Poor Places, Thriving People

8/7/2019 Poor Places, Thriving People

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Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka


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Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

New tna Bhjjka Adst dfj

Fertn Dlrhid Idf _hsa Doeva

Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthas

B A F D J A \ A K E P B A F Z _ A P E _ Z


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?044 Zna Hftarfdthefdk Odfc ler _aiefstruithef dfj Javakepbaft / Zna ]erkj Odfc4>4> N Ytraat F]]dsnhfmtef JI ?0:99Zakapnefa7 ?0?-:=9-4000

Hftarfat7 www.werkjodfc.erm

Dkk rhmnts rasarvaj

4 ? 9 : 49 4? 44 40

Znhs vekuba hs d prejuit el tna stdll el tna Hftarfdthefdk Odfc ler _aiefstruithef dfj Javakep-baft / Zna ]erkj Odfc. Zna lhfjhfms, hftarpratdthefs, dfj iefikushefs axprassaj hf tnhs vekubaje fet faiassdrhky ralkait tna vhaws el tna Axaiuthva Jhraiters el Zna ]erkj Odfc er tna mev-arfbafts tnay raprasaft.

Zna ]erkj Odfc jeas fet mudrdftaa tna diiurdiy el tna jdtd hfikujaj hf tnhs werc. Zna

oeufjdrhas, iekers, jafebhfdthefs, dfj etnar hflerbdthef snewf ef dfy bdp hf tnhs werc je fethbpky dfy gujmabaft ef tna pdrt el Zna ]erkj Odfc iefiarfhfm tna kamdk stdtus el dfy tarrhteryer tna afjersabaft er diiaptdfia el suin oeufjdrhas.

_hmnts dfj ParbhsshefsZna bdtarhdk hf tnhs puokhidthef hs iepyrhmntaj. Iepyhfm dfj/er trdfsbhtthfm perthefs er dkk eltnhs werc whtneut parbhsshef bdy oa d vhekdthef el dppkhidoka kdw. Zna Hftarfdthefdk Odfc ler_aiefstruithef dfj Javakepbaft / Zna ]erkj Odfc afieurdmas jhssabhfdthef el hts werc dfjwhkk ferbdkky mrdft parbhsshef te raprejuia perthefs el tna werc prebptky.

Ler parbhsshef te pneteiepy er raprhft dfy pdrt el tnhs werc, pkadsa safj d raquast whtn ieb-pkata hflerbdthef te tna Iepyrhmnt Ikadrdfia Iaftar Hfi., ??? _esaweej Jrhva, Jdfvars, BD

048?9, QYD3 takapnefa7 8=>-=10->:003 ldx7 8=>-=10-::=03 Hftarfat7 www.iepyrhmnt.ieb.Dkk etnar quarhas ef rhmnts dfj khiafsas, hfikujhfm suoshjhdry rhmnts, sneukj oa djjrassaj te tnaEllhia el tna Puokhsnar, Zna ]erkj Odfc, 4>4> N Ytraat F], ]dsnhfmtef, JI ?0:99, QYD3ldx7 ?0?-1??-?:??3 a-bdhk7 [email protected].

HYOF7 8=>-0->?49->9?4--0->?49->:?9-=JEH7 40.418-0->?49->9?4--0->?49->9?4-< HYOF 8=>-0->?49->:?9-= (akaitrefhi)

4. Hfjustrhdk keidthefBhjjka Adst. ?. Hfjustrhdk keidthefDlrhid, Fertn. 9. Bhjjka AdstAiefebhi iefjhthefs_amhefdk jhspdrhthas. :. Dlrhid, FertnAiefebhi iefjhthefs_amhefdkjhspdrhthas. 1. Ypdia hf aiefebhis. H. ]erkj Odfc.NI:41.41.W8J1=< ?044998.:'


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Ieftafts

Praldia xvhh

Dicfewkajmbafts xhx

Dooravhdthefs xxh

4 Evarvhaw 4

Zna Pekhthidk Jabdfj7 Ypdthdk Aquhty whtn Prejuithvhty 4Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthas hf Khvhfm Ytdfjdrjs7 Qfievarhfm

tna Zrutn 9

Pekhiy Pdicdma 4. Kavak tna Pkdyhfm Lhakj dfj tnaEppertufhty ler Nubdf Javakepbaft hfPeer Pkdias 44

Pekhiy Pdicdma ?. Ieffait Peer Pkdias te tna Pekas elJavakepbaft ?9

Pekhiy Pdicdma 9. Qfjarphf Prhvdta Yaiter Hftarast hfFefkadjhfm Drads ?_alarafias 18

9 Jhdmfesa te Prasirhoa7 Qfievarhfm tna Zrutn

doeut Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthas


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Ieftafts vhh

_amhefdk Zrdja Ldihkhtdthef Bdttars Iruihdkkyler Kdmmhfm Drads ??>

Prherhthas ler Hbprevhfm Yphkkevar Ieffaithvhty ?90Akaitrefhi Prexhbhty7 Faw Zeek ler tna Hftamrdthef

el Kdmmhfm Drads ?9?Afjfetas ?:4_alarafias ?:4

< Pekhiy Pdicdma 9. Qfjarphf Prhvdta Yaiter Hftarast

hf Fefkadjhfm Drads ?:=

Jhllhiukty dfj Axpafsa el Qshfm Puokhi Befay teKura Javakepbaft te Kdmmhfm Drads ?10

BAFDs Leius ef Qshfm Puokhi _aseurias te EvarrhjaAiefebhas el Dmmkebardthef ?14Lhfdfihdk Hfiafthvas te Ytaar tna Ypdthdk Pdttarf el

Javakepbaft Ndva Fet Oaaf Yuiiassluk ?1:Faw Pdrdjhmb el _amhefdk Aiefebhi

Javakepbaft Pekhiy ?1>_adkhzhfm Dmrhiukturdk Petafthdk tnreumn Ikustars ?


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vhhh Ieftafts

Oex ?.? D Bhmrdfts ]hla Nds Jhllhiukthas whtn tnaKeidk Dutnerhthas :=

Oex ?.9 Bhfj Xeur Kdfmudma! 10Oex 9.4 Zna Fhka Jaktd7 Qrodf, _urdk . . . er

_urodf5


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x Ieftafts

Lhmura ?.< Bdtinhfm Pekhiy Pdicdmas teKdmmhfm Drads 1=

Lhmura 9.4 BAFD Hs Dmmkebardtaj ler Hts Kavak elJavakepbaft 1

Lhmura 9.= _abeva Jabemrdpnhi dfj AjuidthefdkJhllarafias, dfj tna Drdo _apuokhi el AmyptsQrodf-_urdk Jhvhja Ynrhfcs Dwdy, ?001 >1

Lhmura 9.> Jghoeuths Hftarjhstrhit Jhspdrhthas7 Zdjgeurdndfj Eoeic Kdm hf d Jhllaraft ]dy lrebDkh-Ydohan dfj Jhcnhk >=

Lhmura 9.8 Jghoeuths _urdk-Qrodf Mdp, ?00? >=Lhmura 9.40 Hftarmevarferdta Jhspdrhthas Dra Ybdkk dfj

Kdrmaky Jabemrdpnhi hf Gerjdf >>Lhmura 9.44 Jabemrdpny dfj Ajuidthef Je Fet Idusa

Hftarramhefdk Jhspdrhthas hf Kaodfef >8Lhmura 9.4? Hftarprevhfihdk Jhspdrhthas Dra Tuhta Bejast

dfj Fet tna Ldukt el Jabemrdpny hfBereiie 80

Lhmura 9.49 Zna _urdk-Qrodf Mdp Hs Kdrma dfj IdffetOa Axpkdhfaj Dwdy oy Jabemrdpny erAjuidthef hf Bereiie, 488> 84

Lhmura 9.4: Kdmmhfm Mevarferdtas Dra d JabemrdpnhiPnafebafef3 Ajuidthef Hs Fet tna Hssuahf tna Yyrhdf Drdo _apuokhi 8?

