Populations and Interdependence reefs.org/assets/images/symbiosi2.jpg&imgrefurl= oral-reefs.org/coral-reef-symbiosis-

Populations and Populations and InterdependenceInterdependence

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I. NicheI. Niche

A. The physical and biological conditions in A. The physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and how it which an organism lives and how it interacts with those conditionsinteracts with those conditions

B. ExamplesB. Examples

1. birth of animals and temperature1. birth of animals and temperature

2. regulation of body temperature2. regulation of body temperature

II. Species InteractionII. Species Interaction

A. SymbiosisA. Symbiosis

1. living together1. living together

B. Natural Selection by EvolutionB. Natural Selection by Evolution

1. those organisms with favorable 1. those organisms with favorable adaptations survive and reproduce at a adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than those without such higher rate than those without such variationsvariations

2. Examples2. Examples

Rattlesnake – acute sense of smellRattlesnake – acute sense of smell

heat sensitive pits under each nostrilheat sensitive pits under each nostril

http://www.desertusa.com/may96/du_rattle.html


Tiger – striped coatTiger – striped coat

http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GreatCats/

Tiger Cub


Spider - webSpider - web

A orb weaver web anchored in a fork of a peach tree in winter

A still alive Damselfly in a web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_web


Shark – inward curving teethShark – inward curving teeth

Sand Tiger Shark http://books.google.com/books?id=vP00wM34dgEC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=shark+inward+curving+teeth&source=web&ots=PUb4mg7k7C&sig=vmn4vPwOz8FFWb9b-sQHc7gOjS0&hl=en#PPA16,M1


Trees – triangular shapeTrees – triangular shape

http://www.urbantree.org/valley_oaks.asp

C. CompetitionC. Competition

1. when organisms compete for the same 1. when organisms compete for the same resources – results from fundamental resources – results from fundamental niche overlapniche overlap

http://www.crystalinks.com/peacocks.html

D. PredatorsD. Predators

1. Predators1. Predators

a. animals that seek out and kill a. animals that seek out and kill other organismsother organisms

2. Prey2. Prey

a. the hunteda. the hunted

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/predation/predation.html

3. Mimicry3. Mimicry

a. an organism resembles a poisonous or a. an organism resembles a poisonous or distasteful organismdistasteful organism

b. examplesb. examples

1) bees and wasps1) bees and wasps

http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/WaspsMimicry.htmhttp://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/BeesMimicry.htm

b. Examplesb. Examples

2) praying mantis2) praying mantis

http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/praying-mantis.html

b. Examplesb. Examples

3) Eastern Coral Snake and Scarlet King 3) Eastern Coral Snake and Scarlet King SnakeSnake

Harmless

Poisonous - http://www.uga.edu/srelherp/snakes/micful.htm

4. Plant-Herbivore Interactions4. Plant-Herbivore Interactions

a. Physical Defensesa. Physical Defenses

1) sharp thorns1) sharp thorns

2) spines2) spines

3) sticky hairs3) sticky hairs

4) tough leaves4) tough leaves

http://cactiguide.com/cactus/?genus=Austrocactus; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_%28botany%29 (rose); hosta thick leaves - http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/hosta/msg0821373517236.html

b. Secondary Compoundsb. Secondary Compounds

1) chemicals that are synthesized by plants 1) chemicals that are synthesized by plants that are poisonous, irritating, or bad-that are poisonous, irritating, or bad-tastingtasting

2) Strychnine and nicotine 2) Strychnine and nicotine

a) toxic to insectsa) toxic to insects

3) Poison ivy and poisonous 3) Poison ivy and poisonous oakoak

a) rasha) rash

Tobacco plant - http://encarta.msn.com/media_461517503_761562287_-1_1/tobacco_plant.html; http://www.gpnc.org/poison.htm

4. Medicinal Advantages4. Medicinal Advantages

a. morphinea. morphine

b. atropine, codeine, taxolb. atropine, codeine, taxol

c. quininec. quinine

E. MutualismE. Mutualism

1. two organisms cooperatively living 1. two organisms cooperatively living togethertogether

