POP POWER: Pop Diplomacy for a Global Society

7/21/2019 POP POWER: Pop Diplomacy for a Global Society

1/82


2/82

SLS SLVKQ=

Slp Njpildeby `lr e Filaei Rlbjkty

Slp Buiturk es e tlli `lr Buiturei Njpildeby, `lr blhstrubtjhf e FilaeiRlbjkty jh tgk blhtkxt l` Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs. Besk= Rlutg Olrke

ehn Mepeh jh Skru.

Iujs Ehtlhjl Pjnei Srkz


3/82

Slp Slwkr=Slp Njpildeby `lr e Filaei Rlbjkty

Njfjtei Knjtjlh

Eii rjfgts rkskrvkn. ^gk usk l` ehy pert l` tgjs puaijbetjlhrkprlnubkn, trehsdjttkn jh ehy `lrd lr ay ehy dkehs,kikbtrlhjb, dkbgehjbei, prjhtjhf, rkblrnjhf, lr ltgkrwjsk, lrstlrkn jh e rktrjkvei systkd, wjtglut prjlr wrjttkh blhskhtl` tgk puaijsgkr js eh jh`rjhfkdkht l` tgk blpyrjfgt iew.

Blvkr nksjfh= SehnekpehK-deji= pehnekpehCfdeji.bld

JRAH= :67-051-33-50:2-3

5st Knjtjlh, 135>.

Eutglr - Knjtlr Iujs Ehtlhjl Pjnei Srkz, 135>

Mr. ^ebhe 2501, Reh Derth nk Slrrks, Ijde.Sglhk= (;5) (5) ::3;262:5K-deji= iujsehtlhjlvjneipCfdeji.bldK-allo evejieaik lh www.olieznjbk.bld

Ijde - Skru


4/82

JHNKW

Ebohlwiknfdkhts vjj

Srkèbk jx

BES J=Slp Buiturk= Vget js jt, wgkrk nlks jt bldk `rld ehn wgkrk js jt fljhf

2. JH^KQHE^JLHEI QKIE^JLHR= E tgklrktjbei epprlebg 10

2.5. ^GK BLHR^Q[B^JPJR^ ^GKLQZ 17

2.1. ^GK BLRDLSLIJÊH ^GKLQZ 1:

2.2. BLRDLSLIJÊH BLHR^Q[B^JPJRD 23

BES JJJ=Slp Slwkr

5.

SLS B[I^[QK= E bldpikx systkd 21


5/82

1. SLS B[I^[QK= E hkw iehfuefk 2;

2. ^GK GZSKQBKH^QEI B[I^[QK 26

>. SLS BLRDLSLIJ^EHJRD= Blsdlplijteh Slp Buiturk >3

;.

SLS BLRDLSLIJ^EHJRD= E hkw typk l` ebtjvjsd >2

BES JP= Slp Njpildeby

5. SLS NJSILDEBZ= @lrk`rlht l` @lrkjfh Slijby >7

1. SLS NJSILDEBZ EHN JH^KQHE^JLHEI QKIE^JLHR >:

2. B[I^[QEI SLIJBZ JH SKQ[ ;5

>. SLS NJSILDEBZ JH SKQ[= Js jt plssjaik< ;>

;. NJSILDEBJE SLS SEQE [HE RLBJKNEN FILAEI ;0

BES P=Blhbiusjlhs 05

Ajaijlfrepgy 0>


6/82

Ebohlwiknfdkhts

Jn ijok tl tgeho=

Dy `edjiy ehn `rjkhns `lr tgkjr uhblhnjtjlhei supplrt, kspkbjeiiy dy sjstkr Dere nki Berdkh.

^gk Kx Olrkeh Blhsui jh Skru, Dr.Gwehf-rlg Ikk, `lr gjs tjdk ehn supplrt.

Setrjbje Nez Behlehn Oetty Nurehn`lr tgkjr tjdk ehn envjbk, ehn Nr. @krhehnl Berveiil`lrgjs wlrns l` khblurefkdkht.

^gk ste`` rldEHJDK@IP, `lr tgkjr veiueaik blhtrjautjlh tl tgjs rkskerbg.

Eii l` tgk Ehjdk ehn Oplp `ehs `lr fjvjhf sldk blilr tl tgjs frey bjty ehn okkpjhf jiiusjlhs

eijvk.


7/82

Srkèbk

^gk wlrin js bgehfjhf. ^gk rkietjlhsgjps aktwkkh gudehs erk tll. ^gk plijtjbei, slbjei

ehn kblhldjb brjsks skkd tl jhbrkesk. @ebkn wjtg tgk plssjajijty l` gevjhf èjikn es eslbjkty wk wjtgnrew lur ettkhtjlh `rld tgk sdeii frket prlfrkss lh aujinjhf ehjhtkrhetjlhei bldduhjty. Jh tgjs blhtkxt, tgk njeilfuk aktwkkh hetjlhs jh tkrds l` jtsstetks js tgk akst wey `lr us tl slivk tgk prlaikds gudehjty js èbjhf es e wglik ehnaujin arjnfks l` dutuei supplrt `lr filaei nkvkilpdkht. ^grlufg `lrdei dkbgehjsdssubg es njpildeby, ikenkrs l` tgk `rkk wlrin ksteaijsgkn ejn prlfreds, sgut nlwh wersak`lrk tgky geppkh ehn deok tgkjr wey jh kdkrfjhf derokts.

Njpildeby js e demlr bldplhkht jh tgk ij`k l` e Rtetk akbeusk l` jts eajijty tl gehnik jtprlpkriy nkpkhns lh aujinjhf steaik rkietjlhs wjtg ltgkr stetks. Kvkh j` tgjs ebtjvjty js

l`tkh ijhokn tl plijtjbei ehn kblhldjb Rtetk jhtkrksts, tgkrk erk ltgkr espkbts jhnjpildeby tget beh gevk es dubg lr dlrk rkikvehbk jh slbjei ij`k, subg es buiturk.Buiturei Njpildebydeoks jts ajf khtrehbk es tgk rksplhsjaik `lr ksteaijsgjhf rkietjlhsaktwkkh bluhtrjks tgrlufg buiturei rkslurbks ehn kxprkssjlhs rld kebg l` tglsk.

Jh tgk blhtkxt l` tgklrjks l` Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs, tgk lamkbtjvks l` BuitureiNjpildeby`jt jh tgk systkdjb plsjtjlh l` Blhstrubtjvjsd= tgk jnkhtjtjks ehn prebtjbks l`stetks erk brketkn `rld tgk jhtkrebtjlhs prlnubkn ay jhtkrhetjlhei plijbjks, jh tgjs besktgk lrkjfh rkietjlhs plijbjks dehefkn tgrlufg njpildeby.

J` jhtkrbuiturei bldduhjbetjlh beh ksteaijsg eh etdlspgkrk l` duitjietkrei bllpkretjlhjh e `redkwlro l` steajijty, tgjs prebtjbk wjii khn up rkblh`jfurjhf JhtkrhetjlheiQkietjlhs plijbjks tlwern e wlrin l` frketkr uhnkrstehnjhf ehn dutuei supplrt, hltlhiy et e Rtetk ikvki aut eisl wjtg jts plpuietjlh. "E blrk `keturk l` buiturei ehn puaijbnjpildebjks dey ak prkbjskiy tgk blhstrubtjlh l` bliikbtjvk jnkhtjtjks l` pkebk,uhnkrstehnjhf ehn njvkrsjty et tgk jhtkrhetjlhei ikvki." (Pjiiehukve Qjves, 1353)

Jh èbt, buiturk ges akkh vkry ebtjvk jh tgk njpildetjb ij`k l` dehy bluhtrjks, kspkbjeiiytgk demlr plwkrs wgl sew jt es e vjeaik wey tl kxpehn lr tl ebgjkvk engkrkhbk tltgkjr beusk, es geppkhkn wjtg tgk [hjtkn Rtetks jh Ietjh Edkrjbe nurjhf tgk Blin Ver.

^get rew detkrjei wgjbg stetks usk tl fkt tl ltgkr bluhtrjks pklpik js Slpuier Buiturk.

Blhtkdplrery Slpuier Buiturklr Slp Buiturkjs nktkrdjhkn ay burrkht trkhns. Dusjb,èsgjlh, `jids ehn ltgkr ert `lrds erk eijfhkn wjtg derokt prk`krkhbks, j.k., l` tgkdessks, ehn laky tgk blhsudptjlh pettkrhs l` tgk frlup.

Jh Ietjh Edkrjbe, tgk Edkrjbeh Slp Buiturk ges e frket jhìukhbk, bkdkhtjhf tgknldjhehbk l` [RE hlt lhiy plijtjbeiiy ehn kblhldjbeiiy aut eisl et e buiturei ikvki.Glwkvkr, Edkrjbe js hlt tgk lhiy lhk khtgreiikn Ietjh Edkrjbe.Rjhbk keriy iest bkhtury nuk tl jddjfretjlh wevks jh tgk rkfjlh tgkrk js e strlhf

prkskhbk l` Kestkrh buiturk (Bgjhksk ehn Mepehksk dlstiy), wgjbg khnurks tl tgjs ney


8/82

ehn ges akkh khgehbkn tgehos tl filaeijzetjlh. Zlu nlht hkkn tl ak pgysjbeiiyprkskht, blilhjzetjlh js hlw vjrtuei.

Jh tgk pest 13 ykers, Skru ges wjthksskn tgk frket jdpebt l` tgkEsjeh Slp Buiturk ehnglw uhkxpkbtkniy ebgjkvkn e gufk plpuierjty tgrlufg buiturei prlnubts subg es ehjdk

(Mepehksk ehjdetjlh), ehn jh tgk iest nkbenk Oplp(Rlutg Olrkeh plp dusjb).

Edjn eii tgk bgels fkhkretkn ay tgk kxbjtkdkht l` tgk èhs l` kjtgkr prlnubt jsBuiturei Njpildeby jh Mepeh ehn Olrke, tgky `luhn plwkrùi eiijks wgl gen eirkenypevkn tgk wey `lr e sdlltgkr jhtkrbuiturei bldduhjbetjlh aktwkkh Kest ehn Vkst.

Edjn eii tgk bgels fkhkretkn ay tgk kxbjtkdkht l` tgk èhs l` kjtgkr ehjdk lr Oplp,erk Mepehksk ehn Olrkeh Buiturei Njpildebjks. ^gky hlw gevk plwkrùi eiijks wgjbggen eirkeny pevkn tgk wey `lr e sdlltgkr jhtkrbuiturei bldduhjbetjlh aktwkkh Kestehn Vkst.

Eitglufg Mepeh ehn Olrke gen skvkrei trenk efrkkdkhts tgkrk wes sldk nj``jbuity `lrtgkd tl kxpehn buitureiiy nuk tl tgk ajf nj``krkhbks aktwkkh tgkjr lwh buiturks ehntgk rkst l` tgk wlrins. ^gk kest wes eiweys kxltjb tl tgk wkst.

^lney, Buiturei Njpildeby ges ik`t Slpuier Buiturk esjnk ehn kvkh dlrk jtsblhtkdplrery dehj`kstetjlhs, westjhf jts pltkhtjei es e tlli `lr tgk njsskdjhetjlh l`buiturk jtski` ehn es e arjnfk `lr jhtkrbuiturei bldduhjbetjlh, kspkbjeiiy Skru ehn jtsvest buiturei ikfeby. Glw bluin wk teok envehtefk l` tget pltkhtjei

^grlufglut tgjs prlbkss, tgkrk js eh jhtkrkstjhf pereiiki aktwkkh ehjdk ehn Oplp sjhbkdlst l` tgk burrkht Oplp èhs fl tl ohlw jt akbeusk l` ehjdk. Vgkh Olrkeh ertjstsebgjkvkn subbkss jh Mepeh, sldk ehjdetjlh glusks bglsk frlups ijok NARO tl sjhf tgkdejh tgkdks `lr skrjks ijok Lhk Sjkbk.

^gk repjn sprken l` altg nredes ehn Olrkeh plp dusjb ikn tl tgk `lrdetjlh l` e èhbldduhjty tget akfeh tjdjniy jh 133> wjtg Pjiie Oplp, eh lhijhk frlup dehefkn ayEinlSkreiteehn Rlhje ^lver, `luhnkrs l` Oesll, tgk `jrst Oplpstlrk jh Skru. ^gjs sdeii frlupwluin eiilw èhs tl sgerk jh`lrdetjlh ealut tgkjr èvlrjtk ertjsts ehn suaskqukhtiy ikentl tgk brketjlh tgk `jrst èh biuas.

Vjtg tgk plpuierjzetjlh l` Jhtkrhkt jh tgk `liilwjhf ykers ehn tgk errjvei l` Zlutuak,Oplpakbedk dubg dlrk ebbkssjaik `lr Skruvjeh èhs. Dehy Oplp èhs hlw bedk tl jt aybgehbk. Dlst l` tgkd flt tl jt akbeusk e `rjkhn tlin tgkd ealut jt lr sldklhk gehn tgkde ijho.

^gk Olrkeh plp ilvkr eunjkhbk wes frlwjhf strlhfiy aut rkbkjvkn ijttik lr hl ettkhtjlh`rld tgk dknje nkspjtk tgk ebtjvjtjks ehn bliikbtjvk ebgjkvkdkhts l` tgk èh biuas. Aut ettgk khn l` tgk `jrst nkbenk l` tgk hkw djiikhhjud eii sunnkhiy bgehfkn= "Ay 1353, tgk`kvkr gen akfuh. Jh @karuery 1351, wjtg tgk errjvei l` tgk `jrst aehn, MZM, jt wes biker tgettgkrk wes eh eunjkhbk kefkr tl skk tgk sters l` O-plp ijvk." (Ie Qkpaijbe, 1351)

Jh Eufust 1355, tgk gudehjterjeh vjsjt l` twl l` tgk dkdakrs l` tgk frlup DAIEUbeusknsubg e skhsetjlh edlhf Skruvjeh èhs tget Olrke iejn jts kyks lh Skru. Aut jt wluin akMZM,e frlup lh ijtjfetjlh wjtg jts `lrdkr rkblrn ieaki, wgl wluin teok tgk `jrst stkp ay vjsjtjhflur bluhtry jh Derbg hkxt yker. ^gk kvkht dehefkn tl aket seiks rkblrns, wgjbg beufgt

tgk ettkhtjlh l` kvkh tgk Olrkeh prkss. Skru wluin akbldk tgk bepjtei l` Oplp jh IetjhEdkrjbeh.

^get sedk yker tgk errjvei l` AjfAehf, tgk Olrkeh aehn l` tgk dldkht, wes ehhluhbkn.^get kvkht wluin ak tgk ijtdus tkst `lr prlnubtjlhs bldpehjks tl nktkrdjhk wgktgkrOplpwes rkeiiy prl`jteaik lr hlt sjhbk 1351 wes vkry jheuspjbjlus `lr tgksk bldpehjks.^gk Olrkeh frlup wes lhk l` tgk dlst subbkssùi prlplseis tget yker, surpessjhf jh tgkalx-l``jbk tgk dubg-gypkn sglw Ieny Fefe gkin neys ietkr. ^gjs wes vkry sjfhj`jbehtakbeusk, uhijok Edkrjbeh ster, AjfAehfslhfs wkrk hkvkr pieykn lh ilbei renjl stetjlhs.

Oplpgen ksteaijsgkn jtski` hlt lhiy jh tgk Skruvjeh dusjb sbkhk, aut eisl jh tgk buiturei,wjtglut ehy prkskhbk jh dknje lr akjhf envkrtjskn ay tgk Olrkeh flvkrhdkht lr rkblrnbldpehjks. Eii tgehos tl tgk wlro l` èhs wgl ebbldpijsgkn wget eh khtjrk jhnustrybluinht.


24/82

Iujs Ehtlhjl Pjnei SrkzSLS SLVKQ= Slp Njpildeby `lr e Filaei Rlbjkty

5;

BES JJ

Buiturei Njpildeby, Hetjlh Arehnjhf

ehn @lrkjfh E`èjrs

5. B[I^[QEI NJSILDEBZ

^gk tkrd Buiturei Njpildeby, bljhkn ay plijtjbei sbjkhtjst Djitlh Buddjhfs, js rkietjvkiyhkw tl tgk wlrin l` `lrkjfh plijby sjhbk jt akfeh tl ak uskn jh tgk djn-5:33s, eitglufgtgjs ebtjvjty ges akkh nkvkilpkn `lr skvkrei guhnrkns l` ykers.

