Population Old Ms

8/10/2019 Population Old Ms

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1. (a) (i) population plotted on y-axis and time on x-axis, at a suitable scale,

so that lines fill at least half available width and height [1];

both axes correctly labelled with quantities and units [1];

lines start, finish and intersect at correct position and are labelled

or identified by a key [1]; 3 max

1 ! " 1 # " 1 $ " % " " " % " % "

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1 % "

1 ! "

1 # "

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(ii) ountry Bas rate of population growth is greatercurve

gradient steeperexponential curve [1]* 1 max

Accept population B not stabilised OWTTE.

(b) (i) +eveloping 1%" million (accept answers in range

1."/1#." million) [1];developed 260 million (accept answers in range230/%" million) [1]. 2 max

(ii) Cohorts that will soon become of childbearing age [1]/economically active [1]/entering workforce [1]. 1 max

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(iii) Allow [1]for difference and [1]for its significance 0 2

Difference Significance

igher proportion of people of reprod!ctive age

in developing co!ntries [1]"eveloping age#se$ pyramid is triang!lar%developed is rectang!lar [1]

&op!lation increase will be greatest

in developing co!ntries [1]; greaterpress!re on reso!rces from rapidlyincreasing pop!lation [1]

igher proportion of people live to middle#old agein developing co!ntries than in developedco!ntries [1]

'etter health care#living conditions indeveloped co!ntries [1]

ore males than females thro!gho!t age rangesin developing co!ntries% less consistentdifference in developed [1]

emale infanticide may be higher indeveloping co!ntries#women die inchildbirth more often in developingco!ntries#data may beinacc!rate#hard to collect [1]

Credit other valid responses. 4 max[11]

2. (a) &op!lation B* as ecological footprint is smaller than pop!lation [1]/are living s!stainably [1]. 1 max

(b) Award [1]for each two correct items.Per capita C+2prod!ction#per capita land re,!irement for

absorbing waste C+2from fossil f!els#rate of absorption of

C+2by local vegetation per !nit area#per capita food

cons!mption#rate of food prod!ction locally per !nit area#pop!lation n!mber.

(If candidate states total population CO2production and food

consumption, then population numer is superfluous.!

Other correct answers are acceptale ut those aove are on s"llaus.2 max

(c) An" two of# lower latit!des/ higher net productivity in local

vegetation / so smaller ecological footprint for the same 2o!tp!t [1]/low latit!des may provide better conditions forfood prod!ction/ so smaller ecological footprint to supplysame food production [1]/higher latit!des have lowertemperat!res/ greater need for energy sources / greater 2wastes/ larger ecological footprint [1]. 2

(d) &op!lation A[1];beca!se it takes a greater area than that available to s!stainablys!pply its reso!rces [1]. 2

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(e) (i) Allow an" two of#one pop!lation might !se intensive farming techni,!es [1]/monoc!lt!re [1]/!se of fertili-ers [1]/pesticides [1].

Allow for $C% from (a! and (d!. 2 max

(ii) intensive farming techni,!es wo!ld lead to greater foodprod!ction per !nit area [1]; so smaller footprint [1]/eating more food or more meat wo!ld re,!ire moreagric!lt!ral prod!ction [1]; so larger footprint [1]+//. 2 max

(f) &ustainailit" up to [2]fossil f!el !se is !ns!stainable as a non1renewable reso!rce [1]/as rate of cons!mption rate of renewal [1];hydroelectricity/ sustainable as replenishable [1]/water cyclecontin!es thro!gh inp!t of solar energy [1];

Impacts up to [2]fossil f!els/ 2release increases global warming [1]/+'and 4+'ca!sing acid rain [1]/4+'ca!sing o-one depletion [1];

hydroelectricity/ building of dams floods and destroysecosystems [1]/red!ces downstream flow rates [1]/red!cesdownstream flood plains [1]/blocks fish migration [1]. 4 max

[15]

3. (a) escription [1];e'planation [2]. 4!mber of species inverselyproportional to altit!de [1]/5ower the altit!de% more bird species [1];

at higher altit!des% temperat!re decreases so less 4&& and so lessfood for birds [1]; less species at 3000 m and over as there is lessland at these heights [1]/less ecological niches at altit!de so lessdiversity [1]/low biological prod!ctivity of high altit!deecosystems [1]0/"" m may include sea birds [1]/anyreasonable e$planation [1] 3 max

(b) abitat diversity/ the range of different habitats per unit area [1];pecies diversity/ the heterogeneity of species in a given area [1] 2

(c) Award [1]for each of two reasons.e.g. beca!se it is morally right to do so#aesthetic reasons#beca!seh!mans !se other species for medicine#crops#food#dr!gs#reso!rces#beca!se the gene pool is red!ced if species becomee$tinct#some !ses of species not yet discovered 2 max

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(d) Award [1]for each of three reasonale characteristics.e.g. large eno!gh area for a viable pop!lation of top carnivores [1]/in one block of land#water that is not spread o!t b!t compact inshape [1]/minimise edge*area ratio [1]/corridors between smallerareas [1]/legislation#p!rchase of land to protect it [1]/agreement

of h!mans living in or aro!nd the area [1]/minimise harmf!ledge effects [1]/variety of habitats [1] 3 max

(e) Award mar*s for an" reasonale changes descried (positiveor negative!.e.g. increase in landscape variation to increase range of habitats [1]/planting of more trees#b!shes [1]/digging of ponds [1]/activemanagement to prevent deterioration [1]/ed!cation of h!mansliving nearby [1]

or

spreading of e$otic species from c!ltivated areas#townsnearby (e.g. weeds% feral cats) [1]/farm land r!noff ca!sing waterpoll!tion [1]/dist!rbance of wildlife by h!mans [1]/contaminationof forest ecosystems by pesticide [1]/b!rning and developmentof fire1tolerant species and ecosystems [1]. 2 max

