economic comprehension in a complex sector filled with specificities that are not found

in other value chains.

The citrus sector is the biggest exporter of liquids in Brazilian agribusiness, with 95% of production destined to external markets, mainly to Europe and United States.

Through this decade significant results have been achieved: we published many pieces

of research that literally delve into the juice market in all its dimensions. We count on

partnerships and support from renowned professionals.

We also cannot forget to mention that we witnessed the start of the Crop Estimation Project (PES), from Fundecictrus, which brought the biggest database and the most information about the citrus area to public awareness, besides a sophisticated crop estimation system, with the participation of industry and fruit growers.

We implemented the first fruit juice consumption promotion campaign, which, in

partnership with the European Fruit Juice Association (AIJN), brings information about

the benefits of our product to health professionals in 14 countries in Europe. This has

helped regain the reputation of this important beverage that has been suffering attacks

in recent years, based on false facts and fantasy.

Foreword


CROP 2018/20197

Thus we can affirm that CitrusBR fomented two of the most important projects for

the citrus sector in this decade: kicking off PES to evolve the productive sector in

partnership with rural producers, as well as the Fruit Juice Matters campaign in defense

of the demand for orange juice.

I must also mention CitrusBR’s manager during its first four years, Professor Christian

Lohbauer, who presided over this association and consolidated its initial work.

Enjoy the reading,

Ibiapaba NettoExecutive-director CitrusBR


8

THE IMPORTANCE OF CITRUCULTURE IN THE CITRUS SECTORThe activity brings development to the countryside.

We produce throughout almost the entire year…

Orange juice production in Brasil, besides bringing us a delicious and healthy beverage, also produces important numbers for the economy:

The area, despite seeming enormous, represents only...

34% of globalorange production

8.20% of area occupied by sugar cane in SP

1.4%of area occupied by soy in Brazil

61% of globalorange juice production

395,764hectares divided in....

12 regionsthat reach...

350 municipalities in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais

3 out of 5 cups of orange juice

consumed globally were produced in the São

Paulo countryside and in the Minas Triangle

HARVEST PERIOD BY VARIETY AND PRODUCTION PERCENTAGE

May June July August Septeber October November December January February March April

EARLY (hamilin, westin, rubi, pineapple) MID-SEASON (pera) LATE (valência e natal)

23%

22%

55%

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For a production this size, it takes a lot of fruit. The areaof the citrus belt, the largest orange producing region in the world, can be found along:

The Economic Importance of the global orange juice market

75%


CROP 2018/20199

With an estimated production of 388,890,000 boxes, considering each box contains 260 oranges, total production is estimated at 101,111,400,000 fruits, or 15,594,489,000 kilos for the 2019/2020 crops.

All this fruit is divided into diverse varieties that supply juice to Brazil and the world:

This crop will produce a lot of fruit. It will be almost 390 million orange boxes

HamlinWestin Rubi

Valência

Americana Seleta

Pineapple

Pera Rio

Valência

Valência

Folha Murcha Natal

8%1% 4%

8%0%1.7%

38%

23%

4%11%

1988

/89

1989

/90

1990

/91

1991

/92

1992

/93

1993

/94

1994

/95

1995

/96

1996

/97

1997

/98

1998

/99

1999

/00

2000

/01

2001

/02

2002

/03

2003

/04

2004

/05

2005

/06

2006

/07

2007

/08

2008

/09

2009

/10

2010

/11

2011/

1220

12/13

2013/

1420

14/1

520

15/1

620

16/1

720

17/18

2018

/19

2019

/20

214

247256

273 279268

290

245

286

311 318

302

307303

314304

309301

356338

311

344

323 321

358 351

371

428 436

367378

362

416

387398

10 31

4 13

9 28

9 28

388,89Large>360

Medium large330 - 360

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10

1 Orange Crop Forecast (PES) – Available at https://www.fundecitrus.com.br/pes • 2 Secretariat of Agriculture and Food Supply of the State of São Paulo – Insti-tute of Agricultural Economics (IEA) – Available at http://ciagri.iea.sp.gov.br/nia1/vp.aspx?cod_sis=15 • 3 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) – Available at https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/9180-pesquisa-mensal-de-emprego.html?=&-t=series-historicas • 4 Gain Report - USDA Foreign Agricultural Service https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/citrus-world-markets-and-trade • 5 Neves, Marcos Fava. O Retrato da Citricultura (The Portrait of the Brazilian Citriculture), 2010 – Available at http://citrusbr.com/analisesetorial/?as=01 • 6 Secretariat of Foreign Trade (Secex) – Available at http://portal.siscomex.gov.br/acl_users/credentials_cookie_auth/require_login?came_from=http%3A//portal.siscomex. gov.br/servicos/estatisticas

