In' a IMgq carer ylannln$ dxt$ yea@f Sf r Karl Pog@r8 h s made w m 'pQ Y be MPmpMafit 8cW~I~~thpsta th tmtZ&h-cetl#u@ dFse@on< of &w a d v&t~n~tlw. 'I:& :fiY#? aF f&&.RahMWk,fs d nW c&18Wbn of sgme of P&*S most I&gg&wt m#wld on this, safect.

a s amd dHikta@.

P9bmdb

8 .

INTRODUCTION

~HK*$@QC<~~WL-

**re the pr 19B - & q y m %ck ta p- h GWmma~ *t* y o u n p h saia t. ms: w&& paum*"*J*9? I &@'P

-:Z&W~!" Hemty h v e p J d 8 & &&my D#emB&bYg. ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ c b ~ q p o ~ ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ k

- 4 ' E b it is! qur a o ~ t w p ~ p h q evil b u ~ r & a ~ m Bgk -f&

I i s h & q & &

MODELS, LNSTRUMENTS,, A N D TRUTH

The st;rttu5 of rhe rationality principle in 4 . . 1

the sacral -sciences

*$& %$,,* =.$& d&$ && ' b * -- , , , - .- n, ,&, *Bi:&&-";& im E $ I 6Il ,mQE.!a4 (,

UP^ ib, 'Vkp is: dl!w; a d ,inwe&@ :& .**ji:,&! m w P b y ~ k h . ~ 6 ~ ~ : q

1 &tiem& $Q& w h @PS I& dvasd dawg & hersdon ,&e 'm* ~ n e e m s t h a q ~ d k ~ b - ~ u ~ a ~ - d e & ; & ~ l n t . i h e

~odels , tag&^ d h a # & & ~ ~ & B d m $ , may solve :a mmbef of p & E e ~ d f d ! W - ha t k, q l a i n stime ,qpd wmW4

w e also see &at wen in d ~ e phYsid 9dmms a d d w d not '-e a 'md&cal m d d . Kepfw certainly s p e ~ g W about dx ra&wPi.sm of his model of &e.mk qszem. hajw& he x q d d

I &earodd - t k ~ i s , its dmenes, a d their me=mept;s - a f & l y ~ d d I ' i h d , he regarded its mde of ~ p d m ar ,&tian as highly Irrpo&e&aI, Pnoe s pactidIy unknown. h d WE must not

that, dthuugh we s p k of "Nmu5nkn m&&cs', Newton ,~$mdfm and his conrempmries looked cqt ~pritrn at r distance as

&g nmntecka& Mod& as hae mdemoad, m y be d e d '&&esf7 m be mid EB

~ E S are mad&, M Q ~ & P: resw-mid i n id 8~gndithns &er tkm m i v d b Aa 7 &q &&df~re need ta be sup- lemmted hy 'animating' uaivemd la* d > h d o n - by &arias

@I &is may be i l t w p w & fw exam$% by the wall-born mod& Bfm~l&s comwucred espwidl~ by arganic &n&w. The mdds d mbiemies vbi& Peprcmiimtc airscng~ments of awrfls,mq

m p r ~ ~ ~ t &e laws (or remmme] whhh are %the animating laws &&y, we mrajemm, the male& me hdd tog&cr. These I m s my, Ea && m~l, be rTresmd by models. Bur somewhwe & mode1 type oofrhmrg~enck, and the purely &swaes a h a t k g l a w

that cmstimte sb 'w&I'. $0 hukb formdds in ,& mewd W n , Now whaz ahoat &e a a a deme~? I whh td p r q w & &&is

C tkaF what t hve- said a b u t the qn%cmca of mdah in the nawd

& hlds fbr mod& in the social sciences. In Each models * wea wvz hp~n;r f~ t here b e w e >Eke Naanlan me&$ of -1- and prdictipg emmi by universal laws and h& (refid;ti~rrrr.& l#rdyieq~ gppticabie in the htdJ, social

%KE MYTH OF THE FR&EWQRK

sthwek. They epemte almostzlways by the me&d of F- &ua&oas nrmrdiriy3~ - rkat~b, by the m d o d d c i l ~ k -

&ig I T ~ ~ S . p i ~ m ~ t e d W& fag &X b~ s;lsn* &we is, h Hafiks tdncr- l a p 'exph663 h && md more b r p I a r & o n 4 h p ~ l e a rb,ain the p4ydw.l sdwmsI*); -

But the rote or bmon of &h in the &gwe&l s&~id s+ cm#+ps be bwi ~dergtaod If we -1& &em from ano& point d b;ov.