Blhsjnkrkn lhk espkbt l` tgk njsbjpijhk l` Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs (JQ), jts plijtjbei ehngjstlrjbei sjfhj`jbehbk ges akkh ksteaijsgkn es e vjareht ehn jhhlvetjvk ebenkdjb `jkin l`rkskerbg ehn ges subbkssùiiy ksteaijsgkn jtski` es e stehn-eilhk tgklry ehn prebtjbk." (JBN,1352)

Aut wget js Buiturei Njpildeby< J` wk blhsjnkr tget Njpildeby js tgk dehefkdkht l`jhtkrhetjlhei rkietjlhs l` e bluhtry tgrlufg tgk ert l` hkfltjetjlh, wk beh nk`jhk tgjsebtjvjty es nlks Djbgeki M. Veiikr, prl`ksslr et tgk Jhstjtutk l` Vlrin Slijtjbs, "tgkkxbgehfk l` jnkes, jh`lrdetjlh, ert ehn ltgkr espkbts l` buiturk edlhf hetjlhs ehn tgkjrpklpiks jh lrnkr tl `lstkr dutuei uhnkrstehnjhf." (1337)

Eisl ohlwh es sl`t plwkr, Buiturei Njpildebypjbos up tgk buiturei rkslurbks l` e bluhtryehn jt usks tgkd tl njsskdjhetk tgk duitjpik weys l` kxprkssjlh `rld pklpik jtrkprkskhts, ksteaijsgjhf bgehhkis `lr buiturei njeilfuk wjtg ltgkr pklpiks= "Ert ehnbuiturk erk jh tgk `lrk`rlht l` dehy bluhtrjks prldltjlhei k``lrts. ^gksk bluhtrjksrkblfhjzk tget sglwjhf tgkjr buiturei gkrjtefk prlvjnks tgkd wjtg eh lpplrtuhjty l`sglwjhf wgl tgky erk, brketjhf e plsjtjvk jdefk, tgus gkipjhf tl ebgjkvk tgkjr plijtjbeiejds." (Qyhjkmsoe, 1337)

@lr Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs, Buiturei Njpildebyejds tl "strkhftgkh rkietjlhsgjps, jdprlvktgk slbjl-buiturei bllpkretjlh, lr prldltk hetjlhei jhtkrksts" (1352) kxpiejhs Kdji

Blhstehtjhksbu, Srksjnkht l` tgkEbenkdy `lr Buiturei Njpildeby. Glwkvkr, uhtji rkbkhtiy,tgjs wes hlt blhsjnkrkn e njsbjpijhk retgkr tgeh es e pert l` Suaijb Njpildeby. Jh èbt, tgktwl blhbkpts erk l`tkh blhùskn wjtg kebg ltgkr. Rl wkii try tl bierj`y tgk nj``krkhbkaktwkkh tgkd.

^gk tkrd Suaijb Njpildeby wes bljhkn jh 5:0; ay tgk njpildet Knduhn Fjiiklh, wglwluin ietkr akbldk pert l` tgk Knwern Q. Durrlw Bkhtkrl` Suaijb Njpildeby,wgkrk tgjsnjsbjpijhk Js nk`jhkn es `liilws=


25/82


50

(Suaijb Njpildeby) nkeis wjtg tgk jhìukhbk l` puaijb ettjtunks lh tgk `lrdetjlhehn kxkbutjlh l` `lrkjfh plijbjks khbldpessks tgk njdkhsjlhs l` `lrkjfhrkietjlhs akylhn trenjtjlhei njpildeby, tgk buitjvetjlh ay flvkrhdkhts l` puaijblpjhjlh jh ltgkr bluhtrjks? tgk jhtkrebtjlh l` prjvetk frlups ehn jhtkrksts jh lhkbluhtry wjtg tglsk l` ehltgkr? tgk rkplrtjhf l` `lrkjfh e`èjrs ehn jts jdpebt lh

plijby? bldduhjbetjlh aktwkkh tglsk wglsk mla js bldduhjbetjlh, es aktwkkhnjpildets ehn `lrkjfh blrrksplhnkhts? ehn tgk prlbkss l` jhtkrbuitureibldduhjbetjlhs. (Durrlw Bkhtkr, 1335)

^gk Hlrwkfjeh gjstlrjeh Krjo Qunkhf sjdpij`jks tgk blhbkpt l` Suaijb Njpildeby aykxprkssjhf jt es tgk "skt l` ebtjlhs wjtg wgjbg e flvkrhdkht ennrkssks tl tgk pklpik lèhltgkr bluhtry", supplrtkn ay tgk filaei rkebg l` tgk trenjtjlhei dess dknje ehn slbjeihktwlros, tlney dlrk tgeh kvkr.

Jh èbt, nurjhf tgk iest bkhtury pklpik uskn tl akijkvk tget `lrkjfh plijby lhiy ennrksskntgk kblhldjb, plijtjbei lr djijtery (gern plwkr) jssuks. Vjtg tgk Blin Ver aktwkkh tgk[.R. ehn tgk `lrdkr Rlvjkt [hjlh, buiturk akbedk e plwkrùi eiiy jh tgk arlen erke l`jhìukhbk l` altg plwkrs. Jh tgjs blhtkxt, dess dknje pieykn e brubjei rlik ehn gkhbk tgkjrrkikvehbk tl tlney. Es tgk Dkxjbeh njpildet ehn wrjtkrEi`lhsl Hjktlseys, "jh WWJ bkhturynjpildeby js hlt lhiy jdplrteht tl berry lut tgk `lrkjfh plijby ebtjlhs, js kqueiiy rkikvehtjssuk epprlprjetk dkssefks tget fkhkretk èvlreaik hkws, kspkbjeiiy tl fkt tgk supplrt l`slbjkty. (1330)

Rl èr tgk tgjh ijhk tget skperetks Buiturei Njpildeby`rld Suaijb Njpildebyskkds tl ènkes altg erk bilskiy ijhokn tl tgk dknje ehn jts k``kbt lh slbjkty. Ehn wk dust hlt `lrfkt`lr e dldkht tget njpildeby typks laky tgk fujnkijhks ehn lamkbtjvks l` tgk `lrkjfh

plijby l` e bluhtry. ^get js, hlhk beh ebt jhnkpkhnkhtiy ehn skt fleis tget nj``kr `rld tgknkvkilpdkht l` tgk pieh l` Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs, `lr kxedpik, Skru ges `lr ltgkrbluhtrjks jh tgk rkfjlh lr tgkjr demlr wlrinwjnk perthkrs.

Glwkvkr, j` wk blhsjnkr tgk tgrkk ùhnedkhtei lamkbtjvks `lr tgk kxkrbjsk l` SuaijbNjpildeby prlplskn ay Mueh Iujs Deh`rknj, Srl`ksslr et tgk [hjvkrsjty l` Bestjiie-IeDehbge, wk beh teio dlrk sjfhj`jbeht nj``krkhbks. ^l Deh`rknj, tgjs typk l` njpildebydust gevk es fujnkijhks tl rkjh`lrbk tgk jnkhtjty l` iehfuefk ehn buiturk jh tjdks l`filaeijzetjlh? tl pertjbjpetk jh tgk jhtkrhetjlhei kblhldy ìlws ehn kxkrt jhìukhbk lhpuaijb lpjhjlh. (1352)

Jh ltgkr wlrns, Suaijb Njpildeby hlt lhiy skkos tl plsjtjvkiy plsjtjlh e bluhtry jh tgkdjhns l` jhtkrhetjlhei puaijb lpjhjlh, aut eisl tl fkhkretk e burrkht èvlreaik lpjhjlhealut tgk dkesurks tl ak teokh wjtg rkfern tl jts `lrkjfh plijby. Jh tget skhsk, bluhtrjksijok tgk [.R. gevk gen skrjlus prlaikds jh rkbkht ykers. Eitglufg tgk [.R. SuaijbNjpildebystrjvks tl skii jts jdefk es `rld e bluhtry tget ilvks `rkknld ehn ges rkspkbt`lr gudeh rjfgts, jts blhtjhukn pertjbjpetjlh jh erdkn blhìjbt, tgk rkbkht sbehneis


26/82


56

fkhkretkn es e rksuit l` Vjojikeos,ehn tgk qukstjlheaik prebtjbks l` tgk Hetjlhei RkburjtyEfkhby(HRE) `jheiiy nkdlijsgkn tgk jdefk tgky gen aujit.

Buiturei Njpildebydlvks jh e sjdjier aut vkry nj``krkht sblpk sjhbk jts `lbuskn lh tgknjsskdjhetjlh l` buiturk ehn prldltjhf jhtkrbuiturei njeilfuk tl jdprlvk rkietjlhs

aktwkkh tgk pklpik l` tgk jhtkrhetjlhei bldduhjty. Jh sjdpikr tkrds, ay gkipjhf tlprldltk lur buiturk wk gkip tgk rkst l` tgk wlrin tl uhnkrstehn ehn veiuk us akttkr. Jteisl wlros jh rkvkrsk. ^gk buiturei ebtjvjtjks l` tgk flvkrhdkhts l` bluhtrjks ijok Olrkeehn Mepeh jh lur bluhtry plsjtjvkiy jhìukhbks tgk wey wk tgjho ealut tgkd. ^gjs buitureikxbgehfk beh eisl jhìukhbk puaijb lpjhjlh jh tgk bluhtrjks jhvlivkn jh tgk prlbkss aut tgjssgluin ak blhsjnkrkn es eh ennjtjlhei rksuit tl tgk lhk tgets kxpkbtkn, lr sgluin ak,wgjbg js tl jdprlvk tgk rkietjlhs aktwkkh pklpik.

Ehn tgkrkjh wk beh akttkr njstjhfujsg Suaijb Njpildeby`rldBuiturei Njpildeby, jh glwtgky erk pkrbkjvkn. Suaijb Njpildebyges e "trenjtjlhei esslbjetjlh wjtg tgk flvkrhdkht"(JBN, 1337), jts prjdery purplsk js tl jhìukhbk `lrkjfh eunjkhbks tl, tgrlufg e plsjtjvkpkrbkptjlh, jdprlvk trenk rkietjlhs, lpkh hkw derokts lr jhbrkesk tgk ìlw l` `lrkjfhjhvkstdkht, es jh tgk besk l` Skru.

Rl dubg sl tget tgk envkrtjsjhf skhsk l` tgjs ojhn l` njpildeby bluin ak bldpereaik tltgk puaijbjty l` e aeho lr eh jhsurehbk bldpehy. ^gkjr uitjdetk flei js tl "pkrsuenk tgkplpuietjlh l` ehltgkr (bluhtry) tget tgkjr jhtkhtjlhs erk flln, ehn tgkjr plijbjks erkakhjfh." (JBN, 1337)

Lh tgk ltgkr gehn, Buiturei Njpildeby, nkspjtk tgk dehy sjdjierjtjks ylu beh sevk wjtgSuaijb Njpildeby, "puts e sgerpkr `lbus lh tgk jhnjvjnuei kxpkrjkhbk (...) skkds tl ìlurjsg

jh khvjrlhdkhts wgkrk jt js okpt ewey `rld flvkrhdkht jhtkr`krkhbk." Jhnkkn, tgk wlrol` tgjs ojhn l` njpildeby usueiiy nkvkilps jh erkes subg es knubetjlh, ert, buiturk ehnkhtkrtejhdkht, aut js hlt ijdjtkn tl tgksk `jkins. @lr kxedpik, stunkht kxbgehfk prlfredslr ert kxgjajtjlhs, buiturei, `jid lr ijtkrery `kstjveis, erk blhsjnkrkn es tllis `lr BuitureiNjpildeby.

^get js prkbjskiy tgk envehtefk l` Buiturei Njpildebyvs. Suaijb Njpildeby. Vgjik tgk iestlhk skiis tgk jdefk l` e bluhtry, tgk `jrst lhk njsskdjhetks tgk buiturk jt rkprkskhts. Jt behak sejn tget "tgk Buiturei Njpildeby wlros akbeusk jt skkds tl ak sjhbkrk." (JBN, 1337) Jhèbt, kvkh j` jt ges plijtjbei jhtkrksts akgjhn jt, Buiturei Njpildebybeh ak vkry akhk`jbjei tl

tgk fkhkrei puaijb sjhbk jt knubetks tgkd ealut ltgkr buiturks, kheaijhf e gerdlhjlusblkxjstkhbk edlhf pklpiks. Eitglufg, tgjs nlks hlt dkeh tget js rjso `rkk.

@lr Buddjhfs lhk l` tgk dejh rjsos l` Buiturei Njpildebyjs tgk èbt tget (jt) beh ak dlrkl` e lhk-wey strkkt tgeh e twl-wey kxbgehfk, es wgkh lhk hetjlh blhbkhtretks jts k``lrtslh prldltjhf tgk hetjlhei iehfuefk, kxpiejhjhf jts plijbjks ehn pljht l` vjkw, lr tkiijhf jtsstlry tl tgk rkst l` tgk wlrin. (1337)


27/82


57

Jhnkkn, tgk jdpikdkhtetjlh l` plijbjks tl njsskdjhetk tgk buiturk l` e bluhtry js tgk wlropieh `lr tgk flvkrhdkht, uhjietkreiiy. Jt bluin eisl ak tgk besk l` e ajietkrei efrkkdkht `lrtgk prldltjlh l` buiturk, nkdlbretjzjhf tgk prlbkss deojhf jt wlro aebo ehn `lrwern.Glwkvkr, tgk bluhtry wjtg tgk frketkst eajijty tl jdpikdkht jts pieh l` Buiturei Njpildebyehn wjtg e ajffkr aunfkt `lr tget purplsk js usueiiy tgk lhk wgl teoks tgk iken jh tgk

bldpktjtjvk `jkin l` njsskdjhetjlh l` buiturk `lr plijtjbei purplsks.

Hlweneys, tgk flvkrhdkhts burrkht rlik rkfernjhf tgk Buiturei Njpildebyjs nk`jhkn aytgk [.R. Edaessenlr tl tgk Hktgkriehns, Byhtgje S. Rbghkjnkr, aeskn lh twl oky jssuks=Ijstkhjhf tl tgk hkkns ehn jhtkrksts l` tgk pklpik lvkr tgk buiturei `lrds ehn blhtkhtstgky wjsg tl blhsudk? ehn tl easlra tgk buiturei blhtkht tl uhnkrstehn wget pklpik erktryjhf tl sey tgrlufg jt. Vkii fl aebo lh tgksk jnkes ietkr ehn wkii skk wget geppkhswgkh e bluhtry `liilws tgksk prjhbjpiks.

5.5. MESEHKRK B[I^[QEI NJSILDEBZ

J` ehytgjhf njstjhfujsgks tgk Buiturei Njpildebyl` Mepeh `rld ltgkr bluhtrjks, aksjnks tgkk``kbtjvkhkss tl rkblfhjzk jh jts Slp Buiturk plwkrùi wlrojhf tllis, js jts kvliutjlheryprlbkss sjhbk, ebblrnjhf tl tgk `lrdkr edaessenlr ehn prksjnkht l` tgk Mepeh@luhnetjlh, Oezul Lflure, jt ges uhnkrflhk `jvk nj``krkht stefks tl ak rkvjskn.

^gk `jrst stefk bldks e`tkr tgk nkvestetjhf Vlrin Ver JJ. Mepeh kdaerokn lh tgk nj``jbuitteso l` bgehfjhf jts jdefk l` e djijterjstjb ehn blilhjzjhf bluhtry, `lr lhk l` e pkebkùi ehnnkdlbretjb hetjlh. Hlt eh kesy uhnkrteojhf fjvkh tgk heturk l` tgkjr pertjbjpetjlh jh tgk

blhìjbt.

Jh tgjs blhtkxt, Mepeh dehefks tl akbldk pert l` tgk [HKRBL jh 5:;5, derojhf tgk wey tlfl tl ebgjkvk jts flei `lr tgk rkst l` tgk nkbenk ehn nurjhf tgk keriy 03's. Jts deoklvkr"wes bilskiy esslbjetkn wjtg tgk prldltjlh l` buiturei ebtjvjtjks, tgrlufg wgjbg Mepehslufgt tl ksteaijsg e hkw hetjlhei jnkhtjty." (Lflure, 1337) Dehy l` tgk ikeìktsnjstrjautkn jh tglsk neys jhbiunkn, `lr kxedpik, pjbturks l` bgkrry ailsslds ehn Dluht@umj, shlwy, skrkhjty ehn trehqujijty rkìkbtjhf, kxpiejhs Lflure.

Vk beh spkeo l` e skblhn stefk l` Mepehksk Buiturei Njpildeby`rld tgk 03's, e`tkr tgk

^loyl Liydpjbs jh 5:0>, uhtji tgk keriy 63's. Bldpiktkn tgk gjstlrjb djssjlh l`rkblhstrubtjhf tgk kblhldy ehn rkmljhjhf tgk jhtkrhetjlhei bldduhjty, tgk hkw flei westl sglw Mepeh es e bluhtry kblhldjbeiiy ehn tkbghlilfjbeiiy envehbkn.

Jh tgk prlbkss, tgk Mepehksk akbedk ewerk l` tgk jdplrtehbk l` strkhftgkhjhf tgkjrjhtkrhetjlhei rkietjlhs tgrlufg e "dlrk plsjtjvk" Buiturei Njpildeby(Lflure, 1337). @lrtgjs, tgk Mepehksk flvkrhdkht ieuhbgkn verjlus buiturei kxbgehfk plijbjks, jhbiunjhf tgkbrketjlh, jh 5:61, l` tgk Mepeh @luhnetjlh, wjtg wgjbg buiturei kxbgehfk js jhstjtutkn es


28/82


5:

tgk >tg pjiier l` tgk bluhtry's njpildeby. ^gk ltgkrs erk= plijtjbs, kblhldjbs ehn kblhldjbbllpkretjlh.