The citrus industry in São Paulo and the orange juice processing industry are located in a region called “The Citrus Belt” a 395.7641 hectare

area, covering around 350 municipalities1, mostly located in the State of São Paulo, followed

by Minas Gerais. This area is responsible for 80% of all orange production in Brazil, counting on roughly 173 million productive trees,

according to the Orange Crop Forecast (PES/Fundecitrus).

Despite occupying such a small area,orange and orange juice production show

some impressive numbers.


CROP 2018/201911

ORANGE PRODUCTION(in million boxes per season)

Source: Fundecitrus *prevision

(2018-2019)

In 1,000,000 boxes of 40.8 kg

2003 - 2004

2004 - 2005

2005 - 2006

2006 - 2007

2007 - 2008

2008 - 2009

2009 - 2010

2010 - 2011

2012 - 2013

2013 - 2014

2014 - 2015

2015 - 2016

2016 - 2017

2017 - 2018

2018 - 2019

MILLION BOXES

2011 - 2012

500

400

300

200

100

0

279314

378

304

303268 290

351387 397

309362

416

301

245 275.5*

SMALL< 300

MEDIUM300 - 330

MEDIUM-LARGE330 - 360

LARGE> 360

Orange production

The orange season lasts for a long period, between July to December, with the largest production in the first five months each season, but in some years entering the months of January and February.

The orange crop peak normally takes placebetween the months of September and October,and just like other crops such as coffee, orange production is not

regular every year due to the biennial bearing or productivity differential, a natural phenomenon that causes a positive (larger) and a negative (smaller) crop.

The negative crop citrus occurs due to the need of the plant to recover from the previous crop.

The graph shows the evolution of orange seasons in the Citrus Belt in the last 20 years as well as the biennial phenomenon:


12

2 Secretariat of Agriculture and Food Supply of the State of São Paulo – Institute of Agricultural Economics (IEA) – Available at http://ciagri.iea.sp.gov.br/nia1/vp.aspx?cod_sis=15 • 6 Secretariat of Foreign Trade (Secex) – Available at http://portal.siscomex.gov.br/acl_users/credentials_cookie_auth/require_login?came_from=http%3A//portal.siscomex.gov.br/servicos/estatisticas • 7 CitrusBR (Brazilian Association of Citrus Exporters)

Orange juice exports

In the last five decades, Brazil established itself as the largest exporter of orange juice in the world. Its main markets are countries located in Europe,

followed by the United States, Asia and others.

Brazil exports two main products: frozen concentrated juice (FCOJ) and not from concentrate juice (NFC). The first is

the traditional product whose international trade began in Brazil in the 1960s. The later, had its first shipment more recently,

in the 2000/2001 season.

The difference between the two products is in the volume of water each one contains.

FCOJ is mostly exported at 66 degrees brix, which means that each tonne has 66% of solids.

NFC is exported in its natural dilution and has between 10.5% and 13% of solids per tonne.

The percentage of solids in NFC depends on weather conditions such as temperature and rainfall, and can vary considerably from year to year.


CROP 2018/201913

The graph bellow shows Brazilian orange juice exports and turnover in the last 15 years.

BRAZILIAN ORANGE JUICE EXPORTS

Volume Dollars

Source: Secex/MDIC, Created by: CitrusBR. Valid values for exports via Port of Santos

2002 - 2003

2003 - 2004

2004 - 2005

2005 - 2006

2006 - 2007

2007 - 2008

2008 - 2009

2009 - 2010

2010 - 2011

2011 - 2012

2012 - 2013

2013 - 2014

2014 - 2015

2015 - 2016

2016 - 2017

2017 - 2018

2018 - 2019

In T

hous

and

Tonn

es o

f FC

OJ

66º B

rix E

quiv

alen

t

In M

illio

ns U

S$ F

.O.B

1,15

0

932,

684

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

1,36

1

1,25

9

1,34

2

1,30

0

1,35

7

1,22

4

1,21

0

1,21

5

1,12

7

1,06

6

1,10

6

1,04

6

1,13

7

1,08

0

894

1,6211,744 1,718

2,0421,9312,180

2,2712,026

1,490

1,7561,9261,910

1,1621,073

1,128

1,114

2,107

��

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932,684 ��

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1 Orange Crop Forecast (PES) – Available at https://www.fundecitrus.com.br/pes • 6 Secretariat of Foreign Trade (Secex) – Available at http://portal.siscomex.gov.br/acl_users/credentials_cookie_auth/require_login?came_from=http%3A//portal.siscomex.gov.br/servicos/estatisticas • 7 CitrusBR (Brazilian Association of Citrus Exporters)