The hkr#exml, p&em orf hth the h & c a I 4 &e I&- tb~d SO&! ~ ~ ' h i & k & &Nd H B w @+%?W & $8-

hk&m a&m d d S a d &&t&rn* Th key tqm her* is "w & a d V .

Tke d e d p h d a c~tvcrete I&odd gbdd s&&n h dm C W ~ ~ S h tk@ sasidacia*a SO 8 , W a @ & d k& bn&Qbd in the sd~ces. A d h e " d p of tb zheor~tkd qm&d acimca a~ asef i t i ly Ld&&ptiaim xw mzonsdona of mi& SO&~~&&Q&W. h nfy &w, dw. idea of q mid &wth is thg h#dwqenjd

catwry d he me&o&lqg of the mid sdages. f sb$d am be i d d &$ay that b s t m6q probhkn d @an#tL,n ia & SS&

wimces~@sm,qa&i~ ~fa&&w-tinn

3. h ' e ~ a m p k a# situahnal a d p i s

b t r m & stpkn, With dl& hip of 556 EXBrnpl~ W ~ I : 1 a4 %@ '&uazid aaalywis d a social a i m a t i d ar che *l@e aiC a Jtmtian' oq more bri& '&&~d l&c4. Om of my d w d examples is a pedemiw, let IM d -8

~ w h a w w t u c a ~ a ~ a i n d i s i m a l n z r ~ e a ~ a a d mow&d w i h m i ~ i a g apd &d me~t cm>d a h r &aaf.fi~. Ld

.mum that %hat we wish to q k i a awe R i h d ' s mew hat^ awa6 rnwmrn~ in m&iqg his m y B C ~ S the road

a t are &e oh~ons s i t u a d d d m q ~ . ~ . t a w$i& we &id b. to d e t P T 6 e e ace Erst & variow p d d @WOE caa - pwd; bedim, which w cm& p b i 4 h i t s ~ Q I ai,&adBs m ~ w m m . lkm Fhe* are rn~* cwg a d d n g pmpla ? b Y . set ski& I i m i ~ ta % W s psi-bk ITLOT- * a t i m m & a t a m m g ? & ~ & r ~ &ereis>&e& d&vaidhg a colision.

BUT &we are hrrhw elmem ia dq sitwti~n which are a ~ @ ? &am ro r h e a q W o n of Ri&d's mo-mw: the hJe: Q$ the

186

B MYTH OF THE PR6XE.f O'R% &. M;@B&L%,,IRS~~*W%&MIT~S\ ? A m TRUTH

c a t c b g a ti-& as j3*.&aat $ 0 ~ b u > f ~ i ~ ~ g @W ;PM&&~ pmI>I% $ $ m a s d C~~Q$GR J&&F 8 ~ . & t d ' u ~ ~ & S S Y ~ ~ ~ & ~ ~ ~ & f l & ~ - ~ ' $ ~ ~ d ~ @ - ~ k & ~ ~ . 'M @f&@$ by tk h ~ b &f he rod a;s q M p QW com4lpdle whh s-. hihr i& m ?a bfF* - - , p&*%b && ~&i&hd d h a t & b ~ ~ n 8 & a & & k d ~ k d ~ ~ ~ ' h nQt he klsGb&~k&d*h plMd-hb fa&&W ,- ~ ~ & 8 3 . .

w4th Vi&s upam,, sap, ar with ~eriahi Esmdwk tam -- " ~ ~ ~ i s a r n ~ h r ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ & ~ ~ a p s g ~ b s l ~ mq&y could have &:ou&t out how great a ,&@IF r tp iad RidldPs GWIWG% G ~ & W w ~qx-0~3~ V d d.!%mM't phf in his b u g h s h ~ w a1 the w e r y rn-etdf peM&cd y p @ p ~ % y a b s p md ~ & d ~Wtb4 his crossing the road he may hpe hummed a paswe &om Yer& or ;rm& s& a ~ : &m@ we-dqbb ed '&IS' d ~ k r ~ # k & ~ . b a m i d a d >&the adqua od a trashtian! of 4 p ~ w e from + k & &% a m 1 pekt ~f $ * d ~ g i b Wt m%& h Ath~w*& WP s d b e +c*civded d p with inbrmdm & I &&re,%~&id~k~ 4 n 6 m ~ cbre (1* ww&$cianur,rhPttka w & i

