POPULATION AND URBAN LIVING ENVIRONMENT · DUONG, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. TO Till MINH THONG, Vice-Director of the National Institute for Urban and Rural Planning, Ministry

NHA XUAT BAN CHINH TRl Quac GIA 24 Qllang Trung - Ha NQi

DT 8252008 FAX 84 - 4 - 251881

TIMDOC

- Dan s5 va moi tnldng d do th thanh ph5 Ha NQi

- Migration human resources employment and urbanization in Hochiming city ~

- Cac quy dnh phap lu~t ve xwlt canh nh~p canh cu tru di l~i hon nhan va gia dinh lien quan den ngudi nuoc ngoai t~i Vi~t Nam (Song ngu)

MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR URBAN AND RURAL PLANNING

VIE9P02 PROJECT

POPULATION AND URBAN LIVING ENVIRONMENT

IN HANOI CITY

~ NATIONAL POLITICAL PUBLISHING HOUSE



VIE93P02 PROJECT

I POPULATION AND URBAN LIVING ENVIRONMENT IN HANOI CITY

NATIONAL POLITICAL PUBLISHING HOUSE HANOImiddot1996

~ ~

~

CONTENTS

Page

Preface 7

List of definitions 9

List of abbreviations 11

List of tables 12

List of figures 14 I

Part I BackgrouncJ 15

11 Topic 15

12 City setting I 16

13 Sutvey objective 22

14 Methodology 23

Part 11 Results 27

21 Housing and living space 27

22 Sanitation - RefUse 38

23 Urban physical infrastructure ~tem 46

24 Elements causing direct pollution of Hanois environment 56

Part Ill Conclusions and recommendations 67

Bibliography 73

5

PREFACE

This study was undertaken within the framework of a United Nations Population Fund (UNFPAf project in Vietnam VIE93P02 middotSupport to Research on Population and Development in Vietnam The project which was partly financed by the Government of France startedin 1993 and involved four Vietnamese research institutes Each one of them carried out a small quantitative survey on a population-related topic The analysis of the survey are being published in four separate reports (including this one) in English and in Vietnmaese

This monagraph was written by Mr DANG XUAN DUONG under the supervision of Prof Dr TO Till MINH THONG Vice-Director of the National Institute for Urban and Rural Planning Ministry of Construction in Hanoi Technical assistance was provided throughout the project by Mr Patrick Gubry a researcher at the Centre for Population and Development (CEPED) in Paris and Jerrold W Huguet PopUlation Affairs Officer at the Population Division of ESCAP Bangkok

7

LIST OF DEFINITIONS

- Migration Movement of individuals or groups which involves a change of usual residence

- Natural growth Growth resulting from the natural movement of population defined as the difference between live births and deaths between two specific points in time

- Living space The space surrounding housing and housing space

-Population density Average number of persons living on 1 ha or lkm2 of natural land area

- Living density Number of persons living on 1 ha of living land area

- Living land area Area including housing construction area of ground gardens around the houses and

~ (

9

area of access roads into thehouses

- Living area Living space including roomsbedrooms dining rooms (if any)(excluding auxiliary areas such LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSas kitchen toilet or bathroom)

- Auxiliary area Kitchen toilet bathroomdesigned for specific functions - MOC Ministry of Construction in a flat to serve day-to-day - NITJRP National Institure for Urban and Rural living requirements Planning

- Construction Percentage of total area occupied - UNFPA United Nations Population Funddensity by architectural construction - MOLISA Ministry of Labor Invalids and Social- Total fertility rate Average number of children per Mfairs

women in their child-bearing - MOSTE Ministry of Science Technology andages Environment

- Floating popushyA population not settled in a _ URENCO Urban Environmental Companylation definite place - BOD Biology organiC dissolved

10 11

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Hanoi Population 1981-1994

Table 2 Percentage distribution of sub-districts by construction density

Table 3 Living density in some sub-districts having

living density

Table 4 Household size and number of generations living in the same flat or apartment

Table 5 Quality of Houses by Districts

Table 6 Distribution of households by natural light condition

Table 7 Frequency of households by kitchen and fuel for cooking

Table 22 Number of households by type of latrine

by district

Table 9 Number of households by type of refuse

disposal by district

Table 10 Households by water sources

Table 11 Number of households by drainage system and flooding frequency by districts

Table 12 Road structure in living area

Table 13 Environmental pollution caused by dust

Table 14 Environmental pollution by ill-smell

poisonous gases

Table 15 Environmental pollution caused by nois~

Table 16 Social safety and security in living areas

12 13

LIST OF FIGURESmiddot

1 Figure 1 Kinds of fuel fpr kitchen

2 Figure 2 Kinds of refuse disposal

3 Figure 3 Summary households assessment of

living environment

4 Figure 4 Investigated population by age and

sex in 1993

PART]

BACKGROUND

11 Topic

Population is an impurtant development issue which

needs to be looked at as it affects the environment

especially in urban areas of developing countries As

a result of a successful family planning program

supported by the Government of Vietnam the urban

natural population growth ~ate decreased In spite of

this decrease Vietnam being very densely populated

in some of its regions one of which being the Red

River Delta the issue of population and environment

is extremely important Therefore research on th~

relationships between population growth urbanization

and environment is needed to understand the processes

at work and to elaborate effective policies

This research project started by a review of the

literature which led to the State-of-the-Art Report

14 15

on Population and Environment presented at a

seminar in 1993 Then a survey was planned and

conducted in 1994 A first draft presenting the results

of the survey was written and presented at a seminar in 1995

12 City setting

121 Formation and development of Hanoi

Hanoi is considered one of the most ancient urban centers of Vietnam with thousands of years of tradition and culture In the year 1010 the Emperor Ly Cong Uan moved the Capital from Hoa Lu to

Daila and named it Thang Long It was the foundation of Hanoi It was a very small (there were only 6 quarters) and not very populated city

From the Le Loi dynasty (1428) to the Gia Long dynasty (1805) Hanoi developed The city was named Thang Long until 1831 when the Emperor Minh Mang renamed it Hanoi The same Emperor moved

the capital to Hue but Hanoi remained one of the most populated and bustling urban centers of the country

In 1945 Hanoi became the capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and consisted of 5

inner-city districts In 1954 Hanoi consisted of 4

inner-city districts including the 36 streets-quarter

In 1976 Hanoi was chosen to be the capital of unified

Vietnam by decison of the National Assembly of the ~ Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Hanoi is located at longitude of 106 E and latitude

of 21 N It is influenced by a tropical monsoon

climate which is hot with much rainfall The average

annual rainfall is over 1860mm average temperature

is 234degC average humidity of 81-88 and total solar

energy is 1094 kcallcm2year Hanoi each year

suffers directly or indirectly from natural disasters

such as typhoons and flooding Hanoi is ip an

advantageous position for transportation of all modes

roads waterways railways and airways Hanoi is at

the hub of six railways eight national roads three

large rivers and Noibai international airport

Nowadays the inner-city area of Hanoi is about

43 kmS witt four inner-city districts namely Hoan

Kiem Ba Dinh Hai Ba Trung and Dong Da with

a total population of over 1 million persons living in

84 sub-districts The suburban area includes five

districts namely Gia Lam Dong Anh Tu Liem Thanh

Tri and Soc Son with a population of 11 million

In recent years the natural growth rate has been

16 17

decreasing but population growth is still high and

unevenly distributed In the central areas and ancient

quarters the population density is very high reaching

over 1000 personsha It is estimated that 300 000

persons living in Hanoi are not registered They are

temporary migrants doing trade or seasonal work

The total population of Hanoi is approximately 24 million

HanoPs economy has developed rapidly over the

past ten years under the doi moi policies

(renovation) As a result of this rapid development

the city is facing new environmental problems Many

industrial factories use for example outdated

technology which are highly polluting In addition

the private and informal sectors have developed and

many small-sized enterprises and markets selling their

goods on streets and side walks have emerged This

new s~ctor generate an important amount of refuse

difficult to manage

122 Population growth

The popUlation of Hanoi increased very rapidly

particularly since the beginning of the XXth century

The population growth of the Capital may be divided

in four periods

Table 1 Hanoi population 1918middot1994

Inner-city Inner-city

Year population Year population

(4 districts) (4 Districts)

1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400

Source - Databook of Hanoi Dang Xuan Duong 1994 project

VIE88P02middot

- Statiscals years books 1991 1994 Hanoi statistical office

- 35 years of construction and economical development of capital Hanoi (1954 - 1989) Hanoi statistical office

a) 1918 - 1954

During the first half of the century the aye rage popUlation growth ratE( was very high approximately 47year During the period 1918-1928 the average

18 19

population growth rate was even higher 62year These high rates resulted from a high natural growth and from migration flows from the rural to the urban areas There was no or little use of family planning methods during this period

b) Period from 1954 to 1979

The population of Hanoi doubled over this period of 25 years due to a sustained population growth rate of over 35 per year The main population growth component was natural increase Between 1954 and 1969 the average rate was 34year and between 1970 and 1979 23year In spite of a decrease of the population growth rate growth remained high

Apart from the natural growth population also increased as a result of business transfers and Government organizational distribution However unlike during the preceding period growth attributable to migration was very low A registration system of the urban citizens was implemented and attributions of new registrations were very limited This policy allowed the Vietnamese Government to keep migration to Hanoi as low as possible Natural increase remained high since the family planning program launched in the 19708 had not reached enough couples yet to affect fertility rates

cJ Period from 1980 to 1989

Natural increase was still prevailing but as a result

20

of the national campaign for family planning the popUlation growth rate decreased rapidly The average population growth rate decreased from 23year to 14year Migration continued to be negligible due to a strict policy people eligible for migration were selected authorities strictly controlled registrations and only registered inhabitants benefited from certain economic and education rights