Vk beh spkeo l` e tgjrn stefk jh tgk 73's, wgkh Mepeh ieuhbgkn tgk Mepeh Kxbgehfk ehn^kebgjhf Srlfred (MK^) tl strkhftgkh jts rkietjlhs wjtg ltgkr bluhtrjks. Jh tglsk neys, ehn

`lr nkbenks, tgk Mepehksk kblhldjb jhìukhbk jh tgk rkfjlh gen frlwh stkenjiy. Glwkvkr,wgjik Mepehksk fllns jhvenk tgk Esjeh derokts, jt wes hlt sl wjtg tgkjr buiturk. ^lbgehfk tgk jdefk l` "èbkikss Mepeh" es Lflure kxpiejhkn, wes hkbkssery MepehkskBuiturei Njpildeby rknjrkbtkn jts k``lrts tl gkip tgkjr pklpik uhnkrstehn "tgk djhn ehnpsybglilfy l` ltgkr Esjeh". (1337) @lr tgjs, tgk ERKEH-Mepeh Bkhtrk wes brketkn,nknjbetkn tl tkebg tgk Mepehksk pklpik ealut tgk weys l` tgjhojhf l` tgkjr hkjfgalrs.

Rjhbk tgk djn-:3's, wjtg tgk alld l` filaeijzetjlh, tgk `lurtg stefk l` tgk MepehkskBuiturei Njpildeby akfeh. ^gk bluhtry `lbuskn jts k``lrts lh gjfgijfgtjhf tgk strlhfkstespkbts l` tgkjr buiturk= "Mepehksk buiturei njpildeby akfeh tl `lbus lh tgk rkietjlhsgjpaktwkkh tgk bluhtry's tjdk-glhlrkn buiturei trenjtjlh ehn jts dlnkrh tkbghlilfy."(Lflure, 1337) @lr tgjs rkeslh, Mepeh gen tl rknk`jhk jts buiturei jnkhtjty tl deok jt dlrkebbkssjaik tl tgk wlrin ehn `jheiiy prlmkbt jtski` es e pjlhkkr l` plstdlnkrh buiturk.

Jt js nurjhf tgjs tjdk tget e ierfk burrkht wlrinwjnk jhtkrkst jh Mepehksk Slpuier Buiturkehn jts dehj`kstetjlhs, jhbiunjhf dehfe, ehjdk, èsgjlh ehn `lln, js fkhkretkn. Es erksuit, ylutg ehn tkkhs ebrlss Esje sglwkn e frlwjhf jhtkrkst jh tgk sl-beiikn MepehkskVey l` Ij`k,wgjbg ebtueiiy wes e djx aktwkkh tgk blsdlplijteh ij`kstyik l` tgk Vkst ehntgk Mepehksk trenjtjlhs, turhjhf tgk bluhtry jhtl e arjnfk, e djnnik frluhn aktwkkh Kestehn Vkst.

Vjtg tgk lhskt l` filaeijzetjlh jh tgk wlrin, ltgkr Esjeh bluhtrjks subg es Bgjhe ehnOlrke akfeh eh kblhldjb rjsk tget eiilwkn tgkd tl nkvkilp tgkjr lwh plijbjks `lr BuitureiNjpildeby. ^gjs e``kbtkn tgk plsjtjlhjhf l` Mepeh, tget wes hlt tgk lhiy buiturei plwkr jhtgk rkfjlh ehn hkjtgkr kblhldjbei, sjhbk jt wes jh tgk djnnik l` e rkbkssjlh. ^gk bluhtrybluin hl ilhfkr ak slin es e rlik dlnki buitureiiy ehn kblhldjbeiiy spkeojhf, rkprkskhtjhfe sgj`t jh tgk dehefkdkht l` jts `lrkjfh plijby.

^gk hkw djiikhhjud rkprkskhtkn hkw bgeiikhfks `lr Mepeh ehn e `j`tg stefk `lr jts BuitureiNjpildeby. ^gk buiturei kxbgehfk jh tgk rkfjlh tgrlufg dusjb lr nredes frkw. Glwkvkr,jt akbedk dlrk nj``jbuit tl dlajijzk kblhldjb rkslurbks `lr buiturei ebtjvjtjks tl ak

nkvkilpkn jh ltgkr bluhtrjks, sl jddknjetk rksuits wkrk rkqujrkn `lr Buiturei Njpildebyk``lrts.

Jh tgjs blhtkxt, tgk Mepehksk epprlebg wluin teok e twjst tl enn hkw kikdkhts. Jh 1330,tgk tgkh Mepehksk Srjdk Djhjstkr êrl Eslnkijvkrkn e gjstlrjb spkkbg tget nk`jhkn e hkw`lrd l` njpildeby jh gjs bluhtry= "J tgjho wk beh se`kiy sey tget ehy ojhn l` buitureinjpildeby tget èjis tl teok envehtefk l` plp buiturk nlks hlt nkskrvk tl ak beiikn'buiturei njpildeby'." (Esl, 1330)


29/82


13

@lr Esl, buiturei jhnustry tget gen dehefkn tl jhtkrhetjlheijzk altg dehfe ehn ehjdkwes jhnjrkbtiy blhtrjautjhf tl tgk k``lrt l` jdprlvjhf tgk jdefk l` Mepeh jh tgk wlrin ehnprldltjhf jhtkrkst jh tgk buiturk l` tgkjr bluhtry. Jt eisl rkblfhjzkn tget ehjdkprlnubtjlh glusks, dehfepuaijsgkrs lr tkikvjsjlh bgehhkis pkr`lrdkn e teso tget bluinhlt lr wluin hlt ak berrjkn lut ay tgk Djhjstry l` @lrkjfh E`èjrs sjhbk tgjs njnht gevk tgk

bepebjty tl nl sl.

@lr tgk hkw Mepehksk `lrkjfh e`èjrs stretkfy wes jdplrteht tl teok envehtefk l` tgkbldduhjbetjlh sojiis l` Slp Buiturkehn tgk kesk wjtg wgjbg jt bluin rkebg eii eunjkhbks,hlt lhiy jh Mepeh aut eisl earlen. "Eii wk gevk hlw js eh kre jh wgjbg hetjlhei njpildebyjs nredetjbeiiy e``kbtkn ay tgk bijdetk l` lpjhjlh erjsjhf `rld tgk evkrefk pkrslh. Ehntget's kxebtiy wgy wk weht plp buiturk, wgjbg js sl k``kbtjvk jh pkhktretjhf tgk fkhkreipuaijb, tl ak lur eiiy jh njpildeby." (Esl, 1330)

^gk k``lrt l` Mepehksk Buiturei Njpildeby, `lr Esl, sgluin eisl ejd tl teok envehtefk l`tgk surfk l` jhtkrkst jh tgk Mepehksk iehfuefk eii lvkr tgk wlrin nuk tl tgk plpuierjty làltg ehjdkehnMplp53.

Esl eisl iejn tgk `luhnetjlhs `lr prjvetk-puaijb bllpkretjlh. Bldpehjks rkietkn tl tgkbuiturei jhnustry bluin gkip jh brketjhf stretkfjks tl jdprlvk Mepeh's jdefk jh tgk wlrin,wgjik tgk Djhjstry l` @lrkjfh E`èjrs js rksplhsjaik `lr prlvjnjhf tgk ikfei `redkwlro.

^lney, Mepeh's jdefk jh tgk wlrin js strlhfiy ijhokn tl jts Slp Buiturkehn tget fjvks jt euhjquk bgerebtkr tget njstjhfujsgks jt `rld tgk rkst l` Esje. Eitglufg jts jdefk ges akkhlvkrsgenlwkn nuk tl tgk subbkss l` Olrkeh plp dusjb ehn jts repjn frlwtg, jt gesebgjkvkn tl ksteaijsg jtski` lh tgk aesjs l` kikdkhts subg es ehjdetjlh lr èsgjlh,

fkhkretjhf frket kdpetgy jh yluhf pklpik erluhn tgk wlrin.

Glwkvkr, tl Djbgeki M. Hlrrjs, e dkdakr lÈustreije-Bgjhe Ausjhkss Bluhbji, nkspjtk tgksubbkss l`Mepehksk Slp Buiturktgjs js hlt rkìkbtkn jh tgk jhbrkesk l` sl`t plwkr jh Mepeh="J` sl`t plwkr js nk`jhkn es ettrebtjlh wgjbg bl-lpts ehltgkr stetk jhtl eitkrjhf jtsakgevjlr jh èvlr l` tgk sl`t plwkr njsskdjhetlrs, Mepehksk plpuier buiturk nlks hltfkhkretk sl`t plwkr. Jhstken, Mepehksk buiturei kxplrt fkhkretks eh ettrebtjlh tl Mepehsjdefk es e njsskdjhetlr l` 'blli' hlt tgk Mepehksk stetk." (1353)

Nkspjtk tgjs epperkht njsslbjetjlh aktwkkh tgk plpuierjty l` Mepehksk Slp Buiturk ehn

tgk sl`t plwkr Mepeh ges ebqujrkn es e stetk, ehjdk ehn ltgkr buiturei kvkhts gevkakbldk ksteaijsgkn es spebks l` jhtkrbuiturei bldduhjbetjlh tget sgluin ak kxpiljtknehn lh wgjbg wk wjii teio jh nkptg jh tgk hkxt bgeptkr.

53^gk tkrd Mplp bldks `rldMepkhkskehn Slp ehn jt js uskn tl nksbrjak blhtkdplrery Mepehksk plp dusjb.


30/82


15

5.1.

OLQKEH B[I^[QEI NJSILDEBZ

^gk besk l` Olrke js vkry jhtkrkstjhf= jh tgk keriy ;3's, e`tkr tgk Mepehksk jhvesjlh, Olrkewes lhk l` tgk wlrin's pllrkst bluhtrjks. Ay 1336 jt wes eirkeny jh tgk rehojhf l` tgk akstfilaei kblhldjks. ^gjs ebbldpijsgdkht nkhltks eh eajijty tl lvkrbldk nj``jbuitjks rerkiy

skkh jh tgk gjstlry l` tgk wlrin kblhldy. Rtjii, Olrkes jdefk wes, uhtji tgkh, èr `rldnljhf mustjbk tl jts kblhldy.

[htji 53 ykers efl, tgk jdefk tget tgk rkst l` tgk wlrin gen l` tgjs bluhtry wes strlhfiyijhokn tl tgk wer aktwkkh tgk Qkpuaijb l` Olrke ehn Hlrtg Olrke jh 5:;3 lr, dlrkrkbkhtiy ehn tl e iksskr kxtkht, tgk 5:77 Rklui Liydpjbs. Dehy l` jts ìefsgjp arehns, ijokRedsuhfehn IF, wkrk teokh es Mepehksk arehns. Vgjik dlst nkvkilpkn bluhtrjks jh tgkrkfjlh subg es Bgjhe lr Mepeh denk demlr jhvkstdkhts tl jdprlvk jts jdefk jh tgk wlrin,Olrke, nkspjtk jts frket pltkhtjei, wes èiijhf akgjhn.

Jh 1337, tgk Ehglit-FÒ Qlpkr Hetjlhs Arehns Jhnkx rehojhf, wgjbg dkesurks bluhtrjksjdefk wlrinwjnk, rehokn Olrke jh plsjtjlh #22 lut l` tgk ;3 bluhtrjks kveiuetkn, wgjbgblhtrestkn sgerpiy wjtg jts kblhldjb rkeijty (Olrke wes rehokn # 5; jh tgk rehojhf l` tgkierfkst kblhldjks jh tgk wlrin). ^l bluhtkr tgjs, tgk tgkh Srksjnkht Ikk Dyuhf-aeo,brketkn tgk Srksjnkhtjei Bluhbji lh Hetjlh Arehnjhf, wgjbg jhbiunkn altg dkdakrs l` tgkflvkrhdkht ehn tgk prjvetk skbtlr. Jh ùturk, tgk Olrkeh Buiturei Njpildeby wluin akstrlhfiy ijhokn tl tgk Arehn Olrke.

@lr tgk njrkbtlr l` tgk bluhbji, Kug Zllh-nek, "Olrkes hetjlhei arehn js skrjlusiy wkeoehn tgk bluhtry's jdefk nlks hlt bldperk tl jts hetjlhei plwkr. ^gjs js lhk l` tgk tesostget tgk hetjlh sgluin ennrkss dlrk urfkhtiy, es jt strjvks tl ikep jhtl tgk rehos l` tgk

wlrins dlst envehbkn bluhtrjks." (Uultkn ay Ojd, 133:) Jhnkkn, Arehn Olrkewes wkeoehn rkvjteijzk jt wluin hlt ak kesy. Ay 133:, tgky gen lhiy dehefkn tl bijda 1 splts jhtgk Ehglit-FÒ rehojhf (jts jhjtjei flei wes tl bijda tl #57 jh tgk `jrst > ykers).

@jheiiy, tgk Alern tllo ebtjlh jh Derbg tget yker tl jdprlvk tgk jdefk l` tgkjr bluhtry ayputtjhf jh ebtjlh e 53 pljhts prldltjlh pieh= 5. Srldltk tekowlhnl es e hetjlhei splrt, 1.Njspetbg skrvjbk vliuhtkkrs earlen kvkry yker, 2. Enlpt "Olrkeh Vevk, >. Jhtrlnubk tgkFilaei Olrke Rbgliersgjp `lr `lrkjfh stunkhts, ;. Enlpt e Bedpus Esje Srlfred tl rkbrujtteikht `rld ebrlss tgk rkfjlh, 0. Jhbrkesk kxtkrhei ejn, 6. Nkvkilp stetk-l`-tgk-ert^kbghlilfy, 7. Hurturk tgk buiturk ehn tlurjsd jhnustrjks, : ^rket `lrkjfhkrs ehn

duitjbuiturei èdjijks akttkr, ehn 53. Gkip Olrkehs akbldk filaei bjtjzkhs.

Et tget tjdk, dehy kxpkrts, jhbiunjhf Rjdlh Ehglit, brketlr l` tget rehojhf? rkdejhknsokptjbei ealut tgjs dlvk es tll edajtjlus= "Hl bluhtry ges kvkr dlvkn ay dlrk tgehlhk lr twl piebks jh hetjlhei arehn jhnkx, ehn jh ehy besk tgjs jsht tgk prlpkr wey lùsjhf tgk jhnkx." (Ehglit qultkn ay Ojd, 133:) Eitglufg sluhn èr`ktbgkn, tgk jdpebt l`tglsk rksuits trjffkrkn tgk jhtkrkst l` tgk Olrkeh flvkrhdkht tl jdprlvk jts jdefk jh tgk


31/82


11

wlrin ehn `lr tget tgky gen e plwkr`ui eiiy wgl gen spkht ykers lpkretjhf jh tgk rkfjlh=^gk Olrkeh Vevk.

Eitglufg tgk Olrkeh Vevkjs eh k``lrt dlst `rld tgk prjvetk skbtlr, tgk flvkrhdkht gesakkh eaik tl supplrt tgjs jhjtjetjvk ay mljhjhf jt tgrlufg, `lr kxedpik, supplrt `lr ertjsts

(`lr prkskhtetjlhs jh verjlus bluhtrjks l` Esje), es wkii es prlnubtjlh glusks (tl arlenbestOlrkeh nredes jh njsteht bluhtrjks subg es Skru jh Ietjh Edkrjbe). Eii wjtg tgk ejd hltlhiy tl jdprlvk tgk bluhtry's jdefk earlen aut eisl tl jhbrkesk kxplrts.

Akjhf ewerk l` tgk plpuierjty Olrkeh Slp Buiturk ges ebgjkvkn tgrlufg dusjb ehnnredes, tgk Olrkeh flvkrhdkht ges lrnkrkn e skrjks l` dkesurks tl allst ltgkr espkbtsl` Olrkeh buiturk subg es bujsjhk, kxpehnjhf tgk buiturei l``kr `lr kxplrt.

Bkrtejhiy, tgk ebtjlhs l` altg flvkrhdkht ehn prjvetk skbtlr gevk frketiy jhbrkeskn puaijbjhtkrkst earlen Olrkeh buiturk jh fkhkrei. Eitglufg dehy sokptjbs akijkvkn, kvkh tlney,tget Oplp lhiy ettrebts puaijb ettkhtjlh lh tgk blddkrbjei espkbt l` blhtkdplrerybuiturk, tgk frlwjhf jhtkrkst jh ltgkr espkbts l` tgk buiturk l` tget bluhtry ehn iehfuefkprlvks tgkd wrlhf. Es wjtg ehjdkjh Mepeh, Oplpakbedk e fetkwey tl Olrkeh buiturk.

Glwkvkr, lhk l` Olrkes dejh njikddes erluhn tgkjr Slp Buiturkehn tgk akhk`jts jt gesfkhkretkn js tget, es sldk kxpkrts akijkvk, Oplp js e `en tget wjii kvkhtueiiy akbldknkpiktkn jh tgk bldjhf ykers. Qlg-Gwehf Ikk, `lrdkr Olrkeh Blhsui jh Skru, akijkvks tget"Oplp js ijdjtkn" ehn Olrkeh flvkrhdkht js eirkeny teojhf dkesurks tl dehefk tgksjtuetjlh, "burrkhtiy (jh Olrke), tgkrk erk prl`kssjlheis jhvkstjfetjhf glw tl kxtkhn tgkOplptrkhn, tgets lur bluhtrys njikdde." (1352)

Hlt lhiy tget. Es wjtg Mepeh, lhk l` tgk frket bgeiikhfks `lr Olrkeh Buiturei Njpildebyjsglw tl trehsietk tgk plpuierjty l` Slp Buiturkjhtl e sl`t plwkr eiilws, `lr kxedpik, hlt

must "tl blh`rlht strejhs ehn tkhsjlhs aktwkkh `lrdkr khkdjks jh Hlrtgkest Esje wluinslivk plijtjbei rkblhbjijetjlh wjtg Hlrtg Olrke sjhbk tgk jhbkptjlh l` tgk Ruhsgjhk plijby tlblhtejh Hlrtg Olrkes Blin Ver-styik blh`rlhtetjlh." (Beaeize, 1355)

Nuk tl tgk ebbkptehbk l` Olrkeh Slp Buiturk jh Esje tgrlufg nredesehn dusjb, Olrkesgluin skjzk tgk lpplrtuhjty tl fejh frketkr plijtjbei bilut jh tgk rkfjlh, lhk tget detbgkstgkjr kblhldjb bepebjty ehn tgk jdefk jt ges aujit jh rkbkht ykers.