@Q&~s k howl&@ o$ d of &E ro* I .or~ogmm~hodIfd ,a~,&qme&L ~ ~ ~ w @ h t k e f y - t h e *hs dmt m &e?p;EWon.! p, ih at&rdm& with ks~ibi&w. Wk &USE

~ b s the r i ~ i k a ~ and@ win tosuprise some ph+d chijgp +imrsei hat @I duetion, as E me d3.i~- a h & c+,$ + md smw of their propies a d stat%, some d Mu&ns di fl&gwp~ a&, d alf tk.ad&tg: ~ W W C ~ W ! E ~ & ~ & & @ f S& of thek p q m i e ~ , W K ~ E a h , and some d a e t t ~ s ~ d ~UMI &sT4~P pws&k mew$ f w r m W \ k , edge Giwa &is ady& &a sS.& we iaay he ?~IW ir sdy w ~ ~ l n i l ~ bd~d - & P ; ~ ~ ~ d mphin, or t~ prdict, R&ad's~~ovemem w he wsw the mw c- q-rcy~i~el!y to &e &&6ah #hi& ii M y * m rsnSt

c~=~x*J wht we h e here is P -el, a q p k d w e m&m thari pmmpfe. rt .is M B ~ b~ lt &ke"&me d w & mme a ~ip&hr W. ETB ?bough sm p&bl&m q c h a - n e and we q *y&&&q g&&$& a nm& 3&ai ha.% la w m~int!l~gir & &DME &y be &wed ia q thk ing a singular ewnr (sq, how &I. wh~ai&dmshldupb~zfie&ewa&& m&rh5 H 7- I& upon this M a ! xaha l l ty &&$e h r n ,h did net eztoh h~ mrin, md *&ore ~ ~ ~ a r a x p J ~ ~ ~ pint Pf ~iew WM I h +g,a$p~a& ygu M ~n8t WerdiPs O&Ua, ,or an iatm-qh meeting d the $9d21& s o $ ~ b 44 liid. 4 m&bg ro Q ~ i & &a mp%d g ppbbgbi' ow of &enen&wal a:d*i always mms &&rd &t T- Jmm a i;ft ~kp in, ~t 84 '@&'kt$ 'an*f w h shW& &e ' ~ w * Z ! I E Si&~n, ;rrxd xduisCS & &&&&hm&@n€*~ka,.*w & ~ ~ & ~ q ~ e e persod Il- >&w d libl persabd b w k d g t m e1meats cjf 3 b w&gdfd@edp~t$b %t wb%&uld, pack ~ , e - am ppiid Wbw J w&, wpabkt of 'L+hing f n prhdik' fto usas - *PB xh&r&d 'om d a k @ h a m y &mt# &to w &yeit's r e m J a aast class aFsmimdy similar eras. aml@is d r h e & & - h r a h d J .

M t : e h & ~ i 9 k d y i n & m y w w e q ~ m d ~ & 7 xlf dopa kH$ d o d ~ h g k d ~ - B & q XbW *t:- h~ a ma [anly ,in this way b w we m e r have bw I *U, o a ~ q n g @ p ~ % e m r n ~ a b i d . ! ! mwp&~dpZe.' 5.1: die and i n i d ~mnditiens atow to aphk h with&& hdp3.r' q , ~ d : ~ f&im :oq~e b ~ k wrysw~t&

Now if damiq.sal4pis p r e w WW~& a mati& the ques&~ q&! df the W&W~B$ w'-4 &an W &e.&isdda& ark= what ~ Q F ~ O ~ ~ A h&$ to N&wd$.8.mG~hd hwaf rrwW1 d@ $he E ~ S Of h~mdd, w hey- %&k ,anc3 w k f +W di&, M M ha* s& d m a e the m a i d bf d a r qsm? & I *#& b . e sim&n T&P.&i&mall~ & the %be

ino&er w & h is zhe m&I &a mcid aim&u animated3 I w ~ & Z k m & ~ b d h & t o . I '&a dojptim of&@ r a d d ~ . rid& .w &do= k wp4