Howver policies aiming at reducing fertility and controlling migration reached for the most part the highly educated people In spite of control squatters started to appear The urban policy giving rights to

registered citizens only adaptation and integration were almost impossible for the undocumented migrants

d) 1990 to present

During this period renovation policies deeply affected Hanoi The shift from a centrally planned economy to a market economy modified many aspects of Hanois daily life for its inhabitants Since the opening of the country population now tends to increase rapidly compared with the reriod 1969-1989 The new economic system implies a lost of control over migration and as a result flows of rural people desiring to settle in Hanoi have increased

According to the results of our survey people migrating to Hanoi come from rural areas and small

21

cities of the Northern central and Northern regions of Vietnam Upon their arrival in the city new commers rely on relatives who lhelp them to look for a job either in the public or in the private sector Eventually they settle down permanently they buy a house and then move their family to the city Although some of these people may have official registration others live without it Guest workers coming back from abroad are in a more favorable position Having both technical skills and savings they can buy a house and find a job more rapidly They also move their family in Hanoi once they are settled

Another important factor linked to population increase is the rapid development of the suburbs lncrease of prices for buying land and economic development contributes in explaining they expansion of suburban areas

Apart from new settlers Hanoi also has now an important floating population consisting of freelance laborers coming from other provinces in search of employment For example many cyclo drivers of Hanoi come from this floating population These laborers do not have housing and live in very precarious conditions

13 Survey objective

The survey was carried out to study urban

popul~tion environment situation and living

conditions of the people in Hanoi and to study the relationships between these three issues

14 Methodology

141 Survey sample

The sample was drawn randomly in the four inner districts Hoan Kiem Ba Dinh Hai Ba Trung Dong Da

In each inner district a number of sub-districts was selected randomly As the number of households in each sub-dstrict is nearly the same in each shysub-district 4 resident groups were selected randomly in each resident group 10 households were selected randomly The selection was carried out based on the lists of registered sub-districts resident groups and households without any specific criterion

Three out of ten suburban towns that have high

population density polluted environment or degraded were selected They are Gia Lam Cau Giay Van

Dien In each town the number of resident groups was selected approximately proportional to its total population (for details see Chart 1)

22 23

The survey results were analyzed separately for

inner districts and suburban towns Gl rhl tU 142 Content of the survey j liJ~TI

f] The survey was carried out with two types of questionnaite the household and the individual1~ L]J ~ questionnaire

The household questionnaire covered the following

z ~ topics Cl ~8 -

~ 1 J J~ ~i _ Population and household size (number of persons 8 ~ and generations) ~ 1

00 ~ - Housing conditions ~ ~ ~ ~ I~ H - Living conditions 11 ~i

~ 8 Sanitary and sOcial environment ~ ~i 11 tQC)

00 ~ The individual questionnaire collected personal ~ j li 11 ~ information about

Ocl 3l el

~ Q

~ ~ - Age sex migration 11 ~ 1 ~ ~ 8~~ o - Education9

~ Incomel yen ~ 08

~31 - Use of transportation meanst 11 j~ oQ - Health status

143 Fieldwork~i ~ 1il ~

~~ j The survey was conducted by NIURP within the11 ~1 I

~1 oQ ill ~ 8 framework of the UNFPA assisted VIE93P02 project lI

2524

Fifteen interviewers chosen from the staff of NIURP took part in the date collection process They attended a one-week training course on research method and on the content of the questionnaires The interviewers

visited each selected household and administered the

questionnaires

Since some people were not found at home the interviewers had sometiomes to come back two three

even four times In addition it is probable that the question on income might not have been answered

precisely

144 Data processing and analysis

All the questionnaires were tested and in the case of an important problem the interviewer went back

to the household The response rate is 997 Three persons coded the answers three did the data entry and two computer specialists took part in the progaramming The data entry and data analysis were

done with SPSS program In total ten persons were

trained in SPSS program

PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS

21 Housing and living space

In recent years the HanoPs housing situation has improved as the housing subsidy system has been phased out and new regulations allowing private construction and housing repair were implemented Many new residential areas have been formed especially where the Government allocated land for private housing construction New privately built houses are generally of good construction quality and offer large living areas to their inhabitants The population living in these houses now have an average

living area of 5 to 6 m2 per person or over

However only people with a high income a high

rank peole inheriting real estate or people capable and eligible to apply for land allocation have improved their housing conditions The survey shows that a

large part of the population still live in very difficult

26 27

conditions Housing is an urgent problem to solve in

Hanoi

a) Living space

Because of the high population growth rate and the low average housing height high construction density is now a serious problem in the 36 streets quarter The construction of the houses of this area goes back to the 17th century This problem is also

found in other old quarters of the city Inmiddot those areas most land is covered and crowded with construction Alleys rather than roads were built long ago Nowadays widening the narrow alleys of these quarters is almost impossible since it would mean the destruction of many houses densely occupied Adding to this prolbem is the construction of new houses or the extension of old ones in ares already very densely populate~ Of course neither clear areas

nor green areas are found in these quarters

In Hanoi the area of green space per capita is very -low 11 m2person In the central district of

bullHoan Kiem there is only 068 m2person and of course

in many residential areas an~ sub-district there is no green space at all Recently buitl areBS also lack

natural space which is something to worry about

In residential areas established after 1954 the

construction respected planning rules ensuring

necessary air flow but green areas around houses

have been gradually invaded by new houses and

extensions on existing houses thus gradually

increasing the construction density

Of the four inner-city districts Hoan Kiem district

has the highest construction density Thirteen of its

eighteen sub-districts have high or too high

construction density Some of them have very high

construction density reaching 85 such as Dong

Xuan Hang Bac Hang Gai Hang Dao Hang Buom

sub-districts These areas were built before 1954 At

that time only commercial and residential needs were

considered environment was not a concern to the

planners

Average housing height is low except in some

residential areas built after 1954 where high

apartment buildings are found In most areas houses

are one or two-storied houses Many residential areas

of Hanoi have a higher living density than the

maximum standard For instance some sub-districts

like Hang Bo Hang Ma Hang Bac Hang Dao and

eua Dong have a living density which is twice the

maximum allowable standard of modern urban centers

28 29

(see table 3) Such residential areas are seriously

overloaded in terms of environmental sanitation


I Sub-district distribution

Total by oonstruction density() ID lStnct sub-district

Airy Medium Iiig~FeY hgh (below (41-50) (51-65) (over 66) 40)

HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy

Source Hanoi Master Plan Ministry of Construction 1992

b) Mean living area

Presently the average living area in the inner-city of Hanoi by district is as follows

Hoan IDem 487 m2person

Ba Dinh 520 m2person

Dong Da 470 m2person

Hai Ba Trung 524 m2person

According to the results of the survey in the

inner districts of Hanoi two thirds of houswholds

live in apartments with an average living area below 6 m2person (23 of households have an average living area of below 2 m2person 2638 from 2 to 4 m2 and 298 from 4 to 6 m2 person)

Table 3 Living density in some sub-districts having high living density

Average I Living density I Ratio

No Sub-district height I Lbetween (stories) Stan- Actual tual and

i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I

Hang Gai Hang So Hang Ma Hang Bac I

Hang Dao I Cua Dong Quoc Tu Giam

I Bui Thi Xuan N Thi Nham

I Hue street Cau Den

Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I

Source Planning report of Hanoi

158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130

Standard defined by Vietnam urban planning regulation

In Hanoi the number of generations and the

number of people sharing one housing unit are high

30 31

The living patterns observed may partly reflect a Housing stock per period of construction in Hanoi cultural preference However the low housing _Built before 1960 326 construction rate does not meet the demand from

Built from 1961 - 1970 280newly formed households The difficulty for new

Built from 1971 - 1980 150couples to have access to housing may contribute in Jexplaining that one third of households have three Built from 1981 up to now 244

generations and tbe same proportion 6 or more Before 1986 collective housing areas and houses persons under Government management were usually rent at

Generations Inner-city Suburb such a low price that the Housing and Land Department did not have enough money for1 Generation 47 40 maintaining and improving the houses On the other

2 Generation 584 650 hand the lodgers were not allowed to do repairs

3 Generation 346 280 themselves Degradation was thus occurring very 4 Generation 22 30 rapidly At that time housing construction was not

planned in paralled with other infrastructures such Persons Inner-city Suburb as water supply and drainage leading to very poor

- Less than 3 217 19 quality housing Over the last few years investments

- 514 515- 4 5 in collective housing are still insufficient monthly

- 6 and over 296 295 rent are still very low and the funds needed for

repairs not available(see details table 4) Housing quality is also poor because several

c) Housing quality constructions were built with makeshift materials

The housing stock in Hanoi except for new since 1956 (wood bamboo plastered walls etc) Most constructions and privately built houses is rapidly of these construction should have been abandoned degrading One third of Hanoi houses have been built since 1970-1975 but are still used Another housing before 1960 tock in very bad conditions and built by the

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Governmept is the one built during the war many of these cement buildings are now leaking Aceording to our results less than one half of the houses in Hanoi are considered durable

- Durable housing 445

- Needing much repair 388

- Not safe (temporary too old) to use 155

(See details table 5)

d) Natural lighting condition

More than one half of the houses surveyed ensures good natural lighting conditions For the inner city results show that 413 of households do not have enough natural light 27 of households live without any natural light (see details table 6) High construction derisity in some areas unplanned building and spontaneous construction of housing extensions have led to a serious lack of natural light

in many houses especially in Hanois ancient quarters such as Dopg Xuan sub-district Thuoc Bac road and

Hang Bo In suburban towns the situation is the same as in the inner city districts

e) Auxiliary areas

Auxiliary areas include the kitchen dining place toilet bathroom bicycle storage tool stcgtrage balcony

35

etc In complete apartments or flats auxiliary areaS Table 5 Quality of Houses by Districts

normally occupy 20-45 of the total area Though Long-lasting Need much Not safe Missing

they are called auxiliary they are really necessary -

repair

in day-to-day living activities Area

HHs HMs HHs HMs

In Hanoi some households share a kitchen others A) Total

have to cook in the living room on the balcony or inner city 444 445 387 388 155 155 9 09

