Population Revision

Population RevisionGCSE 2012This will be the 1st question on the examIn my opinion this may be the easier sectionYou should still revise the other section- settlementUse the table to sort your revision for this section

3 case studies we must have:-

1- A case study to illustrate strategies to influence natural population change within a country. 2- A case study of international migration to illustrate the causes, consequences and management. 3- A case study of migration within one country.

ContentSources of infoRevised?Theme 2 Population and SettlementpagerevisedStudy of contrasting population pyramids of an LEDC and an MEDC and how they change over time. RG p29-30The relationship between population structure (and birth rates and death rates) and economic development.RG p28The growth of population on a global scale. RG p28Birth rates and death rates vary between countries. RG p30The rate of population change varies over time.RG p28The effects of overpopulation in an LEDC. RG p32The implications of the proportion of population in different age groups.RG p33-34Push and pull factors influencing migration. RG p35Causes, consequences and management of urbanisation. RG p39-41Causes, consequences and management of counter-urbanisation.RG p42What do you need to know?How and why are there variations between the population structures of countries?

What are the causes and consequences of natural population change over time?

Why does migration occur and what are its effects?

How and why are there variations between the population structures of countries?

contentCountries have individual age and gender profiles. Population structure varies between countries of different levels of economic development. The population structure of individual countries changes over time.

What has happened to Earths population?

World growth- key pointsHas been steady till 11th centurySlow growth till 1500Real growth from Asia- China / India have roughly 1/3 of world populationWhat are the consequences?World population to reach 7 billion in October 2011How does a countries population change?How does population change?Birth rate- number of live babies born per 1000 of the population per yearDeath rate- number of deaths per 1000 of the population per yearNatural increase of a countries population is when Birth rate > death rateNatural decrease of a countries population is when death rate > birth rateLife and deathThe number of babies being born in a country each year is the birth rate.The number of people who die in a country each year is the death rate.These rates are measured for each 1000 of the population.A countrys birth rate is 10. This means that 10 people are born for every 1000 of the population per year.If the countrys population was 10,000 then there would be 100 extra people in the country after one year.What do we mean when we talk about birth and death rates?

13Teachers note: The terms birth rate, death rate and natural increase are further defined on slide 15.

Photo credit: 2008 Jupiter Images Corporation

The data from the birth and death rates can be used to work out the natural increase in a countrys population.Natural Increase = Birth rate - Death rateIf it is a positive number, the countrys population is increasing.If it is a negative number, the countrys population is decreasing.High birth rates combined with longer life expectancy have contributed towards the world population explosion.

Natural increase

14Teachers note: The terms birth rate, death rate and natural increase are further defined on slide 15.

Photo credit: 2008 Jupiter Images CorporationWhat will happen to the population when..????????HeadsTailsResults- grows fast/ grows slowly/stable / decreasesHigh birth rateHigh death rateHigh birth rateLow death rateLow birth rateLow death rateLow birth rateHigh death rateLow birth rateMedium Death rateMedium Birth rateHigh Death rateMedium Birth rateLow Death rate

The population and structure is linked to developmentStudy of contrasting population pyramids of an LEDC and an MEDC and how they change over time

As countries become more developed, birth and death rates changeCountries move through the Demographic Transition ModelLife expectancy increases with development

MEDCs and LEDCsCountries with a lot of money are called More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs).The level of development of the country can impact on how quickly its population is rising.

Countries with less money are called Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs).Transitional countries are states which are becoming more economically developed.

19Photo credits: 2008 http://www.sxc.hu/What is a population pyramid?

The young dependents- children aged between 0-15 rely on 16-64 to provide for themThe elderly dependents- people who are reliant on the younger economically active Population structureMEDCs and LEDCs usually have differently structured populations due to differences in their birth and death rates. This shows the total population of males and females in different age ranges.The population structure of a country is usually drawn on a graph called a population pyramid.How would you describe the structure of this population pyramid?