(f) Award [1]for rief description of named area and up to [2]formanagement strategies. 3

[15]

4. (a) (i) China; 1

(ii) 200 ; 1

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(b) Award [1]for an" of the following, up to [3 max].

igeria*birth rate high;medical care and sanitation improvements;infant mortality decreasing;

death rate decreasing;relatively little !se of family planning methods;social factors (e.g. yo!ng age of marriage);religio!s beliefs (e.g. 7slam enco!rages larger families);children needed to work on land;

or

China*birth rate high;medical care and sanitation improvements;infant mortality decreasing;death rate decreasing;recent efforts to control pop!lation growth (e.g. one child policy)#improved access to contraception methods;social factors (e.g. ratio male * female#preference for boys * girls); 3 max

(c) (i) the e$tent to which a given interaction with the environmente$ploits and !tili-es the nat!ral income witho!t ca!singlong1term deterioration to the nat!ral capital#(improvingthe ,!ality of h!man life while) living within the carryingcapacity of s!pporting ecosystems#O-$ 1

(ii) Award [1]each for an" two of the following.level of technology (enables reso!rces otherwise !navailableto be !sed);rate of energy !se;materials1goods cons!mption;amo!nt of imports1e$ports;standard of living;social and c!lt!ral changes;fertility of soil;availability of reso!rces;Accept an" other reasonale points. 2 max

(d) open system;

Award [1]each for an" two of the following.the pop!lation of a city has both inp!ts and o!tp!ts;a city has an e$change of matter and energy with its s!rro!ndings;inp!ts 8 e.g. pop!lation immigrating% food imported;o!tp!ts 8 e.g. pop!lation emigrating% heat lost by metabolism%waste and r!bbish (garbage) removed;Accept an" other valid point. 3 max

[11]

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5. (a) Differences9: !ses more water for non1essential p!rposes (e.g. car washing%gardening% washing machines etc.);ind!stry represents 0 of !sage in 9: and only < in Chinabeca!se China is still developing;agric!lt!re is the base of China2s economy, so substantial amountsof water are needed for irrigation;

power plant cooling is less significant in hina;

Changesavailability of water* e.g. enormo!s increase in n!mber of reservoirsand dams since =>0;applies to both developed and developing co!ntries#specifice$amples;average fig!res may conceal enormo!s local differences aswithdrawal rates have increased 1fold% b!tper capita !sehas only tripled;so pop!lation m!st have increased;increases in standard of living acco!nt for increase in water demand; 7 max

Credit other valid responses.

(b) an increase in the following activities makes demands on thes!pplies of fresh water*agric!lt!re (irrigation);provision of water for stock;increased ind!striali-ation (man!fact!red prod!cts);p!blic !ses s!ch as street cleaning% watering of parks;enlargement of !rban areas;

An" other reasonale points, e.g.

increase in pop!lation has contrib!ted to large increase inpoll!tion e.g. e!trophication;ind!strial and sewage poll!tion of rivers;contamination of a,!ifers by ind!strial activities e.g. leaking f!eltanks% heavy metals;e$cessive water p!mping of a,!ifers leading to salination ofwater in coastal areas;in some areas water !se is e$ceeding available s!pplies;this leads to political diffic!lties; 7 max

$'pression of ideas [3 max]

[17]

6. (a) (i) the area of land (and water) re,!ired to s!pport a definedh!man pop!lation at a given standard of living;the meas!re takes acco!nt of the area re,!ired to provideall the reso!rces needed by the pop!lation% and theassimilation of all wastes#O-$; 2 max

his is the definition in the glossar" of the s"llaus oo*let.If partl" correct ut incomplete allow [1].


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(ii) China has largest area and largest pop!lation;b!t footprint in ha per head of pop!lation is very low(d!e to low standard of living);so footprint of whole pop!lation is less than area of co!ntry;

:!stralia has very large area in relation to pop!lation;

b!t footprint per head is higher than that of China d!e tohigher standard of living;b!t still only a fraction of area of co!ntry;

ingapore has a m!ch smaller pop!lation than either Chinaor :!stralia b!t in a very m!ch smaller area#has very highpop!lation density;footprint per head is lower than that of :!stralia% andhigher than China;b!t beca!se of tiny area% total is many times larger thanthat of whole 3city-state4 of 5ingapore;which is highly urbanised, growing little of its own food etc.; 5 max

Clearl" responses do not need all the aove points for fullmar*s. oo* for strong comparison and understanding ofrelationships for the full [5].

(b) An" reasonale points acceptale;must have oneadvantage andonedisadvantage for each mar*.

oil-fired:advantagesmay be fairly cheap% especially if oil available locally;well1!nderstood technology;

disadvantagesprod!ces carbon dio$ide which may contrib!te to greenho!se effect;serio!s diffic!lties if oil s!pply interr!pted#s!pplies of oil finite;some cr!de oils contain s!lf!r% so b!rning may contrib!te to acid rain;smoke chronic respiratory problems;

nuclear:advantagesonce constr!cted fairly cheap to r!n;no addition of greenho!se gases to atmosphere;can r!n for long periods on small mass of f!el;

disadvantageshigh initial b!ilding costs;great problems of disposal of n!clear waste;risk of accidents% crime% terrorism;risk of leaking of radioactive materials into environment;very high costs of decommissioning; 2 max

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(c) One strateg" with advantage for each mar*. othing for disadvantages.