Orange juice is among the main agribusiness goods in Brazil. Brazil is one of the world’s largest exporters of agricultural products, such as soybean, animal proteins, forest products,

sugar, coffee, corn, cotton, among others.

In the State of São Paulo, orange juice is the third most relevant product, after the sugarcane (30%), and meat (12.98%) chains.

The orange juice chain holds 11.96% of the state´s agricultural agenda.


14


CROP 2018/201915

In the 2018/2019 crop, Brazil exported

932.684 tonnesof orange juice and grossed US$ 1,718,398.00. The main destinations were countries

in the European Union, the US,Japan and China.


16

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT GENERATED BY CITRICULTUREOrange cultivation generates jobs and income for thousands of people

Harvesting alone has shown important performancein recent years:

The citrus sector generates income, but mainly, social development

The citrus chain generates:

Crop2015/20162016/20172017/20182018/2019

Millions of boxes300,6245,3 398,3 275,5

Formal jobs hirings55,21145,508 46,43846,741

200,000direct and indirect jobs...

A comparison shows that while citriculture generates

1 job per hectare, sugar cane in turn generates 1 job per 80 hectares!


CROP 2018/201917

Not just a job, a good job:

US$ 189 million contributed by the productive chain

US$ 6,5 billion GDP from the citrus sector200 thousand Jobs

US$ 2 billion in exports per year

With all this movement, the country also wins:

Wage floor220 monthly hours / R$ 1,163.00

(+16% of Brazilian minimum wage, R$ 998,00)

Average payR$ 1,400 to R$ 1,800.00

Average EarningsFood, Equipment

Personal Protection (PPE),Protection for children and pregnant women, life insurance, union support

+60% overtime

vacations (salary + 1/3 of salary)

Maternity leave (4 months)

13th salary

Length-of-Service Guarantee Fund

(FGTS)

25% a 28% of Brazilian orange juice

goes to the US

57% a 60% of Brazilian orange juice

goes to Europe 2.7% a 3,0% of Brazilian orange juice

goes to China

4.6% a 4.9% of Brazilian

orange juice goes to Japan

Other 5% a 5.5% other

countries


18

When an American, European, Asian, or any other consumer in the world drinks a glass of orange juice,

he or she helps generate employment, income and development in hundreds

of cities in the countryside of Brazil, providing opportunities to thousands of

workers who find their source of income and development in citriculture.

7 CitrusBR (Brazilian Association of Citrus Exporters) • 8 Euromonitor • 9 General Register of Employed and Unemployed People (CAGED) – Available at http://www.trabalho.gov.br/trabalhador-caged

A study carried out in 2010 by Mr. Marcos Fava Neves, Professor of the Department of Economics and

Administration of São Paulo University (USP), quantified the orange value chain and showed that around

200 thousand people depend on citriculture, directly or indirectly.

In recent years, however, several new businesses have been incorporated into the

industry.The domestic market for bottled orange juice grows more than 10%8 per year, the country has substantially increased exports of non-processed orange and lime, indicating changes in the structure and qualification of these job openings.

However, with a more pragmatic look, we can see how many jobs citriculture creates annually, based on the data provided by the Federal Government General Register of Employed and Unemployed People (CAGED). This data is updated monthly and shows labor movement in many sectors.

In 2017, citriculture hired more people than any other agribusiness

sector in the state of São Paulo.

There were 51.477 admissions9,

according to the General Registry of the Admitted and Laid-Off Workers (CAGED). In 2018,

hires reached 44.031 admissions9.

What can be observed is that the number of job openings varies little according to the size of the crop, which makes employability

in the crop relatively stable.


CROP 2018/201919

EMPLOYMENT RELATION IN CITRICULTURECAGED - 2018

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCHAPRIL

MAYJUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

DECEMBER

Movement Dismissals Admissions

7 CitrusBR (Brazilian Association of Citrus Exporters) • 8 Euromonitor • 9 General Register of Employed and Unemployed People (CAGED) – Available at http://www.trabalho.gov.br/trabalhador-caged

The graph shows the movement curve (hiring and firing) over the harvest period.