Lhmura 9.41 Jabemrdpny dfj Ajuidthef Axpkdhf doeutd Znhrj el Hftarmevarferdta dfj _urdk-QrodfHfaqudkhty hf _apuokhi el Xabaf 89

Lhmura 9.4< Zna Hskdbhi _apuokhi el Hrdfs JabemrdpnhiZrdfshthef Oamdf hf Qrodf Drads 81Lhmura 9.4= Hftar-Estdf Jhspdrhthas Ynrhfc evar

Zhba hf tna Hskdbhi _apuokhi el Hrdf 400


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xhh Ieftafts

Lhmura :.49 _urdk-Qrodf Jhspdrhthas hf YdfhtdthefIevardma 4=9

Lhmura :.4: Iebbejhty Yuoshjhas7 D Ohm Ykhia elBAFDs MJP 4>4

Lhmura :.41 Ypdthdk Hfihjafia el Idsn ZrdfslarPremrdb, Hrdq 4>:

Lhmura :.4< Fdthefdk Pepukdthef Mrewtn QfjarkhasQrodf dfj Ykub Pepukdthef Mrewtn hftna Drdo _apuokhi el Amypt dfj Zufhshd 48?

Lhmura :.4= Yeba el Idhres Best \dkudoka Kdfj Hs_asarvaj ler Dmrhiuktura 48=

Lhmura 1.4 Pdvaj _edjs Jafshty7 BAFD Iebpdras]akk whtn Etnar Bhjjka-Hfieba Ieuftrhas ?4>

Lhmura 1.? BAFD _amhef Iefiaftrdtas efPdvaj _edjs Bera Zndf hf IebpdrdterAiefebhas ?48

Lhmura 1.9 _urdk Diiass7 BAFD varsus Iebpdrdter_amhefs ???

Lhmura 1.: BAFD Hs d _amhef el Jdfmareus _edjs ??1Lhmura 1.1 Dvardma _dtas el _edj Irdsn Ldtdkhthas par

Idphtd dfj _amhstaraj \anhikas hf BAFD_amhef dfj hf Iebpdrdter Ieuftrhas ??>Khst el Bdps

Bdp 4.4 D Pekhiy-Erhaftaj Ypdthdk Zypekemy eltna Bhjjka Adst dfj Fertn Dlrhid 4?

Bdp ?.4 Ypdthdkky Iefiaftrdtaj Aiefebhi Dithvhtyhf Khoyd (kalt) dfj Hrdq (rhmnt) :4

Bdp 9.4 BAFDs Peicats el Fefdrhjhty


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Ieftafts xhhh

Bdp 9.: _abhttdfia Hfieba Ikustars hf tna_apuokhi el Xabaf 444

Bdp 9.1 D Pekhiy-Erhaftaj Ypdthdk Zypekemy eltna Bhjjka Adst dfj Fertn Dlrhid _amhef 44:

Bdp :.4 Patrekaub Prejuit Yuoshjhas AxdiarodthfmYpdthdk Jhspdrhthas hf Hrdq 4>?

Bdp :.? Pevarty Hfihjafia dfj Pevarty Mdps hf tnaYyrhdf Drdo _apuokhi 4>=

Bdp :.9 Pevarty Mdps hf tna _apuokhi el Xabaf 4>8Bdp 1.4 Zrufc _edj Ieffaithvhty Hs Meej ]nara

tna Paepka Dra7 Zrdvak Zhba hf Neurs te dIhty el Bera Zndf 100,000 Hfndohtdfts,whtn Ikesaj Oerjars ?41

Bdp 1.? Ybeetn Oerjar Iresshfms ]eukj MhvaKdmmhfm Oerjar _amhefs d Oattar Indfiael Oafalhthfm lreb Yphkkevar Ieffaithvhty7Zrdvak Zhba hf Neurs te d Ihty el BeraZndf 100,000 Hfndohtdfts, whtn Ware-NeurOerjar Iresshfms ??8

Bdp


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xhv Ieftafts

Zdoka 9.1 _urdk dfj Ykub Pepukdthefs hf BAFD =>Zdoka 9.< ]nara Jeas tna Qrodf-_urdk Jhvhja

Ieuft5 >0Zdoka 9.= ]nara Jeas tna Hftarprevhfihdk Jhvhja

Ieuft5 >4Zdoka 9.> Axpkdhfhfm tna Jhllarafia oatwaaf par

Idphtd Iefsubpthef hf Qppar dfjKewar Amypt >9

Zdoka 9.8 Qrodf-_urdk Jhllarafias hf tna Iest elKhvhfm Pdrthdkky Idfiak Eut YpdthdkJhspdrhthas hf Ypafjhfm Pewar 8>

Zdoka 9.40 Zna Drdo _apuokhi el Amypt, ?0010>7Qrodf Iefvarmafia whtn _urdkJhvarmafia 409

Zdoka 9.44 Qrodfhzdthef whtneut Jarurdkhzdthef erBatrepekhtdfhzdthef 40>

Zdoka 9.4? Khttka Kdtardk _ajhstrhouthef elPepukdthef tewdrj Kadjhfm Prevhfias,Ydva hf Zufhshd 408

Zdoka 9.49 Kaodfefs Pepukdthef Jhstrhouthef OaiebasKass Dmmkebardtaj 44?

Zdoka 9.4: Hfjhidters el Pepukdthef Iefiaftrdthef 44Zdoka 9.4= Ieftrdsthfm Oredj _amhefs hf tna

Drdo _apuokhi el Amypt 4?4Zdoka 9.4> Pekhiy Hbpkhidthefs el Bukth-Kavak

Ypdthdk Dfdkyshs hf _urdk Qppar Amypt 4?9Zdoka :.4 Pekhthis Dllaits tna Yhza el d Ieuftrys

Kdrmast Ihty 499Zdoka :.? Pekhthidk _hmnts _ajuia Dmmkebardthef 49:Zdoka :.9 Fefbatrepekhtdf Paepka Ytdta Bera

Ieflhjafia hf Znahr Mevarfbafts 4:0Zdoka :.: BAFDs Iebbarihdk Odfcs Ndva

Axtafshva Fatwercs whtn Law Diieufts 4::Zdoka :.1 Zrdfslar Indrditarhsthis dfj Dkkeidthef

_ukas hf Yhx BAFD Aiefebhas 4:8Zdoka :.< Kewar Afrekkbaft _dtas ler _urdk

Inhkjraf, Aspaihdkky tna Peer 419Zdoka :.= Hfjhidters el _urdk-Qrodf Jhspdrhthashf Nadktn 4=>

Zdoka :.> Yeihdk _aseuria Zrdfslars hf BAFD 4>0


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Praldia

Ht hs few wakk cfewf tndt tna ikustarhfm el prejuithef hf bdger ihthas hs

d jrhvhfm leria el aiefebhi mrewtn. Newavar, tna mevarfbafts el tnaBhjjka Adst dfj Fertn Dlrhid (BAFD) dra jatarbhfaj te bdca suratndt tnahr ihthzafs oafalht lreb tnahr fdthefdk javakepbaft fe bdttarwnara tnay khva. Zna prhfihpka el aiefebhi gusthia bdcas whja mdps hfkhvhfm stdfjdrjs oatwaaf kadjhfm dfj kdmmhfm drads pekhthidkky hftekardoka.