solar power*prod!ction of energy ca!ses little poll!tion#cheap to r!n oncee,!ipment in place#s!itable for remote area% where cablingwo!ld be e$pensive;

h"droelectric power*prod!ction of energy ca!ses little poll!tion#cheap to r!n oncepower station b!ilt#can sometimes be integrated with irrigation;

improved ins!lation in homes and factories*allows same amo!nt of energy to 3go further4 ;

or energy from refusebiogasgeothermal powerwind power

tidal power;

or any reasonable alternative; 2 max

(d) (i) e$ample of named system* wheat1prod!ction in :!stralianwheat belt;o mar* for name ut, mar* out of [3]if none specified.

inputs*large area of land;seeds;fertili-ers% especially s!perphosphate;water (mainly from relatively low rainfall);energy in the form of petrol (gasoline)% electricity% dieself!el 8 energy s!bsidy;

outputs*

wheat sold off farm (contains energy and 4% &% ?);heat;C+2;

+2; 4 max

(ii) impacts*red!ction of biodiversity;e.g. from ecological comple$ity of :!stralian b!shlandcomm!nity to monoc!lt!re;

leaching of fertili-ers into water bodies;

ca!sing e!trophication;

soil erosion;e.g. removal of topsoil by wind in absence of vegetation cover;

increase in soil salinity;leaching of salt in soil (towards valley bottoms) as the res!ltof red!ced transpiration following removal of nat!ral vegetation;2 max

4esponses will depend on e'ample selected for (d! (i!. %or thefull [2]there needs to e more than a one or two word response ;there should e some e'planation or e'emplification.

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(e) changes*e.g. increased !se of monoc!lt!res#increased !se of selectivebreeding to prod!ce high1yield crops#!se of genetically modifiedfoods#biological control#red!ced cons!mption of meat in somesocieties#increased amo!nt of processing and th!s possibly

energy !se#decrease in diversity (ut do not allow this if alread"given in (d!!;

Allow an" reasonale suggestions.

o receive each mar* the response must give oth the changeand the reason for that change e.g.

increased !se of pesticides/ reliance on chemical methods toincrease production for growing populations;

Odecreased !se of pesticides/ perception of environmentaldifficulties and reliance on alternative strategies such as biological

control; 3 max[2!]

7. (a) :frica; 1

(b) escription#%or e'ample#:sia is the ma@or a,!ac!lt!re prod!cer in the world;:sia acco!nts for abo!t >0 of the world prod!ction;

the prod!ction of fish has increased in every continent;total prod!ction has increased s!bstantially;An" other valid point.

$'planation*c!lt!ral#historical factors may affect the development of a,!ac!lt!re;:sia has a long tradition of a,!ac!lt!re;a,!ac!lt!re may represent an e$cellent so!rce of protein for highlypop!lated areas s!ch as :sia;the slower growth rate in some regions may be d!e to limitedwater s!pply;low national priority of a,!ac!lt!re#technical and financial

constraints in some areas;in some co!ntries economic incentives#s!pport#s!bsidies havebeen provided for a,!ac!lt!re;total increase d!e to rising h!man pop!lation; 4 maxo receive full mar*s, answers must include at least onee'planation point.

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(c) Advantage*e$cellent so!rce of n!trients (e.g. protein);prod!ces high yields in a small vol!me of water;genetic engineering can help increase yields#prod!ction;allows access to fish as a food in areas witho!t coast or limited

freshwater;ens!res a constant#on demand#non1seasonal s!pply of food#O-$;generation of employment*little f!el is needed;one of the fastest growing food1prod!cing sectors;energy conversion sometimes more efficient; 1 max

isadvantage*initial costs;maintenance;waste can contaminate nearby est!aries#gro!ndwater#s!rface water;

re,!ire large inp!ts of land#water#feed#energy;dense pop!lation makes fish more prone to bacterial and viralinfections;escapees can affect wild pop!lations (e.g.:tlantic salmon escapinginto 'ritish Col!mbia affect wild &acific pop!lations);food obtained from high trophic levels; 1 max

(d) over1fishing is harvesting at a rate that e$ceeds the estimateds!stainable yield;over1fishing may mean that little breeding stock is left tomaintain n!mbers;

prolonged over1fishing can lead to depletion#e$tinction;th!s levels are lower in =>>A that in =>0;large increase in catch from =>0 to =>6A#aro!nd =>6A werethe years of highest catch;lower catch may be d!e to stricter control;declining catch may provide evidence of lack of s!stainability#O-$;lower catch may be d!e to effects of over e$ploitation; 3 maxAn" other reasonale suggestions.

[1!]

". (a) (i) the area of land and water re,!ired to s!pport a defined

h!man pop!lation at a given standard of living#O-$; 1

(ii) pop!lation;C+2emissions;

C+2absorption capacity;

Belative wealth#per capita income/stage of development;food prod!ction;ossil f!el !se; 2 maxAllow reasonale suggestions such as area suitale forfood production/CO2asorption.

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(b) %or e'ample*"enmark and 4ew ealand have the highest ecological footprint(developed co!ntries);4amibia and c!ador have the lowest ecological footprint(least developed co!ntries);ecological footprints ranged from 0.< to =0. hectaresper capita;"enmark and ong ?ong import most of their re,!irements and

e$port waste and th!s infl!ence areas beyond borders;developed co!ntries !se more fossil f!els;so need more vegetation to absorb C+2from b!rning fossil f!els;

developed co!ntries have larger footprint than developing;developed co!ntries import more;developed co!ntries cons!me more food% especially animal prod!cts;so re,!ire more land for food prod!ction; 4 maxAn" other suitale points.o receive full mar*s, answers must include at least one e'planationpoint.