Districtisin the corridor Cooking in the living room on the Hoan Kiem 75 377 88 440 35 175 bull 0 00

balcony or in the corridor pollutes the living Ba Dinh 82 412 69 347 41 206 7 35

Hai Baenvironment Significantly especially for those bull Tntng 131 470 118 423 29 104 1 0

households using coal as cooking fuel In our sample Dongf)a 156 489 112 351 50 157 1 03

B) Suburb 92 400 86 430 19 95 3 1566 of households have no kitchen and cook in

temporary corners The proportion of households

sharing a kitchen with other households is high Table 6 Distribution of househo~ds by natural light conditionabout 76

I I IGood Insufficient Not ut all Missing

( Many kinds of fuel are utilized for cooking i

depending on the economic conditions of households Area

HMs HMs HHs 1 HHs I I

and location of kitchen Electricity and gas are Al Total inner considered modern cooking forms and city 555 557 412 413 27 27 3 03

environment-friendly However only 117 of Districtis 55 0 0households in the inner city and 45 in the suburbs Hoan Kiem 88 440 101 505 11

Ba Dinh 122 613 73 367 1 05 3 15 use electricity or gas The most common fuels used Ha1 Ba Trung 164 588 108 387 7 25 0 0

are coal and kerosene This distribution is explained Dongf)a 181 567 130 408 8 25 0 0

Bl Suburb I l14 57 83 415 3 15 0 0by the high price of electriCity the high investment

that represents a gas stove and the lower prices of

3736

I

other fuels Unfortunately the fuels used by most

household pollute the environment

For example if all households of Hanoi wert using two cakes of coal per day each cake weighing 03-05 kg then in the inner-city 85-90 tons of coal will be burned daily for cooking C02 from coal pollutes residential areas creating smoke dust gases ill smells and lfires

22 Sanitation and Refuse

221 Toilets and latrines

Approximately one half of households surveyed have a private toilet 483 in the inner-city and 51 in the suburbs Most of these households live in collective apartment buildings or in areas where the Government allocates plots of land for private construction There are 226 of ~urveyed households in the inner-city and 246 in the suburb sharing toilets and 289

of households have to use public latrines Public latrines are often located inside living areas they are old damaged and represent a source of epidemics

ill-smell and environmental pollution

Septic tank toilets double-vault latrines and bucket

latrines are the main types l1sed The septic tank

toilet is the most sanitary kind and it is found in

collective apartment buildings villas private housing

constructions and in houses having enough space for

the replacement of a double-vault latrine or a bucket

latrine by a septic tank toilet Our results show that

the doulbe-vault is the most common type of toilet

and that the situation in the suburb towns is much

better than in inner-city districts

Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket

In 4 iner-city distri

Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250

Since 1978 city authorities have issued policies

in order to improve double-vault and bucket latrines

Since the implementation of the policy 10000 latrines

have been improved into septic tank toilets so far

However there is still a number of double-vault and

bucket latrines existing in many reurosidential areas

concentrated in the old quarters in areas along lanes

in villages at the edge of the city in collective

one-storied housing areas and in temporaty housing

areas The existence of those kinds of latrines creates

serious environmental pollution

38 39

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According to MOSTE and the Department for Urban Architecture and Planning Management -MOO in Hanoi there are 11000 unsanitary double-vault latrines and bukcket latrines and 8000 public latrines of double-vault kind

222 Refuse and refuse collection

a) Reuse sourees

The main sources of refuse in Hanoi are domestic refuse (two thirds being organic refuse) refuse from markets public places shops restaurants hotels street refuse (domestic refuse dirt sand stones leaves etc) refuse of institutions such as hospitals and schools (paper glass organic) building refuse (Hme mortar sand gravel bricks etc) and industrial refuse (organic metal plastic etc) Among all sources domestic market street and institutional refuse account for 76 of Hanois refuses

b) Refuse volume and refuse composition

In Hanoi the amount of refuse generated at present is estimated at about 06-08 kgpersonday Le 02-03 tonpersonyear an average considered high Half of

the refuse of Hanoi is organic With this high organic proportion considering the tropical hot and humid climate of the region fermentation and decay occur

rapidly Therefore daily refuse collection and

42 43

transportation are necessary to protect the living co to to to toco ~ o -04 M r r Q

1 (N co ~environment from pollution - shy

to rn gj g t)~ ftJc) Refuse collection transport and treatment 5 ~

I--------T- ---1--1 - -- --------------18 co I) C ~cgt coRefuse collection is done by URENCO the amount d d co ~ ~E of refuse collected in the four inner city districts is i ~ 011 agt agt ~

Ctl $ (N t) 8 ~about 2000 mSday Domestic refuse collection is done

- -j---- shyImanually in combination with mechanical equipment agt ~ a E d ~ ~ ~ r ~ ltgt co coHand-carts and push-carts come to residential areas ~ --lto collect refuse and dispose it at night into 92 refuse ~ r~ -~-~-~---~-~-

concentrating sites located in the city After that I ~ ]=

co to- to- co toatrucks lorries and compactors come to transport it llQ~d QM ~ Id ltltiegti=IS e ~ Ctl

to landfills This collection method causes serious tshy Q agt toshy agt (N ~ 011 13 agt co co ~ unsanitary conditins in residential areas around the E j ~

refuse concentrating sites In collective housing areas ltgt to to ltgt co co Q ~ e4 Q egt Q ltgt toshy (Nrefuse is disposed into fixed containers or big volume ~ sU_d_- co to to ltgt ltgt cometal containers Every 1 or 2 days trucks or lorries co to ~

j J~ Xl (N

of URENCO come to collect the refuse URENCO 1___1 = I co agt ltf 00 I)

also collects the refuse people dispople dispose along a d g 1rJ gj to- e4 Q

I main streets in the daytime Along some main streets J Qgt~ ~ I)~ ~ to-

agt to (Nand around some centers small containers collect ~ 1---- -+--- --------1

refuse from pedestrians 1gt51

Cl ~~middotii ~ In our survey~ 599 of households of the inner-city i~ OItl~ i1gt tl amp~ tl C l 8 bO are serviced daily by collection equipment of Q at

t( ~ 8 middotmiddotJ~~~ll$middotiURENCO in suburban towns the proportion is 48 1 ~ 8 ~ a gs ~ r ~

~ ~ ~ 8 ti S ~ B tdNearly 30 of the households dispose their refuse 1~_ ~~ 4544 l1

into concentrating sites 107 dispose their refuse

at will out of which 79 dispose it on the ground and 28 into water bodies like rivers canals lakes

or ponds The fact that there is free disposal of

refuse in Hanoi means that ground and water are

polluted (See table 9 for details)

23 Urban physicaf infrastructure system

231Water supply system

There is not enough fresh water for daily use in Hanoi Even if the water supply situation has improved over the last few years many residential areas sesiously lack water especially during the summer Many households facing this problem are located at the end of the water network or in areas where programs for the improvement of the water supply system have not yet been carried out

i Water sources

The main water source in Hanoi is piped water 3

with a total capacity reaching over 360000 m per day The water supply system is in bad condition

and leakage is responsible for an important volume

of lost piped water Main water pipes are often

chiseled for illegal connections deteriorating the

network

The results of the survey show that 721 of

interviewed households in the inner-city use piped water form taps inside their houses Anotner 215 use public taps and 48 use well water mainly in Hoan Kiem Hai Ba Trung and Dong Da districts The remaining 13 use water from rivers ponds or

lakes water that definitely does not meet sanitary standards In the suburban towns water taps in the

houses are less frequent than in the inner-city districts and more people must use water from public

taps and wells

ii Water demand aJ)d water supply quality

Demand for water is increasing as use of appliances such as water heaters and washing machines are more

common in urban households However the existing

water supply capacity is limited reaching only 80-100 literspersonday In some areas especially in Hoan Kiem and Rai Ba Trung districts average water

supply capacity reaches only 50 literspersoniday Some people have to economize on each liter of water and queue up at public taps or wells everyday The results of the survey show that among households

using piped water only 123 have sufficient water 416 do not have enough water during the summer ~ and 426 seriously lack water during the same

season

46 47

~ at= ~ X c to JlIIc CD A0 c

bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0

Water quality in Hanoi does not meet the standards for drinking water of the World Health Organization on turbidity smell and bacteria concentration Water must be boiled before drinking One of the reason

for low water quality is the bad condition of the pipes In suburban towns water quality is lower than

in the inner districts

232 Sewerage and drainage sitootion

In Hanoi bothsewerageand drainage are combined in one system which consists of lengthwise sewers cross sewers regulated ponds rivers canals as well as pumping stations Hanois sewerage and drainage system can be diviqed into two areas the inner city and the suburbs

Th~ old inner areas cover 1008 hectares anq contain 380-400 thousand people They have one combined drainage and sewerage system for all three kinds of waste water domestic waste water

industrial waste water and rain water The length of the sewer system is 75-80 km It was built in 1930 and sevver pipes have been degraded or damaged and

have sunk or collapsed The cross-sections are too small for water discharge demands

The system in the suburbs was built after 1954

It covers 5300-5500 hectares and serves waterbull

48 49

system Domestic waste water is discharged into lakes CJ middot CJ ~ en ltgt t=

T ~ ~ ~ ~ponds canals and ditches In this area there are ~~ ~

00 en 00 t-j ~j en 00 CJ ID4000 septic tanks and 40 km of sewers Many streets

t en CJand many new residential quareters have no sewerage ~ ID ~ ~ en t= middot Ci

U ~ tl ~ CJ lt

and drainage system becuse of limited and lt en 00 00 00 IDS ~ ID en 00 ~ ~ uncoordinated funding Drainage to ponds and lakes A = tl causes local flooding ~ Ci en en tl t- en ID 00According to the results of the survey in the four CJ CJ ID CJ CJ

