UNIT PORTFOLIO

Language ARTS

Lucia Ruiz

key10

6th ACCT

INDEX!

1) MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF NECESSITY ................................ 3

a) What are Modals? ................................................................................. 3

b) Same Meanings .................................................................................... 4

c) Strong Necessity ................................................................................... 4

d) Strong Necessity in Negative ................................................................ 5

e) Offering Advices… ................................................................................ 5

f) Giving Warnings!................................................................................... 6

g) Expectations… ...................................................................................... 6

h) Polite Suggestions ................................................................................. 6

2) MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF CERTAINTY ................................ 7

a) Almost certain in the Present!................................................................ 7

b) When you are Less Certain in the Present ............................................ 7

c) Almost certain in the past! ..................................................................... 8

d) When you are Less Certain in the Past ................................................. 8

e) Almost Certain in the Future! ................................................................. 9

f) When you are Less Certain in the Future .............................................. 9

3) ACTIVITIES THROUGH THE UNIT ........................................................... 10

A) Oliver Twist Reading Comprehension (Chapter 13-15) ....................... 10

b) Oliver Twist Readimg Comprehension (Chapter 16-18) ..................... 12

c) Oliver Twist Reading Comprehension (Chapter 19-21) ...................... 13

d) Best Trip Ever Essay .......................................................................... 14

4) FINAL TEST RESULT. .............................................................................. 16

5) PICTIONARY ............................................................................................. 17

6) APPENDIX ................................................................................................. 19

1) Modals to express degrees of

necessity

100% Obligation (Neccesity)

Must, have to, have got to, had

to.

Must not, can’t, are not

allowed to, weren’t allowed to.

Advice

Had better, should, ought to,

should have, ought to have.

Had better not, shouldn’t,

shouldn’t have.

Expectation

Are supposed to, were

supposed to.

Are not supposed to, were not

supposed to.

0% Suggestion / No obligation (No

necessity)

Could, might, could have,

might have.

Don’t have to, didn’t have to.

a) What are modals? They are auxiliary verbs, for example: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will,

would, must, ought to, and had better.

They have ONLY ONE form for all persons, and are used to talk about

obligations, advice, expectations and suggestions.

Simple Modals

Modal + Base Form

Use it to show degrees of necessity in

the PRESENT and FUTURE.

Perfect Modals

Modal + Have + Past Participle

Use it to show degrees of necessity in

the PAST.

We should take that bus now if

we want to see our

grandparents.

You should read that book, it is

really good.

My mom should have danced

his favorite song with me.

Dulce should have brought

more food, we definitively will

need more.

b) Same meanings! Some modal-like expressions have meanings equivalent to or similar to

meanings of modals.

Must Have to, have got to

They must do their chores if they want to get out with friends.

They have to their chores if they want to get out with friends.

They have got to do their chores if they want to get out with friends.

Should Ought to

You should think about it very carefully, it doesn’t sound good to me.

You ought to think about it very carefully, it doesn’t sound good to me.

May Be allowed to

Jennifer may not take that taxi, it is too dangerous.

Jennifer is not allowed to take that taxi, it is too dangerous.

c) Strong necessity MUST

Use it to show a very strong obligation

that can’t be escaped.

You must pass all your classes

if you want to graduate from

school.

Leia must give us our money, if

not, it will be considered as a

robbery.

HAVE TO

Use it in all forms and situations,

formal and informal.

Ana have to draw that beautiful

landscape, it is part of her

grade.

You don’t have to call me at

least it is an emergency.

HAVE GOT TO

Use it in conversations and informal

writing. It is rarely used in negative,

use don’t have to instead.

Charlie have got to go to the

gym this summer break.

You have got to complete your

exam if you want to get the

complete score.

WILL HAVE TO

Use it to show future necessity. She will have to bring her

makeup here for seeing the

prices.

We’ll have to invite them over

when the house is ready.

d) Strong necessity in negative

MUST NOT

Use it to say that it is necessary not to

do something (that is prohibited).

You must not be taken pictures

here.

They must not copy in the test,

that is considered a big fault.

DON’T/DOESN’T HAVE TO

Use it to say something is not

necessary.

He don’t have to take things so

seriously.

She doesn’t have to take

anything to the party, it is all

inclusive.