(c) A countr" must e named, if not award [2 max]. If onlya countr"is given, award [0]. %actors listed depend on the countr" chosenut might include#increased !se of genetic engineering;increased organic food prod!ction;new strains of plants and animals;advances in technology;increased !se of irrigation;improvements in food distrib!tion;c!lt!ral changes e.g. increase of biological agric!lt!re;new fertili-ers;

increase in intensive methods#greenho!se#a,!ac!lt!re; 3 maxAn" other reasonale points.

[1!]

#. (a) non1point;Award [1]for e'planation% e.g.beca!se involves large area and cannot be traced back to a single%treatable so!rce; 2

(b) Award [1]for method and [1]for a rief description e.g.air* air1filter p!mps;water* collect water/ filter / measure p6chemical analysis;soil7 collect soil / granulometry (particle si8e measurement)

/ determine pesticides;

biota7 measure concentration of pesticides in tissues;

repeat measurements several times and calculate mean;

repeat measurements different distances from contamination and

over a period of time; 2 max

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(c) &trategies*introd!ce incentives for alternatives to pesticides#penalties#legislation;!se of alternative pest controls#biological control;setting and imposing standards;

ban the !se of most to$ic chemicals (e.g. ""/% "ieldrin);!se of certain pesticides only in speciali-ed circ!mstances(e.g. not entering the food chain);compare effectiveness% i.e.% rate of beetle infection with differentlevels of pesticide !se and alternative strategies;reg!lar monitoring prior and following changes in proced!re;

$valuation*diffic!lty in enforcing penalties;economic benefits#costs;health considerations;national#international differences (e.g. legislation); 3 max

An" other reasonale point. Award [2 max]if no evaluation isprovided.

(d) (i) the potato and tomato have very low resid!es;lett!ce has a very high initial concentration of resid!e(after 3 days);amo!nt of pesticide in lett!ce after =D days is low#similarto potato and tomato;behavio!r of resid!es varies (in some crops increasing%some decreasing over time);resid!e levels vary from crop to crop; 3 max

An" other reasonale suggestion.

(ii) all crops provide some risk of contamination;lett!ce sho!ld not be cons!med within three days ofpesticide application;pepper retains high levels of pesticides and probablysho!ld not be sprayed; 1An" other reasonale point.

[11]

1!. (a) coal was the ma@or so!rce of energy in =>D0;coal has been contin!o!sly decreasing#from abo!t >0 to 2 ;n!clear energy only appeared in =>A0;renewable reso!rces have increased#representing = in year 2000;oil has contin!o!sly increased#from abo!t A in =>D0 to 3 in 2000;2 maxCredit an" other valid description.

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(b) (i) Answers must list two advantages to receive [1].ca!ses less poll!tion#no prod!ction of waste;eliminates the need for oil imports;r!nning costs lower;it is a renewable reso!rce#free;

does not contrib!te to acid rain;does not contrib!te to global warming;creates more @obs per !nit of electricity prod!ced; 1 max

(ii) Answers must state two disadvantages to receive [1].not appropriate for every region#geographical limitations;capital intensive#high initial cost;large s!rface area needed;needs back!p#storage system;still in development stage#technology needs improving#low efficiency; 1 max

(c) named farming system (e.g. olive plantation in icily% 7taly);

inputs*fertili-ers;irrigation water;pesticides#herbicides;fossil f!els;seeds;

outputs#foods;

poll!tants;soil erosion; 4 maxAward [3 max]if s"stem not named.

["]

11. (a)

De$e%o&e' co(n)ries De$e%o&ing co(n)ries

cereals

=00 0 .""

).""."(

8 < ; (accept to 58!=00 0 #""

)#""1%""(

8 =00 ; (Accept 65 to 172 8!

2

1)


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(b) demand for meat and cereals both increasing as h!man pop!lationincreases;developing co!ntries have a larger increase than developedco!ntries as the rate of pop!lation increase is greater;demand for meat in developing co!ntries is increasing more

than the demand for cereals as demographic transition progresses#E4&increases and more people can afford meat;An" other reasonale points.9ust have an e'planation. A simple description of the graphs orrestatement of the data is not sufficient. 2 max

(c) increase in ecological footprint;gap between developed and developing co!ntries is diminishing;footprint depends on pop!lation andper capitacons!mption;both these are increasing in developing co!ntries;need for developing co!ntries to import food; 2 max

[6]

12. (a) (i) increase; 1

(ii) = 2D0 tho!sand#= 2D0 000#=.2(D) million#=.2(D) 0 1"6; 1

Allow 177 777.

(iii) in 2020% these females will all be of reprod!ctive age;this helps to predict birth rate over ne$t 20 years;

affects n!mber of births#O-$; 2 max

(iv) Provision of*health care;ed!cation;ho!sing;water and sewage treatment;food; 2 max

(b) contraceptive advice#family planning clinics;free contraceptives;better female ed!cation;p!nitive meas!res against larger families e.g. Chinese one1child policy;better medical care for children#red!ction in infant mortality; 3 max

(c) pyramid has straight sides% for yo!nger ages;n!mber of females in yo!nger age gro!ps is stabili-ing;indicating pop!lation is no longer growing e$ponentially; 2 max

[11]

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13. (a) s!stainability is the e$ploitation of nat!ral income witho!tca!sing long1term deterioration of nat!ral capital#O-$;s!stainable yield is the rate of increase of nat!ral capital whichcan be e$ploited witho!t depleting the original stock#O-$; 2