Ill inner districts 767 of households discharge waste lt IQ ltgt ~ lt ltgtI 1 i ~

middot t shy

~ Q Q Q Q water into the sewerage system 136 discharge it 1 lt ltgt ltgt

J ~ directly onto the ground and 95 discharge it = = 00 ID CJ ID ltgt ltdirectly into bodies of water such as rivers canals ~ ~ ~ r cO lt

ponds or lakes In other words 23 of wate water ~ ~ 00 ~CJ ~ ~ ~ ~ -8 ~ ~ pollutes the ground or the water in living areas In CJ CJ IQi ~ Q Ci lti~suburban towns the proportion of households ~ S

~

lt CJ ID ~ t shy= discharging waste water directly onto the ground or ~ ~ ~ lbodies of water is very high - 645 (See table 11) = ~ - ID ltgt ID IQ~

GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en

In addition human waste water from septic tanks isc il CJ

~ t- CJ en gj ~ ID t- CJnot treated on-site but is discharged directly into ~ ~ T

f---shy en en bull ltXl ~ 41) ~ c-i ~the sewerage system canals and ditches t lti 00 en

t- oo t- ID ID

en t- t- CJ lt QQ~i ~ ~ ~ ~ en CJ ltgt t- CJ ~233 Rain water and flooding =

m Q

As mentioned above the drainage system is a ~ 1 ~ ~ combined with the sewerage system so drainage is l

CII

4

difficult particularly in the suburaban areas The ~HHdH ~

~

50 51

density of drainage in this sector is too low about

10 meters of sewers per hectare compared with 67

meters per hectare in the old inner areas In the

inner-city rainfall over _OOmm does not cause

flooding On the other hand in the new areas rainfall of 50mm and upward can cause local flooding and

rainfall over 100mm can cause area flooding or overall

flooding

Local flooding of low elevation areas happens in

residential sites such as Ngoc Ha Dai Yen Giang

Vo Kim Lien Quynh Loi Mai Huong and Truong

Dinh After rains of 150-200 mm flooding depth is

from 06 to 12 meters and it last several days Overall

inundation of 06-12 m Lasting several days occurs after strong rains caused by tropical depressions or

storms

Besides the insufficiency of the drainage system

other factors explain the vulnerability of Hanoi to

flooding such as the citys flat topography the regular

flooding of the Red River the filling of drainage

canals with sand and refuse the construction of new

houses too close to canals and the filling of lakes

and ponds for construction

According to the results of the survey 318 of

households interviewed are frequently flooded in the

rainy season 84 of households suffer from flooding at times (only after long rains of more than 150 mm) The highest flooding rates are observes in suburban towns as well as in Dong Da Ba Dinh and

Hai Ba Trung districts Hoan Kiem district suffers the least from flooding (See tablel1)

234 Transportation system

Hanoi is an important transportation junction

where many railways roads and water ways converge

or start There is a north-south railway line crossing

through the city with many crossings causing

frequent traffic congestion and accidents It also

crosses many urban and suburban residential areas

polluting the enviromment with noise and dust

Railway stations are also a source of pollution Besides

railways a national highway (number 1) runs through

the city Because of intersections between the national

highway urban roads and railways traffic jams often

occur polluting the environment

Honois road system has axial roads inter-area

roads area roads and streets of living quarters such

as lanes and alleys Roads and streets account for

8-10 of the city area This proportion is very low

in comparison with modern urban centers for wich

53 52

~~------- it is about 20-30 In many residential areasQ IQ IQ Q~ IQ Q IQQ

I nd Id e4 e4i 00 j dd Q M CI ltI IQ~ especially in newly built areas the road system is1 1-_ __l_____-I

-Q sparse and incomplete at some places it is a network i Il g t ~ 1i~ s ~ x CI - of narrow and meandering roads lanes and alleys

en I-Q CI cc ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Cross roads are often too narrowlt1shy

a ~ ~~~ltIllf - -~ f shyIshy -= Ishy en ~Q13 sectI~ - IQ MQ IQ M In areas at the edges of the inner-city districts -~ ~ shy

the surface of roads is poor consisting of loose dirt Q 00 Q cc I ~ 1-00] till d ~ ~ M g ltI-Q 00 ~ gravel or cinder These roads are covered with wholes

J -

~ltII en IQ enQ M and bumps they are muddy in the rainy season anden ltI ~ ~ -CIJllaquoi~ ~ ~ 1

i ~ p dusty in the dry season Streets of the 36 roadse

I Q 00 cc -IQ M CI QIQ t=I till d d d Id lti dj quarter were built in the XIXth century with aamp 0 -t eN it) CI

~ t=I t=I - ~--I-- - short distance between streets and a narrow widthb ~ gtltll en en 00 cc QMQ U jrI en CI CI ltI - cc CIG ~ In this area population density and traffic flow are~ CI J very high In the quarters build at the end of theEl Q Q IQ IQQ Q IQ QIQ~~ ~ d d cd ltid cd cri d

bull Cl 00 tC ~ ~ XIXth century (from north of Hang Gai street to -

Q - M I-Q - en 00shy0 J ~ Q E M ~ M CI N guyen Du street) and in the newly build ~reas theCI

--L--I_ --f-----------------I1 streets are larger and the distance between them is ~ I- cc IQ- Q 00 ~CX1 g -lti crid j ooCl8 ~ amp M greater but crossroads are often too narrow

a - 00cc IQ 00 Ishyt M en cc CIi ~ IQ M According to our survey 644 of households live ~ bull I x 1----_ __ ------+----shy~ in areas haying high quality roads made of asphalt

~ ~ ]i or concrete 149 live in areas with medium quality J ~bullbull j II~dbt I I 1 ~r ~ll ~~J~lls ~ roads -(granulated) and 201 live in areas with low

08 3 ~ 3s ~middotB ~ quality roads (See table 12) ~ f j~~ ~~B~dn I~

I

5554

Q lll lll Q lll lll24 Elenints causing direct pollution of ~ ~ oltit-=ociocio] ~14~Hanois environment s l Q_lllt-_ ~ ~ ltgt ~ 14 14 ~

241 Air pollution x C-I

ltgt ltgt 00 ltgta) Dust pollution CII~ ot-=aiociltio

~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I

Dust is one of the factors polluting Hanois sectll ooCJooQQ ~ 5 c en 00

environment Dust is classified into two kinds ~) C-I

Q-CJt-ensettled dust and suspended dust the latter having a l sect ~~ ~rfO~O

greater impact on the environment than the former 1111 If ~~ enQC-IC-I-Suspended dust is mostly created by industrial ~ ~ OIIS t-Q- 1x - C-I C-I

t

production ~ -9 ~ ~~~--+-------------shymiddot~ll QllllllQQQ i~~~ orc-ic-it-=i

The survey has shown that 57 of the households ~ a 00 ~ ~ ~~~-------------shy

interviewed are affected by dust out of which 82 -~ll en lll ~ C-I u 1X1=a O)t--

t1 i are affected by soil and sand 197 by coal and gt

~ e ~ - shy

ashes and 56 by chemical dust Dust components ~1 III ~e~ ~~~~~

j~f~ tI bull ltgt t--

and dust pollution levels vary in different living areas shyf ~ ~l QC-Ien-OOQdeg or QlllCJAccording to the map showing pollution by suspended Xx C-I shy

dust in the four inner districts all four inner districts ~ ~-QJ Q en lll CJ ~ Off~cDO

are affected by it The most seriously affected district - = ltgt cc ~~~ i l -

~ E-t Eolt t-enlllCJis Hai Ba Trung followed by Dong Da Ba Dinh and deg lor enCJi~ x en- -Hoan Kiem ~

f ~ toCauses of dust pollution are mainly industrial 11Q)

~~factories mean~ of transportation and construction c il 1 ~ lt ] ~ ~ sites In the past industrial enterprises were built -I oa ]~~~~

in suburban areas or at the edges of the city but f deg8 f ali l

Eolt tl u ~ a 4~~~Lcias a result of rapid urbanization they are now lying

5756 1 if

of

in the residential areas Most of the equipment and

technology is backward there are no dust filters or

cleaning equipment Dust from workshops or

gas-fur~aces is discharged directly into the air

Besides pollution from industries means of transportation and construct~on sites are also two

important sources of dust The renovation policies have stimulated construction and improvements of

urban infrastructures However there are no strict regulations on transportation means times and routes allowed for transportation of dust-creating

materials have not been fixed

The households surveyed mainly suffer from dust due to traffic (722) industrial and handicraft production (157) and construction sites (97) More people suffer from air pollUtion from traffic is the suburban towns (781) (See table 13)

b) III smell and poisonous gas

III smell and poisonous gases come from fuel

combustion such as coal or oil producing emissions

containing C02 and S02 They also come from heating

Qre refining processes involving chemical reactions

bulland decaying of organic substances such as exrement

rubbish waste foodstuffs domestic waste water dead

animals trees and leaves etc Environmental pollution

by ill smell and poisonous gases is influenced by the

winds and the climate of each season In the summer

high temperature and humidity create conditions for

fermentation of organic substances pollution level

of ill smells increases Residential areas are more orI

less affected by ill smells and poisonous gases dzpending onmiddot their proximity to the sources of

pollution and the direction of the wind

The results sh9W that more than two households

out of three (677) in Hanoi are affected by ill-smell

and poisonous gases The main source of ill-smell

mentioned by the household affected are the decayed organic matters (674) poisonous chemical (67)

~ Nearly 20 of the households affected mentioned both

sources In the suburban towns more people are

affected by such pollution (84) The reasons fori

such ill-smells and poisonous gases were alsoi

investigated In the inner-city districts public toilet ~ (369) sewage and drainage (233) and industries

f (145) are the three major reasons mentioned In

the suburban towns ill-smell due to drainage is greater

than in the city affecting 434 of households

affected by -ill-smells Other reasons mentioned are

transportation refuse concentrating sites market and

hospital (for more details see table 14) ~~i

58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno

sectI COCOIQCI ooClgCCC~ g 242 Water pollution

~ 10 I-

Hanoi has four main rivers for drainage Lich IQ IQenl-COM IQ OClMO

fIl o OlO o Cloo ~ River Lu River Set River and Kim Nguu River

These four rivers have a total length of 368 km anden oenooooIQ o CI IQ IQ co o -4oci-4~laquoI sectI 0middotmiddotmiddotmiddotCl ffl l en I- CO 25 open canals with a total length of 1813 kmIf