4. Psych8logigmn dikil * b ~ ~ p & a t d B nwhqd&*~ *@. I ~ O ( ppy &ET&- &, .&d qqjamrory Qeoq oBb w&le b y s W a -

Thsxzalqnimikebek ~ ~ ~ e ~ h & ~ ~ e ~ f p f ~ a ; n m c i ~ Fw i. ~ b k brM, thc *%kd ~@&&oQ &r hp&tsh azdmatio~t Sf a acid &odd bs to ;I p r ~ M b j the h m I ~ ~ ~ ~ R ~ ~ & u s ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ ~ &i.!a&a3 dym,'%is:

or pw-h~ m d that here, &~&TB, WR k v ; e to red586b %($hi& ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~ o ~ e fifl& &dapw-wW,rnay

148 4 69

I have sr&te$ the of, Richard try hg m 8- & rar&ih m m dead, became hdi~lieve rhzt it ~onuinr dlmost d thp A- e1emmts of simadonal a d p i s m uwd h emaomics, h sgc# &ropdog., in b dology of p o w phi- a d iB 3 4

E " J & ~ & E q .

IXb. t&e a fmib wpsle, &the mwt i m p o m pan ~dJ~hssji~ &,oaomic theory ia the &my nf p&t C O I Q ~ O R ~ B m q i& ' d d w d eti rhc &Wad logit d m 3- or over--& , s d $hadm - the simaion 6f -1e actkg whhh & MT I e n d f m m o r k of a pdmly free h w&h bqws &s are equally infad uf Ae physical qulsliciw of rhe go@ di&g bought aa$ imld SimWIy, p w Qmry of mmqply ~r dduqdr is am% bwhe d d m P lo& of emah i W g B s a d simatiom &&ern m&fb may t ie mula, fer aha s 4 ,

&&pktgy. Social mt.h~qdo &s (or should ta dcdb tfie in s t imdd and tradithnsl L e w o r k is m d as Ohe pmbk& of a s o d q in such a way &ax b a d ~ m 'd Its mmb* kcom rsrtiody uadersqnddle -trs qpr&are. I& &m xrim tcr wpk, b &e k tb t ioml &+mmsk L i d . I and its thqgesS.#

gs&, 631s A d% dw dht;errd@d r&wlt> of f ~ e & m t&m &krid s ~ ~ & o w , &&h as, for b & ~ h Bf two 4 - w

fils mil& Of h e asto- h@hpnz&t of mdmt GrWP is I I

110

are inwurere&w - 6th aamd or ppb& ias-pa, hr WE

assett that they we not medy insttwn$pla. Fm we sbar we I

laam fmm 8 ; e n c e ~ ~ ~ ~ a k w ~ ~ the w i i ~ of 6ux wd$: that sdmdflc zhmris ean &a ,gmtuhdy &tidying & a t i , ~ ~ & C W k ~ d m ~ d ~ d d Fifi add t0 WX of I&&

world- WB %%% - ~9 h bth$.C&&$ @~tTz%flf .- h d q p c e a5ms at m&, or a getting nearer m the mth, hawma 8M~dt 'it my be ~ Y S appmda ,mi&, e m ~$6 v~ maderam sw%s.

The issue can be put in ;n iautshelk are sai&$ie tbewies agrb&g h a ins~~~miits, m d d d kky*, as 1 q p t , h8 ~egardkd aa atte&pts t~ find the truth about our world, or at'l-t as aaempts: to.get=er m , & e d

3- yort may as& i$.h p-miwible 'to SJ)&& so ggliMg b u t &a &? And em 'if k io, L it p&ble to sp. J ip a l p nbwt qtmddng m& ar gdagzwm to the xm&? Am p t dI these wards s i ~ p l y + h u t me*?

These are hpmfant obja&ws. Lac &e k5t d d & &e gu&n.of the maani$lacs of the*oSci 'W.