1. HE^JLH AQEHNJHF

^gkEdkrjbeh Deroktjhf Esslbjetjlh(EDE) nk`jhks arehn es "e hedk, tkrd, sjfh, sydalilr nksjfh, lr bldajhetjlh l` tgkd jhtkhnkn tl jnkhtj`y tgk fllns ehn skrvjbks l` lhkskiikr lr frlup l` skiikrs ehn tl nj``krkhtjetk tgkd `rld tglsk l` ltgkr skiikrs." Ehn wjtgarehnjhfwk rk`kr tl tgk blhstrubtjlh prlbkss tget arehn, wgjbg dkehs tl fjvk veiuk tl


32/82


12

tgk arehn tgrlufg tgk esskts tget erk ijhokn tl jt lr sydalis tget jnkhtj`jks jt (tgkilfltypk, `lr kxedpik).

Vjtg tgjs jh djhn, wk beh sey tget Hetjlh Arehnjhfjs hltgjhf aut tgk prlbkss l` aujinjhf,prldltjhf ehn rknk`jhjhf tgk jdefk l` e bluhtry wjtgjh tgk jhtkrhetjlhei bldduhjty. Jh

ltgkr wlrns, js tl jdprlvk tgk rkputetjlh l` e bluhtry usjhf deroktjhf stretkfjks aesknlh e hudakr l` kikdkhts subg es buiturk, tgk ikvki l` kxplrts, tgk hudakr l` tlurjstsvjsjtjhf tgk bluhtry, ktb.

Es Nr. Zjhf @eh(133;), spkbjeijst jh deroktjhf ehn buiturei dehefkdkht, seys e bluhtrybehhlt ak rkfernkn es e prlnubt lr skrvjbk jh tgk strjbt skhsk l` tgk wlrn ykt jt jhbiunks "ewjnk verjkty l` èbtlrs ehn esslbjetjlhs= piebks, heturei rkslurbks, pklpik, gjstlry, buiturk,iehfuefk, plijtjbei ehn kblhldjb systkds, slbjei jhstjtutjlhs, jh`restrubturk, bkikarjtjks,pjbturks." Eitglufg deroktjhf js l`tkh uskn tl prldltk prlnubts ehn skrvjbks, jtstkbghjquks ehn prjhbjpiks erk uhjvkrsei wgjbg dkehs jts eppijbeaik tl ehytgjhf `rldlurskivks (pkrslhei deroktjhf) tl sbjkhtj`jb arkeotgrlufgs ehn, wgy hlt, e bluhtry.

Glwkvkr, wk sgluin hlt essudk tget wget wlros `lr lhk prlnubt, jh deroktjhf tkrds, beheisl wlro wjtg e bluhtry. Vgkh e prlnubt nlks hlt rkbkjvk tgk ettkhtjlh l` tgk derokttget wes kstjdetkn ak`lrk tgk ieuhbgjhf, jt beh eiweys ak bgehfkn, rk-ieuhbgkn, rkpiebknay ehltgkr prlnubt lr sjdpiy ak teokh l`` tgk derokt. Bluhtrjks nlht skkd tl wlro tgetwey. J` Skrus jdefk wes e``kbtkn ay e skvkrk besk l` systkdetjb ehn ìefreht vjlietjlh l`gudeh rjfgts lr eh uhusuei wevk l` wjnksprken vjlikhbk wk, es bluhtry, behhlt rkstert jtes j` wk wkrk nkeijhf wjtg e sl`twerk deiùhbtjlh. Lh tgk blhtrery, wk wluin gevk tljhvkst gkevjiy tl jdprlvk lur jdefk es ilhf es wk gen akkh eaik tl slivk tglsk prlaikds`jrst.

Jh èbt, jh tgk djnst l` filaeijzetjlh, tgkrk js e tlufg bldpktjtjlh edlhf bluhtrjks tlettrebt jhvkstlrs, `lrkjfh bldpehjks lr tlurjsts, kjtgkr tl allst jts kblhldjb nkvkilpdkhtlr tl plsjtjlh tgkdskivks es rkfjlhei plwkrs. Jh tgjs rkfern, Hetjlh Arehnjhf js aut ehkbkssjty l` Rtetk tl prkveji lvkr tgkjr bldpktjtjlh ehn tl ebgjkvk tgkjr lamkbtjvks.

Eitglufg Hetjlh Arehnjhfbeh ak e rkietjvkiy hkw blhbkpt (jt wes bljhkn jh 5::0 ay RjdlhEhglit) jt ges kxjstkn es eh ebtjvjty `lr bkhturjks es Hetjlhei Arehn js sjdpiy tgk skt l`pkrbkptjlhs tget tgk rkst l` tgk wlrin ges lh e bluhtry, tgk sedk tget beh bgehfk wjtg jtsgjstlrjbei nkvkilpdkht lr tgk bjrbudstehbks jh wgjbg veiuk munfdkht js jssukn,

"dehjpuietjhf tgk jdefks l` lhks lwh bluhtry efejhst tglsk khkdy bluhtrjks ges ilhfakkh uskn es e plwkrùi wkeplh jh tgk prlpefehne, `rld tgk kvji Rlvjkt Kdpjrk jh tgkBlin Ver tl tgk rkbkht ieakijhf l` tgrkk bluhtrjks es tgk 'exjs l` kvji'." (@eh, 133;) ^gksedk eppijks tl e prlnubt lr e pkrslh.

êok tgk besk l` Skru= Nurjhf tgk 73's, lur bluhtrys jdefk wes strlhfiy ijhokn tl vjlikhbkehn gypkrjhìetjlh, jh tgk :3's wk wkrk ohlwh akbeusk l` tgk blup nurjhf @umjdlrjs


33/82


1>

rkfjdk, jh 1337 tgkrk wes teio l` tgk Skruvjeh djrebik nurjhf tgk brjsjs tget sgllo tgkstrlhfkst kblhldjks jh tgk wlrin.

J` wk wkrk tl nksbrjak e bluhtry `rld wget wk ohlw ealut jt, wget wluin ak tgk `jrsttgjhf tget wluin bldk tl djhn< Vgetkvkr lur ehswkr, tget's tgk jdefk wk gevk l` jt.

^get's Hetjlh Arehnjhflr retgkr js tgk rksuit l` tget prlbkss, eitglufg jh tgjs besk js nlhktgk ltgkr wey erluhn es wk erk tgk lhks skttjhf tgk veiuk ehn dkehjhf l` e arehn jhstkenl` tgk flvkrhdkht.

^gkrk erk skvkrei subbkssùi kxedpiks l` Hetjlh Arehnjhf ijok Deieysje, ^ruiy Esje,(Deieysje) ieuhbgkn aebo jh 5::: ay tgk flvkrhdkht l` tget bluhtry tgrlufg tgk Hetjlhei^lurjsd Lrfehjzetjlh (H^L) ehn ges sl èr ebgjkvkn skvkrei jhtkrhetjlhei ewerns. ^gksubbkss l` tgjs bedpejfh ges akkh subg tget ay 1313, tgk flvkrhdkht ges skt es terfktrejsjhf 507 ajiijlh rjhffjt (ealut ;5 ajiijlh nliiers) `lr tgk tlurjsd skbtlr.

Vk beh `jhn ltgkr jhtkrkstjhf kxedpiks jh bedpejfhs ijok Jhbrknjaik Jhnje (Jhnje), PjsjtOlrke (Rlutg Olrke) lr Nkstjhetjlh Kfypt(Kfypt). Ehn l` blursk Derbe Skru, supplrtkn aytgk Djhjstry l` @lrkjfh ^renk ehn ^lurjsd, wgjbg ges akkh vkry subbkssùi jh tkrds l`slbjei hktwlros sjhbk jts ieuhbgjhf jh 1355.

1.5.

DKERR[QJHF HE^JLH AQEHNJHF= GK QEHOJHFR.

Vk ohlw wget Hetjlh Arehnjhf js ehn wgy jt js jdplrteht. Glwkvkr, eii tgk deroktjhfwlro nlhk tl allst e bluhtrys jdefk jhtkrhetjlheiiy wluin hlt rkeiiy ak k``kbtjvk j` wk

nlht ohlw `lr surk j` wget wkrk nljhf gen tgk kxpkbtkn jdpebt. ^gksk dkesurkdkhtsystkds erk ohlwh es rehojhfs.

Jt wes rehojhfs ijok tgk Ehglit-FÒ Qlpkr Hetjlhs Arehns Jhnkx (HAJ) tget ikn Olrke tlrkstrubturk jts Buitureiehn Suaijb Njpildebyplijbjks. Eitglufg tgk rksuits erk aeskn lhsurvkys tget dey gevk sldk dkesurjhf jhstrudkht ijdjtetjlhs, subg es tgk sjzk l` tgksedpiks, tglsk erk tgk dlst plpuier ehn ebbkptkn jh tgk jhtkrhetjlhei systkd.

^gk FÒ blhsuiteht bldpehy, wgjbg eilhf wjtg Rjdlh Ehglit brketkn tgk rehojhfnksbrjakn ealvk, blhsjnkrs sjx njdkhsjlhs wgkh dkesurjhf tgk kxtkht l` e bluhtrys

arehn. ^gksk erk= Kxplrts, Flvkrhehbk, Buiturk ehn Gkrjtefk, Slpuietjlh, Jhvkstdkht ehnJddjfretjlh, ehn ^lurjsd.

Kebg betkflry js bilskiy rkietkn wjtg tgk jdefk prlmkbtkn ay e bluhtry. E gjfg retk l`kxplrts rkprkskhts hlt lhiy e gjfg prlnubtjlh ikvki aut eisl e frlwjhf prk`krkhbk jh tgkwlrin `lr prlnubts ehn skrvjbks `rld tget bluhtry.


34/82


1;

Flvkrhehbk js e oky jssuk `lr jhvkstlrs ehn tlurjsts eiweys prk`kr e bluhtry wjtg ebldpktkht ehn k``jbjkht flvkrhdkht, kspkbjeiiy j` tgk bluhtry js khfefk jh filaeirkikvehbk jssuks ijok `jfgtjhf efejhst plvkrty, pkebkokkpjhf ehn rkspkbtjhf gudeh rjfgts.Bluhtrjks wjtg akiijblsk, jhtlikreht lr rkprkssjvk flvkrhdkhts, jhvlivkn jh jhtkrhei lrkxtkrhei erdkn blhìjbt, wlht fkt e flln frenk jh tgjs skbtjlh.

Vgkh wk teio ealut buiturk ehn gkrjtefk, jh tgk besk l` Skru, wk dust blhsjnkr altgbuiturei gkrjtefk ehn nlzkhs l` prk-Gjspehjb buiturks nkvkilpkn jh lur tkrrjtlry? ehn lurblhtkdplrery buiturk, tget jhbiunks erts, bjhkde, ijtkreturk, ehn kspkbjeiiy, tgk bujsjhk.^gk buiturei rkslurbks l` e bluhtry beh ak e vkry jdplrteht slurbk l` jhbldk, es e sydalil` jhtkrhetjlhei prkstjfk. Debgu Sjbbgu js, dlst l` tjdks, tgk `jrst tgjhf tget bldks tldjhn wgkh e `lrkjfhkr js esokn ealut Skru.

^gk plpuietjlh ges tl ak lhk l` tgk dlst bldpikx espkbts l` tgk rehojhf. Gkrk wkblhsjnkr tgk ikvki l` lpkhhkss tl tlurjsts, j.k. glw `rjkhniy, werd ehn rksplhsjvk pklpikbeh ak tl `lrkjfh vjsjtlrs. Hlt lhiy tget, aut tl ak eisl rkbkptjvk tl arehns ehn bldpehjks`rld erluhn tgk wlrin. Hktgkriehns, `lr kxedpik, js wlrin rkhlwhkn `lr jts gjfg ikvki l`tlikrehbk ehn `rkknlds khmlykn ay jts bjtjzkhs.

Jh tgk erke l` tlurjsd, tgk rehojhf kveiuetks tgk jhtkrkst ikvki tget `lrkjfh eunjkhbks gevk`lr vjsjtjhf e bluhtry, es wkii es tgk tlurjst veiuk l` jt aeskn lh tgk ettrebtjlhs jt ges tll``kr. ^gksk ettrebtjlhs beh ak heturei (^gk Jfuezu @eiislr ^gk Aey l` Ge-Ilhf) lr ertj`jbjei(^gk Kj``ki ^lwkr lr ^gk Frket Veii l` Bgjhe). Jt bluin eisl blhsjnkr trenjtjlheibkikaretjlhs ijok ^gk Qjl Berhjveijh Arezji lr ^gk Jhtj Qeydjjh Skru.

FÒeisl blhsjnkrs jhvkstdkht ehn djfretjlh ìlws jh tgk bluhtry. ^get js, tgk eajijty l` e

bluhtry tl ettrebt tgk ierfkst hudakr l` jddjfrehts wgl ijvk, stuny, wlro ehn/lr jhvkstehn nl ausjhkss jh jt. ^gjs js njrkbtiy rkietkn tl tgk pkrbkptjlh l` tgk `lrkjfh puaijb ealuttgk queijty l` ij`k ehn tgk plssjajijtjks l` ksteaijsgjhf e `rjkhniy ausjhkss bijdetk jhkblhldjb tkrds.

Glw jdplrteht beh ak rehojhfs ijok tgk HAJ< Derokt stunjks ijok tgjs erk jdplrteht `lrtwl rkeslhs. @jrst, jt eiilws tgk burrkht flvkrhdkht l` e bluhtry tl ohlw ealut tgkkvliutjlh l` jts plsjtjlhjhf stretkfjks. Jh 1351, e stuny `rld tgk Redsuhf KblhldjbQkskerbg Jhstjtutk (RKQJ) rkvkeikn tget Olrke gen dehefkn tl bijda tl #52 (jh 1355 jtrehokn #5;) jh Ruastehbk (blhbrktk ebgjkvkdkhts) ehn sbeik `rld #5: tl #56 jh Jdefk

(glw jts pkrbkjvkn). ^gjs rehojhf kveiuetks tgk betkflrjks l` kblhldy, sbjkhbk ehntkbghlilfy, jh`restrubturk, plijbjks ehn jhstjtutjlhs, gkrjtefk, dlnkrh buiturk, ehn pklpikehn bkikarjtjks. Vgjik [RE dejhtejhkn tgk rehojhf `jrst plsjtjlh, Mepeh rlsk `rld plsjtjlh#; tl #> jh Ruastehbk eitglufg jt nrlppkn `rld `jrst tl `lurtg jh tgk betkflry l` Jdefk.

Rkblhn, tl dejhtejh e flln plsjtjlh jh tgk rehojhfs l`tkh trehsietk jhtl eh jhbrkesk jh tgkbluhtry's eajijty tl ettrebt tlurjsts ehn `lrkjfh jhvkstdkht. Glw nlks tgjs wlro< Gkrk's ehkxedpik. Dehy l` tgk `jids tget erk hldjhetkn `lr eh Lsber kvkry yker erk hlt typjbeiiy


35/82


10

rkikeskn jh Skruvjeh tgketkrs uhtji e`tkr tgk ewerns bkrkdlhy. Njstrjautjlh bldpehjks erkwkii ewerk tget jt js dubg dlrk blst k``kbtjvk wgkh tgky rkikesk e `jid tget ges eirkenywlh tgk blvktkn stetukttk `lr tgk puaijb, ewerk tget tgk tepk queijty js fuerehtkkn,ettkhn dlvjk tgketkrs. Rl jt js wjtg tgk rkblfhjtjlh tget e bluhtry beh rkbkjvk kjtgkr aytgk k``jbjkhby ikvki l` jts puaijb skrvjbks, jts trehsperkhby ikvki, jts kblhldjb steajijty, ktb.

Aebo jh 1337, Skru wes tgk lhiy bluhtry jh tgk rkfjlh wglsk kblhldy blhtjhukn tl frlwe`tkr tgk filaei kblhldjb brjsjs es dehy `lrkjfh bldpehjks nkbjnkn tl jhvkst gkrk. Hltlhiy tget. Jh rkbkht ykers, e sjfhj`jbeht hudakr l` yluhf Kurlpkehs erk bldjhf tl Skruillojhf `lr mla lpplrtuhjtjks fjvkh tgk gersg bjrbudstehbks l` tgk iealr derokt jh Kurlpk.E sjtuetjlh l` tgjs heturk js surprjsjhf, blhsjnkrjhf tget 13 ykers efl wkrk yluhf Skruvjehswgl slufgt tl kdjfretk dessjvkiy.

^gk rehojhfs beh ak vkry uskùi tllis tl dkesurk tgk prlfrkss l` e bluhtry jh kblhldjbtkrds ehn plsjtjlhjhf tgkd jh tgk jhtkrhetjlhei spgkrk. ^gky beh eisl akbldk e plijtjbeijhstrudkht. Vk sgluin hlt jfhlrk tgk èbt tget, es pliis nurjhf tgk kikbtjlh skeslh, tgkskderokt stunjks erk hlt nk`jhjtjvk ehn dubg ikss wgkh jt bldks tl bluhtrjks.