(b) food production*crops or animals are renewable reso!rces;food can be prod!ced s!stainably provided that farming proced!resdo not ca!se long1term damage to soil;e.g. !se of conto!r plowing techni,!es;salinisation of soils can be ca!sed by e$cessive irrigation;restrictions on h!nting#fishing of wild pop!lations (e.g. fish)may be needed to conserve breeding stock;lower density stocking of animals needed to minimi-e damageto soil#vegetation;An" other appropriate e'amples.

fresh water*fresh water reso!rces are replenished by the water cycle;fresh water is !sed s!stainably if the rate of e$traction is nogreater than the rate of replenishment;e.g. by a,!ifer recharge% rainfall etc.;over1e$ploitation of a,!ifers in coastal areas can ca!se intr!sionof salt water;lowering of water table;e.g. parts of coastal western :!stralia;over1e$traction of river water red!ces flow downstream#affects ecosystems#affects fishing;

e.g. !rray Biver;water can be !sed more s!stainably by red!cing wastage;e.g. more water1efficient appliances (low fl!sh toilets% watersaving taps etc.);!se of grey or recycled water for p!rposes other than drinkingand cooking;mending leaks;drip irrigation systems; 1! maxAllow an" other valid points and e'amples.Award [7 max]if onl" food or water are discussed.

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(c) non1renewable reso!rces cannot generate nat!ral income;e$amples incl!de metals and aggregates (e.g. sand% gravel% lime% stone);e$ploitation of non1renewables depletes nat!ral capital;non1renewables sho!ld be recycled;e.g. al!mini!m cans to make new al!mini!m goods;

b!ildings#machines sho!ld be designed to minimi-e !se ofnon1renewables;b!ildings#machines sho!ld be designed to be easily repaired(avoid b!ilt in obsolescence);red!ndant b!ildings#machines sho!ld be dismantled and theircomponents re1!sed;!nwanted goods containing non1renewables sho!ld be relocatedwhere they can be !sed e.g. bicycles#spectacles from developedworld to :frica; 5 max


[2!]

14. (a) the area of land (and water) re,!ired to provide all the necessaryreso!rces;and assimilate all wastes (ased on s"llaus definition)#O-$; 2

(b) C+2footprint varies widely#0.2A to ==.03 ha;

higher in "Cs s!ch as ingapore% :!stralia#lower in 5"Css!ch as ri 5anka;:!stralia% ingapore have high standard of living;

therefore m!ch energy !se for domestic p!rposes% e.g. airconditioning#cooking# refrigeration;:!stralia has high private car (a!tomobile) ownership (ingaporeless so);ingapore% :!stralia highly ind!strialised;high energy s!bsidy in :!stralia2s agriculture (diesel,fertili8ers, transport);

difference in capacity of local vegetation to absorb 2; 4 max

An" other valid points

(c) :!stralia 1

(d) ri 5anka% ingapore 1Award no mar* if onl" one given, or if Australia is also given.

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(e) Advantagesonce b!ilt% cheap to r!n;almost no atmospheric poll!tion;not confined to a partic!lar locality;therefore may be a so!rce of employment in economically

depressed areas;amo!nts of f!el very small in relation to electricity prod!ced;may be a so!rce of military pl!toni!m etc. for weapons;(allow also as disadvantage but not both)may provide a so!rce of isotopes for medicine#ind!stry#research;sometimes seen as 3cleaner4 and safer than industries

based on coal;

do not reward ver" vague responses;not harmful isinsufficient. Do not allo reneable resource.

isadvantagesvery e$pensive to constr!ct;

risk of hi@acking#terrorist !se of n!clear materials;preca!tions against these may have civil liberties implications;e$pensive and elaborate health and safety meas!res needed;conse,!ences of escape of n!clear radiation very serio!s(Chernobyl% /hree ile 7sland% indscale);problems of decommissioning at end of !sef!l life;s!pply of n!clear f!el may event!ally r!n o!t;problem of disposal of radioactive waste; 3 maxAn" other reasonale pointsAward [1]for each two points (advantages or disadvantages!,ut allow onl" [2 max]if onl" advantages or disadvantagesare given.

(f) (i) ature of answer will depend on e'ample selected. Allowa specific name e.g. 9arron (freshwater cra"fish! farm,near 9argaret 4iver, -estern Australia, or a somewhatmore general response (e.g. cereal farming in CanadianPrairies!. &hould give some point of detail other thansimpl" the name for full [2].e.g. sample descriptionsorganisms kept in artificial pools !nder controlled conditions;e$tensive monoc!lt!re in areas of flat topography; 2

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(ii) e.g. arron farminputs#stock marron;food;fresh water;

power#energy for p!mping etc.;labo!r;f!nds#investment;An" three reasonale points for [1]

outputs#named e$amples of poll!tants (e.g.fecal material% food waste);heat;marron for sale to resta!rants% etc;waste water;profits; 2 maxAn" three reasonale points for [1]

If a candidate gives more than three e'amples, and someare wrong she or he receives credit for those that arecorrect, even if not the first three.

(g) N.B.o not allow points alread" rewarded in (f!e!trophication of water;algal blooms;red!ction of biodiversity of water1body;creation of artificial water1bodies#interference with hydrology;(!npleasant) odo!rs;An" other reasonale points 3 max

[1"]

15. (a) (i) per person#per head of pop!lation; 1

(ii) alaysia; 1

(iii)

1""

%*1

1$

8 3#3.2; 1

(b) (i) ecological footprint is area of land b!t carrying capacity is

n!mber of people#ecological footprint 8capacitycarrying

1

#or vice versa/ecological footprint is area of land needed toprovide food and absorb waste% b!t carrying capacity isma$im!m pop!lation that an area can s!pport; 1

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(ii) 7ndonesia; 1

(iii) people in developed co!ntries eat more meat#crop higher infood chain;animals farmed for meat are often fed grain;only abo!t =0 of energy from grain is converted to meat;

so more land needed than if grain were eaten directly by people;2 max

(iv) developed co!ntries !se more fossil f!els% generating m!ch C+2;

land needed (to grow trees) to absorb this poll!tion;developed co!ntries eat more food#import a lot of food;so more land needed to grow e$tra food#transport food;more fertili-ers and pesticides !sed to prod!ce food; 3 maxAn" other valid points.