It k 5-e dm SO m y paop1~ ~ h ~ u l d b&e 6s 2 answer TO PJae% qpesion TUht is W?' Fgs, & a& in t k m m d s Q£ of justi~e thousads oi +taws we a h a -

m q day wr@ &em&. And mt of b m , ro h o w very well whr is expected fmm them,

&A fats &qe is an dd atlswex t~ ihra p e s d e %en is sa, a s d 4 ox t pr~pwirian, or a statement, or a theov, m a Wef me?' ?% amma k A*-wmiaa is tw $it c o p ~ e ~ u d s to, or wee3 itephh* $he*,

But what do& lit to, sf that an asdann br a &egv csfiespd ZQ &facts? %& qmk&~a, wal Iw hem .sa2;&cmrily m e r e d - by the m a t l a d a n and bgkh Abed %pski,

I cannag ah cay- $we a &El account of Tw&s &&ry Swffiet it to ay tbt it i a h r y which is: in cornplere =card *th the w m - s w e vim kt &e sumen@ %w is white' and 'grass 5 @enXt' w~e WG, while the Sh@@meJ3B 'snow is grmh and *@ass ihd'mfdse.

TmhiYs b r y shows kt we are WIy wG&d to we* viQ~utj any q~h the words b e ' and '&e' in tli& OW &m&, It

alscl shows d m there annot be, in aa h @ a @ ~ o e t p d l & in b *.ed& pprasiona to our d i n w &rq-ieWr a geserd t+wdM#~t% -&t is rn w, a . p d method by whichwe muld &I&, d g i ~ prqo;$kb.tu, wh&w or not it is true.

~ ~ e ; i r e n ~ a a n r E , & t o d & d e o f a ~ t e m n t w ~ c b o ~ w h t b . ~ is is meI Wer&biug m& may Be a v q &&cult hshess, d pm&&dy bpos&h pm. But &e mWh@ a m cd dw term 'truth' is dfxmd bj ti& na hero dim the m-w d tke 'fat&' id d h d by my &i%+ i~ m e m b i ~ g f a ~ h o o d If we elimimtp from hqgwg~ atnb&ous terms Eke ' y e t ~ d a f ,

a terra which €day. xm$w sum* #Beratat fi.om dht it wilt me& tomomw4 and if we take some fmher &dar precgutior\9, then it f ~ b m ftam TBXSWS theory that every sw-t in this

I p r i b d langgagq will be me ~r fahe; wit4 m chid 'I psib'i+ M ~ r r n ~ q we a n be- an o p ~ d w d nqjag~ $a arrr

langayg~ such tb if a pmposi&n. is m z me, then iii neg&ori b trw .

This sho~k QQ d an p m ~dPions o m half will b meand the keW-Mse4 % we e& i +.t a r e thc~thert wih be 1 s ~ ~ d uue

pl;opBgitiow mix dm& we rhay have WE wou$!e is &dinput w w * m &

% ~ ~ e a t ~ ~ w 6 ~ p . ~ & 3 w & ~ w r m W i s f a r more h r a & g cMid i n f m t i v e S and &K bet^ t ~ b l b , dim & pinc+le of &e a & p q of ~ t r - d o m . We 40 not leam much in laming chat this I s not strictly w w we h m v thii d d y . Morwm, in spite of beiqfalse, it is w a d &ddyaar TO the ;wut$x if WE can r&e ow Q . e q w p k d l ~ tbw & bredriddown dJ s, a d&, be p r q Mc, ad the f&ty of &e

prhciplt -7 bt a c i s r t t d x ~ ~ f ~ c ~ ~ ~ W mponsi- b i i dl m d y atkx&'m&e mdd- Also, &eg#=mptto rqla'ce &% m t i d i t y p&dpIe by an&x ode s w rn Id t6 csmplete arbitrdness in mar d d b d k h g . And T P ~ m w ~ not +atget #that we a n test a theory ody as a 7wh~hI and kt the trm codim in finding the of cvp&ng th&es which may haw I ~ N E ~ h ~~tqmm a d CGE most of &n have & prinepie 04 ad- h mmmo~

Bw suppose b t we are interest4 in a certain actian nu^ & rn approximation to, but as a, de&cion fw &e action psescrihd bp h e la& ~f &e siwa&rr as I have so far discussed it. S u p p a e h t

orrr p o b h ts- to w&& the a&# of n prmn whs m .hppxap&tdy to hi3 sima&~a?~

Ghw~bill said i* Tfje Fa& C&im &at was m won but d y 10~1- t h a in &~5t, ~IIV uc G O ~ ~ ~ ~ M S ixl imrrr,mr:e. Dms mt this remark p r d e as with P kind of m d d for wid sociai and bbsical hationsr modid not mkwted &y th ~ ~ ~ ' a w ~ ~ p ~ & @ aftbe a d q w q o f m rr&s, hiwk h~ w pr&4e$h d k @ a w ,