2. examples2. examples

a. ants and bull’s horn acacia treea. ants and bull’s horn acacia tree

http://www.killerplants.com/plant-of-the-week/20020204.asphttp://waynesword.palomar.edu/acacia.htm

http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/nitrogen.htm

b. Pollinatorsb. Pollinators

1) bees1) bees

2) butterflies2) butterflies

3) flies3) flies

4) beetles4) beetles

5) bats5) bats

6) birds6) birds

http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_insects/BeesMimicry.htm

F. CommensalismF. Commensalism

1. one organism benefits and the other is 1. one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmedneither helped nor harmed

2. examples2. examples

a. cattle egrets and Cape buffaloa. cattle egrets and Cape buffalo

Grass blade - http://www.photographersdirect.com/stockimages/w/water_buffalo.asp; cape buffalo and cattle egret - http://www.inmagine.com/ngs030/ngs030226-photo

G. ParasitismG. Parasitism1. one organism benefits and the other is 1. one organism benefits and the other is harmedharmed2. parasite2. parasite

a. feeds on another individual over a a. feeds on another individual over a long period of timelong period of time3. host3. host

a. the organism a. the organism being fed onbeing fed on

Pork tapeworm - http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may01/worms0501.htm

4. Ectoparasites4. Ectoparasitesa. external parasitesa. external parasitesb. examplesb. examples

1) ticks1) ticks2) fleas2) fleas3) lice3) lice4) leeches4) leeches5) lampreys5) lampreys6) mosquitos6) mosquitos

Leech - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech; Lamprey - http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=lamprey; Louse - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice; Tick - http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/img/writings/ticks_1_big.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/en/writings/ticks/&h=107&w=143&sz=67&tbnid=Pa9ysm9gRQgJ:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1

Leech - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leech; Lamprey - http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=lamprey; Louse - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice; Tick - http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/img/writings/ticks_1_big.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.borislavdopudja.net/en/writings/ticks/&h=107&w=143&sz=67&tbnid=Pa9ysm9gRQgJ:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&cd=1

5. Endoparasites5. Endoparasites

a. internal parasitesa. internal parasites

b. examplesb. examples

1) disease causing bacteria1) disease causing bacteria

2) malaria parasites2) malaria parasites

3) tapeworms3) tapeworms

Malaria Parasites - http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Malaria.asp?body=Frames/M-R/Malaria/body_Malariadiagfind2.htm

6. Invasive Species6. Invasive Species

a. Purple loosestrifea. Purple loosestrife

http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/lysa1.htm



b. Kudzub. Kudzu

Kudzu growing in Georgia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kudzu_on_trees_in_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg



b. Kudzub. Kudzu

c. Japanese beetlesc. Japanese beetles

http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/housing/japanese-beetle/jbeetle.html



b. Kudzub. Kudzu


d. Zebra musselsd. Zebra mussels

Zebra mussel picture - http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=5; Lake Michigan water meter - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_mussel



b. Kudzub. Kudzu



e. Asian long-horn beetlee. Asian long-horn beetle

http://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1262001



b. Kudzub. Kudzu



e. Asian long-horn beetlee. Asian long-horn beetle

f. Asian carpf. Asian carp

http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/invasive/asiancarp/

http://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2007/jumping-carp.jpg

III. SuccessionIII. SuccessionA. The gradual, sequential regrowth of A. The gradual, sequential regrowth of

species in an areaspecies in an area

Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession

Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession

Climax CommunityClimax Community

http://www.gov.on.ca/ont/portal/!ut/p/.cmd/cs/.ce/7_0_A/.s/7_0_252/_s.7_0_A/7_0_252/_l/en?docid=004195

B. Primary SuccessionB. Primary Succession

1. the development of a community in an 1. the development of a community in an area that has not supported life previouslyarea that has not supported life previously

2. Where?2. Where?

a. bare rocka. bare rock

b. sand duneb. sand dune

c. island formed by volcanoc. island formed by volcano

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/graphics/ruapehu.jpg

3. Very slow process3. Very slow process

4. Repeated freezing and 4. Repeated freezing and thawing break the thawing break the rock apartrock apart

5. fungi, algae, 5. fungi, algae, cyanobacteria cyanobacteria colonize on the rock colonize on the rock creating a thin soilcreating a thin soil