A 60% difference in crop size from

one year to the next and a 2.05% difference

in job hires.The small fluctuation between the size

of the crop and the number of people hired can be explained by the fact that when there

is a harvest with a smaller yield, although there is less fruit per tree, the number of trees

remains the same.

As can be seen in the figure above, the changes follow the pace of the season, which begins in June each year. As of May, we can see an increase in hiring, which

continues over the following months. On the other hand, between the months of January, February and March, the curve dismissing employees increases, due to the absence of

harvest in the off-season months.


20

ORANGE PRODUCTION HISTORY - SEASON x EMPLOYMENT(in millions/boxes per season)

Fonte: Fundecitrus

(2018-2019)

In 1.000.000 40.8 kg boxes

2003 - 2004

2004 - 2005

2005 - 2006

2006 - 2007

2007 - 2008

2008 - 2009

2009 - 2010

2010 - 2011

2012 - 2013

2013 - 2014

2014 - 2015

2015 - 2016

2016 - 2017

2017 - 2018

2018 - 2019

MILLION BOXES

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Hired Employees

2011 - 2012

500

400

300

200

100

0

279314

378

304

303268 290

351387 398.3

309362

416

300.6

245.3284.8

SMALL< 300

MEDIUM300 - 330

MEDIUM-LARGE330 - 360

LARGE> 360

55,2

11

45,5

08

46,4

38

18,4

58

46,4

71

398.3

300.6

245.3284.8

275.5275.5

* Os dados de produção para a safra 2018/2019 é referente a 3ª reestimativa (Fundecitrus). Total de enceramento estará disponível somente em junho/19 * Os dados de encerramento total para admitidos referente a safra 2018/2019 estará disponível somente em junho/19* julho a abril

1 Orange Crop Forecast (PES) – Available at https://www.fundecitrus.com.br/pes • 3 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) – Available at https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/9180-pesquisa-mensal-de-emprego.html?=&t=series-historicas

The importance of citriculture in BrazilMost formal jobs generated by

Brazilian citrus activity are concentrated in the Citrus Belt region.

In the 2018/2019 crop, in the city of Mogi-Guaçu alone, , the number of formal admissions was

3050, followed by the municipality of Commander Gomes, located in the

Minas Triangle, with 3039 hires, and by Bebedouro (SP), with 2868 jobs.


CROP 2018/20192110 Pastore, Jos.. Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 2018

More than filling jobs, it is important to emphasize the

quality of these jobs in relation to

other activities and the protections offered. Although there is no consolidated data on the wage bill, according to

information from the Taquaritinga Rural Union, one of the state’sproducing regions, the wage floor, as a monthly

guarantee for working 220 hours per month,is R$ 1.163,00, approximately 16% above the Brazilian minimum wage,

which is $ 998.00.

At this floor, there are extra gains,that can make the total income

of a worker around R$ 1.400,00 and R$ 1.800,00, values between 40% and 80% above the legal floor. Other benefits, such as food allowance,

breakfast, support for children with disabilities and pregnant women, 60% overtime pay, life insurance and union support are common.


22

In the 2018/2019 crop, the citrus sector hired 44,031 formal workers for orange harvesting,with salaries ranging between R$ 1,163 and R$ 1,800.00


CROP 2018/201923


24

THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE ORANGE JUICE VALUE CHAINDecreased water and pesticide use has been possible thanks to private research.

In recent years, the use of water and active ingredients has been reduced by up to 70%, according to research by the Citrus Defense Fund (Fundecitrus):

Orange production in Brazil generates income, social development and environmental preservation:

2500 liters/hectare of water and active ingredients was theaverage use in orange groves (until 2008, the equation used for spraying in orchards was based on liters per hectare)

As of 2009, producers started to spray trees using the milliliter equation per cubic meter of crown (ml / m³). This led to a reduction of up to 70% water use and active ingredients

With the replacement of the pivot irrigation system in orange orchards by drip systems,

There was a reduction in water use:4 to 7.5 thousand liters/hectare • pivot irrigation

3 to 4.5 m²/day • drip irrigation

• Irrigated area:119,268 hectares(30.41% of the total area)

• Non-irrigated area:276,496 hectares

(69.86% of the total area)


CROP 2018/201925

Challenger is the first biological insecticide in the world, developed by Brazilian researchers, for controlling the psyllid insect ...