21Teachers note: This population pyramid has quite a wide base. There is a very rapid narrowing of the sides of the pyramid and there is a very small percentage of the population who live to an old age. There appears to be a pronounced difference between the number of females and males surviving in this country. This could be due to ongoing wars. This is a population pyramid for an LEDC.A LEDC

Characteristics-Broad base- indicating a high birth rateNarrows towards its peakHigh death rateHigh Birth rateHigh number of young dependentsWhy a high birth rate?No / little use of contraceptionreligious opposition to birth control etc.lack of education on family planning/birth controlWomens role?Poor healthcareMany babies diechildren look after family members who are old/ill children used as workforce/seen as economic asset

Children seen as sign of virility importance attached to large families/ government policies regarding birth control early marriage low status of women/denied right to decide on having children/poor education of women Why a high death rate?Disease faminePoor hygiene- no piped, clean water and no sewage disposalLittle medical science- few doctors, hospitals or drugsA MEDC

CharacteristicsBroad pyramid for all age groups-Growing size at peakNarrowing base as Birth rate declinesIncreasing size of elderly improved medical care/hospitals/vaccinations

improved water supply/sewage disposal/sanitation diet/food supply- machines fertilisers /farming

improved housing/standard of living/jobs

education about hygiene/contraception/STD/jobs/nutrition. Why does the death rate fall?Why does the birth rate fall? family planning

Lower infant mortality rate- less need for children

adults pursuing profession

Increased industrialisation and mechanisation- less need for workers

Increased desire for material possessions- house /cars / holidays

Emancipation of women as workers with careers

issues with population changeOverpopulationControlling a populationAgeing populationsoverpopulationIs when there are too many people for the resources that the country has available- the optimum population has been exceededNormally caused by RAPID population growthSymptoms of overpopulation include- widespread poverty, food shortages, unemploymentNormally an issue for LEDCs- Bangladesh

Effects of overpopulation- ruralNot enough schoolsNot enough landOvergrasing / over-cultivationDeforestationFood shortagesLack of clean water and sanitationInadequate health services

Effects of overpopulation - citiesOvercrowdingGrowth of shanty housesTraffic congestionOvercrowded schoolsInadequate health servicesProblems of waste disposalUnemploymentUnder employmentChildren forced to workHow is overpopulation controlled?China- birth control programmeImmigration laws- selective as to who can come inChina one child policyAim to reduce the birth rate1 child- 2 in rural areas if 1st was a girl or if both parents are only childrenBenefits- free education- university place, free healthcareforced abortions and sterilisation educate women so that they can have a career guaranteed jobs if only single child in family loss of benefits/fines for subsequent children; etc. constant advertisements on TV and in the Press about the benefits of having only one child granny police who advised authorities if a second child was born; etc.

Problems- ageing population, kidnaps, top heavy pyramidAgeing populationsMost MEDCs are facing this problemMore and more people are living longerLife expectancy continues to increase

Impact of ageing populationHealthcare stretchedUnpaid carers?Later retirementSmaller pensionsThe grey vote- winter fuel bills, tv licence, bus passesCare homesMeals on wheelsPeople paying increased taxes to pay for state pensions & healthcarePeople having to retire later- >65Relaxed immigration to fill void and inject workers into economically active sector

recapYesThink soNouI can describe the factors affecting population density.uI can describe the increase in overall world population, and how it divides up between MEDCs and LEDCs (with examples).uI can explain (and draw) the demographic transition model.uI can read and explain population pyramids.uI can explain why population growth or decline needs to be manageduI can explain why and how China managed their population with the one child policy. I can also explain the effects.uI can describe four types of migration.uI can explain push and pull factors for migration (both international and internal).uI can explain how migration affects the UK.uI can use the example of African migration to explain the impacts of migration on the host and donor regions.uI can use the example of the UK to explain the issue of population change in MEDCs.