~ ~III M MMI-MO M CO OCO ~ (I) ~O) -e ~ cq Chemical analyses have shown that these four drainage

~ 4 rivers are seriously polluted The population may suffer ~ en 01- 00 0 ooMIQIQ

e sectI s~g s ~~QQ ill-smells due to these polluted rivers It is the caseE-o I shy

III en CO en I shye en CO M 0 for the Lich River running through many livingJII x CO IQCOI U ~x CI CI CI

~ 5 I areas of Ba Dinh District Tu Liem and Thanh Tri ~ ~~--r-------------------~~ middotCO O IQI-I- o o Clen o I- o Clcooc-i11 il -l sectI ooenIQco suburban districtsa Cl S ~ I shy

~ ~ f-~-t-I--IQ---IQ-Cl--O-CO-I---IQ-----I--M---Ii Hanoi also has ten large lakes which regulate theu III 0 000 0 ClCO

] ~ -4-4 -4

ampI rain water receive waste water allow fish breeding

e ooMMCO cnIriCi

t a ~ gO O gSisectl IQ Ml-ooO and enhance the city Most of the lakes are dirtyI- ~ IQ 1-

and some of them such as Van Chuong Linh Quang -e ~ 0) 0) -e -0 Clool- 00 00 ~ ~ j Thanh Nhan and Truc Bach lakes are very polluted

bull I shy 1-Cl1- ~ en g West Lake is considered the cleanest lake in HanoisectI lric-icnc-i ~ Ii I shy

~ IQ Domestic waste water and from septic tanks are

discharged directly into rivers and lakes Most of the

5 i tl $ waste water from industrial and handicraft factories j 0 ~ ~g r r S ~ i Slr is not treated locally or is poorly treated and also3 iil lS 8 0 - SIh j 3~8 B ~ middot~~i~ discharged directly into bodies of water Waste water S 3 ~ 0 ~ m a ~ ~ u 5 ~ u ~ ot3~os G) Jos3a aG)

Flt~lSttl olisl1 o ttl 0] 9 8l from hospitals causes pollution In some areas people ( iiIsectIQ~~~~ 0~a~ ~ i~ discharge rubbish directly into rivers and lakes

60 61i

243 Noise pollution oog IQIQ-j I-CSlQC

I-laquoie-f ~ sect~~- r- -4111 ~ -j Noise affects Hanois living environment Our ~ QC QC I- QCQCC)CIgtIQ OC)CSlC)~ survey shows that 617 of interviewed households CSlC) -j (NI-CSl tri

llre affected by noise pollution The main causes are IQQCO-j

means of transportation industries and neighbors o III 111 ~trioe-f-j

~

Motorized traffic affects households of all four inner ~ f CSlOO QC OC)-jCSlQC OQCOlOIQ CSl CSl ~CDt- bull 8 $ CSldistricts as well as the suburban towns because many ~ motorbikes trucks and lambrettas have poor QC-j -j OClgtI-I- CSlO 0 ClgtI- 0 1-0 C)- ~ ci tri 06 laquoi 0 shy

e-f 8

tJ CSl CSlCSlC)noise-reducing equipment and because people make

IQ 00 1--jC) IQ OQC Clgt Clgt (N-j (Nan abusive use of their horns -tgt ~ z - shy bull I I- I- 0 -j 1--jC)lO ~

Mter traffic noise noise from industries is the CIgtO ClgtCSlQC IQ Q O) IQOC)= ij- C)O (N t(h Oampitritri s i~ ampf 00shygt ~ 0 ~I~ ~ second one in importance in Dong Da and Hai Ba c 1lo

cI lI Clgt (N OOO QC-j(N Trung districts Many industries are located in these middot~r~ 00 IQ Q tgt 00 o C) lO(N-jo a ~two districts In Hoan Kiem and Ba Dinh districts I c

o1 ~ ]--1 Ci CIgt CSl g Ci ~ 1- 1-= g 1-0 CSl It 0 0 Ci Ithe second nOise-marking factor is the neighbors In ~ ~ I Z t~CSl ~ (Ns~~ 01-0

the districts living density and construction density ~- -jC)-jQCshy 1-00shy ~ a~C) ~ ~ CD ~ are too high to ensure families privacy (For more z $ - details see table 15) I

-jI-CSl I- OoC)CIgtC) oQC-jC)cI 08)) ~ t- ampi cC rI s f tri laquoi 06cCof CSlC)

~ ~ Z244 Social environment in living areas ~ ~I 00 -lO---IQ-lO-(N---C)--IQ-QC-I---CIgt---I----C)-CIgt-1

riI z Z t ~-j-j ~ ZCIgt~~IQ C)-j CSl

In Hanoi the market economy has bought about ~ ~ - 1ii Idevelopment but also social inequalities migration from Ill rIl ~ B i ~ ~ i sl t=tgt a middotlmiddota a sects=the rural areas youth delinquency unemployment and ~ ~ a ampl ~ i sect ~J j ~ I ~

crime These few social phenomena may affect public ] J i~ O~ tgt~middotg88~ 3 order and safety The survey shows that one third 1 middotl~ ~ ~ti i7ajmiddotl~ ~J ~ia~

11deg~~tI~~So2~~I~i~ fIl ~ I11ao~poOltl bull f_o6of households interviewed in Hanoi do not feel safe _ca laquo I I bull = CIltyen)lQtDr--shy

62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00

and secure in their livingmiddot area Among the problems mentioned robbery is the most important one In suburban towns only 86 of households said they

feel safe and secure In addition trouble making children suspect public places (karaoke bars etc) fear of fire and difficult rel~tionship with the neighborhood were mentioned as reasons for considering ones social environment unsafe

PART III

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

bull(

Conclusions

The results of the survey and references to other documents have shown th~ state of degradation of Hanois urban environment The results can be summarized in the following three points

Fist population is an important factor affecting the environment The high population density and the high population growth rate of Hanoi lead to

several problems such as a hOUSing crisis and an overload of the infrastructure and services

Second the little developed economy of Hanoi makes it difficult for the Government to invest in the prevention of degradation of the environment At

the household level for instance still not enough households can save money to repair their house although Hanois average income per capita is thQ

highest of the countryat about 400 $US per year

66 67

Third urban plannIng is slow and does not keep up middotwith the development of the city Construction

does not follow urban planning and is not consistent

with infrastructure such as transportation water supply and drainage system Operation and management of the urban physical infrastructure system are not good and still affected by the subsidy system and heavy bureaucracy

Recommendations

Population and lobor

Efforts to encourage the use of family planning should be maintained Limited migration could also contribute in reducing the population growth rate of Hanoi The Government should create jobs and strengthen the attractiveness of new regions around Hanoi in order to direct migrant flows In the inner city only industries that do not pollute the

environment and attract a large number of workres such as garment making and electronic assembling

should be developed Social policies should help families facing difficulties Attention should be paid

to young people for training and employment

Urban construction management

The Government should strengthen planning in

order to keep up with the needs for construction It should invest in building and renovating house and infrastructure at the same time It should decrease construction density and living density of some areas

For river sides and lake sides it is necessary to build ) up surrounding roads and protective corridors to

prevent land invasion 11

Sanitation - refuse

The Government should eradicate unsanitary

latrines It should increase the amount of equipment for refuse collection and build up a refuse processing plant It should move polluting factories operating in

~

the inner city to industrial zones in the suburbs Large industrial zones that cannot be moved should have a green tree buffer betwelm them and residential areas

Drainage

- There must be waste water eollection and treatment of domestic and industrial waste water before it is

discharged into drainage canals and ditches It is necessary to dredge drainage rivers The Government

should build drainage pumping stations to pump water out during heavy rains It should dregdge some lakes

I

which are filled up with depc)sits and build up some more drains and culverts

68 69

Water supply

It is necessary to build Dore water plants in order to increase water supply resources and capacity A sewer system should be built and oJd pipes should be replaced Water meters should be installed to sell water directly to each household Gradually water

supply quality should be improved Laws on ~ater resource protection and water use mangement should be enacted soon

Urban transportation

It is necessary to regulate vehicles carrying building materials such as sand gravel and soil Old vehicles that pollute the environment must be taken out of circulation

Fuel for cDking

Use fo coal for cooking in urban areas should be reduced and eventually banned Only electric cookers or gas cookers should be allowed

People S01J)areness

Peoples knowledge ~nd awareness play a decisive

role for overcoming urb~n environmental degradation (

The Government shoul~ diffuse information through I

mass m~dia on urban environmental issues It should

mobilize the people to make streets arid living quarters

(shy

clean People sliould respect the Governments decrees

on tramportation

All the above-mentioned recommendations must be carried out in a long-term process due to their complex charactermiddot Their successful implementation depends

I on the peoples awareness and on the measures of

various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 Dang Xuan Duong 1989 Data book Hanoi

City Hanoi

2 Hanoi Environmental Committee 1993 Atlas of environment of the cappital Hanoi) Hanoi

3 Hanoi Statistical Department 1985 Ten years of Socio-economic Construction and Development of the Capital Hanoi Hanoi

4 Hanoi Statistical Department 1989 35 years

of Socio-economic Construction and Development of the Capital Hanoi (1954-1989) Hanoi

5 MOC - NIURP 1993 Master Plan of the Capital Hanoi in the Period 1994 2000 and up to 2010

Hanoi

6 Dr Nghiem Xuan Dat 1994 Sald Water Management Strategy of Hanoi up to year 2000 and 2010 Hanoi

73

Fig

ure

3

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Officer - in charge Prof TRAN NHAM