(c) (i) hydroelectric power does not emit carbon dio$ide (e$cept inconstr!ction)% so less land needed to absorb waste (red!cingfootprint); 1:oth statements are necessar" for the mar*.

(ii) dams ca!se flooding of homes#farmland#landscapes;dam affects water flow of river downstream;conse,!ent damage to a,!atic ecosystems#fishing#irrigatedcropland;increased incidence of waterborne disease (e.g. schistosomiasis);costly to constr!ct;

ecological damage and poll!tion associated with constr!ction;dam fail!re is catastrophic for pop!lations downstream;dam is barrier to migrating fish (e.g. salmon#eels); 2 max

(d) (i) Accept an" suitale e'ample.ame of food production s"stem#e.g. cattle ranching#nomadic pastoralism#intensive cerealprod!ction#battery chickens#glassho!se vegetables#slashand b!rn etc.;

Input: utput:

e.g. food;electricity;f!el;heat;light;labo!r;water;

hree appropriate inputs of energ" or materialsre;uired.

named food#e.g.meat#eggs#grain#vegetables

named pollutant#e.g.pesticides;

heat energy;man!re;

hree appropriate outputs ofenerg" or materials re;uired.

Award [1]for name of s"stem, [1]for two correct inputs andtwo correct outputs, and [1]for third correct input and output. 4 max

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(ii) &"stem is unsustainale ecause*non1renewable reso!rces are being !sed !p;pesticides#fertili-ers ca!se permanent damage to nat!ralecosystems;poll!tants spread thro!gh nat!ral food web with !nknownconse,!ences;agric!lt!ral systems often red!ce biodiversity;

fossil f!el !se in machinery#agrochemical prod!ction enhancesgreenho!se effect;tilling#animals e$pose soil leading to erosion;any correct specific e$ample ill!strating !ns!stainability;red!ction in land area available for slash and b!rn#nomadicpastoralism intensifies press!re on soil and other reso!rces;intensive forms of agric!lt!re prod!ce wastes which maylead to e!trophication;res!lting in desertification#soil and forest destr!ction;monoc!lt!re re,!ires !se of chemicals to control pests;energy lost thro!gh cropping greater than prod!ctivity;An" other valid point.

or

&"stem is sustainale ecause*nat!ral processes e.g. leg!mes restore balance of n!trients;polyc!lt!re/mi$ing animals and crops allows a nat!ral systemwitho!t artificial# !ns!stainable inp!ts;system relies on h!man#animal labo!r instead of fossil f!els; 3 maxAn" other valid point.Points can e credited from oth lists.

[2!]

16. (a) Award [1]for each pair of valid advantage and disadvantage up to [! max].advantages!se very small vol!me of f!el;once constr!cted% cheap to r!n;can be constr!cted away from so!rce of coal etc;can be a so!rce of other radioactive materials for ind!stry#medicine;little#no C+2prod!ced;

can be a so!rce of military pl!toni!m;could e considered a disadvantage < do not allow oth.ca!ses relatively little atmospheric poll!tion;creates (high level) @obs#employment;

disadvantages very e$pensive to constr!ct;problems of decommissioning at end of !sef!l life;strict health and safety re,!irements#risk of leakages% etc;risk of theft# hi@acking of radioactive materials;so civil liberties implications for protection of plant# f!el;problems of disposal of spent f!el# very long half1life of f!el;re,!ire large amo!nts of cooling water;re,!ire a technically advanced# ed!cated labo!r force;

An" other reasonale points 4 max

(b) (i) estern !rope an':!stralasia; 1 max

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Candidates must have oth of these, and in the right orderfor the mar*.

(ii) !"

!","!

0 1"";

9 11#":; 2

(iii) %our of the following points#o!tp!t in all regions has steadily increased;with increases in pop!lation ();and improvements in agric!lt!ral technology ();signs of slow1down in rate of increase in :frica;and act!al reversal in !rope;beca!se of overprod!ction#set1aside ();beca!se of poll!tion#e!trophication ();cons!mption in !rope m!ch higher than :!stralasia#:frica;

beca!se of large area of arid#semi1arid land !ns!itable foragric!lt!re ();beca!se of lower level of technology#s!bsistence agric!lt!rein :frica ()*high s!bsidies for fertili-er in :!stralia and !rope (); 4 maxAn" other reasonale suggestions9ust have at least one e!plain point for [! max].

(c) Award [1]for each of the following.increase in crop prod!ction;increase in 4 loss thro!gh soil leaching;

increase in loss of heat (thro!gh !se of f!el in spreading% increasedgrowth);increase in C+2prod!ction (thro!gh !se of f!el in spreading);

An" other reasonale suggestions 2 max4e=ect increase in farm income as this is an input.4e=ect "pollution# $too %a&ue).