Ye tna cay quasthef hs tnhs7 new idf BAFD radp tna oafalhts elaiefebhi dmmkebardthef wnhka bhthmdthfm maemrdpnhi jhspdrhthas hfwakk-oahfm5

Ht hs ndrj ler pekhiy bdcars te lhfj strdhmntlerwdrj djvhia ef kdmmhfm

drad javakepbaft. Znhs hs fet surprhshfm, mhvaf tna ieftrevarsy tndtaxhsts dbefm tna axparts dfj tna jhvarshty el keidthefs. Lekkewhfm tna?008 ]erkj Javakepbaft _apert thtkaj_asndphfm Aiefebhi Maemrdpny,tna bebaft wds rhmnt te jrdw tematnar tna ]erkj Odfcs tnhfchfm efkdmmhfm drads hf BAFD.

Zna bdhf bassdmas el Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka7New tna Bhjjka Adstdfj Fertn Dlrhid Idf _hsa Doeva Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthasidf oa subbdrhzaj hfleur werjs7 paepka, ieffaithefs, ikustars, dfj hfsthtuthefs.

Zna surast wdy te nakp d kdmmhfm drad te idtin up hs te hfvast hf hts

paepka. D kdic el ajuidthef (aspaihdkky ler mhrks) dfj nhmn japafjafiyrdthes dra tna assafia el tna kdmmhfm ramhef pnafebafef.

BAFD nds d prexhbhty prabhub7 hts kdmmhfm drads pepukdthefs drardraky ldr lreb hts mrewtn nuos. Znhs rapert snews new sbdrt hfvast-bafts dfj pekhihas hf trdfspert idf ieffait peer pkdias te tnajyfdbhi aiefebhas el tnahr rhin fahmnoers. Znara hs dkse d whja-epaf lhakj el eppertufhty ler takaiebbufhidthefs te orhfm akaitrefhiprexhbhty te kdmmhfm drads.

xvhh


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xvhhh Praldia

Bdfy ieuftrhas ndva spaft numa subs ef suoshjhas te afthia hfvasterste kdmmhfm dradsusudkky whtneut dfy sustdhfdoka hbpdit. Znhs rapertraiebbafjs tndt mevarfbafts turf tnahr allerts tewdrj tna fawdppredin te keidk aiefebhi javakepbaft, wnhin hs mdhfhfm mreufjdreufj tna werkj, dfj hs odsaj ef aiefebhi ikustars, keidk iebpath-thva djvdftdma, prhvdta hfhthdthva, dfj puokhi-prhvdta jhdkemua.

BAFDs nhsterhidk kamdiy hs efa el iaftrdkhzaj dfj saiterdkky-iebpdrtbaftdkhzaj hfsthtuthefs. Newavar, ds tna ramhefs mevarf-bafts hfiradsa tnahr leius ef hftamrdtaj keidk javakepbaft, tnay draaxpkerhfm faw hfsthtuthefdk bejaks tndt dra bera suhtaj te tnahrfaajs. Zna rapert jasirhoas tna stdta-el-pkdy hf tarrhterhdk pkdffhfm,puokhi lhfdfihdk bdfdmabaft, tdrmataj premrdbs, jaiefiaftrdthef,

dfj jaiaftrdkhzdthef, dfj ht scatinas seba abarmhfm kassefs.Zna ]erkj Odfc hs iebbhttaj te tna javakepbaft el BAFDs kdmmhfmdrads. Hf Yendm, efa el tna Drdo _apuokhi el Amypts peerast mevar-ferdtas, ler axdbpka, tna Odfc lhfdfiaj iebbufhty-hjafthlhaj keidkhflrdstruitura suin ds sineeks dfj sdfhtdthef systabs. Zna _apuokhi elXabafs rdhflaj dmrhiuktura pregait hs rdhshfm ldrbars yhakjs dfj hfiebashf tna nhmnkdfjs dfj hf tna wdjhsel Zhndbd dfj tna Adstarf Pkdtadu. HfZufhshd, tna Odfc nds pdrtfaraj whtn tna Dmafiy ler _urdk Javakepbafthf tna fertnwast shfia 48>?. Eur dfdkythidk dfj djvhsery sarvhias teBAFD mevarfbafts ndva hfikujaj raperts ef tna hftarfdthefdk axparh-afia el tainfekemy pekas, orhalhfms ef tna kdtast trafjs hf keidk aiefebhijavakepbaft pekhiy, df epthefs pdpar ef tna dkkeidthef el hfvastbaftlufjs ler puokhi hflrdstruitura hf Ydujh Drdohd, dfj aiefebatrhi dfdkysasel tna idusas el spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf wakldra.

Znhs rapert iebohfas tna hfshmnts el spaihdkhsts hf tna bdgerhty el tna]erkj Odfcs cay saiters7 dmrhiuktura, javakepbaft aiefebhis, ajuid-thef, nadktn, pevarty dfdkyshs, seihdk pretaithef, dfj trdfspert. Ht hs tnaraperts bejast dhb, hl fet te ellar d shfmka lerbukd ler rajuihfm spdthdkjhspdrhthas, dt kadst te prepesa d rdfma el pekhiy epthefs tndt tna ramhefskadjars idf ralkait ef hf tna khmnt el tnahr fdthefdk eogaithvas.

Yndbsndj Dcntdr\hia Prashjaft, Bhjjka Adst dfj Fertn DlrhidZna ]erkj Odfc


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Dicfewkajmbafts

Znhs rapert wds prapdraj oy d tadb kaj oy Dkax Crabar dfj hfikujhfm

Kei ]nhtbera, Zaj Dkierf, Ndydt Dk-Ndrdzh, Ebdr Dkeuh, OrhdfOkdfcaspeer, Naod Akmdzzdr, _esa-Bdrha Asoar, Kuid Attar, Ldteu Ldkk,Ndssafa Cdssdr, Nhrebhinh Cdtdydbd, Ytapnaf Caffajy, Beurdj Cnd-kdjh, Ytapnaf Chfm, Dfdt Kawhf, Dfjrad Khvardfh, Dojeuk Bhghydwd,Ikdujhe Beftafamre, Yhjjhm Bufaar, Indroak Fdnds, Whdj Fdcdt, Bdm-dkha Prdjak, _dinhjh _djgh, Mujhvdjd _de, Gedfd Yhkvd, Astakka Yeb-bahkkar, Banbat Zensuf, Bhindak ]hksef, Yarjdr Xhkbdz, dfj DybdfWenry.

Zna paar ravhawars wara Inerinhfm Men, Jdfhak Kajarbdf, dfj

Bdrhsakd Beftekhu Buez.Bdfy paepka prevhjaj djvhia, out tna tadb mhvas spaihdk tndfcs te tnaraprasaftdthvas el Bhjjka Adst dfj Fertn Dlrhidf (BAFD) ieuftrhas dttna iefsuktdthefs hf ?00> dfj ?008 hf Bdrsahkka, ds wakk ds Hfjarbht Mhkk,Bdrhsakd Beftekhu Buez, Fdjd Ahssd, dfj tna EAIJ Puokhi Mevar-fdfia dfj Zarrhterhdk Javakepbaft Mreup. Dfjraw Ytefa, _uskdfXabtsev, dfj \hvhdf Nef prevhjaj vdkudoka tainfhidk djvhia. Gall Kaic-sakk el tna ]erkj Odfc's Prhfthfm, Mrdpnhis, dfj Bdp Jashmf Qfhtdsshstaj hf tna lerbukdthef dfj lhfdkhzdthef el tna bdps.

