View
225
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Population Genetics
Mendelain populations and the gene pool
Inheritance and maintenance of alleles and genes within a population of randomly breeding individuals
Study of how often or frequent genes and/or alleles appear in the population
Genotypic frequencies – how often do certain allelic combinations appear
Allelic frequencies - how often does an individual allele appear
Genotypic frequenciesfrequency a particular genotype appears (combination of alleles)for moths at rightout of 497 moths collectedBB appears 452 timesBb appears 43 timesbb appears 2 times
FrequenciesBB 452 ÷ 492 = 0.909Bb 43 ÷ 492 = 0.087bb 2 ÷ 492 = 0.004Total 1.000
BB
Bb
Bb
bb
What about alleles that do show simple dominant - recessive relationship?
How does genotypic frequency really demonstrate flux or change in frequencies of the dominant allele?
What if there are multiple alleles?
Allelic frequencies
Allelic frequency
Allelic frequency = Number of copies of a given allele divided by sum of counts of all alleles
BB appears 452 timesBb appears 43 timesbb appears 2 times492 moths 994 allelesFrequenciesB (904 + 43) ÷ 994 = 0.953b (43 + 4) ÷ 994 = 0.047Total 1.000
BB
Bb
Bb
bb
Can also calculate it from the genotypic frequencies
BB was 0.909
Bb was 0.087
bb was 0.004
Therefore frequency of B = Frequency of BB + ½ frequency of Bb
f(B) = .909 + ½ 0.087 = .909 + .0435 = .9525
F(b) = 0.004 + ½ 0.087 = 0.004 + 0.0435 = 0.047
What about multiple alleles?
Genotype Number
A1A1 4
A1A2 41
A2A2 84
A1A3 25
A2A3 88
A3A3 32
Total 274
f(A1) = Total number of A1 in population divided by total number of alleles
Genotype Number
A1A1 4
A1A2 41
A2A2 84
A1A3 25
A2A3 88
A3A3 32
Total 274
f(A1) = Total number of A1 in population divided by total number of alleles
Genotype Number Number of A1
A1A1 4 2 X 4
A1A2 41 41
A2A2 84
A1A3 25 25
A2A3 88
A3A3 32
Total 274
f(A1) = ((2 X 4) + 41 + 25) ÷ (2 X 274)
= (8 +41 + 25) ÷ 548
= 74 ÷ 548
= 0.135
Allelic frequencies at X linked locussame principle
However remember for humans that males only have one X
So that
F(one allele = 2 X the homzygous genotype) + the number of heterozygotes + the males with the phenotype all divided by the number of alleles in the population (2 X females) plus males.
Hardy – Weinberg “law”
Frequencies of alleles and genotypes within a population will remain in a particular balance or equilibrium that is described by the equation
Consider a monohybrid cross, Aa X Aa
Frequency of A in population will be defined as p
Frequency of a in population will be defined as q
Gametes A (p) a (q)
A (p) AA(pp) Aa(pq)
a (q) Aa(pq) aa(qq)
Frequency of AA offspring is then p2
Frequency of aa offspring is then q2
Frequency of Aa offspring then 2pq
Frequency of an allele being present is = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Where p = frequency of “dominant” allele
and q = frequency of “recessive” allele
For the moth example
(0.9525)2 + (2 X (0.953 X 0.047)) + (0.047)2
0.907 + (2 x 0.045) + .002
.907 + .09 + .002 = .999
Is this good enough?
Can be extended to more than two alleles
Two alleles
(p + q)2 = 1
Three alleles
(p + q + r)2 = 1
And X – linked alleles
Can be used to det4ermine frequencies of one allele if the presence of one allele is known
Conditions or assumptions for the Hardy – Weinberg law to be true
Infinitely large population (?)
Randomly mating population (with respect to trait)
No mutation (with respect to locus or trait)
No migration (with respect to locus or trait)
No natural selection (with respect to locus or trait)
Frequencies of alleles do not change over time
Population variation
How is it quantitated?
Proportion of polymorphic loci
Heterozygosity
Population variation in space and time for allelesBlue mussel
Cline –systematic variation in allele frequency across geography
Temporal variation
Population variation
Variation at many loci
How is it detected?
PCR
Sequencing
Protein electrophoresis
VNTRs
SNTRs
Synonymous vs. non-synonymous variations or chnages
How is population variation of loci obtained
Random events
Mutation
Gain and loss of genes from the gene pool
Founder effect
Bottleneck effect
Random genetic drift
Selection
Migration
Mutations may be lost or fixed within a population
Selection and speciation
Selection coefficient
Heterozygote superiority
Selection against recessive lethal
Fitness
Problems
Text Study Guide
22.1 - 22.5 pg 502 – 505
1-15
Terms
Mendelian population
Gene pool
Genotypic frequencies
Hardy-Weinberg law
Genetic drift
Random mating
Cline
Random genetic drift