(d) (i) the area of land#land and water re,!ired;to (s!stainably) s!pport a defined h!man pop!lation (at agiven standard of living) (glossar"). O-$; 2

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(c) In developing countries#lack of access to contraceptives;lack of ed!cation abo!t family planning;lack of ed!cational opport!nities other than abo!t family planning;c!lt!re#religion e.g.women2s perceived role in slamic societies;

lack of employment opportunities;

In developed countries#better access to contraceptives;good ed!cation abo!t family planning;many ed!cation opport!nities;c!lt!re e.g.women e$pected to have a career and bring !p a family;wider employment opport!nities;women rel!ctant to sacrifice affl!ent lifestyle to have children(dependent on 2 incomes for mortgage etc.); 2 max

Accept other relevant pointso not credit the same point from different lists twice.

[7]

1". (a) (i) >.A 0 1"=A

Fo!les;

(ii) =A.>D 0 1"=A

Fo!les;

(iii) 2.> 0 1"=A

Fo!les; 1hree correct values, with units [1]

(b) 0.2A ; (allow 078) 1Accept 07.) 8Allow $C%

(c) prod!ction from all so!rces has increased;beca!se of increase in pop!lation and living standards ();increase in prod!ction of n!clear power highest in absol!te terms;b!t rate of increase is slowing;as disadvantages on n!clear power are appreciated ();e.g.following Chernobyl ();increase in prod!ction of hydroelectric power more modest;as many s!itable locations are already !sed ();and opposition to very large dams grows ();e.g.Eordon below ranklin in /asmania ();percentage increase in geothermal% solar% etc. greatest;as it starts from a very low base ();and represents very new technologies (); 4 maxAn" other reasonale pointsCandidates must have at least one e!plain point $E) for[! max]

2)


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(d) damming of 3wild4 rivers;dams may prevent movementmigration of fish (e.g.salmon);dams and reservoirs may prevent movement of silt (e.g.4ile valley);b!ilding costs are very high;many sites are already !sed;

many sites are very remote#cost of transporting electricity high; 3 maxAn" other reasonale points

(e) (i) ame of food production s"stem [1]. Actual name or clearl"locatale details must e given.e.g./h!ndelarra sheep station% !bin% estern :!stralia#anor arm% yke% "orset% ngland#market garden area%anneroo% near &erth% estern :!stralia;3+airy


25/31

(ii) [1]for si?e of footprintthe si-e of the footprint of an inhabitant of a developed co!ntrywill be larger;

[2]for e'planationinhabitant of developed co!ntry has higher standard of living#

higher income;and th!s will cons!me more food;and probably higher proportion of meat;taken from higher in food chain#re,!iring larger area to prod!ce;and so will re,!ire larger areaper capitato s!pport an individ!al;higher car ownership#greater !se of power;implies more C+2prod!ction;

re,!iring larger area for assimilation;:ny other appropriate points

Or, reverse*inhabitant of less developed co!ntry cons!mes less food% etc. 3 max

[2!]

1#. (a) $'aminers should note that the data in the ar#=.=AD 0 1"

=3#=.=AD 0 1"

=2kF

(units re;uired!;

:urundi*

(6.D 0 # 0 1"60 """ 9) .""$ 0 1">#


26/31

(c) %ood production* [2 max]d!e to higher technology#energy s!bsidy in farming;'elgi!m is likely to have greater prod!ction per !nit area;leading to a smaller footprint;

CO2emissions#[2 max]

d!e to more ind!strialised society;'elgi!m2s emissions are likely to be greater;leading to larger footprint;

CO2asorption# [2 max]

d!e to tropical ecosystems in '!r!ndi;vegetation likely to be more effective at absorbing C+2;

leading to smaller footprint;Award credit for other responses appropriatel" lin*ing factorto countr" and si?e of footprint. 6 max

(d) genetically modified crops;irrigation;increasing prod!ctivity of food;greater !se of fertili-ers;increasing prod!ctivity of food;greater inp!ts of energy s!bsidy;giving higher prod!ctivity of food;better#more transportation of food by :7" agencies;giving better distrib!tion to those below minim!m re,!irement;improved storage techni,!es;allowing better distrib!tion over time;

political press!re from h!manitarian#environmental gro!ps;increasing responsibility of wealthier co!ntries for less wealthy#charity;improved democratic str!ct!res lead to more e,!itable distrib!tion of food;Award credit for other responses appropriatel" lin*ing factor toreduction of malnourishment. 4 max

[14]

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2!. (a) ffects d!e to* increased carbon dio$ide levels#s!lf!r o$ides#nitrogen o$ides#!nb!rned hydrocarbons#partic!lates#lead#carbon mono$ide#mining#poll!tion of oceans.

Allow up to [2]for more than ) effects and then up to [2]for eachcategor".

Candidates are as*ed to review so there should e an overview ofmost effects not emphasis on one or two.

Carbon dio$ide increases > global warming > climate change> sea levels risedisruption of ocean currents (e.g. in 4orth:tlantic)#possible negative feedback effects from increased snowfall at poles#coral bleaching#ice caps melt#flooding of low1lyinglands#biomes shift#food prod!ction changes [2];s!lf!r dio$ide > acid deposition > &lcations leaching > treedeathacidifies lakeslimestone buildings eroding [2];nitrogen o$ides > also acid depositionphotochemical smogA>)% oiling of seabirds [2].

Credit !p to one specific health effect correctly attrib!ted to fossilf!el ind!ced poll!tion e.g. asthma.