Zna tadb dicfewkajmas tna suppert el tna bukth-jefer MafjarDithef Pkdf.

xhx


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Dooravhdthefs

DOO Dithvhty-Odsaj Oujmathfm

DA_H Dmrhiukturdk Axperts dfj _urdk HfiebaD_I Dppdkdinhdf _amhefdk IebbhsshefDYADF Dsseihdthef el Yeutnadst Dshdf FdthefsO_Z ous rdphj trdfspert IIZ iefjhthefdk idsn trdfslarIMJ_ Iebbhssdrhdt Mfrdk ja Jvakeppabaft _mhefdk

(Mafardk Iebbhssdrhdt ler _amhefdk Pkdffhfm)IHDZ Hftarbhfhstarhdk Iebbhttaa ler Zarrhterhdk PkdffhfmJDKXs jhsdohkhty-djgustaj khla yadrs

JAI_M Javakepbaft Aiefebhis _asadrin Mreup (el tna]erkj Odfc)JNY Jabemrdpnhi dfj Nadktn YurvayJZ Zufhshdf jhfdrAAH Amypthdf Ajuidthef HfhthdthvaAKBE hfjax d badsura el aiefebhi gusthia3 direfyb lerbaj

lreb tna surfdbas el hts hfvafters7 Akoars,Kdfgeuw, Bhsthdaf, dfj zkar

A_\AZ Afta _amhefdka par kd \dkerhzzdzhefa Aiefebhid jak

Zarrhterhe (_amhefdk Hfsthtuthef ler ZarrhterhdkAiefebhi Javakepbaft)AYLJ Aiefebhi dfj Yeihdk Lufj ler JavakepbaftAYYOs tdokhssabafts ja sehfs ja sdft ja odsa (prhbdry nadktn

idra ldihkhthas)AQ Aurepadf QfhefAQF Amypthdf Qfhvarshthas FatwercLDE Leej dfj Dmrhiuktura ErmdfhzdthefLDEYZDZ LDE stdthsthidk jdtdodsa

LFY Lufj el Fdthefdk YekhjdrhtyMDAO Mafardk Dutnerhty ler Ajuidthef Ouhkjhfms

xxh


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xxhh Dooravhdthefs

MII Mukl Ieepardthef IeufihkMJP mress jebasthi prejuit MHY maemrdpnhidk hflerbdthef systabMFH mress fdthefdk hfiebaM_JP mress ramhefdk jebasthi prejuitNHAIY Neusanekj hfieba, axpafjhtura, dfj iefsubpthef

survayN_B Nubdf raseuria bdfdmabaftHIZ hflerbdthef dfj iebbufhidthefs tainfekemyHLP_H Hftarfdthefdk Leej Pekhiy _asadrin HfsthtutaHNYAY Hrdq Neusanekj Yeihe-Aiefebhi Yurvay HBIH Hftamrdtaj Bdfdmabaft el Inhkjneej HkkfassasHB_ hfldft bertdkhty rdtaHFJN Fdthefdk Nubdf Javakepbaft HfhthdthvaHFY Hfsthtut Fdthefdk ja kd Ytdthsthqua (Fdthefdk Ytdthsthis

Hfsthtuta) (Zufhshd)HYYHP Hftamrdtaj Ydfhtdthef dfj Yawardma dfj

Hflrdstruitura PregaitHZQ Hftarfdthefdk Zakaiebbufhidthefs QfhefGAH Gerjdf Ajuidthef HfhthdthvaKPH Kemhsthis Parlerbdfia HfjaxBDQP Bejhlhdoka Dradk Qfht PreokabBIHZ Bhfhstry el Iebbufhidthefs dfj Hflerbdthef

ZainfekemyBJIH Bhfhstry el Javakepbaft dfj Hftarfdthefdk

IeepardthefBANDZ Bhfhstry el Afvhrefbaft, Ndohtdt, dfj Zarrhterhdk

PkdffhfmBAFD Bhjjka Adst dfj Fertn DlrhidBAFD49 Ypaihlhidkky Dkmarhd, Jghoeuth, tna Drdo _apuokhi el

Amypt, tna Hskdbhi _apuokhi el Hrdf, Hrdq, Gerjdf,Kaodfef, Khoyd, Bereiie, tna Yyrhdf Drdo _apuokhi,Zufhshd, tna _apuokhi el Xabaf, dfj tna ]ast Odfcdfj Mdzd

BA_IEYQ_ Yeutnarf Iefa Iebbef Bdrcat (Baridje Iebfjak Yur)

BeA Bhfhstry el AjuidthefBPE Bdfdmabaft dfj Pkdffhfm ErmdfhsdthefFDL Fdthefdk Dhj LufjFDLZD Fertn Dbarhidf Lraa Zrdja Dmraabaft FNNY Fdthefdk Neusanekj YurvayF_AFs Fdthefdk _asadrin dfj Ajuidthef FatwercsF__P Fdthefdk _urdk _edjs Premrdb


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Dooravhdthefs xxhhh

FYJP Fdthefdk Yineek Javakepbaft PkdfEJAYXPDFE Ellhia ler Lerastry dfj Khvasteic Javakepbaft hf

tna fertnwastEAIJ Ermdfhsdthef ler Aiefebhi Ie-epardthef dfj

JavakepbaftE_B\Ds Ellhias _mhefdkas jas Bhsa af \dkaur DmrhiekaPIOY Pdkasthfhdf Iaftrdk Ouradu el YtdthsthisPAB puokhi axpafjhtura bdfdmabaftPNI prhbdry nadktn iaftarPHYD Premrdb ler Hftarfdthefdk Ytujaft Dssassbaft PBZ prexy badfs tasthfmPEY pehft-el-sdkaPPP purindshfm pewar pdrhty YJHs Yineek Javakepbaft HfhthdthvasYAWs spaihdk aiefebhi zefasYBAs sbdkk dfj bajhub aftarprhsasYFDZ Zarrhterhdk Bdstar Pkdf (Yinbd Fdthefdk

jDbfdmabaft ju Zarrhtehra)YYF Yeihdk Ydlaty FatZL_ tetdk larthkhty rdtaZHBYY Zrafjs hf Hftarfdthefdk Bdtnabdthis dfj Yihafia

YtujyZBA tetdk bdfdmaj axpafjhturaQC Qfhtaj ChfmjebQKE Qrodf Kdfj ErmdfhzdthefQF Qfhtaj FdthefsQFJP Qfhtaj Fdthefs Javakepbaft PremrdbbaQF-]HJA_ Qfhtaj Fdthefs ]erkj Hfsthtuta ler Javakepbaft

Aiefebhis _asadrinQYE ufhvarsdk sarvhia eokhmdthef]JH ]erkj Javakepbaft Hfjhidters]J_ ]erkj Javakepbaft _apert]LP ]erkj Leej Premrdbba (el tna QF)]QDs ]dtar Qsars Dsseihdthefs]\Y ]erkj \dkuas YurvayWJ_ Wefas ja Jvakeppabaft _mhefdk

Dkk jekkdrs dra hf QY$ ufkass etnarwhsa fetaj.


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27/391

Evarvhaw

Znhs hs d subbdry el tna ]erkj Odfcs ?040Bhjjka Adst dfj Fertn DlrhidJavakepbaft _apert ef spdthdk jhspdrhthas. Zna lukk rapert nds bera hf-japtn dfdkyshs dfj axdbpkas lreb tna ramhef dfj oayefj. Ht whkk oa dvdhk-doka efkhfa dfj lreb oeecsakkars hf Dumust ?040.