Soil handling, technology and research also optimized use of soil ...

In the 1990s the maximum density in orchards was 330 trees per hectare

• There are orchards with657trees per hectare

• Current average density is493 trees per hectare

The sector has made significant advances...

The processed kaolin is a psyllid repellent that leaves no residue in the crop

28,870 biological traps of pheromones were scattered across 1145 points in the Citrus Belt to capture insects and other pests

3,000,000 tamarixia radiata wasps (natural enemy of the psyllid) are produced in laboratories and


26

Get to know some of Fundecitrus’ main research:

Development of the first biological insecticide to control Psyllid Diaphorina Citri, an insect that causes Citrus Greening;

Development of the biological product, Psyllid Diaphorina Citri repellent;

Identification and isolation research of pheromone molecules (D.Citri) that attract the male Psyllid Diaphorina Citri to biological traps;

Laboratory to create the insect Tamarixia radiata, natural enemies of Psyllid Diaphorina Citri,. At the site, about 100,000 wasps are produced per month, which are later released in isolated groves contaminated by Citrus Greening, urban areas with untreated citrus trees and on rural properties with untreated trees;

The proper (or reduced) use of agrochemicals in agriculture is a global goal and in citrus farming it is no different. The high costs of active ingredients coupled with authorities´demand for safer food

for consumers made orange production a special case.

In the city of Araraquara, 250 kilometers from the city of São Paulo, is the Citrus Defense Fund (Fundecitrus), a research institute that has been developing sustainable technologies to fight pests and diseases in orange groves for the past 40 years.

Fundecitrus is an institute financed by orange growers and orange juice processing companies,

whose contributions total an annual budget of R$ 23 million, equivalent to 5.3 million Euros.


CROP 2018/201927

1 Orange Crop Forecast (PES) – Available at https://www.fundecitrus.com.br/pes • 2 Secretariat of Agriculture and Food Supply of the State of São Paulo – Insti-tute of Agricultural Economics (IEA) – Available at http://ciagri.iea.sp.gov.br/nia1/vp.aspx?cod_sis=15 • 3 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) – Available at https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/trabalho/9180-pesquisa-mensal-de-emprego.html?=&-t=series-historicas • 4 Gain Report - USDA Foreign Agricultural Service https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/citrus-world-markets-and-trade • 5 Neves, Marcos Fava. O Retrato da Citricultura (The Portrait of the Brazilian Citriculture), 2010 – Available at http://citrusbr.com/analisesetorial/?as=01 • 6 Secretariat of Foreign Trade (Secex) – Available at http://portal.siscomex.gov.br/acl_users/credentials_cookie_auth/require_login?came_from=http%3A//portal.siscomex. gov.br/servicos/estatisticas • 7 CitrusBR (Brazilian Association of Citrus Exporters) • 8 Euromonitor • 9 General Register of Employed and Unemployed People (CAGED) – Available at http://www.trabalho. gov.br/trabalhador-caged • 10 Pastore, José. University of São Paulo (USP), 2018 • 11 Citrus Defense Fund (Fundecitrus) – Available at https://www.fundecitrus.com.br/ • 12 Google Scholar – Avai-lable at https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tOwkchYAAAAJ&hl=en

* The Phytosanitary Alert System informs about the population of Psyllid Diaphorina Citri in the region and “convenes” citrus growers for a joint spray in around 217 orange producing municipalities.

Digital alert technologies(smartphone applications):

* The Siceg (Citrus Greening External Control System) regionally manages external actions (campaigns, awareness-raising, distribution of information, visits to schools and public agencies and visits to rural properties) in the producing region to fight Citrus Greening with the replacement of citrus trees infected by seedlings of other fruit varieties. The replacement rate of infected trees in the Agricultural Belt region is 91.6%. 270 thousand infected orange and lemon trees were replaced by other fruit trees in two years.

* Spif (Fundecitrus’ Integrated Spraying System) provides information on the amount of water and active ingredients (product volume), based on the calculation of crown volume (mL/m³) for each pest or disease that the citrus grower wants to fight;


28


CROP 2018/201929

The use of technologies allowed

the citrus sector to use biological products,

reduce spending on water and

introduce natural enemies into orchards

to fight Greening


30

• 11 Citrus Defense Fund (Fundecitrus) – Available at https://www.fundecitrus.com.br/

Conscious use of water in citricultureIn the 1990s, Brazil had already established itself as the world’s largest supplier of orange juice. At that time, Fundecitrus developed a study that sought to solve an important issue:

to reduce the volume of water.