6. Slowly plants begin to 6. Slowly plants begin to growgrow

7. Canadian Shield and 7. Canadian Shield and Glacier Bay, AlaskaGlacier Bay, Alaska

http://www.nps.gov/glba/

C. Secondary successionC. Secondary succession

1. the sequential replacement of species 1. the sequential replacement of species that follows disruption of an existing that follows disruption of an existing communitycommunity

http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/succession.gif

2. caused by2. caused by

a. natural disaster – fire, strong storma. natural disaster – fire, strong storm

b. human – farming, logging, miningb. human – farming, logging, mining

3. Usually takes about 100 years for the 3. Usually takes about 100 years for the original ecosystem to be restoredoriginal ecosystem to be restored

4. Annual grasses, mustards, and dandelions4. Annual grasses, mustards, and dandelions

5. Then perennial grasses, shrubs, and trees5. Then perennial grasses, shrubs, and trees

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/05Succession/flood.gif


http://spectrum.troy.edu/~diamond/General%20Ecology/successionlab.html

IV. Population RatesIV. Population Rates

A. Biotic Potential A. Biotic Potential

1. the rate at which a population would 1. the rate at which a population would produce offspring if every new individual produce offspring if every new individual lived and reproduced at its maximum lived and reproduced at its maximum capacitycapacity

B. Carrying Capacity B. Carrying Capacity

1. the maximum number of individuals of 1. the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment a species that an environment can supportcan support

C. J-CurveC. J-Curve

Population of FishPopulation of Fish

Population of Fish

TimeLag Phase – very slow growth

Exponential Growth Phase

Trying to reach biotic

potential

Agriculturebegins

Plowingand

irrigation

Bubonicplague

IndustrialRevolution

begins

Human Population Growth

Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991.

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?

Biotic Factors

ECOSYSTEM

Abiotic Factors

Abiotic and Biotic Factors


D. Limiting Factors D. Limiting Factors

1. environmental factors that stabilize 1. environmental factors that stabilize population size and keep species from population size and keep species from reaching their biotic potentialreaching their biotic potential


E. S-CurveE. S-Curve


Population of Fish

Time

Stabilization – reaches carrying

capacity

F. Limiting Factors Over TimeF. Limiting Factors Over Time


Population of Fish

Time

G. Population DensityG. Population Density

1. the number of individuals in a given 1. the number of individuals in a given area at a specific timearea at a specific time

Prentice Hall Biology. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2002?Goodman, Harvey D. et al. Biology Today. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Austin. 1991

PopulationGrowth

can be

represented bycharacterized by characterized by represented by

which cause a

Exponentialgrowth

Logisticgrowth

Fallinggrowth rate

S-shapedcurve

Limits ongrowth

No limits on growth

J-shapedcurve

Constantgrowth rate

Unlimitedresources

1.1. Imagine a small island that has a population of five Imagine a small island that has a population of five rabbits. How might each of the following factors rabbits. How might each of the following factors affect the rabbit population?affect the rabbit population?

a. climatea. climate

b. food supplyb. food supply

c. predationc. predation

2.2. Now imagine another small island that has a Now imagine another small island that has a population of 500 rabbits. How would the same population of 500 rabbits. How would the same factors affect this population?factors affect this population?

33 Which of the factors depend on population size? Which of the factors depend on population size? Which factors do not depend on population size?Which factors do not depend on population size?

H. Density Dependent FactorsH. Density Dependent Factors1. limiting factor that depends upon 1. limiting factor that depends upon populationpopulation2. competition2. competition3. predation3. predation4. parasitism and disease4. parasitism and disease

I. Density Independent FactorsI. Density Independent Factors1. limiting factors that affect populations 1. limiting factors that affect populations regardless of sizeregardless of size2. drought or other unusual weather2. drought or other unusual weather3. natural disaster3. natural disaster4. human activities4. human activities

Growth of Aphids

Exponential growth

Steady populationsize

Peak populationsize

Rapid decline

Steady populationsize

Density-Dependent Limiting Factor


60

50

40

30

20

10

01955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

2000

1600

1200

800

400

0

2400

Moose Wolves

Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale


Standafer, Ellen, et al. Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Austin. 1999.


U.S. Population Rwandan Population

MalesMales

FemalesFemales

Human Population Age Distribution



THE ENDTHE END



How Does Everything Fit?



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