Ler tna hftarfdthefdk axparhafia el spdthdk javakepbaft dfj ramhefdkpekhiy, radjars bdy oa hftarastaj hf tna ]erkj Odfcs ?008 ]erkj Javak-epbaft _apert,_asndphfm Aiefebhi Maemrdpny.

Zna Pekhthidk Jabdfj7 Ypdthdk Aquhty whtn Prejuithvhty

Kadjars hf tna Bhjjka Adst dfj Fertn Dlrhid (BAFD)4 dra iefiarfajdoeut tna javakepbaft mdp oatwaaf kadjhfm dfj kdmmhfm drads. Ypdthdkkyufavaf javakepbaft bdy oa saaf ds d ldhkura el aiefebhi gusthia, er ds doatrdydk el tna seihdk ieftrdit oatwaaf tna mevarfbaft dfj tna mev-arfaj, dfj tndt bhmrdthef bdy trdfskdta hfte urodf jhsieftaft er indfmashf pekhthidk dfj seihdk rakdthefs.

Out BAFD mevarfbafts ndva dfetnar iefiarf tndt hs fe kass prass-hfm. Qfabpkeybaft rdtas dra ef dvardma bera tndf twhia ds nhmn dstnesa hf bhjjka-hfieba ieuftrhas werkjwhja. Iradthfm geos raquhrasiebpaththvafass dfj mrewtn.

Idf BAFD rdhsa khvhfm stdfjdrjs hf kdmmhfm drads whtneut iebpre-bhshfm aiefebhi prejuithvhty5 Znhs rapert dfswars yas dfj prepesas dpekhiy lrdbawerc ler jehfm se.

Ypdthdk Iefiaftrdthef whtn Ypdthdk Aquhty

Avarywnara hf tna werkj, aiefebhi dithvhty hs spdthdkky iefiaftrdtaj ler tnashbpka radsef tndt prejuithef hs bera allhihaft wnaf ht hs dmmkebardtaj.

4

INDPZA_ 4


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29/391

Evarvhaw 9

D Pekhiy Lrdbawerc ler Ypdthdk Aquhty whtn Aiefebhi Allhihafiy

Zna sekuthef te tna spdthdk jhspdrhty preokab khas hf idraluk keidk dfdkyshsdfj df dppreprhdta bhx el pekhihas tdhkeraj te tna indrditarhsthis el adin

kdmmhfm drad.Djdpthfm tna ?008 ]erkj Javakepbaft _apert, tnhs stujy axdbhfastnraa pekhiy pdicdmas (subbdrhzaj hf tdoka 4.4)7

Pdicdma 4 kavaks tna pkdyhfm lhakj dfj tna eppertufhty ler nubdf javak-epbaft hf kdmmhfm drads oy dkkewhfm oattar diiass te seihdk sarvhiasdfj df hbprevaj afvhrefbaft ler oushfass. Pekhiy Pdicdma 4 dppkhaste dkk kdmmhfm drads oaidusa ht rajuias spdthdk jhspdrhthas whtneut ieb-prebhshfm tna allhihafihas el spdthdk dmmkebardthef.

Pdicdma ? ieffaits peer pkdias te tna pekas el javakepbaft. PekhiyPdicdma ? dppkhas te kdmmhfm drads tndt dra ikesa te kadjhfm drads,wnara sphkkevar allaits idf rajuia spdthdk jhspdrhthas.

Pdicdma 9 ufjarphfs prhvdta saiter hftarast hf fefkadjhfm drads dfj jeasse whtneut rakyhfm ef suoshjhas. Pekhiy Pdicdma 9 dppkhas te kdmmhfmdrads wnara iebpaththva petafthdk hs bdfhlastaj oy prhvdta hfvasterhftarast. Zna dhb hs afieurdmhfm keidk aiefebhi mrewtn te rajuiaspdthdk jhspdrhthas.

Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthas hf Khvhfm Ytdfjdrjs7Qfievarhfm tna Zrutn

Zna spdthdk iefiaftrdthef el BAFD aiefebhas hs dppdraft te dkk. Outtna radkhty el spdthdk jhspdrhthasjhllarafias hf khvhfm stdfjdrjsraquhras idraluk axdbhfdthef. Ze bdtin tna pekhiy pdicdma te tna pkdia,

ZDOKA 4.4

Bdtinhfm Pekhiy Pdicdmas te Kdmmhfm Drads

Pekhiy pdicdma Drad el dppkhidohkhty

Pdicdma 4. Kavak tna pkdyhfm lhakj Dkk kdmmhfm drads

dfj tna eppertufhty ler nubdf

javakepbaft hf kdmmhfm drads

Pdicdma ?. Ieffait peer pkdias te Kdmmhfm drads ikesa afeumn te

tna pekas el javakepbaft kadjhfm drads te oafalht

Pdicdma 9. Qfjarphf prhvdta Drads wnara tna prhvdta saiter bhmntsaiter hftarast hf fefkadjhfm drads saa ufradkhzaj mrewtn petafthdk

Yeurias7 Ytujy Zadb dfj ]erkj Odfc ?008.


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: Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

pekhiy bdcars bust ufjarstdfj tna ufhqua indrditarhsthis el adin kdmmhfmdrad.

Yeba pehftaj quasthefs idf nakp hfjhidta tna wdy lerwdrj. Lhrst, hsmaemrdpny radkky d bdger ieftrhouter te seiheaiefebhi hfaqudkhty5 Yai-efj, hs df drad kdmmhfm oaidusa el kew aiefebhi eppertufhty er oaidusael peer nubdf javakepbaft5 Znhrj, dssubhfm d mafuhfa spdthdk hfaqudk-hty preokab jeas axhst, new nds ht avekvaj evar thba5 Dra kdmmhfm dradsiefvarmhfm whtn kadjhfm drads, er dra jhspdrhthas oaiebhfm whjar5 Hsrajhstrhouthef el pepukdthef lreb kdmmhfm te kadjhfm drads nakphfm tesekva tna preokab5

Znhs dfdkyshs whkk mrdppka whtn tna preokab el jhdmfeshfm spdthdkhfaqudkhty, snewhfm lhrst new te hjafthly jamraas el spdthdk hfaqudkhty dfjtnaf new te sapdrdta kdmmhfm drads hfte jhsthfithva typas.

Ldst Qrodfhzdthef out d Jakdyaj Zrdfshthef eut el Dmrhiuktura

BAFD jhllars lreb etnar javakephfm ramhefs hf dt kadst efa cayraspait. Zna ramhefs pepukdthefs dra bera dmmkebardtaj (urodfhzaj)tndf efa weukj axpait ler tnahr kavak el aiefebhi javakepbaft. ]nyhs tndt5 Ler efa tnhfm, best el tna kdfj hf tna BAFD ramhef hs tee drhjer beuftdhfeus te suppert sattkabaft dfj ldrbhfm. Iefsaquaftky,rurdk pepukdthefs nara ndva nhsterhidkky oaaf iefiaftrdtaj hf iedstdkstrhps, hf beuftdhf vdkkays, dfj dkefm tna rhvars. Oy faiasshty, tnaralera,BAFDs sattkaj drads ndva ndj nhmn pepukdthef jafshthas lreb df adrkyjdta. Efa hbpkhidthef el tnhs ldit hs tndt tna ramhef faajs kass djjhthefdkpepukdthef dmmkebardthef te eotdhf tna aiefebhas el dmmkebardthefleufj hf javakepaj ieuftrhas.