Nuk tl tgk ierfk hudakr l` ebtlrs jhvlivkn jh tgk blhstrubtjlh l` e bluhtrys jdefk jtdeoks jt vkry nj``jbuit tl gevk e biker prlmkbtjlh `lr tgk hkxt `jvk lr tkh ykers aeskn lh jtsburrkht plsjtjlh jh e rehojhf, wgkrkes eh jhtkrhetjlhei jhbjnkht wluin ak khlufg tl tgrlwewey tgk wlro nlhk tl strkhftgkh lur jdefk ehn kvkh dlrk wgkh tgk plijtjbei èbtlrkhtkrs tgk kquetjlh.

2.

JH^KQHEBJLHEI QKIE^JLHR= E tgklrktjbei epprlebg

^gklrjks l` Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs rk`kr tl tgk stuny l` Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs `rldnj``krkht tgklrktjbei pkrspkbtjvks jh lrnkr tl ksteaijsg `redkwlros `lr tgkjr nkvkilpdkhtehn eheiysjs. Eitglufg dlst l` tgksk epprlebgks bedk `rld tgk njsbjpijhk jtski`, sldkltgkrs gevk akkh bliikbtkn `rld ltgkr njsbjpijhks tl ak eneptkn tl jt.

Hlweneys, tgkrk erk skvkrei nlbtrjhks jh tgk stuny l` Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs, jhbiunjhf=Qkeijsd ehn Ijakreijsd. Kvkh tglufg hlt tgk lhiy lhks, tgky erk tgk dlst plpuier.

Ebblrnjhf tl tgk rkeijst tgklry, Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs erk `lbuskn lh tgk Rtetk, wgjbg js esuprkdk khtjty, ehn lh tgk hetjlhei jhtkrksts. ^gk dejh lamkbtjvk l` kvkry stetk js tgkskburjty jh e bgeltjb blhtkxt wgkrk jhtkrhetjlhei ebtlrs, ijok gudehs, erk ski`jsg ehnbldpktk wjtg kebg ltgkr tl dejhtejh prjvjikfkn plsjtjlhs l` plwkr.

@lr Qkeijsd, tgk jhtkrhetjlhei systkd js eherbgjb. ^gjs js akbeusk tgkrk js hl suprehetjlheilrfehjzetjlh tl put jh lrnkr ehn rkfuietk tgk ebtjvjtjks l` stetks. Vk sgluin hltk tget tgk


36/82


16

epprlebgks l` tgk Qkeijst tgklry kdkrfkn nurjhf tgk 5:23s, wgkh tgk Ikefuk l` Hetjlhs(prkburslr l` tgk [hjtkn Hetjlhs) gen èjikn tl prkvkht Vlrin Ver JJ.

@rld tgjs pljht l` vjkw, lrfehjzetjlhs ijok tgk [hjtkn Hetjlhserk lasliktk sjhbk jt behhltblhsjnkr lh tgk sedk ikvki stetks tget gevk plwkr ehn tglsk wgl nlht. Kvkh tlney, tgk

eajijty l` tgk [H tl prkvkht blhìjbts ehn tl blkrbk jts dkdakrs tl dkkt tgkjr laijfetjlhsjs lh nkaetk. Ltgkr lrfehjzetjlhs subg es tgk Lrfehjzetjlh l` Edkrjbeh Rtetks (LER) skkdtl gevk tgkjr neys hudakrkn nuk tl jts iebo l` k``kbtjvkhkss.

@lr tgk Rtetk, tgk dejh blhbkrh js survjvei. ^gjs wjii ak ebgjkvkn tgrlufg tgk blhtrli tgkybeh kxkrt lvkr sdeiikr stetks, es wkii es tgk bgerebtkrjstjbs l` tgk strubturk jh wgjbg tgkylpkretk= "plijtjbs js e struffik `lr plwkr lvkr dkh, ehn wgetkvkr jts uitjdetk ejd dey ak,plwkr js jts jddknjetk flei ehn tgk dlnks l` ebqujrjhf jt, dejhtejhjhf ehn nkdlhstretjhfjt nktkrdjhk tgk tkbghjquk l` plijtjbei ebtjlh." (Dlrfkhtgeu, qultkn ay Kjhajhnkr, 1352)

Ruaskqukhtiy, tgk tgklrktjbei Okhhktg Veizwluin prlplsk e hkw vkrsjlh l` tgjs nlbtrjhkbeiikn Hklrkeijsdlr Rtrubturei Qkeijsd. @lr tgk tgklrjst, jhtkrhetjlhei eherbgy js jhgkrkhtjh tgk strubturks l` tgk systkd ehn sgluin ak eheiyzkn `rld tget pljht l` vjkw ehn hlt estgk rksuit l` gudeh heturk. ^gjs hkw trkhn wluin eisl kdpgesjzk tgk wey tgkjhtkrhetjlhei systkd ijdjts tgk ebtjlhs l` jhnjvjnuei ebtlrs, j.k. stetks.

Lh tgk ltgkr gehn, wk gevk Ijakreijsd. ^gjs nlbtrjhk js aeskn lh tgk sedk jnklilfjbeiprjhbjpiks l` tgk frket rkvliutjlhs l` tgk pest `lur bkhturjks wgjbg tgk JhtkrhetjlheiQkietjlhs sbglier Djbgeki V. Nlyiksudderjzkn jh `lur ksskhtjei prjhbjpiks= Eii bjtjzkhs erkkquei ak`lrk tgk iew? Rtetk l``jbjeis kxkrbjsjhf plwkr nuk tl tgk blhskht l` tgk kikbtlretkehn sgluin ak gehnikn wjtgjh tgk `redkwlro l` tgk iew? tgk kblhldy js aeskn lh tgk

rkblfhjtjlh ehn prltkbtjlh l` prjvetk prlpkrty? kblhldjb nkbjsjlhs erk nktkrdjhkn aysuppiy ehn nkdehn ehn sgeii ak `rkk l` eii aurkeubreby rkstrjbtjlhs. (Nlyik bjtkn ay Skes,5::6)

Vjtgjh tgk ijakreijst nlbtrjhk e stetk sgluin hlt jhtkrvkhk jh tgk jhtkrhei e`èjrs l` ltgkrstetks, eii l` tgkd erk kquei ak`lrk tgk jhtkrhetjlhei bldduhjty ehn sgluin ak flvkrhknay nkdlbretjb prjhbjpiks. Jh èbt, tgk jhtkrhei `keturks l` kebg stetk nktkrdjhk glw tgkywjii nkvkilp tgkjr Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs= "Ijakreijsd `lbusks lh kxpiejhjhf tgkjhtkrhetjlhei rkietjlhs pgkhldkhlh lh tgk verjetjlhs jh tgk prk`krkhbks l` stetks, ehn hltjh tgk hetjlhei jhtkrkst lr njstrjautjlh l` detkrjei bepeajijtjks tget erk fjvkh `rld tgk

piebk l` kebg stetk jh tgk jhtkrhetjlhei systkd." (Seuskiij, 1352)

Eitglufg Ijakreijsdrkblfhjzks tget stetks gevk tgkjr lwh jhtkrksts ehn okkp tgkdskivksjh blhsteht bldpktjtjlh wjtg ltgkrs, jt akijkvks tget tgksk khtjtjks sgerk jhtkrksts ehnblhbkrhs tget dey iken tgkd tl bliiealretjvk ebtjlhs tget wjii akhk`jt altg ilbei ehnjhtkrhetjlheiiy. Jh tget skhsk Ijakreijsd nk`khns "tgk suprkdeby l` gudeh rkeslh lvkrtgk gudeh `ker ehn tgk iust `lr plwkr." (Meboslh ehn Rlrkhskh, 1353)


37/82


17

Jhnkkn, tgjs jnke l` e plijtjbei lrnkr aeskn lh duitjietkrei bllpkretjlh ehn flln rkietjlhsrkfuietkn ay jhtkrhetjlhei lrfehjzetjlhs ehn jhtkrhetjlhei iew js pert l` tgk stetkdkhts l`Jnkeijsd, eh jnklilfjbei trkhn blhtkdplrery tl Ijakreijsd. @rld tgjs dkktjhf l` jnkesIjakrei Jnkeijsdwluin ak suaskqukhtiy alrh.

Ehnrkw Dlrevbsjo, Srl`ksslr et Srjhbktlh [hjvkrsjty, nkvkilpkn tgk ijakrei tgklry l`Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs aeskn lh tgrkk oky espkbts= Jhnjvjnuei ehn prjvetk frlups, hltstetks, erk tgk prjdery ebtlrs jh wlrin plijtjbs? stetks rkprkskht sldk oky suafrlups l`nldkstjb slbjkty, wglsk jhtkrksts tgky skrvk? skttjhf tgksk prk`krkhbks tgrlufg tgkjhtkrhetjlhei systkd nktkrdjhks tgk Rtetk akgevjlr. (5::6) Jh tget skhsk, `lrkjfh plijbywjii hl ilhfkr ak aeskn lh skkojhf tl dejhtejh tgk aeiehbk l` plwkr aut eisl dejhtejhjhftgk rkietjlhs l` trust fkhkretkn aktwkkh nkdlbretjb rkfjdks. (Nlyik, qultkn ay Seuskiij,1352)

Eitglufg ^gk Ijakreijst ehn Qkeijst nlbtrjhks gevk nldjhetkn tgk tgklrktjbei wlrin l`Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs jh tgk iest bkhtury, tgkrk erk sldk ltgkr trkhns tget gevk fejhknprldjhkhbk jh tgk iest nkbenks. Edlhf tgkd, e hlvki epprlebg tget bldajhks twlnj``krkht ojhns l` tgjhojhf= Lh lhk gehn wk gevk tgk Blhstrubtjvjst ^gklry, wjtg esystkdjb epprlebg? ehn skblhniy, tgk Blsdlplijteh ^gklry, wgjbg epprlebgks erk wkiisujtkn tl tgk rkeijty l` e filaeijzkn wlrin. ^gksk twl hkw ojhns l` tgjhojhf wjii ksteaijsgtgk aesjs `lr lur plstuietjlh.

2.5. ^GK BLHR^Q[B^JPJR^ GKLQZ

^gk Blhstrubtjvjst ^gklry akijkvks Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs erk tgk rksuit l` jhtkrebtjlhsaktwkkh ebtlrs, jh e blhtkxt tget eisl jhvlivks kblhldjb, plijtjbei lr slbjei kxtkrhei`lrbks, es jh ehy slbjkty. Jh tgjs skhsk, "bldpktjtjlh js eh jdplrteht pert, aut jt js eislplssjaik bllpkretjlh, jhnj``krkhbk, lr ehy ltgkr plssjajijty." (Rjqukjrls, 1335)

@lr Blhstrubtjvjsd, tgk stetks jnkhtjtjks wgjbg wjii nktkrdjhk tgkjr lwh akjhf ehn tget l`ltgkrs, js bgehfjhf ehn wjtg jt sl nl tgkjr jhtkrksts, suamkbt tl tgk plijtjbei, slbjei,gjstlrjbei ehn buiturei blhtkxts l` kebg bluhtry=

Jh blhtrest tl rkeijsd tget glins tget jhtkrhetjlhei rkietjlhs erk stetk nrjvkh

ebblrnjhf tl tgkjr skburjty ehn detkrjei jhtkrksts, ehn tl ijakreijsd tgetblhbkhtretks lh tgk jhtkrnkpkhnkhby l` jhtkrhetjlhei ebtlrs, blhstrubtjvjsdblhsjnkrs jhtkrhetjlhei plijtjbs es e spgkrk l` jhtkrebtjlh tgrlufg wgjbg stetksjnkhtjtjks ehn prebtjbks erk brketkn(Meboslh ehn Rlrkhskh, 1353). (Kjhajhnkr,1352)


38/82


1:

^gk blhstrubtjvjst epprlebg "prlplsks tgk jnke l` bliikbtjvk jnkhtjty jh tgk rkietjlhsaktwkkh stetks, jh wgjbg ski`-jhtkrkst ehn bliikbtjvk jhtkrkst erk k``kbts l` e prlbkss l`jnkhtj`jbetjlh wjtg tgk ltgkr." (Seuskiij, 1352) ^gjs jnkhtj`jbetjlh js blhstehtiy bgehfjhfehn tget bluin iken stetks `rld e bldpktjtjvk khvjrlhdkht tl lhk l` dutuei bllpkretjlhjh wgjbg jhtkrhetjlhei lrfehjzetjlhs piey e nktkrdjhk rlik sjhbk, es jhnjbetkn ay tgk

rkskerbgkr ehn ailffkr Blsth Rjqukjrls Aruhe (1355) tglsk fuerehtkk ehn upglinjhtkrhetjlhei stehnerns ehn tgk skttjhf jh wgjbg tgky erk brketkn tgrlufg hkfltjetjlh.

^gk Blhstrubtjvjst tgklry blhsjnkrs altg tgk jnkes ehn tgk ruiks hlt lhiy nktkrdjhk tgkjnkhtjty l` tgk stetks aut eisl tgk strubturks tget nk`jhk jhtkrhetjlhei rkietjlhs. Glwkvkr,altg jnkes ehn jnkhtjtjks erk hlt stetjb ehn beh bgehfk tgk blhtkxt jh wgjbg tgk ebtlrsuh`lin.

Altg `lr Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs ehn Buiturei Njpildebytgk veiuk l` Blhstrubtjvjsdijks jhtgk eajijty tl brketk `redkwlros tl hlt lhiy ksteaijsg blddlh fleis aut eisl tl ksteaijsgehn lrfehjzkn wlro tl slivk blddlh prlaikds. Es Rjqukjrls kxpiejhs "jhtkrhetjlheiplijtjbs (...) sgluin hlt skko uhhkbkssery blh`rlhtetjlh (sldktjdks jt js uhevljneaik, l`blursk), aut tgk blhstrubtjlh l` blddlh plsjtjlhs, errehfkdkhts ebbkpteaik tl tgkdemlrjty, ehn hkfltjetjlh." (1355)

Es e rksuit l` tgjs jhtkrebtjlh prlbkss, tgk stetks jnkhtjtjks erk `lrdkn ehn trehs`lrdkn.Ay rkblfhjzjhf blddlh prlaikds ehn ksteaijsgjhf prlbknurks `lr ebtjlh, ehn blddlhlamkbtjvks, jnkhtjtjks wjtg sjdjier `keturks wjii ak `lrdkn tl laky blddlh pljhts l` vjkw,tget js, bliikbtjvk jnkhtjtjks.

Jh turh, bliikbtjvk jnkhtjtjks beh fkhkretk e bliikbtjvk blhsbjlushkss tget kheaiks e

gerdlhjlus trehs`lrdetjlh l` slbjei rkeijty= "Jh e arlen pgjilslpgjbei blhsjnkretjlh,Rlbjei Blhstrubtjvjsd js ealut skkjhf gudeh blhsbjlushkss bgehfjhf, eneptjhf tl ehnpertjbjpetjhf jh jhtkrhetjlhei (lr filaei) ij`k." (Pjiiehukve, 1353) ^gjs jnke l` e sjhfikblhsbjlushkss js ijhokn tl tgk tgksjs l` Blsdlplijtehjsd. ^gjs nlks hlt dkeh tget tgk fleijs tget kvkrylhk jh slbjkty wluin tgjho tgk sedk wey, aut tl ak ewerk l` jts uhjvkrseijtyehn tl tgjho l` tgk wlrin es e slbjkty, hlt es e skt l` skvkrei njstjhbt ehn kvkh lpplsjhfslbjktjks.

2.1. ^GK BLRDLSLIJ^EH GKLQZ

^gk Blsdlplijtehjsd js hlt rkbkht. ^gk jnke l` sldklhk blhsjnkrjhf gjd/gkrski` es efilaei bjtjzkh bldks `rld tgk ehbjkht Frkkbk. Rtljbs wluin prlplsk tgk jnke l` e dlreibldduhjty tget uhjtks eii gudeh akjhfs, hl dettkr wget tgkjr blhnjtjlh ehn stetus wkrkIetkr jh gjstlry, tgksk prjhbjpiks wluin ak esslbjetkn wjtg nj``krkht pgjilslpgjbeiepprlebgks uhtji tgjs ney eh efk wgkh tgky erk dlrk rkikveht tgeh kvkr.