(>ive credit also for review of other impacts.! " max

(b) :ward marks for !p to strategies (e.g. carbon ta$es#alternativeso!rces of energy#energy efficiencies#liming)% provided somerelevant detail is given for each e$ample. 5 max

(c) 9: !ses more [1]/larger and less efficient a!tomobiles [1];

> more gases released [1]/7n 4orth :merica% petrol is cheaper so4orth :mericans !se more gasolineper capita [1]; ecologicalfootprint high [1]/new cars/ more efficient technology innewer engines / cleaner emissions [2]/poll!tion effects lead tostrong campaign for poll!tion controls [1]/more smog andother poll!tion effects (incl!ding lead in environment) [1]. 4 max

Candidates ma" approach prolem from either $uropean "direction#or 2orth American "direction. e.&. e!pensi%e petrol in Europe

encoura&es more use of public transport leadin& to less pollution;

cheap petrol in @&A ma*es pulic transport unattractive and useof cars more li*el", etc. Credit either approach.


[2!]

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21. (a) renewable nat!ral capital 8 living pop!lations#ecosystems#which reprod!ce and maintain themselves;e.g. forests#animal pop!lations#fisheries;replenishable nat!ral capital 8 non1living reso!rces#!s!allydepend on solar energy for their replenishment;

e.g. gro!ndwater#o-one;non1renewable 8 reso!rces that cannot be replaced on atimescale of the same order at which they are cons!med;e.g. fossil f!els#minerals; 6

(b) uestion as*s for "o#sustainailit" can e assessed, not forthe techni;ues of sustainale management themselves,which man" candidates are giving. o not credit fordescriptions of sustainale management techni;ues.

s!stainable management 8 management of a reso!rce in s!cha way that the long1term prod!ctivity#viability of the nat!ralcapital is not compromised#O-$;

e'ample of sustainale "ield management for forest resource*determine biological prod!ctivity of the forest ecosystem#rate at which timber is prod!ced by photosynthesis (:);determine rate at which timber is being removed (');if ' : forest is not being managed s!stainably;allow for other crops from forest (e.g. game#water); 5 maxAllow an" other appropriate points.

(c) some forms of nat!ral capital can be eval!ated in economic#

money terms;e.g. timber#fish#game#water;th!s an estimate of the economic val!e of the nat!ral capitalcan be made;in other cases it may be diffic!lt or impossible to meas!re theservices provided by a reso!rce;e.g. the val!e of forests in maintaining the p!rity of water;and the protection of soils;aesthetic val!es are very hard to ,!antify;e.g. the aesthetic val!e of a bea!tif!l mo!ntain or lake view;note also possible val!e of a reso!rce in the very long1term#to f!t!re generation in ways not at present !nderstood;moral#religio!s#ethical val!es impossible to ,!antify;and vary from one c!lt!re to another; 6 maxAn" other reasonale points.o not allow same point in (! and (c!.


[2!]

25


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22. (a) Award [2 max]for comparisons and calculations of 8 growth

thiopia 8,"#,

,"#,$.1."

0 1"" 9 1#1: (allow 178 to 118!;

:!stria 8 1"%$

1"%$-.#.

0 1"" 9 /: (negative value) (allow34 to 54);thiopia shows a high#positive growth rate whereas :!stria shows alow#negative growth rate;

Award [2 max]for differences in p"ramids (shown in diagram ordescried in words!thiopian pyramid is shorter than :!strian pyramid (beca!se ofhigher life e$pectancy in :!stria);thiopian pyramid is triang!lar and :!strian pyramid isparallel1sided;thiopian pyramid widens towards base b!t :!strian pyramidbecomes narrower at base;5arger overall area for thiopian pyramid#smaller overall areafor :!strian pyramid.

E t h i o p i a A u s t r i a

Award [2 max]for position in demographic transition model(shown on diagram or descried in words!thiopia likely to be in stage 2 (or 3) thiopia is at an early stagewhere death rates are falling below birth rates;whereas :!stria likely to be at the end of stage D (or in a possiblestage )#:!stria is at a very late stage with birth rates fallingbelow death rates; 7 max

Award [1 mar$]for clear and appropriate s*etches of p"ramidsand/or demographic transition model.

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31/31

23. (a) renewable nat!ral capital is living nat!ral reso!rces that if appropriately#s!stainably managed can prod!ce a nat!ral income of goods and services;a forest is an e$ample of renewable nat!ral capital% as it can prod!cean income;e.g. timber#game#recreation; 3 max

An" other relevant points, such as detailed e'amples.

(b) e'ample for forests*val!e may be economic;i.e. financial val!e of timber#game;val!e fl!ct!ates with s!pply and demand;val!e depends on ease of e$traction;

ecological val!es;e.g. C+2assimilation;

flood1control;

erosion control;Allow [2 max]for e'amples.

important for well1being of biosphere;conservation of biodiversity

aesthetic val!es;e.g. attractive views#scenery;plants#animals bea!tif!l#interesting;

religio!s#moral#spirit!al val!es;e.g. plants#animals#ecosystems#landscapes might be consideredto have rights;

many of these eval!ations vary from c!lt!re to c!lt!re;and time to time;so meas!ring them is partic!larly diffic!lt; 1! maxAn" other relevant points a ran&e of rele%ant ideas and e!amplesma* be presented. 6ust ha%e at least three t*pes of %alues for full

mar0s.

(c) s!stainable !se of a form of nat!ral capital is its !se in s!ch a way#at s!ch a rate;that it does not deteriorate in the long term#that its long1termprod!ctivity is not damaged;

if harvesting#yield is too great% it will be !ns!stainable#reso!rcewill !ltimately be destroyed;this re,!ires meas!rement#calc!lation of s!stainable yield;th!s H 8 (biomass at time t I =)/ (biomass at time t);or8 (energy stored at time t I =)/ (energy stored at time t);or8 (ann!al growth and recr!itment)/ (annual death and emigration); 4 max$'pression of aove in words is acceptale.


[2!]

Documents

Population Old Ms