BAFD hs urodfhzhfm ldst7 ef dvardma, ieuftrhas wara


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Evarvhaw 1

LHMQ_A 4.4

BAFDs Dmrhiukturdk Kdoer Leria Hs Mrewhfm Ldst _akdthva te Hts

Kavak el Javakepbaft

dffudkdmrhiukturdkkdoerleriamrewtn(pariaft)

0 pariaft el tna jhllarafia hf par idphtd iefsubpthef oatwaafQppar Amypt dfj Kewar Amypt hs jua te jabemrdpny. Dt tna ramhefdkkavak, tnaralera, tna pekhiy abpndshs sneukj oa ef evariebhfm QpparAmypts jabemrdpnhi ndfjhidp.

Ds d mevarferdta, Qppar Amypt snews whja jhspdrhthas lreb jhstrhit tejhstrhit hf diiass te puokhi sarvhias dfj nadktn idra, se ht hs iruihdk lerdutnerhthas te dkkeidta puokhi seihdk hfvastbaft pregaits te prherhty drads.Zna mevarfbafts kemhidk pekhiy raspefsa nds, tnaralera, oaaf te abpnd-shza oetteb-up, pdrthihpdtery pkdffhfm el seihdk hflrdstruitura, whtnlhfdfihdk dkkeidthefs tdrmathfm tna peerast jhstrhits.

Ds d iekkaithef el iebbufhthas, Qppar Amypt idf oafalht lreb tna fawtainfhqua el pevarty bdpphfm, wnhin dkkews pekhiy bdcars te dfdkyzaspdthdk jhspdrhthas oakew tna prevhfia kavak. Hf BAFD, tnhs tainfhquaravadks tna jhspdrhthas hf wakldra oatwaaf fahmnoerhfm vhkkdmas, ds wakk dsmaemrdpnhidkky sbdkk peicats el jafsa pevarty hf kdrma ihthas. Dt tnhs kavak,pekhiy raspefsas sneukj hfikuja vhkkdma-kavak tdrmathfm el puokhi seihdkhfvastbaft pregaits dfj tdrmathfm el jafsa pevarty peicats hf rhinarurodf drads.

]htn tna hbpertdfia el jhdmfeshs ler bdtinhfm pekhihas te pkdiasbdja ikadr, wa dra few radjy te prasaft tna tnraa pekhiy pdicdmasjasirhoaj dt tna eutsat.

Pekhiy Pdicdma 4. Kavak tna Pkdyhfm Lhakj dfj tnaEppertufhty ler Nubdf Javakepbaft hf Peer Pkdias

Dkk kdmmhfm drads ndva efa tnhfm hf iebbef7 tnay jasarva aqudk pekhiytradtbaftd kavak pkdyhfm lhakj ler javakepbaft, efa tndt whkk rajuiaspdthdk jhspdrhthas hf khvhfm stdfjdrjs wnhka katthfm tna bdrcat jatarbhfatna spdthdk jhstrhouthef el aiefebhi dithvhty, tnus saiurhfm oetn tna aie-febhi oafalhts el dmmkebardthef dfj tna pekhthidk oafalhts el spdthdk


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4? Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

aquhty. Znhs hs tna medk el eur lhrst pekhiy pdicdma, wnhin hs dppkhidoka hfdkk ihriubstdfias dfj tna efky pdicdma suhtdoka ler lrhfma drads.

Nhstery Nds Kalt df Qfavaf Pkdyhfm Lhakj ler Javakepbaft

Znara hs d strefm stdthsthidk rakdthefsnhp oatwaaf pekhthidk hfsthtuthefs dfjspdthdk javakepbaft7 tna kass diieuftdoka d stdta, tna bera dmmkebardtajhts pepukdthef. Znhs lhfjhfm bhmnt oa oaidusa ufjabeirdthi stdtas tafjte famkait paepka hf eutkyhfm drads.

kdmmhfm

fefkdmmhfm

pepukdthef

jafsa

spdrsa

axtrabaky kew pepukdthef

whtnhf 9 neurs el d bdger ihty

BDP 4.4

D Pekhiy-Erhaftaj Ypdthdk Zypekemy el tna Bhjjka Adst dfj Fertn Dlrhid

Yeurias7 Akavdthef, Y_ZB90 (?000)3 kdfj ievar, MKI?000 (?000)3 pepukdthef, Kdfjsidf (?001)3 rdhk, \BDP0 (488=)3 rhvars, IHD ]erkj Jdtd Odfc HH

(48>0s)3 redjs, Aure-baj (?000) dfj \BDP0 (488=)3 skepa, hf jamraas, Y_ZB90 (?000)3 urodf drads, MP]9-M_QBP (?000)3 wdtar oejhas, Mkeodk

Kdcas dfj ]atkdfjs Jdtdodsa kdyar 4 (?00:).

Feta7 Kdmmhfm drads raprasaft :0 pariaft el tna djbhfhstrdthva ufhts oy ieuftry tndt ndva tna nhmnast rdtas el pevarty, dfj fefkdmmhfm drads

raprasaft tna rabdhfhfm djbhfhstrdthva ufhts. Qshfm Faksefs (?00>) batnejekemy te idkiukdta d trdvak thba bejak, fadr hs jalhfaj ds d trdvakthba kass tndf er aqudk te 9 neurs lreb d ihty el 100,000, dfj jhstdft ralars te dfy trdvak thba mradtar tndf 9 neurs. Diierjhfm te pepukdthef

jafshty jdtd lreb Kdfjsidf (E_FK ?001), jafsa hs jalhfaj ds bera tndf 10 paepka par squdra chkebatar, dfj spdrsa ievars tna rabdhfjar.

Drads whtn pepukdthef jafshty kass tndf 4 dra jhspkdyaj hf wnhta.


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Evarvhaw 49

BAFDs pekhthidk nhstery nds kalt oanhfj d spdthdk ohds hf ldver el bat-repekhtdf drads. Bdfy el tna ieftabperdry jrhvars el spdthdk ohds me odic

te tna iekefhdk ard.Dt hfjapafjafia, best el tejdys BAFD stdtas wara leufjaj efoakhal hf tna stdtas idpdihty te ramukdta seihdk dfj aiefebhi rakdthefs.Mevarfdfia ufjar Ettebdf dfj Aurepadf ruka wds odsaj ef tna javak-epbaft el strefm iaftrdk ouraduirdihas. Iekefhdk tdx systabs afieurdmajd famkait el kdmmhfm ramhefs dfj snhltaj d kdrma sndra el tdx ravafuas dwdylreb tna prevhfias te tna idphtdk ramhef. Hf tna yadrs hbbajhdtaky lek-kewhfm hfjapafjafia, iaftrdk djbhfhstrdthefs axpdfjaj, dfj pewarrabdhfaj iefiaftrdtaj dt tna idphtdk.

Hf idtarhfm assafthdkky te tna batrepekhs, iekefhdk bdfdmabaftdvehjaj rajrasshfm ramhefdk hfaqudkhthas. Qfjar oetn Ettebdf ruka dfjAurepadf iekefhzdthef, stdtas sarvaj ds prevhjars te tna batrepekhs. Hfldverhfm raseuria axtrdithef evar aiefebhi javakepbaft, tna iekefhdk


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4: Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

pewars iradtaj df aiefebhi maemrdpny el usaluk varsus usakassramhefs. Jhsdjvdftdmaj paepka wara jhvhjaj dkefm atnfhi dfj rakhmheuskhfas te pravaft tnahr dkkhdfia dmdhfst tna mevarfbaft. Zna javakepbaftel batrepekhs- dfj axpert-erhaftaj aiefebhas suosaquaftky afieurdmajiedstdk dmmkebardthef.