39/82


23

^gk rk`ikbtjlhs l` pgjilslpgkrs subg es Jddehuki Oehtrk`kr tl tgk hkkn `lr rjfgts `lr eiidkh lvkr hetjlheijty, jh lrnkr tl ebgjkvk e uhjvkrsei lrnkr. Hlweneys, nuk tlfilaeijzetjlh, tgk blhbkpt ges rkfejhkn rkikvehbk=

Efejh, tgk skbuier prltkst efejhst blrplretk-ikn filaeijzetjlh () es wkii es tgk

kxbkssks njspieykn ehn etrlbjtjks blddjttkn ay tglsk wgl kvjhbk herrlw rkijfjlusehn ktghjb jnkhtjtjks, gevk ikn tl tgk urfkht rkplsjhf l` twl aesjb Blsdlplijtehqukstjlhs= Beh wk kvkr ijvk pkebk`uiiy wjtg lhk ehltgkr< Vget nl wk sgerk,bliikbtjvkiy, es gudeh akjhfs


40/82


25

Blsdlplijteh Blhstrubtjvjsdges akkh aujit lh tgk jnke tget "pklpik, buiturks ehn stetksdettkr, ehn buiturei ehn puaijb njpildebjks bliiealretk jh tgk jhtkr-suamkbtjvkblhstrubtjlh l` jnkes, hlrds ehn jnkhtjtjks tlwerns bllpkretjlh, wki`erk ehnuhnkrstehnjhf." (Pjiiehukve, 1353)

^gjs hkw tgklrktjbei perenjfd teoks `rld Blhstrubtjvjsdtgk prjhbjpik l` stetks jnkhtjtjksakjhf brketkn ehn trehs`lrdkn jh tgk blhtkxt l` Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs fjvkh tgkjdplrtehbk l` tgk kxjstkhbk l` jhtkrhetjlhei lrfehjzetjlhs tget prlvjnk ikfei dkbgehjsdstl dejhtejh lrnkr ehn bllpkretjlh aktwkkh stetks. Vgjik `rld Blsdlplijtehbliikbts tgkjnke l` aujinjhf e plijtjbei, ikfei ehn dlrei strubturk jh wgjbg eii puaijb ehn prjvetk efkhtssgerk tgk sedk rksplhsjajijtjks ehn tgk sedk jhnjvjnuei rjfgts tlwerns e dlrk must ehnkqujteaik wlrin lrnkr.

^gk blhstrubtjlh l` jnkes ehn jnkhtjtjks, lwh ehn bliikbtjvk, tget eiilw aujinjhf akttkrJhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs jh e blhtkxt l` rkspkbt ehn epprkbjetjlh l` buiturei nj``krkhbks ehnbuiturei kxbgehfk js tgk dejh flei `lr tgjs tgklrktjbei trkhn. Jh turh, jt wjii kheaik us tluhnkrstehn Jhtkrhetjlhei Qkietjlhs es e dkbgehjsd tget eiilws tgk blhstrubtjlh l` jnkes,hlrds ehn jnkhtjtjks tl fkhkretk duitjietkrei bllpkretjlh blhsjnkrjhf altg tgkplpuietjlh, es buiturks ehn stetks ehn fleis.

Lhk l` tgk frketkst bgeiikhfks `lr tgjs hkw perenjfd js tgk eppijbetjlh l` jts prjhbjpiks jhtgk `lrkjfh plijby l` stetks. Pjiiehukve (1355) akijkvks tget e prlfred `lr tgkjdpikdkhtetjlh l` Blsdlplijteh Blhstrubtjvjsdsgluin blhtejh tgksk sjx aesjb pljhts= 5.Brketjhf pkebk`ui ehn `rjkhniy rkietjlhs wjtg ltgkr hetjlhs? 1. Jhvkstjhf lh jhtkrhetjlheistunkht kxbgehfks terfktjhf frlups jh `lrkjfh slbjktjks tget gevk tgk teikht aut hlt tgkrkslurbks tl stuny earlen? 2. Brketjhf e slijn jh`restrubturk `lr jhtkrhetjlhei bllpkretjlh?

>. Ksteaijsgjhf jhstjtutjlhs earlen es e piet`lrd tl sgerk ohlwiknfk ealut lur lwhbluhtry. ;. Aujinjhf tgk hkbkssery bgehhkis tl bldduhjbetk wjtg `lrkjfh eunjkhbks, 0.Knubetjhf yluhf pklpik tgrlufg sbglli prlfreds lh jhtkrhetjlhei slijnerjty, dutueiuhnkrstehnjhf ehn skhsjtjvjty tl njvkrsjty ehn duitjbuitureijsd.

@lr tgjs hkw tgklrktjbei epprlebg, Buiturei Njpildeby js e frket tlli tl ebgjkvk tgklamkbtjvks nkvkilpkn ay Pjiiehukveehn eisl eiilw tgk efkhts jhvlivkn dlrk nyhedjsd jhtgk hkfltjetjlhs `lr plijtjbei efrkkdkhts tget skko tl aujin ehn jdprlvk bldduhjbetjlhbgehhkis ehn duitjietkrei ebtjlh. Jh tget wey js plssjaik tl ksteaijsg "blddlh fleis, aujinfilaei ewerkhkss l` tgk blhnjtjlhs ehn ij`kstyiks l` ltgkrs erluhn tgk wlrin, ehn sprken

slijnerjty ehn pkebk edlhf hetjlhs wlrinwjnk." (Pjiiehukve, 1353)

Jh tget blhtkxt, Slp Buiturk, es pert l` Buiturei Njpildeby, wjii eisl piey eh jhbrkesjhfiyjdplrteht rlik.


41/82


21

BES JJJ

Slp Slwkr

5. SLS B[I^[QK= E bldpikx systkd

Slp Buiturkjs hlt eh jslietkn pgkhldkhlh ehn behhlt ak skperetkn `rld tgk slbjei ij`k lè bldduhjty. Hkjtgkr beh ak jhvkstjfetkn rkfernikss l` tgk blhtkxt jh wgjbg jt lpkretks esaltg jhtkrhei ehn kxtkrhei èbtlrs beh trehs`lrd tgk rkeijty stunjkn. ^gk nejiy jhtkrebtjlhsaktwkkh jhnjvjnueis, turhs ehn sktaebos `rld buiturei ehn khtkrtejhdkht jhnustry, ehnkvkh stetk plijbjks, rkdlvk ehn enn tl Slp Buiturkblhstehtiy.

Nkspjtk tgk blhtjhulus eitkretjlhs, Slp Buiturkjs hlt uhrkietkn tl Slpuier Buiturkehn jtslrjfjhei weys. Lh tgk blhtrery, tgjs js eh upnetkn ehn dlrk rkeijty aeskn vkrsjlh l` jtdlrk enmustkn tl tgk burrkht derokt blhsudptjlh pettkrhs.

Es stetkn ak`lrk, altg ehjdk ehn Oplp erk buiturei prlnubts `rld tgkjr hetjvk bluhtrjksaut ay hl dkehs erk jslietkn `rld tgk jhìukhbk l` ltgkr buiturks= jh tgk akfjhhjhf, ehjdkwes aeskn lh Njshkys nrewjhf styik ([RE), wgjik Oplp erjsks `rld tgk djxturk l`trenjtjlhei Olrkeh dusjb ehn Vkstkrh rgytgds ijok gjp glp ehn tkbghl. Altg besks erk tgkrksuit l` e ilhfstehnjhf prlbkss l` jhtkrbuiturei jhtkrebtjlh.

Jh tgkjr allo Bldduhjbetjlh akktwkkh Buiturks(133>), Ierry Redlverehn Qjbgern Slrtkrnk`jhk duitjbuitureijsd es "eh jhtkrebtjlh aktwkkh pklpik wglsk buiturei pkrbkptjlhs ehnsydalijb systkds erk nj``krkht khlufg tl eitkr tgk bldduhjbetjlh kvkht." Jh tgk besk l`Mepeh, ehjdetlrs wkrk tgk lhks wgl, tgrlufg tgkjr jhtkrebtjlh wjtg Vkstkrh buiturk ehnbuiturei jhnustry, trehs`lrdkn dehfejhtl wget js burrkhtiy ohlwh es ehjdk. ^gk Olrkehsjtuetjlh js sjdjier= trenjtjlhei dusjb aikhnjhf wjtg Edkrjbeh rgytgds khnkn nuk tl tgkjhtkrebtjlh l` yluhf Olrkeh jddjfrehts wjtg Vkstkrh buiturk.

Buiturk wlros es e systkd= jts blhstjtukht kikdkhts erk jhtkrblhhkbtkn es e hktwlro.Vgkhkvkr eh espkbt l` buiturk bgehfks, tgk wglik systkd bgehfks wjtg jt. Vgkh tgkRpehjsg bedk tl Edkrjbe jh tgk ietk `j`tkkhtg bkhtury, tgk jhtkrebtjlh wjtg hetjvk pklpiks

l` tgk blhtjhkht ikn tl wjnksprken bgehfks jh jts systkd l` akijk`s, sydalis, bustlds ehnltgkrs. ^gksk bgehfks wkrk frenuei ehn kvkhtueiiy blvkrkn eii espkbts l` tgk nejiy ij`k l`tgksk pklpiks. ^gets jhkvjteaik.

Ikts tgjho ealut Oplp sbkhk es e systkd wjtg e nk`jhkn strubturk, jhbiunjhf tgk dusjbjhnustry, tgk Rtetk, tgk dknje ehn tgk puaijb (èhs). ^gk prlbkssks wjtgjh tgk systkd Oplperk eutldetjzkn (Dlr`lstesjs)= ^gk prlnubtjlh bldpehjks gevk ksteaijsgkn jts lwh tgkjr


42/82


22

rkbrujtdkht ehn trejhjhf prlbkssks? eisl, tgky eirkeny ohlw tgk prlbknurks `lr tgkdusjbei ehn eunjlvjsuei prlnubtjlh? tgk èh biuas erk eisl lrfehjzkn tl supplrt tgk ertjsts?ktb.

^gksk eutldetjzkn prlbkssks khsurk tget tgkrk js eh lrnkr jh tgk systkd= kebg pkrslh

ohlws tgkjr rlik ehn kxkbutks jt es ksteaijsgkn. ^gk jh`lrdetjlh (tgk jddkhsk edluht l`jh`lrdetjlh) eiilws dejhtejhjhf tget lrnkr (Hkfkhtrlpy). @lr kxedpik, wgkh e Oplpaehnijok ^PWU js rkeny tl deok jts bldkaebo, tgkjr rkblrn bldpehy (RD Khtkrtejhdkht)rkikesks blhbkpt tkeskrs tget sldkglw ksteaijsg altg tgk hkw jdefk l` tgk aehn ehntgkjr hkw sluhn. ^gjs jh`lrdetjlh eiilws tgk dknje tl sprken tgk hkws? tgk èh biuas fktprkperkn tl purbgesk tgk hkw detkrjei? ehn prlnubkrs bliikbt nete `rld slbjei hktwlrostl kstjdetk tgk jdpebt ebgjkvkn. Rlbjei systkds erk eiweys sgerjhf jh`lrdetjlh, jt fjvkstgkd steajijty.

^gk dusjb bldpehjks erk eiweys peyjhf ettkhtjlh tl tgk hkw trkhns tget plp-up erluhntgk wlrin, tglsk tget bepturk puaijb ettkhtjlh ehn fkhkretk ajf seiks. ^gky eisl teok jhtlebbluht tgk seiks l` tgkjr prlnubts, spkbjeijzkn rkvjkws ehn wget tgkjr eunjkhbk gevk tlsey. ^gjs beh ak uhnkrstlln es eh jh`lrdetjlh peboefk tget js lutsjnk tgk systkd= tgk`kknaebo. ^gjs jh`lrdetjlh wjii iken tl bgehfks wjtgjh tgk systkd ehn rkblh`jfurk jt tlakttkr sujt tgk surrluhnjhf khvjrlhdkht. Jh`lrdetjlh brketks lrnkr, aut jt eisl trehs`lrdsjt.

Eitglufg jt dey illo sjdpik, tgk slbjei systkds akgevjlr beh ak vkry bldpikx? jt njrkbtiyjhìukhbks tgk hudakr l` ebtlrs tget bldprjsk jt. J` uhnkrstehnjhf e pkrslh (wgjbg wlroses e systkd) beh ak vkry nj``jbuit, wk beh lhiy jdefjhk glw nj``jbuit jt bluin fkt tluhnkrstehn e èdjiy, eh jhstjtutjlh, e bluhtry lr tgk jhtkrhetjlhei bldduhjty.

^l akttkr uhnkrstehn tgk bldpikxjty l` tgksk systkds, tgk filaei tgjhokr ehn slbjlilfjstKnfer Dlrjh (5::>) prlplskn eh eheiytjbei dlnki aeskn lh e tktrefreddetlh wgjbgbldprjsks `lur stefks= lrnkr / njslrnkr / jhtkrebtjlh / lrfehjzetjlh. ^gjs dlnki lutijhksglw tgk systkds lpkretk ehn tgrjvk jh e bgeltjb khvjrlhdkht, okkpjhf tgkjr jhtkrheiaeiehbk.

^gk ehjdkbesk js jhtkrkstjhf. Ehjdk jhnustry js bldpikx ehn js bilskiy ijhokn tl dehfesjhbk aksjnks teojhf jts frepgjb styik? dehy ehjdk skrjks erk aeskn lh plpuier dehfestlrjks. Jh turh, tgk wlrin l` Mepehksk ehjdetjlh js rkietkn tl tgk khtkrtejhdkht jhnustry

wgjbg jhbiunks sdeiikr jhnustrjks es tgk dusjb lhk, envkrtjsjhf, ehn kvkh knubetjlh ehntlurjsd.

Blhtrery tl wget lvkrskes èhs l`tkh tgjho ehjdkjhnustry nkpkhns eidlst kxbiusjvkiy lhtgk Mepehksk nldkstjb derokt ehn rksplhns tl tgk hkkns ehn jhtkrksts l` jt, wglskqueijty stehnern js fkttjhf gjfgkr ehn gjfgkr. Jh tget wey, tgk ehjdk systkd eirkeny ges ehksteaijsgkn lrnkr. Glwkvkr, wget wluin geppkh nurjhf e pkrjln l` derokt turdlji< Vgetj` seiks fl nlwh lr e `lrkjfh ehjdetkn skrjks fkt gjfgkr seiks tgeh ilbei prlnubtjlh jh


43/82


2>

Mepeh. ^gjs sjtuetjlh wluin jhvlivk eh jhtkrebtjlh wjtg tgk jhnustrys khvjrlhdkht tlebohlwiknfk jh jts puaijb, tgk derokt, wgjbg bluin wlro tl arjhf seiks up lhbk efejh. Ehkw dehfetget js brketjhf e ilt l` gypk, e hkw trkhn es dlk55lr kbbgj51, sldk hkw weytl ikvkrefk tgk plpuierjty l` eh ehjdkskrjks, e pertjbuieriy k``kbtjvk dkeh tl fkhkretk eilt l` gypk? ehn dlrk. Srlnubt l` tgjs jhtkrebtjlh, tgk jhnustry wjii teok ebtjlh, tgk sedk

tget wjii rk`kr tl e pertjbuier `lrd l` lrfehjzetjlh.

Gkrk's ehltgkr kxedpik. ^gk blspiey, lh tgk blhtrery tl wget sldk dey akijkvk, wesalrh es eh jhjtjetjvk l` tgk èhs ehn hlt tgk ehjdk jhnustry. ^gjs ebtjvjty js vkry plpuierwlrinwjnk ehn js burrkhtiy tgk aeboalhk l` ierfk blhvkhtjlhs erluhn tgk filak. ^gjssjtuetjlh wes strehfk tl tgk ehjdk systkd uhtji jt beiikn tgk ettkhtjlh l` tgk dknje ehntgk fkhkrei puaijb. Jhjtjeiiy, tgk blspieykrsbluin ak skkh es jslietkn besks aut, lvkr tjdk,tgjs ebtjvjty wes kvkh nrjvkh ay tgk sedk jhnustry tget ruhs blhtksts ehn ewerns tgk akstkxplhkhts l` tgk fkhrk. ^gk lrnkr js eitkrkn ay tgk jh`jitretjlh l` eh jh`lrdetjlh peboefk`rld tgk lutsjnk, eh jhtkrebtjlh ehn tgkh e hkw `lrd l` lrfehjzetjlh kdkrfks. ^get js, esgudehs, systkds tl tgk khvjrlhdkht blhnjtjlhs.

^gjs beh eisl ak uhnkrstlln `rld e njeilfjb prjhbjpik, j.k. e sjtuetjlh jh wgjbg twllpplsjhf ilfjbs erk bilskiy rkietkn. @lr kxedpik, lrnkr ehn njslrnkr. Altg blhbkpts erkehteflhjstjb aut lhk behhlt kxjst wjtglut tgk ltgkr. Oplp bldprjsks Vkstkrh rgytgdsehn sluhns dlstiy aut jts ksskhbk lh e iyrjbei ehn jhtkrprktjvk ikvki js Olrkeh. Nldkstjbehn `lrkjfh veiuks erk lpplskn ykt bldpikdkht kebg ltgkr wjtgjh tgjs fkhrk.

Ehjdkjs fljhf tgrlufg e sjdjier sjtuetjlh. ^gk Mepehksk ehjdetjlh jhnustry kxjsts eidlstkhtjrkiy tgehos tl tgk Mepehksk derokt (lteou). Glwkvkr, tgk plpuierjty ebgjkvkn ay tgkfkhnkr jh tgk rkst l` tgk wlrin js nuk jh ierfk pert tl `lrkjfh èhs tget sprken tgk wlrn

ealut tgkjr èvlrjtk skrjks lh slbjei hktwlros ehn allst tgk `lrdei ehn jh`lrdei Ehjdkderokt frlwtg jh tgkjr lwh bluhtrjks. ^gk ilbei derokt js wget sustejhs tgk jhnustry, autjts filaei plpuierjty bldks `rld lutsjnk.

Njeilfjb njbgltldy beh eisl ak skkh lh tgk ltgkr sjnk. Jh Skru tgkrk erk tglusehns lÒplp èhs, dlstiy tkkhefk wldkh. Eitglufg tgjs bluhtry js blhsjnkrkn duitjbuiturei nuktl tgk verjkty l` buiturks tget blhvkrfk lh jt, nldkstjb ehn `lrkjfh, tgkrk erk stjii dehyehtjalnjks edlhf e skbtlr l` tgk plpuietjlh tl tgk `lrkjfh.