DIDN’T HAVE TO

Use it to say something was not

necessary.

You didn’t have to play the

guitar there, it is not correct.

My dad didn’t have to buy me a

new car.

e) Offering advices…

SHOULD OR OUGHT TO

Use it to offer advices. They mean “it

would be a good idea if…”

They should get those new

CD’s, they are very nice.

Luis should wake up earlier if

he is trying to be more

punctual.

SHOULD HAVE/ OUGHT TO HAVE

Use it to express advices about past

situations. They suggest that the

action did not happen.

I should have sleep more, now

I am very tired.

They ought not to have

mentioned that.

SHALL

Use it to ask for advice or direction, it

is only used with I or we. When it is

used with we, it is often followed by a

sentence with let’s.

Shall we follow this path? It

seems very lonely.

Shall I get them some new

shoes?

f) Giving warnings!

HAD BETTER

Is like “should” but stronger. Use it to

give a warning that something bad will

happen if advice isn’t followed.

You'd better tell her the truth.

We'd better not miss the start of

his presentation, it is very

interesting.

g) Expectations…

BE SUPPOSED TO

Use it to show an expectation in the

PRESENT or the PAST.

In the past, the affirmative suggest

that the action didn’t happen.

Negative suggests that the action did

happen.

You’re supposed to be doing

your homework now.

Oh! You weren’t supposed to

mention that, it is disrespectful.

h) Polite suggestions!

COULD/ MIGHT

Use it to make polite, not-too-strong

suggestions about the present or

future.

We could go on the trip if I didn't

have to work this weekend.

You could see a movie or go

out to dinner.

COULD HAVE/ MIGHT HAVE

Use it to male polite suggestions about

a past opportunity.

You could have spent your

vacation in Hawaii.

If I had had more time, I could

have traveled around the world.

2) Modals to express degrees of

certainty

Modals and modals-like-expressions are used to express different degrees of

certainty. With these modals, people speculate based on logic and facts.

When we want to state a fact we are absolutely sure of, we DON’T USE

modals.

a) Almost certain in the present!

MUST/ HAVE TO/ HAVE GOT TO

Use it when you are speculating about

the present and are almost certain.

The footprints have got to mean

that we are close to catch him.

Your brother must be at the

gym now.

CAN’T/ COULDN’T

Use it to make a negative speculation. You can't pass the exam if you

continue behaving like that.

That mathematical problem

can’t be right.

MUST NOT

Use it when you are slightly less

certain.

They must not go to the party if

they don’t finish their chores.

That singer must not be

famous.

b) When you ARE less certain in the present!

MAY/ MIGHT/ COULD

Use it when you are speculating about

the present and are less certain.

The bottle of wine might break

into pieces.

The dog could bite Tom’s leg.

MAY NOT/ MIGHT NOT

Use it in the negative + base form. The car may not fail if you give

it good maintenance.

The exam might not be so hard

if you study a lot.

c) Almost certain in the past!

MUST HAVE/ HAD TO HAVE

Use it when you are speculating about

the past and are almost certain.

Lucía had to have that ring

there, I gave it to her.

Melanie must have played the

guitar at the auditorium.

CAN’T HAVE/ COULDN’T HAVE

Use it when the negative suggest

impossibility.

That accident can’t have

happened last night.

The boy couldn’t have injured

her classmate.

MUST NOT HAVE

Use it when you are slightly less

certain.

Emily must not have created

the software.

He must not have taken a

shower.

CAN HAVE/COULD HAVE

Use it in questions + past participle. Can you give me another soda

please?

Could you call me later? I am

very busy.

d) When you are less certain in the past!

MAY HAVE/ MIGHT HAVE/ COULD HAVE

Use it when you are speculating about

the past and are less certain.

He could have got married 10

years ago.

Luisa may have grabbed the

white collar.

MAY NOT HAVE/ MIGHT NOT HAVE

Use it in the negative + past participle. They might not have found

what they are looking for.

Rebeca may not have finished

her lunch.

MIGHT HAVE/ COULD HAVE

Use it in questions + past participle. Might Pablo have run the race?

Could Regina have had some

difficulty?

e) Almost certain in the future!

SHOULD/OUGHT TO

Use it when you are almost certain

about a future action or event.