Abphrhidk batrhis summast tndt tna BAFD stdtas dra kass axtarfdkkydiieuftdoka tndf etnar ieuftrhas dt shbhkdr kavaks el javakepbaft. ]htn-eut lerbdk drrdfmabafts ler spradjhfm diieuftdohkhty, jaihshef bdcars drabest khcaky te oa diieuftdoka te tnesa whtn wneb tnay jadk jhraitky hf tnaidphtdksmhvhfm rhsa te df urodf ohds. Dfj raiaftky, seba ieuftrhas ehkdfj mds ravafuas pkdiaj numa dbeufts el raseurias hf tna ndfjs el tna iaf-trdk djbhfhstrdthef. Znasa lditers afieurdmaj iaftrdkhzdthef, diiaftudthfmladturas tndt bejarf BAFD stdtas hfnarhtaj lreb tnahr iekefhdk pdst.

BAFDs mevarfbafts dra few saachfm te ravarsa tna pekhthidk jrhvars elspdthdk jhspdrhthas hf raspefsa te savardk javakepbafts, hfikujhfm rhshfmurodf ufabpkeybaft3 tna rakdthvaky peer parlerbdfia el iaftrdkkypkdffaj aiefebhas werkjwhja3 tna khbhtaj dohkhty el fef-ehk-axperthfmieuftrhas te suoshjhza puokhi abpkeybaft dfj prejuithef3 dfj tna spradjel takaiebbufhidthefs, bhmrdthef, dfj tna oredjidst bajhd, wnhin ndsbdja tna pepukdthefs el kdmmhfm drads bera dwdra el spdthdk hfaqudkhthas.

Ze iradta d kavak pkdyhfm lhakj ler javakepbaft, BAFDs pekhiy bdc-ars whkk, tnaralera, faaj te rabeva tna nhsterhidk jhsdjvdftdmas ldiaj oypepukdthefs hf parhpnardk drads. Zna dppredin idf oa orecaf jewf hfteleur dithef drads7

Hbprevhfm tna hfvastbaft ikhbdta hf kdmmhfm drads

Hftamrdthfm tna spdthdk jhbafshef hfte puokhi axpafjhtura bdfdmabaft

Bdchfm ajuidthef, nadktn, dfj sdlaty fats sarva kdmmhfm-dradpepukdthefs

Ldihkhtdthfm urodf mrewtn

New te Kavak Yuofdthefdk Jhspdrhthas hf tna Hfvastbaft Ikhbdta

Jdtd ler tna BAFD _amhef summast tndt jhspdrhthas hf tna hfvastbaftikhbdta (iefshsthfm el tna hfsthtuthefdk ieftaxt dfj hflrdstruiturdk odsa)dra dllaithfm tna spdthdk jhstrhouthef el aiefebhi dithvhty. Ytujhas hfBereiie dfj Amypt leufj df abphrhidk khfc oatwaaf spdthdk jhspdrhthashf tna hfvastbaft ikhbdta dfj spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf lhrb prejuithvhty. ]aidffet oa sura lreb tna jdtd tndt tnara hs d systabdthi hfvastbaft ikhbdtaohds dmdhfst kdmmhfm ramhefs. Ht hs ikadr, newavar, tndt BAFD nds shmfhl-hidft spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf tna hfvastbaft ikhbdta, wnhin ndva tna petaf-thdk te hflkuafia tna keidthef el aiefebhi dithvhty (lhmura 4.9).


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Evarvhaw 41

New idf pekhiy bdcars oamhf te kavak tna pkdyhfm lhakj ler prhvdtahfvastbaft diress BAFD Pesshohkhthas hfikuja bera trdfspdrafiy hf tnadppkhidthef el oushfass ramukdthefs hf kdmmhfm drads dfj tna prevhshef elirhthidk hflrdstruitura sarvhias hf tnahr ihthas. Fet dkk kdmmhfm drads ndvatna aiefebhi petafthdk te oafalht lreb hbprevabafts hf tna hfvastbaftikhbdta. Avhjafia lreb Amypt dfj Bereiie, newavar, summasts tndthbprevabafts hf tna hfsthtuthefdk afvhrefbaft ieukj oa dinhavaj dt drakdthvaky kew iest dfj weukj strefmky oafalht aftarprhsa prejuithvhty.

Puokhi Axpafjhtura Bdfdmabaft Nds d Ypdthdk Jhbafshef

Yavardk ieuftrhas eutshja BAFD ndva systabs dfj rukas ler trdichfm tnaspdthdk hfihjafia el axpafjhtura dfj ler afsurhfm tndt hftrdmevarfbaftdk

0 40 ?0 90 :0 10 0 80 400

_mhef Eudrmkd_mhef O Oeubarjs

_mhef J Erdf_mhef N Mndrjdd

_mhef I Okhjd_mhef D Dkmhars

_mhef M Ythl_mhef L Oerjg OD

_mhef A Dffdod

_mhef ZkabiafWdrqd

BhfydDkaxdfjrhd

YndrqhydMhzd

JdbhattdBafeulhd

_dodt/IdsdokdfidZdfmar-Zteudf

Jdcdnkhd

HsbdhkhdLsYattdt

Yuaz]ast Odfc

Oafh-YualMdzd Ytrhp

Pert YdhjDbbdf

IdhreHrohj

Oanahrd

Cdlr ak-snahcnMndrohd

Tdkyuohd

Dkmarhd

Amypt, Drdo _ap.

Gerjdf

Bereiie

]ast Odfc dfj Mdzd

LHMQ_A 4.9

D Iebpeshta Hfjax el Eogaithva Badsuras el tna Yuofdthefdk

Hfvastbaft Ikhbdta hf Dkmarhd, tna Drdo _apuokhi el Amypt,

Gerjdf, Bereiie, dfj tna ]ast Odfc dfj Mdzd

Yeuria7 Ytdll idkiukdthefs lreb ]erkj Odfc hfvastbaft ikhbdta survays.


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Evarvhaw 4=

(Gerjdf). Zna rasukts ler Bereiie summast tndt dltar tna raspefjaftsdma dfj tna neusanekj nadjs kavak el ajuidthef wara tdcaf hfte diieuft,tna rurdk-urodf lditer axpkdhfaj efky d vary sbdkk pariaftdma el dttdhf-baft mdps. Hfstadj, best el tna jhspdrhthas wara axpkdhfaj oy neusanekjindrditarhsthis. Yhbhkdrky hf Gerjdf, neusanekj aiefebhi stdtus wds tnabdhf jatarbhfdft el dttdhfbaft. Put shbpky, tnhs lhfjhfm badfs tndt tnaprherhty hs te bdca ht adshar ler peer neusanekjs te caap tnahr inhkjrafhf sineek, fet te ouhkj bera ldihkhthas hf peer pkdias.

]nhka spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf ajuidthefdk dttdhfbaft dra bestky jua teneusanekj indrditarhsthis, spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf ajuidthefdk dinhavabaft(kadrfhfm) dra kdrmaky jua te maemrdpnhi jhllarafias hf tna qudkhty elsineekhfm. Ht saabs tndt stujafts hf rurdk sineeks raiahva ajuidthef elkewar qudkhty tndf je tnesa hf urodf sineeks. Dktneumn tnara ndva oaafspaitdiukdr hfiradsas hf afrekkbaft hf tna BAFD _amhef, tnaaiefebhas ndva oaaf kass allaithva tndf iebpdrdter aiefebhas hf ief-varthfm tnesa hfvastbafts dfj afrekkbafts hfte ratafthef dfj kadrfhfm.Zna hjad tndt spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf kadrfhfm dinhavabaft bhmnt oakdrmaky jua te maemrdpnhidk jhllarafias hf ajuidthefdk qudkhty ralkaitstna sdba jhdmfeshs, out tnhs hs dt tna suofdthefdk rdtnar tndf tna hftar-fdthefdk kavak el dfdkyshs.