Vgkh e ^P Rtetjlh lr e defezjhk puaijsgks eh ertjbik lh tgk suamkbt, lhk l` tgk usuei

qukstjlhs js "wgy nl ylu prk`kr Oplplvkr tgk dusjb l` ylur bluhtry


44/82


2;

arkeos tgk stkrkltypk tgky gevk l` tgkd. Rkblhn, wk sgluin blhsudk lur lwh dusjbjhstken l` tgk `lrkjfh must akbeusk tgets tgk rjfgt tgjhf tl nl.

^gk `jrst stetkdkht ges hl ilfjb sjhbk jt rkijks slikiy lh slbjei prkmunjbks tget ijho dusjbprk`krkhbks wjtg bkrtejh ij`k styiks. ^gk skblhn lhk js tgk dlst blddlh erfudkht uskn

ay Olrkeh plp dusjb lr `lrkjfh dusjb nktrebtlrs jh fkhkrei. Vgetkvkr tgk rkeslh Oplpèhs prk`kr `lio dusjb, `lr kxedpik. ^gk njbgltldy erjsks wgkh nkspjtk frlwjhf ehnnkvkilpjhf wjtgjh e hetjlhei buiturk e pkrslh jnkhtj`jks jtski` wjtg e `lrkjfh buiturei kvkht.Altg sbkherjls nl hlt behbki lr kxbiunk kebg ltgkr. Lh tgk blhtrery, tgky bldpikdkhtlhk ehltgkr wjtgjh tgk èhs pkrslhei wlrin ehn jts slbjei bjrbik.

Es kxpiejhkn, tgk gudeh akjhf js e bldpikx systkd, lrfehjzkn ehn blhstehtiyrklrfehjzkn. Nkspjtk gevjhf e buiturei aebofrluhn skt ay lur khvjrlhdkht (èdjiy, `rjkhns,slbjkty), wk erk blhstehtiy kxplskn tl jh`lrdetjlh peboefks `rld eii lvkr tgk wlrin. Jt jsjhkvjteaik tget eii tget jh`lrdetjlh gevk eh jhìukhbk lh lur wey l` tgjhojhf, lurprk`krkhbks, jnkes ehn akijk`s.

Glwkvkr, tgjs nlks hlt dkeh tget e pkrslh rkhluhbks jts jnkhtjty. Lh tgk blhtrery, tgjs jsrkjh`lrbkn ay tgk nkbjsjlh tl skko `lr hkw weys l` kxprkssjlh. Slp Buiturkjs must tget, ehkxprkssjlh l` lur jnkhtjty, hlt lhiy jhnjvjnueiiy, aut bliikbtjvkiy.

1. SLS B[I^[QK= E hkw iehfuefk

^l uhnkrstehn Slp Buiturk jh eii jts njdkhsjlhs beh ak vkry nj``jbuit et tjdks ehn l`tkh

kijbjts eii slrts l` brjtjbjsd `rld purjsts wgl blhsjnkr jt e deroktjhf prlnubt, vejh lrehytgjhf aut jdplrteht. Glwkvkr, jts blhvkhjhf plwkr ehn jts eajijty tl trehsbkhn tgkjnklilfjbei, plijtjbei ehn buiturei aerrjkrs, deoks jt e veiueaik tlli `lr bldduhjbetjlh, ehkw `lrd l` iehfuefk.

Jt's ùhhy akbeusk iehfuefk js pert l` buiturk ehn jt js es e njsskdjhetjlh tlli l` jt. Buiturkbluin eisl ùhbtjlh es e `lrd l` iehfuefk. Jh èbt, tgk sydalis ehn dkehs beh eisltrehsdjt lr bgehhki e dkssefk. ^gjs nlksht dkeh wk eii jhtkrprkt tgk sedk wey tgkjhtkrebtjlh l` lur lwh buiturk wjtg ehltgkr sjhbk, es kxpiejhkn, jt beh ak uhnkrstllnnj``krkhtiy nkpkhnjhf lh tgk buiturei aebofrluhn l` kebg pkrslh.

Zkt, tgkrks hl nluat ealut tgk bldduhjbetjvk eajijty l` Slp Buiturk. Ijok iehfuefk, jt jsblhstehtiy kvlivjhf, eitglufg sldk purjsts `rld altg, iehfuefk ehn buiturk, esskrt tget jtjs retgkr eh jhvliutjlh. Lh tgk blhtrery, jts hlt e sktaebo aut e dlvk tlwerns e dlrkstehnernjzkn ehn ebbkssjaik bldduhjbetjlh wjtg eii tgk "wrlhfs" tget dey arjhf wjtg jt.


45/82


20

Ehn Slp Buiturkpieys jts pert jh tgjs prlbkss. ^gk plpuierjty l` e skrjks, e dlvjk lr e slhfbeh fkhkretk tgk kdkrfkhbk l` hkw wlrns lr hkw dkehjhfs, es geppkhkn `lr kxedpikwjtg tgk èdlus pgresk "jt's lvkr :333", teokh `rld Nreflh Aeii ]52.

Jt's jhtkrkstjhf glw dubg iehfuefk ehn buiturk, nkspjtk akjhf bliikbtjvk jh heturk (es tgky

gevk hl dkehjhf lutsjnk l` tgk bldduhjty), eisl gevk eh jhnjvjnuei njdkhsjlh. "Luriehfuefk ehn lur iehfuefks deok ehn dero lur lwh jnkhtjty tgrlufglut ij`k. Jt strubturkus ehn ijhos tgk dkdakrs l` lur frlup nejiy." (Pehglunt, 133;)

J` wk rk`kr tl iehfuefk, tget jhnjvjnuei njdkhsjlh wluin ak tgk spkkbg wgjbg khns upakjhf tgk dejh slurbk l` khrjbgdkht l` tgk `jrst lhk. Kebg jhnjvjnueis pertjbuier wey l`bldduhjbetjhf l``krs khnikss plssjajijtjks tget, akjhf ebbkptkn ehn uskn ay e frlup l`pklpik, beh khn up akjhf pert l` tgk bliikbtjvk spkeojhf (iehfuefk).

Ikts teok siehf `lr kxedpik. Gevk ylu kvkr esokn ylurski` wgkrk tgk siehf ylu usk kvkryney bldk `rld< ^gksk tkrds wkrk hlt sl `rld puaijb nldejh. Vgkh ylu brketk e tkrd lrfjvk e hkw dkehjhf tl eh kxjstjhf lhk tl rk`kr tl sldktgjhf spkbj`jb jts usueiiy uskn wjtgtgk dlrk jddknjetk slbjei bjrbik lr tgk lhk jh wgjbg tgk tkrd beh ak uskn dlrk`rkqukhtiy. ^gk dlrk tgk tkrd js uskn tgk kesjkr jt wjii ak sprken, kspkbjeiiy j` jt rk`krs tl evkry blddlh sjtuetjlh lr ebtjlh. ^gk sedk eppijks tl buiturk.

@rld e systkdjb pljht l` vjkw, spkkbg pieys tgk rlik l` njssjpetjvk strubturk wjtgjh tgksystkd "iehfuefk. Jh ltgkr wlrns, jt js tgrlufg spkkbg tget wk jhtkrebt wjtg ehltgkrbuiturk, tgjs kxbgehfk l` blnks latejhs hkw jh`lrdetjlh tget js teokh tl tgk iehfuefk ehnkhns up ay trehs`lrdjhf ehn khrjbgjhf jt. "Rpkkbg js ksskhtjei `lr iehfuefk tl akksteaijsgkn." (Akhevjnks, 133;)

Es wjtg iehfuefk, buiturk eisl ges e pertjbuier njdkhsjlh lh kebg jhnjvjnuei. Jh e dlrkarlen skhsk, kvkry buiturk ges e plpuier ikvki, wgkrk dlst jhtkrebtjlhs ehntrehs`lrdetjlhs erjsk. Et tget ikvki, buiturk js dlrk e``kbtkn ay trkhns jh slbjkty ehn eislges e ilhfkr rehfk lvkr slbjkty jtski`, ilbei lr filaei. Lh tgk ltgkr gehn, jt eisl ges ehpertjbuier ikvki jh wgjbg kebg l` us blh`jfurks ehn rkblh`jfurks jts systkd l` sydalis ehnakijk`s, lur buiturk.

Vget wluin ak tgk spkkbg l` buiturk< ^l ehswkr tgjs ylu sgluin `jrst eso ylurski`= wgetjs tgk spebk wgkrk ylu beh prlnubk tgk frketkst hudakr l` jhtkrebtjlhs ehn prlnubtjlh l`

sydalis< J` wk tgjho ealut jt, wkii blhbiunk tget Slpuier Buiturk js tget spebk. Iktsrkìkbt lh jt= Glw njn plpuier dusjb wes brketkn< Vgkrk nl dytgs ehn ikfkhns bldk

52^gk pgresk jts lvkr :333 deoks rk`krkhbk tl e èdlus sbkhk `rld tgk ehjdk Nreflh Aeii ]jh wgjbg tgk

bgerebtkrs Flouehn Pkfktegevk e blh`rlhtetjlh. Vgjik Flou rejsks gjs khkrfy ikvki, Pkfkte bgkbos lh jtusjhf eh ertjèbt. E`tkr rkeijzjhf tgk kxpilsjvk jhbrkesk lh Flous ikvki l` khkrfy gk biejds jts lvkr :333.^gk pgresk akbedk eh jhtkrhkt pgkhldkhlh wgkh Lpgre Vjh`rky akbedk tgk vjbtjd l` eh jhtkrhkt mlokpkr`lrdkn ay e wka plrtei >Bgeh uskr.


46/82


26

`rld< Ehn nehbks< Jt js wjtgjh Slpuier Buiturk wgkrk eii tgksk `lrds l` kxprkssjlh eppkerlr et ikest erk njsblvkrkn.

L` eii tgk njdkhsjlhs Slpuier Buiturk beh gevk, tgk lhk tget beh ak blhsjnkrkn es tgkspkergken js Slp Buiturk. Akjhf dubg dlrk ebbkssjaik sjhbk jt ges tgk frketkst eajijty tl

akbldk e dess prlnubt, jt khns up es tgk spkkbg l` buiturk.

Slp Buiturk, akjhf ebbkssjaik ehn dessjvk, js l`tkh tgk `jrst blhtebt l` eh jhnjvjnuei wjtg ebuiturk nj``krkht `rld tgkjr lwh ehn wjii hlt ak nj``jbuit tl uhnkrstehn ehn essjdjietk. ^gjsjhtkrebtjlh wjtg Slp Buiturktrehs`lrds tgk buiturei njdkhsjlh l` tget pkrslh, wgl tgkhkhns up e``kbtjhf tglsk erluhn gjd ijok jh e nldjhl k``kbt. Glw js jt tget Olrkeh sleplpkres beh ak sl subbkss`ui jh Skru< Jh tgk sedk wey tget Dkxjbeh tkikhlvkies erksubbkss`ui jh bluhtrjks es njvkrsk es tgk Sgjijppjhks lr Dlrlbbl= Slp Buiturkwjii eiweys aktgk akst wey tl arjhf twl slbjktjks wjtg nj``krkht buiturks bilskr.

2. ^GK GZSKQBKH^QEI B[I^[QK

Jh 5::: tgk @rkhbg ijhfujst Ilujs-Mkeh Beivktjhtrlnubkn jh tgk allo ^lwerns eh kblilfy l`tgk wlrin's iehfuefks, tgk frevjty dlnki. ^gjs njefred kxpiejhs tgk nyhedjbs l` tgkwlrin's iehfuefks bldperkn wjtg e blhbkhtrjb systkd, ijok jh tgk slier systkd. Eitglufgtgkrk erk tglusehns l` iehfuefks jh tgk wlrin, must e `kw prknldjhetk akbeusk l` edessjvk usk, ehn erluhn wgjbg rltetk tgk ltgkrs.

^l BeivktKhfijsg wluin ak tgk gypkrbkhtrei iehfuefk, tget js, tgk dlst wjnkiy uskn hlt

kxbiusjvkiy aut eisl es e skblhn iehfuefk. Jh tgk skblhn ikvki tgkrk wluin ak ehltgkr 53iehfuefks frevjtetjhf erluhn jt, wgjbg erk beiikn supkrbkhtrei, es tgk suh ehn piehkts jhtgk Djioy Vey. ^gksk skblhn-nkfrkk iehfuefks erk Bgjhksk, @rkhbg, Rpehjsg ehn ltgkrs.

Eisl, rltetjhf erluhn tgksk supkrbkhtrei iehfuefks tgkrk erk 133 ennjtjlhei iehfuefksbeiikn bkhtrei iehfuefks. ^gk pkrjpgkrei iehfuefks wluin bldk tl ak tglsk guhnrkns l`njeikbts uskn ay e djhlrjty, subg es jhnjfkhlus bldduhjtjks jh tgk muhfik l` Skru, `lrkxedpik.

Beivkts frevjty dlnki dey ak eppijkn tl buiturk. J` iehfuefks erk pert l` buiturks,

wluinht jt ak plssjaik tl reho tgkd ebblrnjhf tl tgkjr filaei rkebg< Ebtueiiy yks, jt jsplssjaik, aut tgk wey wk beh biessj`y iehfuefks js nj``krkht `rld tgk wey wk bluinnj``krkhtjetk buiturks.

J` wk rkiy lh Beivkts ilfjb tgkrk wluin ak lhk lr dlrk gypkrbkhtrei buiturks hlweneys,prlaeaiy ijhokn tl tgk Khfijsg iehfuefk. ^gkrk wluin eisl ak ltgkr supkrbkhtrei, bkhtreiehn pkrjpgkrei buiturks. Lh tgk skblhn ikvki wk bluin prlaeaiy `jhn tgk Ietjh Edkrjbeh


47/82


27

buiturk, ehn sldk Esjeh buiturks, subg es tgk Jhnjeh lr tgk Bgjhksk, nuk tl tgk ierfkplpuietjlhs l` altg Jhnje ehn Bgjhe.

Vgets rkeiiy jhtkrkstjhf js tgk èbt tget j` e pkrslh beh spkeo twl lr dlrk iehfuefks, jtwluin prlaeaiy ak eaik tl uhnkrstehn lr tl jnkhtj`y wjtg twl lr dlrk buiturks. ^gjs js

dubg dlrk bldpikx tgeh tgk èbt l` destkrjhf twl iehfuefks `lr buiturks jhbiunk pikhtyl` kikdkhts tget jhìukhbk lur ij`kstyik ehn tgk wey wk uhnkrstehn tgk wlrin. Jdefjhk tgkbesk l` eh Jhnjeh jddjfrehts slh alrh ehn rejskn jh tgk [O. @rld e vkry yluhf efk gk wjiiak eaik tl uhnkrstehn tgk Arjtjsg buiturk aut eisl wjii gevk ebbkss tl tgk Jhnjeh buiturktgrlufg gjs perkhts, wgl wjii hlt lhiy teio gjd ealut tgkjr bluhtry l` lrjfjh aut eisl tgkjrbustlds.

Easlrptjlh l` buiturei trejts tgrlufg tgk prlbkss l` ikerhjhf e iehfuefk js jhkvjteaik. Kvkhj` ylu ikerhkn pglhktjbs ehn wrjtjhf, jt bluin hlt ak sejn tget ylu ebqujrkn tgk iehfuefk.^gk prlbkss wluin ak jhbldpiktk, es tl rk`kr tl e bldpiktk ikerhjhf jt dust jhbiunk tgkblhtkxt jh wgjbg tget iehfuefk js fkhkretkn ehn nkvkilpkn. Jt wluin ak vkry nj``jbuit j`, `lrkxedpik, jh Ietjh Edkrjbeh sbgllis Khfijsg wes teufgt wjtglut e sjhfik rk`krkhbk tlEdkrjbeh buiturk lr slbjkty. Jt must wluin hlt deok skhsk es ohlwjhf e iehfuefk lpkhstgk plssjajijty tl uhnkrstehn tgk wlrinvjkw l` tgk pklpik wgl usk jt. Ajijhfuei jhnjvjnueishlt lhiy spkeo twl iehfuefks, tgky eisl ijvk twl buiturks.

Vget js bkrtejh js tget tlney tgk dlst wjnkiy splokh iehfuefk jh tgk wlrin js Khfijsg,eitglufg wk bluin hlt sey tget tgk Edkrjbeh lr tgk Arjtjsg buiturks erk tgk dlstwjnksprken. Skrgeps jh e dldkht jh gjstlry, altg gen tgk eajijty ehn plwkr tl jhìukhbkltgkr buiturks nuk tl tgkjr blilhjks ehn tgkjr kblhldjb ehn plijtjbei jhìukhbk. Aut jh eduitjplier wlrin ijok tgjs, wgkrk plijtjbei ehn kblhldjb plwkr js sgerkn rkiubtehtiy ay tgk

frketkst bluhtrjks, tgk plsjtjlh l` tgk gypkrbkhtreibuiturk blrrksplhn hlt tl bluhtry wjtgtgk ierfkst hudakr l` jhgeajtehts lr tgk lhk tget ges tgk ajffkst dknje blvkrefk, kvkhtglufg tgksk `keturks bluin ak nkbjsjvk wgkh jt bldks tl tgk ikvki l` jhìukhbk tgky gevklh jt.