The Walking Dead should finish

the next weekend.

Continued exercise ought to

give me my desired figure.

f) When you are less certain in the future!

MAY/MIGHT/COULD

Use it when you are less certain about

a future action or event.

I might know the exam result

soon.

She could grow up quickly.

MAY/MIGHT NOT/NEVER

Use it with the negative + base form. You might not do anything

today.

Roberto might never know the

correct answer.

3) Activities through the unit

A) Oliver twist reading comprehension (chapter 13-15)

b) oliver twist readimg comprehension (chapter 16-18)

c) oliver twist reading comprehension (chapter 19-21)

d) best trip ever essay

Best Trip Ever! On March of last year, I had the opportunity of celebrating my birthday in the most

amazing way ever. Since I enjoy listening to Electronic Dance Music, I had always

wanted to go to the worldwide recognized Ultra Music Festival. What made this

trip memorable was that: I became independent by traveling to Miami by my own,

I get to know many people and expanded my friends circle, and that I had the

chance of shopping a lot.

When I decided going I was very nervous because my dad had told me that I was

going to do the trip on my own. When I arrived to the airport I was worried since

there were a lot of people entering to Miami because of the festival and the

migration row was very long. Also, the baggage claim was tragic and I had to

walk like 50 0 meters to get my suitcases. Nevertheless, I met a nice Guatemalan

lady that accompanied me and told me that she was going to her son’s graduation

in Holand. Even though at the beginning of the trip I was scared and unsure of

being capable of traveling on my own, I realized it helped me becoming more

independent and responsible of my acts. Certainly, I felt like an adult by traveling

alone.

Another pleasant experience of my trip was the fact of improving my social skills.

Since Miami is Ultra Music Festival’s headquarter, there are thousands of

worldwide people attending to it. I had the chance to talk and interact with young

people from Spain, Hungary, Australia, Dominican Republic and a lot of Latin

Americans. Personally I would say that the most positive thing of my trip was that

I had the opportunity to see the openness of young people about making new

friends without discriminating others by their look, religion or nationality.

Additionally, because of the people I met there, now I have worldwide friends that

constantly share with me pictures and videos of concerts that they attend and it

is kind of cool having those worldwide “rave” buddies.

Probably the icing on the cake of my trip was that I was able to shop a lot.

Because it was part of my 18 birthday gift, my parents gave me permission to go

to the Sawgrass Mall. I went for two days in a row and it was very nice to do my

own shopping for the first time in my life. And even though I ended up very tired

and with swollen feet, I had a great time managing my expenses. Another thing I

enjoyed about shopping individually was that nobody was hurrying me up and

that I managed my own scheduled.

In conclusion I can say that going to Ultra Music Festival brought me many good

memories. I really enjoyed experienced dependence for the first time in my life,

as well as knowing so many nice people that shared the same interests as me,

and of course, I loved to go shopping and manage my own money and time. If I

had chance of involving in this experience again, I would do it without thinking.

4) Final test result.

(The one in Unit 5)

5) Pictionary!

Word Definition Sentence Picture

Cribbage A card game. Oliver was thought to play cribbage by the maid in the house that he lived in.

Bonnet Old-fashioned

lady’s hat. My mom used to use a bonnet for Sundays and going to the church.

Merchant A person whose

business is buying and selling goods for profits.

Roberto is my favorite merchant in the market, since he has the freshest vegetables.

Speculation To talk about a

supposition, propose or wonder.

That new isn’t true, that must be a speculation from the media.

Supper A meal usually

taken in the evening.

Queen Victoria enjoys having a supper before taking a nap.

Weary Physically or mentally exhausted.

It is normal to feel weary in these hot days.

Hush A command to be silent or quiet.

Whenever my brother is annoying, I tell him: “Hush! Someone will hear us!”

Robber Someone that

steals something from someone.

One of my neighbors had an electrical alarm to prevent robbers to break his home.

6) Appendix

Here are some videos for practicing modals:

NECESSITY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEt-VTYnz50

CERTAINTY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSZbvVgpwDs

Also, here’s a fun game about mixed modals:

http://www.eslgamesworld.com/members/games/grammar/New_Snakes

_%20Ladders/Mixed_Modals.html