Some terms…• Emigrants – people who leave a country• Immigrants – people who come into a country• Migration often takes place in steps. This is

called ‘step-wise migration’• External migration - movement between

countries• Internal migration – movement within a

country• Urbanisation is an

example of internal migration where people move from rural to urban areas.

Add terms to Glossary

Migration

Class Survey

• How many times has your family moved?

• What were the main 2-3 reasons for the move?

Types of migration

Counterflow

Origin Destination

- - + - 0

+ - 0 - +

+ - 0 - -

- - - + 0

Intervening Obstacles

+ + + + +

+ - 0 - +

+ + 0 + -

+ - - + 0

Lee’s Model of Migration

Key

- Push factor

+ Pull factor

0 Neutral factor

Push-Pull Factors

Push Factors – these are negative factors which cause people to move from their origin e.g. violence, crime, pollution

Pull Factors – these are positive factors that attract people to move to their destination e.g. education, employment opportunities

(Complete the hand-out “Classifying factors”)

Intervening Obstacles – are physical, economic, or political barriers that migrants must cross during the process of migration

• Examples of intervening obstaclesPhysical barriers – oceans, mountain ranges, desertsCultural - language, leaving family and friends behind, cultural differences Economic – cost of airfarePolitical – immigration policy of country of destination, obtaining a visa

Intervening Obstacles

• Counter flow – This is when people return from their destination back to their point of origin – homesick, disappointed with destination, couldn’t get a job, being a tourist.

Counter flow

Counterflow

Netherlands - 1958 New Zealand

Intervening Obstacles

Mr and Mrs Van Kralingen

Key

- Push factor

+ Pull factor

0 Neutral factor

1. Lack of housing2. Lack of

opportunity3. Impact of WW24. Overcrowding5. Cold wet climate

1. Jobs2. Opportunity3. Scenic beauty4. Warmer climate5. No class system

and equality

1. Language2. Leaving friends

and family3. Cost of travel4. Isolation and

distance5. Different culture

1. 2 trips back for a holiday

Counterflow

Origin Destination

Intervening Obstacles

Asian Migration – Template

Key

- Push factor

+ Pull factor

0 Neutral factor

Paste into notes and complete…

Review of key terms

• migration• migrant• Source / Origin• destination• immigrant• emigrant• push• pull• intervening obstacles• counterflow

Historical migration patterns

1. Immigration

• Maori (750-1000AD)• European (1830’s to present)• Pacific (1950’s to 1970’s)• Asia (1990’s to present)

• For each group consider push factors that forced each group away from their home country

• Pull factors that attracted them to New Zealand

Use the handout on NZ migration

Headings

•What can you tell about these two men?•Where are they most likely to emigrate to? Why?

Emigration destinations, 2006

2. Emigration

New Zealand net migration change, 2005

• Make a summary statement regarding emigration in 2005.

1.Stepwise Migration

In your own words describe what is meant by stepwise migration and give an example from New Zealand of this

type of migration. 50yrs ago this was the usual pattern in

NZ. Is it so likely to occur now?

2. Rural – Urban drift

3. Northward Drift

(Urbanisation) Morrinsville - Hamilton

(Population moving north) – Wellington to Auckland. South Island to North Island.

4. Intra-urban Migration

a)Suburbanisation –

moving to new suburbs on edge of city - Raunui (west)

b)Gentrification –

urban renewal of older inner city suburbs – GreOnehunga

c)Commuting –

daily movement to place of work - Impact of Auckland motorway

d) Movement to lifestyle blocks

on the urban fringe e.g. - Kaipara Harbour. (west). Clevedon ( East) Karaka (South)

(movement within a city) eg…

5. Counterflows –

urban to rural/southwards, retirees moving from cities - Auckland to smaller towns Cambridge, Queenstown

6. Maori Migration, initially to cities 1945-1990, recently to rural tribal homelands 1995-2009 - East Coast

Using the hand out map of NZ, indicate three major patterns of migration, and describe them in your own words.