Vget bluin tgkh ak tgk frket buiturk erluhn wgjbg tgk ltgkrs rkvlivk< Js tgkrk ehy tget`jt tgk nksbrjptjlh< Zks, tgkrk js, lr et ikest jts jh tgk deojhf. E buiturk `lr wgjbg tgkrk jshl aerrjkr ehn tgrlufg jts vjsuei iehfuefk js eidlst uhjvkrsei. Vk erk teiojhf ealut tgkjhtkrhkt buiturk.

^gk Jhtkrhkt buiturk js sgepkn ay kvkrytgjhf tgk hkt beh blhtejh, eii tgk sydalis ehn`lrds l` iehfuefk tget uskrs brketk ehn usk. Jhjtjeiiy, tgksk prebtjbks wkrk rk`krrkn lhiy tltgk vjrtuei wlrin? glwkvkr, jhtkrblhhkbtjvjty ehn tgk dlnkrhjzetjlh l` slbjei rkietjlhsgevk njiutkn tgk tgjh ijhk aktwkkh tgk vjrtuei wlrin ehn tgk rkei lhk.

Ealut 53 lr 5; ykers efl, akjhf eh jhtkrhkt uskr rkqujrkn gevjhf tl ijvk pereiiki ijvks. Lurlhijhk jnkhtjty sgluin hlt hkbksserjiy ak ijhokn tl lur jnkhtjty jh tgk rkei wlrin. Ebbkss tl


48/82


2:

tgjs skrvjbk wes ijdjtkn ehn tgk edluht l` jh`lrdetjlh tget bluin ak `luhn jh tgk hktwlrol` hktwlros ealut e blddlh uskr wes djhjdei.

^lney, eidlst eii lur ij`k js lh tgk Jhtkrhkt, tgehos tl slbjei hktwlros. ^lhs l` jh`lrdetjlhealut lur stunjks, wlro, trevkis, vebetjlhs, `rjkhnsgjps ehn rkietjlhsgjps, kvkrytgjhf js must

lhk bijbo ewey. Rubg js tgk jhìukhbk l` jhtkrhkt jh lur ijvks tget lur vjrtuei ski` beh beuskdlrk jdpebt lh tgkd ehn tglsk l` tgk pklpik erluhn us tgeh lur rkei ski`. J` ylu nl hlt`liilw ylur `rjkhn lh ^wjttkr gk dey rkkveiuetk ylur `rjkhnsgjp. ^gk nkfrkk l` slbjeiebbkptehbk tget wk gevk tlney nkpkhns dlrk lh glw dehy ijoks lur plsts lh @ebkallobeh fkt tgeh lur ebenkdjb ebgjkvkdkhts, `lr kxedpik. Rldk kxpkrts kvkh akijkvk tget jhe `kw ykers lur prl`jiks lh slbjei hktwlros wjii ak lur JN bern.

Rpkeojhf jh tkrds l` buiturk, `lr tglsk wgl wkrk hkw tl tgk èauilus wlrin l` Jhtkrhkt,uhnkrstehnjhf tgk blnks ehn sydalis uskn jh subg eh khvjrlhdkht bluin ak trjboy.Jhtkrhkt gen jts lwh `lrd l` iehfuefk brketkn ay uskrs bliiealretjvkiy. ^gk Jhtkrhktbuiturk gen akkh alrh.

^gjs Jhtkrhkt buiturk js hl ilhfkr kxbiusjvk `rld njfjtei jhtkrèbk. Akbeusk l` tgk rkeijty /vjrtueijty jhtkrebtjlh, sydalis, blnks ehn Jhtkrhkt lwh stetkdkhts erk pert l` tgk rkeiwlrin= dkdks, bgettjhf, Ehhlhydus, byakrskx, ehn ltgkrs. Must es tgk rkei wlrintrehsietks jtski` jhtl ajiijlhs l` ajts l` jh`lrdetjlh, tgk lutput l` Jhtkrhkt lh wget wkuhnkrstehn es rkei ges hkvkr akkh ierfkr, tl tgk pljht l` e sydajlsjs aktwkkh tgkd tgetbehhlt ak uhnlhk.

^gk dlst jhtkrkstjhf pgkhldkhlh l` Jhtkrhkt buiturk lr Byakrbuiturkjs tget tgjs js e frketskt l` blnks ehn sydalis jh wgjbg uskrs `rld erluhn tgk wlrin tget gevk jhtkrhkt ebbkss

beh pertjbjpetk. Vk erk teiojhf ealut eh ldhjprkskht buiturk jh prebtjbei tkrds,blhtejhjhf jh`lrdetjlh ehn buiturei `keturks l` nj``krkht buiturks `rld erluhn tgk filak.

Byakrbuiturkwluin ak tgkh tgk gypkrbkhtreibuiturk wgjbg filaei rkebg deoks jt tgk dlstwjnksprken tlney. Kvkh tglsk wgl nl hlt gevk jhtkrhkt ebbkss erk e``kbtkn ay jt. ^gk weyjt jhìukhbks tgk ij`k l` dlnkrh slbjkty khns up eisl jhìukhbjhf tgk slbjei nyhedjbs, ijok enldjhl k``kbt wkrk eisl e``kbtjhf tgk ijvks l` tglsk beiikn njfjtei jiijtkretk= J` ylu erk hltblhhkbtkn tgrlufg slbjei hktwlros yluii prlaeaiy rkdejh slbjeiiy kxbiunkn ehn ylurbgehbks l` survjvei wjii ak e``kbtkn tll.

Glwkvkr, l` eii buiturks blhvkrfjhf jh Byakrbuiturk, wget js tgk dlst jhìukhtjei< J` wk rkiylh tgk prldjhkhbk l` tgk iehfuefk wk bluin sey tget Vkstkrh buiturk js tgk lhk, nuk tlKhfijsg akjhf tgk dlst splokh iehfuefk jh tgk wlrin ehn destkrjhf jt rkqujrks ohlwjhfsldk espkbts l` Edkrjbeh buiturk. J` wk rkiy lh tgk hudakr l` pklpik jh tgk wlrin wglohlw e buiturk lr gevk easlrakn sldk bgerebtkrjstjbs l` jt, jt bluin ak sejn tget Bgjhkskbuiturk js tgk dlst jhìukhtjei.


49/82


>3

J` wk teio ealut dessjvkhkss, ebbkssjajijty ehn bepebjty tl kdarebk eunjkhbks wjtgnj``krkht buiturei aesks, Slp Buiturk`jts tget nksbrjptjlh pkr`kbtiy. Jh èbt, tgk kikdkhts l`tgjs buiturk erk tgk lhks wgjbg prlij`kretk ehn sprken lvkr tgk Jhtkrhkt. Vget erk tlpjbstget beh blhhkbt pklpik `rld nj``krkht blrhkrs l` tgk wlrin, wjtg nj``krkht iehfuefks ehnrkijfjlhs< ^wl pklpik `rld nj``krkht bluhtrjks beh ak èhs l` tgk sedk aehn, skrjks lr

bertllh bgerebtkr. Jh èbt, Byakrbuiturkjs eirkeny e pert l` Slp Buiturkehn, et tgk sedktjdk, jt frlws `rld jt. ^gkrk eirkeny erk uhjvkrsei blnks wjtgjh tgk Jhtkrhkt buiturk tgetbeh ak uhnkrstlln ehn sgerkn ay uskrs, wgjbg akbedk hlt lhiy e hkw iehfuefk aut eisl ehkw `lrd l` Slp Buiturk.

Jh tgjs blhtkxt, wget rlik nl Olrkeh ehn MepehkskSlp Buiturkgevk< Vkii, altg ehjdkehnOplp erk e pert l` tgk filaei buiturk tgrlufg jts prkskhbk lh tgk Jhtkrhkt. Eitglufgjhjtjeiiy tglsk wkrk hlt nksjfhkn `lr tget typk l` dknje, es tgky eppkerkn ilhf ak`lrk jtwes Jhtkrhkt akbedk dessjvk, kvkhtueiiy khnkn up usjhf jt es e ieuhbg piet`lrdwlrinwjnk, kspkbjeiiy Oplp. ^gk wlrin wluin gen hlt njsblvkrkn Oplp j` "Fehfhed Rtyik"wluinht gevk akbldk e vjrei vjnkl. Jh èbt, dlst èhs l` tgk fkhrk akbedk ewerk l` jttget wey, sl jt js veijn tl sey tget Zlutuak js Olrkes tgk akst eiiy.

Ehjdk, lh tgk ltgkr gehn, akbedk plpuier nkspjtk hlt gevjhf tgk Jhtkrhkt nurjhf jtsgkyney jh tgk djn :3's. Glwkvkr, tgk dknje ges hlt lhiy denk jt plpuier lh kvkry blrhkrl` tgk wlrin es Mepehksk ehjdetjlh. Jt ges eisl denk jt evejieaik, fkhkretjhf ikfjlhs l`èhs erluhn tgk filak. [hnluatkniy, tgk ierfkst slurbk l` Mepehksk ehjdetjlhblhsudptjlh rjfgt hlw js Jhtkrhkt ehn tgjs js vkry jdplrteht, es njsbusskn akilw.

>.

SLS BLRDLSLIJÊHJRD= Blsdlplijteh Slp Buiturk

Eitglufg Blsdlplijtehjsd js e sbglli l` tglufgt wgjbg lrjfjhs netk aebo tl ehbjkhtFrkkbk, jt wes uhtji rkbkht nkbenks tget, jh e blhtkxt l` frlwjhf jhtkrnkpkhnkhbk edlhfbluhtrjks, ges akkh fejhjhf rkikvehbk. Akjhf blsdlplijteh js tl tgjho l` jtski` es e bjtjzkhl` tgk wlrin, wgkrk tgkrk erk hl nj``krkhbks lr njvjsjlhs ehn wk erk eii pert l` tgk sedkbldduhjty. Jts tl tgjho wk'rk pert l` e wglik ehn hlt e `rebtjlh enrj`t.

^gkrks hl nluat tgjs js e systkdjb vjsjlh tget bldpijbetks tgk uhnkrstehnjhf l` lur rlik jhtgk filaei slbjkty. Kvkh tglufg `lr sldk blhskrvetjvk hetjlheijsts tgjs jnke bluin sluhnlutrefklus, e aktreyei tl trenjtjlh ehn bluhtry, jts tgk dlst ilfjbei ehn rkeslheaikblhsjnkrjhf tget lur bluhtry wluin hlt survjvk j` wk gkin hl rkietjlhs wjtg tgk rkst l` tgkjhtkrhetjlhei bldduhjty. Ehn us tll, j` wk njnht ksteaijsg rkietjlhsgjps wjtg pklpik l`nj``krkht buiturks, kspkbjeiiy jh e duitjbuiturei bluhtry ijok Skru. ^gk alhns l` nkpkhnkhbytget gevk akkh fkhkretkn tgrlufg trketjks, stretkfjb eiijehbks, ausjhkss lr plijtjbs erkprll` tget wk erk hlt eilhk jh tgk wlrin ehn lh tgk ltgkr sjnk l` tgk alrnkr tgkrk erkpklpik ijok us wjtg tgk sedk hkkns.


50/82


>5

Jh tgjs petg, es ges geppkhkn wjtg tgk iehfuefk ehn buiturk, wget wes prkvjlusiy tglufgtes "lur", hlw ges e dubg arlenkr ehn ikss jhnjvjnueijstjb dkehjhf jh tgjs filaeijzkn wlrin.Jh èbt, filaeijzetjlh, ebblrnjhf tl slbjlilfjst Resoje Resskh, js nk`jhkn es "e prlbkss tgetnkhetjlheijzks wget ges akkh blhstrubtkn es hetjlhei." (1337) Jh ltgkr wlrns, wget wesuhnkrstlln ak`lrk es e bluhtrys kxbiusjvk hlw ges filaei njdkhsjlhs, wget wes lhbk

blhsjnkrkn es e bkrtejh frlups lwh akbldks pert l` tgk wlrin gkrjtefk.

Slp Buiturk, ùkikn, wjnksprken ehn rkblh`jfurkn ay tgk dknje, ges akkh pertjbuieriye``kbtkn ay tgk gufk edluht l` jh`lrdetjlh tget ìlws `rld lhk sjnk l` tgk wlrin tl tgkltgkr. ^gk trkhn js tlwerns e Filaei Slp Buiturk tget pjbos up kikdkhts l` eii frketbuiturks, tgk demlr dknje jblhs, wgkrk wk bluin `jhn sldktgjhf `rld Gliiywlln,Aliiywllnehn Bgliiywlln5>.

Blhsudkrs l` tgjs hkw Slp Buiturkerk hlt jhtkrkstkn jh jhtkiikbtuei lr gjstlrjbei prlpkrtyl` wget tgky ijok tl blhsudk es ilhf es tgky erk eaik tl blhsudk jt. Nurjhf tgk 63's, jh tgkBlin Ver neys, Vkstkrh buiturk wes `lrajnnkh jh tgk [.R.R.Q. Glwkvkr, tgk yluhfstkrsdehefkn tl fkt tgk Aketiks rkblrns ehn fetgkrkn tl ijstkh tl tgkd biehnkstjhkiy. Jt njnhtdettkr j` tgk dusjb tgky wkrk khmlyjhf sl dubg wes denk ay "tgk khkdy", jt wes wgettgk wlrin wes ijstkhjhf tl ehn tgky wehtkn tl ak pert l` tgk wevk tll.

Hlw, wjtg eii l` tgk kesk dknje fjvks us wk beh khmly e frket buiturei au``kt jh wgjbg wkbeh try e ijttik ajt l` kvkrytgjhf. Vk hl ilhfkr teio ealut blsdlplijtehjsd jh e plijtjbei lrjnklilfjbei skhsk, aut eisl buiturei. Vk beh teio hlw ealut Slp Blsdlplijtehjsd.

^gk tkrd wes bljhkn ay Derbkil Ruerkz-Lrlzbl ehn Nksjrkk A. Ujh-Gjiiern jh tgkjr alloFilaeijzetjlh= Buiturk ehn Knubetjlh jh tgk Hkw Djiikhjud (133>). Gkhry Mkhojhs, e

prl`ksslr et tgk Rlutgkrh Beij`lrhje [hjvkrsjty ehn eutglr l` skvkrei allos lh SlpuierBuiturk ehn dknje, nk`jhks Slp Blsdlplijteh es "sldklhk wglsk kdarebk l` filaeiplpuier dknje rkprkskhts eh ksbepk rlutk lut l` tgk perlbgjeijsd l` gkr ilbeibldduhjty." (1330)

Vk beh sey tget plp blsdlplijtehs blhstrubt tgkjr jnkhtjty `rld plpuier nkdlhstretjlhs`rld ehywgkrk jh tgk wlrin rkfernikss l` tgkjr lrjfjh wgkhkvkr tgky `kki jnkhtj`jkn wjtgtgkd. Jh èbt, "tgk plp blsdlplijtehs tgkdskivks erk eaik tl ùrtgkr tgkjr lwh kxplsurkehn bgllsk `rld wget tgk wlrin ges tl l``kr (ijdjtkn tl wget js lh tgk Jhtkrhkt, l` blursk)jh tkrds l` plpuier buiturk." (Srengeh, 1353)

^gehos tl tgk gypkrijho wk beh stert lur vjrtuei tlur lh e hkws plrtei ehn khn up lh ewkasjtk nknjbetkn tl ^gej bujsjhk. ^gk verjkty l` blhtkht tget wk `jhn lh tgk Jhtkrhkt js esvest es tgkrk erk sters jh tgk uhjvkrsk ehn tgk vlietjijty l` tgk uskr's ettkhtjlh wgjiksur`jhf tgk hkt js vkry gjfg. Must e ijttik njstrebtjlh, e strjojhf jdefk lr sluhn js khlufg `lrus tl mudp `rld lhk tlpjb tl ehltgkr. Runnkhiy, wk bldk ebrlss sldktgjhf wk'vk hkvkr

5>^gk tkrd Bgliiywlln bldks rld Bglilehn Gliiywlln, ehn rk`krs tl bkikarjtjks ehn sglwajz jh Skru.


51/82


>1

skkh lh tkikvjsjlh lr gkern lh tgk renjl. Dehy njsblvkrkn Oplptget wey. Dehy ltgkrs,ehjdk.

^l ak e plp blsdlplijteh, es Srengehsuffksts, js eh eidlst jhnjspkhseaik rkqujrkdkht tlgevk ebbkss tl tgk Jhtkrhkt, lr et ikest akilhf tl e slbjei bjrbik tget ges ebbkss tl tget

piet`lrd ehn wgl sgerk sjdjier jhtkrksts. ^gk Jhtkrhkt js e vest ijarery l` Slp Buiturk autdlrk jdplrtehtiy, jt js e demlr jhtkrhetjlhei `lrud. Zluhfstkrs ehn tkkhefkrs `rld eiilvkr tgk wlrin dkkt tgkrk tl sgerk jh`lrdetjlh ealut tgkjr `evlrjtk aehns lr tl tked up`lr pieyjhf lhijhk fedks. Gkrk iehfuefk aerrjkrs erk hlt jdplrteht, tgk jdplrteht tgjhf jstl gevk tgk sedk glaajks ehn, lvkr tjdk, tgk sedk buiturei pettkrhs.

Mkhojhs js ewerk l` tgk khlrdlus pl

Documents

POP POWER: Pop Diplomacy for a Global Society