The MSWM is ht ChwhiW~dmmma thstt m 0 5 c ~ w l ~ ~ b axe iast@a= to their ask, r;a&es than b i t their act;- &motbe understood {in good appt&n&on, ht !leu3 a adequate $or the situation &iky seiFit,

Ia ad& to underswnd &ek,(more or 1m k h c q u a ~ ] achm, WE

ha^ &C~~E&WE t~ recornstma a (&dm 4- d the si&a&rl rhm t k r own, must be dqne in such a way &at we sse how-d why &e situ'atian sis they saw it (wifQ< Mi limited qwience, th& hit& or o t d o w aim, && bid or ovarmdrd im@mcjola$ kd &em to a ~ t & they did - a t is ta ay, d~pd? for tbeh inadeqw view Qif S;tuaEianal s w c w e , CLwhiIl b w = H uses chis m&hod o l ~ m ~ ~ t i o ~ ~ with great SUEEM, EQT m p l e i~ his

8 . MODELB, INSTEUMEWTS. AND l%XTH

careful d y s i s Qf &-Mwe of &$ AuchinI~L-RiwL tern c i voltme IV qf Tha Smd I.@ @qr)P1

k b i n w a to a kt we emplop & ~ ~ a . E i o i m I ~ p ~ 1 . ~ tu the limit of what is p a l e w h m we rrga EO w d m d &e action bf 4 madman, t# tZ$& arsth~n"~ W&O~S, aS f& B

psible, b~ b& aims @hi& may be ntammankd) and. hy t h ~ '&-*a' on which b a- -&at is ta say* ,by his cmvictioas (d&& may be ubswsioq, b t 4 f&e &m& so &u&y held &at &w bec~me pra~WIp iwonigib!~. In sa ihe

d s w wtpEahi &a i$! tmm of om wid= k n o w ~ ~ e of .a r&m iiclxadm whi& WS his n u r o w dew 2his p m ~ e m &-tion. h d t x l z i i a s d g his actions m s seeing dreir a d q q a~tozdlxig to hh - & md1y miwh Gw- of the p o b h simarion,

V e my in &is way eww try m e.xpk& hpw he amived at bis mdly mis- view: b w ~qr ta in~qp&wes shamed his ady s m e v i ~ d&ew& and 14 h h tadopt another- the most d8d slaw he'codd Wbp in m m r b with the hf6rmatiot ah i s &pd - and how he had to &e this sew vim i1m&giMZ prdsel y kczuse it wodd break down at a m e d e r rhe p m r e d r&tjng k ~ e s , which w ~ d d lave bin (go far ss he c d d see) mdd d o u r interpredun 05 hh world -,a aimation ta k av&d a t ,;alI cws, ham a rraciazazd point 04 Ggv, s h e it w d ni& dlrationd aeE i~ i~ hpoddc.

F r d hws oftm hen described the disco- d h w n in&maIityp Bat a *Li&teip~etd~s a d a very atlpe&d m e ro boat. k d s €hemy of &Q q$d of a naucish f d s entirely into our schema af mpIana&m h a p d n g b d a & a d d mEYCld gad &e m & d ~ p&+Iee For he ~extrwzis a an a u i d dqtd ia mily &M be-wse it ms the bat available m y out of a sit&* dGch & w s unable t~

dm& md cope vi&, I'bw &g ~c10pti.on of &e m g & hmma&&aa.of&eW-arc l6m&&~ as heaktofa m m who3 jumpkg back ; a e b m,&mxed by the &anger of bekg m over by a cat, c d & b wirh a bicyclist. Tc L mhnal in the s m e bt &! ddd c h v ~ what appeared to him immdate, or the olq@st or perhaps the lesser wii b h hw1aabIe of two QQsS&%~&.

I shall my nv mQre -here about Freud's me@d a-5 t h p y than h i i i L m a more & o W c his method i?f dm*. br

But 2 we thue explain mqd&g h t&m .& b e OW principle, d m it not B~come mutok@d? By no i n a a z E& a tawbgy is ohus ly me, whih we make use of LIE ratio& principh matrely- a ~ g + d . a p p r ~ t i a n to the mth, rm@g &a lit: i;; nCbr me,

Bgt 8 b so9 w h ~ t bqom~ of h e &stkc.&~n btmm ~&omlhy ;lad b;azidcyZ Pletwm 'mead hdth ad md disease?