New Zealand Internal

Migration Trends

New Zealand Internal

Migration Trends

• Northward drift

• Rural-urban drift

• Southward drift counterflow

Why do people move and what is the impact of this movement on the origin and on the destination?

KEY TERMS: Rural, Urban, City, Population Distribution, Population Density

1. What has the main movement been?2. What have been the main source and

destination areas for this type of migration?

3. Give examples/statistics4. Why have people moved?5. What has been the impact of this

migration on both the source and the destination?

For each migration type at the end of the next group of slides you should be able to answer the following questions:

1. Rural to Urban Migration

Construct a percentage bar graph using the data below:

–1881 Rural – 60%, Urban – 40%

–1936 Rural – 32%, Urban – 68%

–2001 Rural – 14%, Urban – 86%

Causes of Rural to Urban MigrationPush Factors

Farm mechanisation and amalgamation leading to rural unemployment

Lack of higher educational facilities, fewer services and amenities

Limited social lifeClosure of dairy factories, freezing works and

woollen mills in rural areas leading to decline

Pull Factors Improved job prospectsBetter education facilitiesBetter social life/entertainment for young

peopleWider choice of accommodation

Consequences of Rural to Urban Migration

NegativeSocial problems – urban sprawl, loss of

identityIncreased cost of living in citiesUnemployment in urban areasOvercrowding of citiesFurther decline in rural services

PositiveImproved standard of living and access to

better services and facilitiesImproved work prospects

2. Northward DriftConstruct THREE pie graphs using the data

below

1881 North Island 45%South Island 55%

1936 North Island 50%South Island 50%

2006 North Island 75%South Island 25%• This drift north has occurred both within

and between the North and South Islands.• The top half of the South Island has grown

while the lower half has declined. (except Queenstown area)

• The fastest growing regions are – Queenstown –Lakes (29%) and Auckland (12%)

• WHY???• Before 1900 more people lived in South

IslandRailways for moving people and freight were

easily built (flat plains)Few Maoris so land was easier to buyLand was already cleared – made farming easyNo wars with Maoris as in North IslandGold rushes in Otago and West Coast brought

money to South Island and created jobs

• Why did the drift North start?Auckland port closest to international

trade routesNZ wars with Maori endedIts warmer

• Why did the drift North start?(cont.)Kauri gumfields in Northland openedMain trunk railway was builtRefrigeration developed in 1880’s and stimulated

growth of Waikato and South Auckland dairy farming

Industry developed in Auckland bringing jobs/people

Forestry on the Volcanic Plateau from 1960Agriculture in the Bay of Plenty from 1970Retirees moving to warm dry areas

like TaurangaMilder climate in northern North

IslandImmigrants were encouraged to settle

in the North

The Ongoing Growth of Auckland

• 1926 just over 200,000 people lived in Auckland (15% of population)

• 2006 just over 1.1 million live in Auckland (33% of national population)

• Why move to Auckland? – family, jobs, wide range of facilities and services, universities and polytechnic institutes, medical services (5 public hospitals), recreational facilities, shopping, quality of life, wide range of accommodation

Consequences of Growth for Auckland

• Not enough housing, waiting lists of poor people wanting access to govt. housing

• Urban sprawl taking over valuable farmland e.g. Botany, Pukekohe, Bombay, Mangere

• Traffic congestion and air pollution• Increasing difficulty in finding work• Crime e.g. theft, drugs, prostitution• Growing homeless or

vagrant population• Increasing pollution

3.Intra-urban migrationDefinition - Movement of people within an

urban area• Why move within an urban area?

– Upgrade to a nicer, more suitable house– A change in family circumstances– A change of job/moving closer to work– A move to a more desirable school zone

• Suburbanisation (movement to outer suburbs)What has caused this trend?– 2 car family– Available space to expand– Lower cost housing– Shopping malls– NZ aim to own a home– Movement of industry to outer edge of city

Intra-urban migration (cont)• Gentrification (movement of younger high income earners into older inner suburbs)The process?