Editors VU THIEN CHUY

LE MINH HOAI

Covet disign DUONG THAI SON

Proof reading LE MINH HOAI

J

bull

In t~i XUdng in Nxb Chinh trj qu6e gia kh6 13 x19 cm SO XB 33 - 222CXBeap ngay 24-5-1996 In xong va nQp luu ehieurou thang 9 nam 1996



VIE93P02 PROJECT

I POPULATION AND URBAN LIVING ENVIRONMENT IN HANOI CITY

NATIONAL POLITICAL PUBLISHING HOUSE HANOImiddot1996

~ ~

~

CONTENTS

Page

Preface 7



List of tables 12



11 Topic 15



14 Methodology 23

Part 11 Results 27






Bibliography 73

5

PREFACE



7

LIST OF DEFINITIONS







~ (

9







10 11

LIST OF TABLES




living density






by district








poisonous gases



12 13





living environment


sex in 1993

PART]

BACKGROUND

11 Topic
















14 15





12 City setting































16 17


















difficult to manage





in four periods





1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400


VIE88P02middot



a) 1918 - 1954


18 19







20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

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130




30 31















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35




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m

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Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

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n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

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tric

ls

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urb

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tric

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al

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nKie

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inh

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aiB

a T

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s

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5

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616

9

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724

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300

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91

63

2

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5

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73

67

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mer

ce

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12

6

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28

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8

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75

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2

26

181

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8

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47

14

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laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

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s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

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64

41

9

18

18

14

0

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ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

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0

100

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70

100

0 58

0

100

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0

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0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

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59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

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aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

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9

200

17

1

60

103

7

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0

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uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

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7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


~ ~

~

CONTENTS

Page

Preface 7



List of tables 12



11 Topic 15



14 Methodology 23

Part 11 Results 27






Bibliography 73

5

PREFACE



7

LIST OF DEFINITIONS







~ (

9







10 11

LIST OF TABLES




living density






by district








poisonous gases



12 13





living environment


sex in 1993

PART]

BACKGROUND

11 Topic
















14 15





12 City setting































16 17


















difficult to manage





in four periods





1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400


VIE88P02middot



a) 1918 - 1954


18 19







20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

~ ~ t

~ ~

~ = tf~

5 ~

f ~ d

~

~l j eshy

~ 1

Ggt ~ ~

sl Q cI

= ~

sa

~

34

~ e

8 I 9 ~

0E I 8 9

B

0 $

j )

-

g

1d ~

~ 5l ~ l

~8 ~ ~3

e S ~~ 0 ~~

Cl) e S ~8 ~

JI ~f ~ x

sect ~ e 8 lE

3 ~

f ~ 0

CD

91 l

sect ~

j ~

M

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xx ~

S ~

~ x

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~

00 IQ

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rshy~

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(1

IXltlO

~ ~ f-lt

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0gt CD


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- r- shyCl)

lt() ----c-shy


ltgt IQ

ai~ eltI

Cl) 0gt lt() IQ

r- IQ

~ IQ




~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

If~ 9 s i

t

~ I If

~ s ffi 0

tI If $l 1~ ~

~ ~

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If

If

f ~ ~ ~

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Po J 9 0

~ $1 d

jl1 Ill ~ Ill ~

ltraquo If - shyi

p ffi

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IN

QI

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~

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Iraquo

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~1 Q

ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

IllltIS

ampi

C)ltN Ol

~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

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07

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Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

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08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

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r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

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9

9 1

07

5 4

6

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nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

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8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

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s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

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64

41

9

18

18

14

0

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ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

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ed

ium

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30

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n K

iem

B

a D

inh

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i B

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0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

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4

55-5

9

50

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15

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J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


PREFACE



7

LIST OF DEFINITIONS







~ (

9







10 11

LIST OF TABLES




living density






by district








poisonous gases



12 13





living environment


sex in 1993

PART]

BACKGROUND

11 Topic
















14 15





12 City setting































16 17


















difficult to manage





in four periods





1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400


VIE88P02middot



a) 1918 - 1954


18 19







20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

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ai~ eltI

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r- IQ

~ IQ




~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


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sfIl

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~

j

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42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















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network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

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U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



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~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


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~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







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of








































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~ 10 I-










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60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


LIST OF DEFINITIONS







~ (

9







10 11

LIST OF TABLES




living density






by district








poisonous gases



12 13





living environment


sex in 1993

PART]

BACKGROUND

11 Topic
















14 15





12 City setting































16 17


















difficult to manage





in four periods





1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400


VIE88P02middot



a) 1918 - 1954


18 19







20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

~ ~ t

~ ~

~ = tf~

5 ~

f ~ d

~

~l j eshy

~ 1

Ggt ~ ~

sl Q cI

= ~

sa

~

34

~ e

8 I 9 ~

0E I 8 9

B

0 $

j )

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g

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Cl) e S ~8 ~

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sect ~ e 8 lE

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CD

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t IQ

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IQ d M

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cO


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IQ

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lt()


lt()

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CD

~ IQ C ftl IQ

rshyf

M ltgt ltgt 0gt

~ C M

rshylt()

ltgt lt() bull

Cl) lt()

~ lt() IQ

------r- shy0 0 0gt 0gt

1 ~cl


(1

IXltlO

~ ~ f-lt

Cl)

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0gt CD


IQ 0gt Cai IQIQ CD

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- r- shyCl)

lt() ----c-shy


ltgt IQ

ai~ eltI

Cl) 0gt lt() IQ

r- IQ

~ IQ




~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

If~ 9 s i

t

~ I If

~ s ffi 0

tI If $l 1~ ~

~ ~

11 ffi

If

If

f ~ ~ ~

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Po J 9 0

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jl1 Ill ~ Ill ~

ltraquo If - shyi

p ffi

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ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

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ampi

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~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

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a

H

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s

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otal

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seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

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7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

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0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

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ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

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12

6

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28

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8

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bors

75

12

2

26

181

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173

8

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19

134

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18

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tr

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ries

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r _

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ke

34

55

10

69

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9

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neig

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6

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8

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47

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69

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bull N

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t 8

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0 0

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63

0 0

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laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

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ub

urb

Item

T

otal

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osnK

iem

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aDin

h

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ng

Do

ng

Da

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a

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Hs

HH

s

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s

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s w

ho

I

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ot f

eel

good

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80

98

0

55

0

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70

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0

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n t

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l

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eye

d

32

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41

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18

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ause

s 32

80

100

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0

100

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0

100

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70

100

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0

100

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0

100

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anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

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9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

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5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

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68

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71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

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00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

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ed

ium

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30

DT

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iem

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a D

inh

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i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

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70-7

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65-6

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middot29

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4

15

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09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull








10 11

LIST OF TABLES




living density






by district








poisonous gases



12 13





living environment


sex in 1993

PART]

BACKGROUND

11 Topic
















14 15





12 City setting































16 17


















difficult to manage





in four periods





1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400


VIE88P02middot



a) 1918 - 1954


18 19







20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

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~ t8~ i

rll

~

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e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

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~

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t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


LIST OF TABLES




living density






by district








poisonous gases



12 13





living environment


sex in 1993

PART]

BACKGROUND

11 Topic
















14 15





12 City setting































16 17


















difficult to manage





in four periods





1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400


VIE88P02middot



a) 1918 - 1954


18 19







20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

~ ~ t

~ ~

~ = tf~

5 ~

f ~ d

~

~l j eshy

~ 1

Ggt ~ ~

sl Q cI

= ~

sa

~

34

~ e

8 I 9 ~

0E I 8 9

B

0 $

j )

-

g

1d ~

~ 5l ~ l

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Cl) e S ~8 ~

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sect ~ e 8 lE

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CD

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ltgt lt() bull

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1 ~cl


(1

IXltlO

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r- IQ

~ IQ




~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

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------


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j

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42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

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~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











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5554




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t





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5756 1 if

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58 59t

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~ 10 I-










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e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

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vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

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n c

ause

d b

y n

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e

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er c

ity

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tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

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tric

tsIt

em

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al

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nKie

m

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inh

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aiB

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ongD

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l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

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0 bull

Indu

stri

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nd

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raft

98

15

9

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0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

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nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

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ket

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mer

ce

30

49

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28

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69

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111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

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le 1

6

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cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

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er c

ity

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trie

ls

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istr

icts

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ub

urb

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otal

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aDin

h

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ng

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ng

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a

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Hs

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s

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s

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Hs

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s w

ho

I

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ot f

eel

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98

0

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n t

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80

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70

100

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anst

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8

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63

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4

690

59

0

350

60

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90

321

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adpl

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0

113

5

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9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

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8

68

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71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

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00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

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50

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ed

ium

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30

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iem

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i B

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0(

9 O

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RP

199

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ure

4

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ves

tig

ated

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on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

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+

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250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull






living environment


sex in 1993

PART]

BACKGROUND

11 Topic
















14 15





12 City setting































16 17


















difficult to manage





in four periods





1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400


VIE88P02middot



a) 1918 - 1954


18 19







20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

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rll

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e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

If~ 9 s i

t

~ I If

~ s ffi 0

tI If $l 1~ ~

~ ~

11 ffi

If

If

f ~ ~ ~

~ sect -sect

Po J 9 0

~ $1 d

jl1 Ill ~ Ill ~

ltraquo If - shyi

p ffi

0 Z

t shyltgt

t shy


M tshy

ltN et) t shy

ltN ltgt

IN

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ltri ltN

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~

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Iraquo

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ltgt t shy

lS -


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QI 00 C) g




ai t= et) ltN ltN ~

t- 00g ~ 00 ~ Cl) ltgt 00



~1 Q

ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

IllltIS

ampi

C)ltN Ol

~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull






12 City setting































16 17


















difficult to manage





in four periods





1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400


VIE88P02middot



a) 1918 - 1954


18 19







20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

~ ~ t

~ ~

~ = tf~

5 ~

f ~ d

~

~l j eshy

~ 1

Ggt ~ ~

sl Q cI

= ~

sa

~

34

~ e

8 I 9 ~

0E I 8 9

B

0 $

j )