This k an iraprtan~ pe&m. % &ti&o& J $wd, is &at a, h d t 4 y person's kE& ara n& igo&gik o beakhi pa6 s&om<a d r ~ d j n w to correct his M 9 . H e do sa ody tdm&, y a he i8 lxe#qhdk$$. mdy to corm3 his views ~indM h e pmsmr2 Ed ~ m * , of &e i~pkigm hdd by-qk~ i rnd of wiEril n r ~ w -

rf thkar is SO t h YVC CA,I -4iq OF^^^ d& de&ni~aIy%d dm% the c~&mdl nm, is to Ghai d &e madman. I t m y be; ahat dl hk W %idiom m 'adqt$ate* in che -rht thy happen to leoindrde with the k t opiari~h 5~~dinbba the time. But in sp &r ;FS he is w&tted, he Is not: ~*&tZmnd< he will r&t any ehaa8~5 anp c;om&n, And since hr camof: be h the pos&dn of h e prreisc rrurh (8ukdy id he wdl r+t ratio& ~ ~ d o n i o f w ~ d d l y ~ t a ~ b & d s , An$ hewillreifi,mg r%eir ccnm~don is *deb a c c e p M d a g his ~ e t b .

Thus w h , i h s e who p& co- and id&d £a

n&m which they m d t ~ o w i q to km - fw af b;&g c o ~ l l d , by c i r i ~ i s q BO S W ~ W a view d d c h dare ~t give up shce t b q make it [er b & m c h q y n d ~ i t 1 the basis ( ~ 4 their whde Me.

c&tmem' $3Hclf~d&m - which we know5 who& OB mdni&-are t h t w r d a i d h ~ e ~ ~ ~ b g e t o m ~ a ~

a. MODEL%, ~~fiT$mwd, A N D TXUTH

To sum qp; wrrr&dd &d+h~bmmen r h & y as a d d e [which, in prkcipk, dl sane meti aredapbh of sh&& and the rat iodry Frimipk,

h ~ d i ~ sls a p o d zahde is the atiityde 6f d~ 'm conem 0 ~ ~ ' s b&&, b b X d ~ ~ l y nim Qw di:~bb~d d~m it ifi &E r d w s ta d ; s w owJs Mds . a i W p , mi <m wmca &em ~n! ~ b s light & a a l db&l l sd& o h people.

Tltu hMty @kC;Ph', on the h e r hand, has nad,duq t~ do wirh the ssnqtion hat men me ~ l r o d h F& sense- &t thy always ad- o rati~)&l attitude. It h, raxher, a miainnm principle [since it m a n~ mwe &an the dqmq of wr ~ctiw iy eur p o h h dr0a.d~~ ws we see t h ~ ) ~ w#&h *at? h t all ow q h a m q s h t i o d models,, md which, atth~ugh *e bwthat it h eat m,wi haoe&naie m d s t o ~ r e g d as ;.%wid appo.&m&arn w t4e d. XB adaopdon sdw& co&&ly he. arbitmrkms o;f bur d d s b tnarbi*w;Ch &ames mp~i&us indeed if we

fo d@7$j.&~lAt p&&pl&

TVE MYTH QF THE PRA&&GWGRH

EPISTEMOLOGY AND INDUS'TRIALIZATI0,N

h a h w s S and highly &matic p s ~ g e of hie && work Phm demands that gh;Iamphs should & ws an& & v ~ r h &IT

!+qp - or admmdc dm -&auld he f d y trained philgsqhers..' Pk~o's propod that phihophers d i d k kings has pl-4 p h h q p h ~ .and wme of &em haw d e n it quite wri6uly. Persmdy 1 do WE W if m~ -ma~&ve prtrpsd. Qsife apart fmm he f3ct tbat J am f ~ m d alvmwcy w di~tamship, hdu&g the Gcwaors& of 4 e *at a1 beg, p4ilssqBers do n m meni to m e g d d d p well wit04 br be job. Thke fer example zbe m e of-Thmm Mwr$c, the. &eab& h r p r d m t ad, +t say, the phihsapber-bg of the Cmehoslo8ak Rep4bficr., W q k was nox only a fully mined philosopher+ kt &o a B a