Today, around 25%1 of the total area uses drip irrigation, a

technology developed in Israel, where rubber ditches are buried near the trees, providing the exact amount

of water each tree needs.

A significant development can be seen in the improvement of available agricultural irrigation technologies. Fifteen years ago, the most widely used

model in citrus-growing properties was the Pivot1, which launched water jets from a distance in the field.


CROP 2018/201931

Sustainability of Brazilian Citriculture

Today

250 to 330trees / hectare

3 to 6thousand

liters of water / hectare

1 to 3thousand

liters of water/ hectare

15tonnes/ hectare

IRRIGATION

DENSITY

VOLUME

PRODUCTIVITY

Orange orchard irrigation was done

with sprinklers

Groves use the dripping irrigation technique, that saves a lot of water and

fertilizers

400 to 660trees / hectareThere are groves

with over 800 trees/ hectare

29tonnes / hectare

in some properties, the productivity can reach 80 tonnes per hectare.

15yearsago

Another important point is the use and occupation of land. In recent years, citriculture has shown some of the highest yields in its history being produced in smaller areas.

Water efficiency depends specifically on each region, climatic conditions and varieties grown, but currently, the average expense is 3 to 4.5 liters of water per square meter per day.

The densification of groves, where more trees are planted per hectare, makes a more rational and efficient use of land, increasing

productivity for the farmer and benefiting nature.

* Citriculture Defense Fund (Fundecitrus)


32

• 12 Google Scholar – Available at https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tOwkchYAAAAJ&hl=en

THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF ORANGE JUICE

In addition to all the economic, social and environmental contributions of the citrus chain, researchers and scientists from many parts of the world are developing studies that show how the consumption of orange juice can benefit human health, especially in the fight against diseases caused by metabolic syndrome, with a set of pathologies - abdominal obesity or increased waist circumference, medicated or non- -medicated hypertension, elevated triglycerides in the blood (above 150 mg/dL), low HDL cholesterol (below 35 mg/dL) and high glycae-mia (above 100 mg/dL) - which increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and Chronic Venous Disease (CVD).

Recent studies conducted with groups of volunteers are disproving the myth that orange juice is fattening, showing how drink consumption, coupled with a balanced diet, gives individuals portions of bioactive components such as vitamin C, folate, calcium, potassium and citrus flavonoids (hesperidin and naringin) that protect vital organs, help bone health and electrolyte balance of blood, as well as reduce blood cholesterol and insulin resistance.

One of the most renowned scientists studying orange juice is the Brazilian

researcher Thaís Cesar Borges12, PhD in Food Sciences and Professor of the College

of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the São Paulo State University (Unesp) of Araraquara (SP).


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Over the course of 12 weeks, volunteers had their weight, waist circumference, body mass index, body composition, lipid profile, glucose profile and inflammatory parameters measured. At

the end of the study, the two groups had similar weight reduction, body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat and waist circumference and improvements in their lipid and glucose profiles. However, the

group that consumed orange juice had a more significant reduction of their total cholesterol (-24%) and

LDL-C levels, as well as an increase in insulin sensitivity by 18%. “In other words, orange juice has contributed to the reduction of

cardiometabolic factors, slowing the advance of chronic diseases, diabetes and coronary heart disease,” she said.

Mrs. Borges elaborated several scientific studies, published in the journal of nutrition science, which show how drinking processed or fresh orange juice, can promote weight loss in obese people, in-

crease insulin resistance (decrease sugar absorption in the body) and prevent metabolic syndrome. “Orange juice, which is a natural beverage with no add-ed sugars and preservatives, is a food matrix, rich in bio-active components that protect the body from diseases associated with obesity” explains the scientist. “bioactive compo-nents in orange juice help vital organs such as the heart, pancreas, liver, and others perform their functionswithout overload”

One of Mrs. Borges’ most relevant studies was carried out with 78

volunteers, divided into two groups. One group was submitted to a hypocaloric diet (control group) and another group (OJ group),

to the same diet, taking in 500 milliliters of orange juice, divided in two daily portions.


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POSITION PAPER 2018/2019 CROP · 416 01 245 275.5* SMALL < 300 MEDIUM 300 - 330 MEDIUM-LARGE 330 - 360 LARGE > 360 Orange production The orange season lasts for a long period,