– Urban decay – old established suburbs become run down and deteriorate e.g. Grey Lynn, Ponsonby– Urban renewal – young people who work in city redevelop properties and add value to them– Urban infill – larger sections with a house on them are subdivided and another house or units are built in front or behind the existing home

• Commuting– Travel to and from domestic suburbs e.g. Manurewa to working suburbs

e.g. City

Issues which have occurred in NZ due to these internal migration trends:

• Infill housing• Traffic

congestion• Urban sprawl• Gentrification• Deprivation as

some groups pushed out

4. Counter-flows

• Urban Rural – people moving on to lifestyle blocks

• North Island South Island – cheaper house prices, less crime, less racial tension

• Maori movement back from cities tribal homelands

• Retired people moving from large cities smaller towns

to

to

to

to

5. Maori Migrations• Initial movement after WW2 from tribal

homelands to cities – 1945 25% Maori lived in cities, 2001 85% live in cities. Due to education, healthcare, entertainment, rural unemployment. Result – removed from tribal influences of elders, crime, loss of cultural values, loss of identity, gangs, drugs

• Since 1980’s counterdrift of Maori from cities back to tribal lands

eg East Coast

New Zealand Internal Migration Trends

• Northward drift • Rural-urban drift • Rural depopulation • Suburban sprawl • Stepwise migration • Movement within

cities

Recap? Locate each type on the map and give a ‘case study’ example of each.

Examination Questions

Name and describe TWO internal migration trends. Give a reason for each. (2005)

With reference to Lee’s Model of Migration complete the following tasks. Use NZ as an example.

• Provide TWO specific examples of push factors in the area of origin

• Provide TWO specific examples of intervening obstacles.• Describe what is meant by a counterflow and give ONE

reason for this type of flow. (2003)

Counterflow

Origin Destination

- - + - 0

+ - 0 - +

+ - 0 - -

- - - + 0

Intervening Obstacles

+ + + + +

+ - 0 - +

+ + 0 + -

+ - - + 0

Lee’s Model of Migration

Key

- Push factor

+ Pull factor

0 Neutral factor

Your essay topic: Due_________________

Write paragraphs describing and explaining:1. Why people have migrated within New

Zealand2. The effect of these migrations on the

places they left and the places they went to

Migration

in India

Stepwise Migration

Use these words to complete the cloze exercise on Indian migration

urbanisation

healt

hca

re

males

stepwise

megacities

destinatio

n

MEDC

LEDC

indentured

refugees

Hindu

migrated

tsunami Pakistan

labour

1. Overcrowding and congestion2. Air and water pollution3. Untreated waste and poor sanitation4. Creation of shanty towns or bustees in Mumbai and Kolkata with no access to facilities e.g. water, sewage, electricity5. Homes made of cardboard and corrugated iron6. Widespread disease, crime and poverty7. Changing social values and o loss of traditional values

Why do Indians move?

Impact on

source area

Impact on destination area

1. loss of most productive members of society (15-30 years of age) to the city2. Market for goods and services shrinks in rural areas3. Gender imbalance in villages – few young men4. Less pressure on limited rural resources5. Rural areas receive income from family working in the city6. Some migrants return from the city bringing new skills and ideas

Better standard of living

employment

education

Facilities and infrastructure

Provide income for families in rural villages

Move from strict social controls in the rural villages

Source: K Carter

1.Write a generalisation of the trend shown in this graph

2.What percentage of the population was rural in 1970? 2000?

3.What process has caused this change?4.What type of graph is this?

Source: L. Anderson

1.Identify three benefits experienced by the migrant to the urban area

2.Identify a disadvantage of having moved to the city3.Identify one social/cultural change in which the

older man has changed as a result of moving to the city

4.Does the cartoon indicate the move was successful or not? Why?

Source: L. Anderson

1.Why did Haji move to Mumbai?

2.How did Haji benefit from his move to Mumbai?

3.Why has Haji moved three times within Mumbai?

4.Does Haji believe that his move to the city was successful or not? Why?

Words for cloze exercise: Indian Migration

Indentured labour

LEDC (Less economically developed countries)

Megacities

Destination

Migrated

Labour

MEDC (More economically developed countries)

males

stepwise

Hindu

Urbanisation

Refugee

Healthcare

Pakistan