-

g

1d ~

~ 5l ~ l

~8 ~ ~3

e S ~~ 0 ~~

Cl) e S ~8 ~

JI ~f ~ x

sect ~ e 8 lE

3 ~

f ~ 0

CD

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CD

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~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

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------


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sfIl

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~

j

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a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




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t





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5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

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er c

ity

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tric

ls

I I

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urb

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tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

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nKie

m

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inh

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aiB

a T

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ongD

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s

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eted

61

5

144

12

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14

2

109

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oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

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9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

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0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

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12

6

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28

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8

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eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

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173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

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26

4

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9

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35

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ustr

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Ind

ust

ries

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07

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9

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ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

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10

69

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9

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neig

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40

6

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8

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47

14

69

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6

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bull N

eigh

bor

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arke

t 8

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0 0

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63

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00

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0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

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70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

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41

9

18

18

14

0

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ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

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0

100

0 11

70

100

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0

100

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0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

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d40

M

ed

ium

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30

DT

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bad

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tal

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n K

iem

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a D

inh

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i B

a T

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0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

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RP

199

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Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

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4

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5-49

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middot29

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15

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10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull



















difficult to manage





in four periods





1918 70000 1982 831780

1926 91718 1983 846700

1828 130000 1984 862700

1936 182000 1985 873200

1939 200000 1986 893900

1942 300000 1987 912000

1954 380000 1988 931400

1960 463820 1989 906149

1969 627844 1990 931200

1976 750650 1991 965500

1978 769700 1992 992500

1979 788705 1993 1023100

1980 790645 1994 1054200

1981 812400


VIE88P02middot



a) 1918 - 1954


18 19







20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

~ ~ t

~ ~

~ = tf~

5 ~

f ~ d

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CD

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1 ~cl


(1

IXltlO

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Cl)

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0gt CD


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ai~ eltI

Cl) 0gt lt() IQ

r- IQ

~ IQ




~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

If~ 9 s i

t

~ I If

~ s ffi 0

tI If $l 1~ ~

~ ~

11 ffi

If

If

f ~ ~ ~

~ sect -sect

Po J 9 0

~ $1 d

jl1 Ill ~ Ill ~

ltraquo If - shyi

p ffi

0 Z

t shyltgt

t shy


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ltN ltgt

IN

QI

ltri ltN

Cl) Cl) IN

~

eN ltN

It)

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ltN Cl)

Iraquo

J O-~ Flt lt ~~

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00

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cgt

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~

00 ltgt QI

Cl) - 00 0

00 6 C)

fQ

ltgt

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ltgt t shy

lS -


ltN cgt ltN

~ ~O6 ~ ltN 00 ~ et) ltN


eN M ~ ~ C)

QI 00 C) g




ai t= et) ltN ltN ~

t- 00g ~ 00 ~ Cl) ltgt 00



~1 Q

ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

IllltIS

ampi

C)ltN Ol

~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull








20




d) 1990 to present



21




13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

~ ~ t

~ ~

~ = tf~

5 ~

f ~ d

~

~l j eshy

~ 1

Ggt ~ ~

sl Q cI

= ~

sa

~

34

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e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


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cts 735

415

104

330

154

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38 39

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42 43











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network





taps and wells







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53 52







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58 59t

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60 61i





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62 63

m

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le 1

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aiB

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olds

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616

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720

638

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724

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445

1

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auae

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raft

98

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34

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8

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30

3

17

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nspo

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ion

300

488

91

63

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51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

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ket

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ce

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49

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28

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111

I 1[1

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~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

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cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

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er c

ity

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trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

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ub

urb

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T

otal

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osnK

iem

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aDin

h

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ng

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ng

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a

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Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

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s

H

Hs

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otal

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s w

ho

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good

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dng

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chil

dren

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0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

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ale

easy

to c

atch

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270

8

2 11

0

112

8

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5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

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r in

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ehol

ds

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m

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ers

4 1

2 0

0

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40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

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ho

use

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lds

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of

li

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30

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0(

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1

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RP

199

5

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ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

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e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

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+

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250

200

150

100

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o 50

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95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull





13 Survey objective




14 Methodology

141 Survey sample






22 23





z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

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f ~ d

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ai~ eltI

Cl) 0gt lt() IQ

r- IQ

~ IQ




~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

If~ 9 s i

t

~ I If

~ s ffi 0

tI If $l 1~ ~

~ ~

11 ffi

If

If

f ~ ~ ~

~ sect -sect

Po J 9 0

~ $1 d

jl1 Ill ~ Ill ~

ltraquo If - shyi

p ffi

0 Z

t shyltgt

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M tshy

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IN

QI

ltri ltN

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eN ltN

It)

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Iraquo

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00

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00 6 C)

fQ

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QI 00 C) g




ai t= et) ltN ltN ~

t- 00g ~ 00 ~ Cl) ltgt 00



~1 Q

ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

IllltIS

ampi

C)ltN Ol

~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull






z ~ topics Cl ~8 -





Ocl 3l el

~ Q


~ Incomel yen ~ 08





2524



questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

~ ~ t

~ ~

~ = tf~

5 ~

f ~ d

~

~l j eshy

~ 1

Ggt ~ ~

sl Q cI

= ~

sa

~

34

~ e

8 I 9 ~

0E I 8 9

B

0 $

j )

-

g

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e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















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cts 735

415

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38 39

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46 47


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60 61i





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m

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olds

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445

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61

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nd

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raft

98

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34

16

8

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30

3

17

156

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nspo

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ion

300

488

91

63

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51

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98

48

5

60

423

73

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ket

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30

49

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111

I 1[1

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~

nrn

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Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

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er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

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ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

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aDin

h

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Ba

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ng

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ng

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HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

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Hs

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s

H

Hs

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otal

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s w

ho

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8

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63

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0

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90

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0

113

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17

1

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dng

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chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

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se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

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270

8

2 11

0

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8

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5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

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r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

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10

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71

m

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4 1

2 0

0

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40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

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ed

ium

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30

DT

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tal

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a D

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0

0(

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a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

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4

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4

55-5

9

50

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5-49

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4

15

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09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull




questionnaires



precisely






PART 11

SURVEY RESULTS







26 27


Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

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ai~ eltI

Cl) 0gt lt() IQ

r- IQ

~ IQ




~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

If~ 9 s i

t

~ I If

~ s ffi 0

tI If $l 1~ ~

~ ~

11 ffi

If

If

f ~ ~ ~

~ sect -sect

Po J 9 0

~ $1 d

jl1 Ill ~ Ill ~

ltraquo If - shyi

p ffi

0 Z

t shyltgt

t shy


M tshy

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IN

QI

ltri ltN

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~

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Iraquo

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fQ

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QI 00 C) g




ai t= et) ltN ltN ~

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~1 Q

ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

IllltIS

ampi

C)ltN Ol

~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull



Hanoi

a) Living space























planners










28 29







HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

----shy


b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

I 3 11 35

I1

9 i 10

7 25

20

Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

13000 10770

810

715 745 687 628

665

I


158

172 245 191

197

226 172 156

140 lA

126 126

130




30 31















32 33

~ ~ t

~ ~

~ = tf~

5 ~

f ~ d

~

~l j eshy

~ 1

Ggt ~ ~

sl Q cI

= ~

sa

~

34

~ e

8 I 9 ~

0E I 8 9

B

0 $

j )

-

g

1d ~

~ 5l ~ l

~8 ~ ~3

e S ~~ 0 ~~

Cl) e S ~8 ~

JI ~f ~ x

sect ~ e 8 lE

3 ~

f ~ 0

CD

91 l

sect ~

j ~

M

-s ~

~

~ x 11

I- shyxx 11

xx ~

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~ x

C Cl

~

CD

t IQ

~

00 IQ

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rshy~

rshy 0 ltgt

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CD

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ai~ eltI

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r- IQ

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~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


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sfIl

J 8

~

j

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a) Reuse sourees






42 43











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network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



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4


~

50 51







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53 52







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t





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5756 1 if

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58 59t

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60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

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otal

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seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

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5 4

28

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8

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eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

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9

9 5

35

5 4

6

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ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

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0 0

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07

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0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

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07

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9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

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9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

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47

14

69

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6

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8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

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63

0 0

0 0

00

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0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

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64

41

9

18

18

14

0

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ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

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d40

M

ed

ium

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30

DT

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20

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tal

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n K

iem

B

a D

inh

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i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

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5-49

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30

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middot29

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15

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10

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5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull








HoanKiem 18 56 222 222 50

Ba Dinh 15 800 66 66 68

DongDa 26 650 154 77 115 Hai Ba 24 500 125 333 42

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b) Mean living area












i dard I standard

2

5 1 26

29

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9 i 10

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Dong Xuan I





Bach Mai

189

200 210

I I

185

215

220 260 170

160 18 19 15

16

540

550 565 535

568

575 625 520

510 530 545 500

510

1992

8520

9450 13840 10200

11200

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715 745 687 628

665

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197

226 172 156

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ai~ eltI

Cl) 0gt lt() IQ

r- IQ

~ IQ




~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

If~ 9 s i

t

~ I If

~ s ffi 0

tI If $l 1~ ~

~ ~

11 ffi

If

If

f ~ ~ ~

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Po J 9 0

~ $1 d

jl1 Ill ~ Ill ~

ltraquo If - shyi

p ffi

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t shyltgt

t shy


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QI

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00 ltgt QI

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00 6 C)

fQ

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ltgt t shy

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QI 00 C) g




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~1 Q

ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

IllltIS

ampi

C)ltN Ol

~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull
















32 33

~ ~ t

~ ~

~ = tf~

5 ~

f ~ d

~

~l j eshy

~ 1

Ggt ~ ~

sl Q cI

= ~

sa

~

34

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8 I 9 ~

0E I 8 9

B

0 $

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g

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sect ~ e 8 lE

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~

IQ d M

CD

0 c-iuo

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IQ eltI

ltgt IQ

IQ

ai 0gt Clgt

IQ

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0 ltgt 0

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IQ

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CD

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rshyf

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~ lt() IQ

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1 ~cl


(1

IXltlO

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Cl)

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0gt CD


IQ 0gt Cai IQIQ CD

ltgt 0gt M 0 ~ f

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lt() ----c-shy


ltgt IQ

ai~ eltI

Cl) 0gt lt() IQ

r- IQ

~ IQ




~ t8~ i

rll

~

~ $










e) Auxiliary areas


35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

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taps and wells







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46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

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t





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60 61i





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m

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le 1

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vir

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olds

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616

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720

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724

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auae

61

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stri

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raft

98

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34

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8

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30

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17

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nspo

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300

488

91

63

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98

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73

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ket

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ce

30

49

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111

I 1[1

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~

nrn

bull

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le 1

6

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cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

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er c

ity

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trie

ls

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se n

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atch

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270

8

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50

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100

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ds

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L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

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35




repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


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ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

IllltIS

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~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull





repair


HHs HMs HHs HMs




















3736

I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

If~ 9 s i

t

~ I If

~ s ffi 0

tI If $l 1~ ~

~ ~

11 ffi

If

If

f ~ ~ ~

~ sect -sect

Po J 9 0

~ $1 d

jl1 Ill ~ Ill ~

ltraquo If - shyi

p ffi

0 Z

t shyltgt

t shy


M tshy

ltN et) t shy

ltN ltgt

IN

QI

ltri ltN

Cl) Cl) IN

~

eN ltN

It)

~ et)

ltri

ltN Cl)

Iraquo

J O-~ Flt lt ~~

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00

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cgt

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eN M ~ ~ C)

QI 00 C) g




ai t= et) ltN ltN ~

t- 00g ~ 00 ~ Cl) ltgt 00



~1 Q

ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

IllltIS

ampi

C)ltN Ol

~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


I



















Doubleshyvault

Septic Bucket


Suburb towns

cts 735

415

104

330

154

250












38 39

---

------


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~

j

ri5

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QI 00 C) g




ai t= et) ltN ltN ~

t- 00g ~ 00 ~ Cl) ltgt 00



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ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

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t I~

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a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







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storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




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t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


---

------


~ ~

sfIl

J 8

~

j

ri5

~ ~

If~ 9 s i

t

~ I If

~ s ffi 0

tI If $l 1~ ~

~ ~

11 ffi

If

If

f ~ ~ ~

~ sect -sect

Po J 9 0

~ $1 d

jl1 Ill ~ Ill ~

ltraquo If - shyi

p ffi

0 Z

t shyltgt

t shy


M tshy

ltN et) t shy

ltN ltgt

IN

QI

ltri ltN

Cl) Cl) IN

~

eN ltN

It)

~ et)

ltri

ltN Cl)

Iraquo

J O-~ Flt lt ~~

~ A

00

C)

Co ~

cgt

cgt M

~

00 ltgt QI

Cl) - 00 0

00 6 C)

fQ

ltgt

~ Cl) ~

ltgt ~ C)

ltgt t shy

lS -


ltN cgt ltN

~ ~O6 ~ ltN 00 ~ et) ltN


eN M ~ ~ C)

QI 00 C) g




ai t= et) ltN ltN ~

t- 00g ~ 00 ~ Cl) ltgt 00



~1 Q

ltIS ~ jis s~ ~ B

IllltIS

ampi

C)ltN Ol

~

~ f ~

t I~

f

Jgt



a) Reuse sourees






42 43











j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull












j J~ Xl (N

















i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull










i Water sources






network





taps and wells







season

46 47


bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull



bull 8 ()I ca f ~

J

11 ~ El 0 0











48 49





U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull






U ~ tl ~ CJ lt



middot t shy




~


GI t ~ ~ gi $ 8i en




t- oo t- ID ID


m Q


CII

4


~

50 51







flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull








flooding







storms






























53 52







J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull








J -











I

5554




~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull





~ ~ Q CJ C-I C-I





t





~ e ~ - shy











5756 1 if

of








































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

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d40

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ed

ium

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30

DT

oo

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20

10 O-V

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n K

iem

B

a D

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i B

a T

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ure

4

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ves

tig

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on

by

ag

e an

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in 1

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60-6

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55-5

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4

0-44

35

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middot29

20-2

4

15

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10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull









































58 59t

1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

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d b

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ois

e

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ity

Dis

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urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

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al

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aiB

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ongD

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s

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5

144

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14

2

109

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oft

ota

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veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


1 bull IQ en eno


~ 10 I-










] ~ -4-4 -4


e ooMMCO cnIriCi








60 61i





~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

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nKie

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BaD

inh

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aiB

a T

rung

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ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

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HH

s

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Hs

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seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

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08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull






~


e-f 8













62 63

m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


m

~

Tab

le 1

5

En

vir

on

men

tal

po

llu

tio

n c

ause

d b

y n

ois

e

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

tric

ls

I I

Sub

urb

Dis

tric

tsIt

em

Tot

al

Hoa

nKie

m

BaD

inh

H

aiB

a T

rung

D

ongD

a

HH

s

H

Ha

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

Imiddot T

otal

Hou

seho

lds

a1re

eted

61

5

144

12

7

202

14

2

109

middot

oft

ota

l sur

veye

d ho

useh

olds

bull

616

9

720

638

2 bull

724

0 bull

445

1

545

bull

Byc

auae

61

5 10

0 14

4 10

0 12

7 10

0 20

2 10

0 14

2 10

0 10

9 10

0 bull

Indu

stri

e8 a

nd

ha

ndic

raft

98

15

9

1 0

7 2

0

157

34

16

8

43

30

3

17

156

bull

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

300

488

91

63

2

51

402

98

48

5

60

423

73

67

bull

Mar

ket

com

mer

ce

30

49

3 2

1 16

12

6

7 3

5 4

28

3 2

8

-N

eigh

bors

75

12

2

26

181

2

2

173

8

4

19

134

2

18

bull

Indu

stri

es +

tr

ansp

ort

26

4

2 1

07

0 0

0 20

9

9 5

35

5 4

6

bull Id

ustr

ies

+ M

arke

t 2

03

0 0

0 0

00

1 0

5 1

07

0 0

0 bull

Ind

ust

ries

+

neig

hbor

s 2

03

0 0

0 1

08

0 0

0 1

07

1 0

9

bull T

ran

spo

r _

Mar

ke

34

55

10

69

3 2

4 20

9

9 1

07

5 4

6

-Tra

nspo

rt+

neig

hbor

40

6

5 12

8

3 6

47

14

69

8 5

6

3 2

8

bull N

eigh

bor

+ m

arke

t 8

13

0 0

0 8

63

0 0

0 0

00

0 0

0

laquomiddot~~

111

I 1[1

) lS t

~

nrn

bull

Tab

le 1

6

So

cial

saf

ety

an

d s

ecu

rity

in

liv

ing

are

as

Inn

er c

ity

Dis

trie

ls

I D

istr

icts

S

ub

urb

Item

T

otal

H

osnK

iem

B

aDin

h

Hai

Ba

Tru

ng

Do

ng

Da

HH

a

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

HH

s

H

Hs

) T

otal

HH

s w

ho

I

do n

ot f

eel

good

32

80

98

0

55

0

11

70

0 58

0

28

0

bull )

i

n t

ota

l

surv

eye

d

32

89

49

0

-27

64

41

9

18

18

14

0

bull) C

ause

s 32

80

100

0 98

0

100

0 55

0

100

0 11

70

100

0 58

0

100

0 28

0

100

0 middot S

anst

chin

g t

hlev

ing

186

0 56

8

620

63

3

200

36

4

690

59

0

350

60

3

90

321

B

adpl

aoes

37

0

113

5

0 5

1 6

0 10

9

200

17

1

60

103

7

0 25

0

middot Tro

uble

mal

dng

I

chil

dren

45

0

137

10

0

102

10

0

182

15

0

128

10

0

172

-

middot Hou

se n

ot s

ale

easy

to c

atch

iUe

270

8

2 11

0

112

8

0 14

5

50

43

30

52

100

35

7

middot Dis

orde

r in

hous

ehol

ds

29

88

10

102

7

127

8

68

4 6

9 2

71

m

Oth

ers

4 1

2 0

0

Cl

00

40

73

L-

00

00

00

00

00

00



PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull




PART III


bull(

Conclusions







66 67




Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull





Recommendations











Sanitation - refuse



~


Drainage




I


68 69

Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


Water supply





Fuel for cDking


People S01J)areness






(shy


on tramportation



various authorities

~

70 71

~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


~ ~

)1

BIBLIOGRAPHY


City Hanoi






Hanoi


73

Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


Fig

ure

3

Su

mm

ary

ho

use

ho

lds

asse

ssm

ent

of

li

vin

g e

nv

iro

nm

ent

60

50

_Goo

d40

M

ed

ium

~Bad

30

DT

oo

bad

20

10 O-V

-J

To

tal

Hoa

n K

iem

B

a D

inh

Ha

i B

a T

rung

0

0(

9 O

a 0

1

NIU

RP

199

5

Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


Fig

ure

4

In

ves

tig

ated

po

pu

lati

on

by

ag

e an

d s

ex

in 1

994

80 amp

+

75-7

9

70-7

4

65-6

9

60-6

4

55-5

9

50

-54

4

5-49

4

0-44

35

-39

30

-34

25

middot29

20-2

4

15

-19

10

-14

5-

09

0-04

~--~--~~------

J

250

200

150

100

50

o 50

10

0 15

0 20

0 25

0

NIU

RP

19

95



LE MINH HOAI



J

bull




LE MINH HOAI



J

bull


bull


Documents

POPULATION AND URBAN LIVING ENVIRONMENT · DUONG, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. TO Till MINH THONG, Vice-Director of the National Institute for Urban and Rural Planning, Ministry