Mafjar jhspdrhthas hf ajuidthef dra dkse whjar hf rurdk drads hf savardkBAFD aiefebhas. _ajuihfm tnasa jhspdrhthas whkk nakp rajuia spdthdkjhspdrhthas hf javakepbaft evardkk.

Znasa dfdkysas ndva hbpertdft hbpkhidthefs ler pekhiy bdcars saachfmte rajuia spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf ajuidthef. Znay kadj te leur prherhty dxaste iebodt spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf ajuidthef.

_ajuihfm spdthdk jhspdrhthas ef tna jabdfj shja

_ajuihfm spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf qudkhty

_ajuihfm mafjar jhspdrhthas hf kdmmhfm drads

Qshfm spdthdk pkdffhfm tainfhquas te japkey dppreprhdta hflrd-struitura

Adin tnaba hs hkkustrdtaj whtn axdbpkas lreb eur idsa stujhas ef Amypt,Gerjdf, Bereiie, dfj tna _apuokhi el Xabaf.

_ajuihfm Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthas tnreumn Jabdfj-Yhja Hftarvafthefs

]a ndva dkradjy saaf tndt tna kew aiefebhi stdtus el inhkjraf hf kdmmhfmdrads bdy oa bera el df eostdika te ajuidthefdk dttdhfbaft tndf dra jhs-pdrhthas hf ajuidthefdk suppky. Znaralera, efa strdtamy ler rajuihfm spdthdkjhspdrhthas hs te bdca ht bera aiefebhidkky dttrdithva ler ldbhkhas te caaptnahr inhkjraf hf sineek. Ler axdbpka, hf iefjhthefdk idsn trdfslar pre-mrdbs, tna trdfslar el d wakldra oafalht japafjs ef tna raiahvars dithefs.


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4> Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

Zna ajuidthef iebpefafts el suin premrdbs djjrass jabdfj-shja eostd-ikas te ajuidthef oy ieftrhouthfm tewdrj tna iests el safjhfm d inhkj tesineek. Jdtd lreb Baxhie, Iekebohd, dfj Fhidrdmud ikadrky snew tnapetafthdk el iefjhthefdk idsn trdfslar premrdbs te hbpreva afrekkbaft.

_ajuihfm Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthas hf Tudkhty

Zna spdthdk japkeybaft el tadinars dfj djbhfhstrdters iradtashfaquhthas hf tna qudkhty el ajuidthef. Hf Bereiie, jhllhiukt khvhfmiefjhthefs hf rurdk drads kadj yeufm tadinars te beva te urodf dradsds seef ds tnay idf. Hf djjhthef, kavaks el dosaftaahsb dra nhmn, dfjtadinars dra ufjarusaj, werchfm kass tndf tna kamdk bhfhbub el?: neurs par waac. Hf Gerjdf, tadinhfm pests dra dwdrjaj te tnesawne ndva wdhtaj tna kefmast te mat tna faxt geo hf khfa. Hf Amypt, dshf Bereiie, tadinars bhmrdta lreb rurdk te urodf drads ds tnay mdhfaxparhafia. Lhfdkky, hf tna _apuokhi el Xabaf, tadinars dra ndpndz-drjky pkdiaj ef tna odshs el keidk hflkuafia, se sineeks hf kdmmhfm dradsdra ufkhcaky te eotdhf axparhafiaj tadinars.

Ht hs ikadr tndt hbprevhfm nubdf raseuria bdfdmabaft hf puokhi aju-idthef sarvhias hs irhthidk ler rajuihfm spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf ajuidthef qudk-hty. Keidk rairuhtbaft el tadinars dfj hfiafthvas suin ds hbprevaj khvhfmiefjhthefs dfj neushfm dra faiassdry te jrdw axparhafiaj tadinars dfjprhfihpdks te kdmmhfm drads. Dfj bera lerbdk, systabdthi, dfj faajs-odsajpesthfm preiajuras dra faajaj te oattar bdtin tadinars te vdidfihas.

Yineek javakepbaft hfhthdthvas ndva jabefstrdtaj mradt petafthdk lerhbprevhfm ajuidthef qudkhty hf tdrmataj maemrdpnhi drads. Znasa hfhthdthvasdra javakepbaft pkdfs bdfdmaj dt tna sineek kavak oy sineek oedrjs,tadinars, dfj pdrafts. Znhs dppredin rakhas ef tna idpdihty dfj bethvdthefel tna keidk sineek mevarfdfia iebbhttaa. Ht dkse prasuppesas tndt sineekprhfihpdks ndva tna schkks dfj bethvdthef te dit ds iebbufhty kadjars.

_ajuihfm Mafjar Jhspdrhthas hf Ajuidthef hf Kdmmhfm Drads

Zna hftardithef el mafjar jhspdrhthas dfj spdthdk jhspdrhthas iradtas whjamafjar mdps hf kdmmhfm drads. Hf Bereiie, ler axdbpka, tna mafjar mdpler khtardiy hs 1 pariaftdma pehfts hf urodf drads, iebpdraj te 91 par-iaftdma pehfts hf rurdk drads. _ajuihfm spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf mhrks ajuid-thef weukj dkse rabeva efa el tna idusas el spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf larthkhtyrdtas, wnhin weukj, hf turf, rajuia spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf japafjafiyrdthes dfj khvhfm stdfjdrjs.

Dfy hftarvafthef dhbaj dt rajuihfm spdthdk-mafjar jhspdrhthas hf aju-idthef sneukj oa bdja whtn mhrks ufhqua faajs hf bhfj. Ler axdbpka,premrdbs hf tna _apuokhi el Xabaf dra hbprevhfm khvhfm iefjhthefs lerlabdka tadinars hf kdmmhfm drads dfj rairuhthfm webaf tadinars keidkky.Iefjhthefdk idsn trdfslar premrdbs idf oa jashmfaj te prevhja ldbhkhas


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Evarvhaw 48

whtn spaihdk hfiafthvas te caap mhrks hf sineek. Ypdthdk pkdffhfm el puokhihfvastbaft hf ajuidthefsuin ds snertar jhstdfias oatwaaf sineeks dfjrashjafias, dfj djaqudta wdtar dfj sdfhtdthef idf ralkait mhrks ajuid-thefdk faajs.

Qshfm Ypdthdk Pkdffhfm Zainfhquas te Hbpreva tna Ypdthdk Allhihafiy

el Hflrdstruitura

Zna rdia te dinhava tna Bhkkaffhub Javakepbaft Medk el lukk prhbdrykavak iebpkathef nds mhvaf strefm abpndshs te sineek iefstruithef diresstna BAFD ramhef, out tna faaj ler reoust spdthdk pkdffhfm el hfvastbaftshs oaiebhfm urmaft. Ds tna medk el ufhvarsdk prhbdry afrekkbaft dfj ieb-pkathef iebas ikesa te dinhavabaft, pekhiy bdcars dra snhlthfm tnahr leiuste saiefjdry sineeks, wnhin dra bera axpafshva dfj ldrtnar lreb neba. Hfdjjhthef, pepukdthef jhstrhouthefs dra indfmhfm rdphjky whtn urodfhzdthefdfj tna spradj el tna jabemrdpnhi trdfshthef lreb kadjhfm te kdmmhfm drads.

Zna shtudthef hf savardk BAFD aiefebhas oadrs eut tna dssartheftndt reoust spdthdk pkdffhfm hs faiassdry. Zna _apuokhi el Xabaf ldias dfuboar el spdthdk hbodkdfias hf ajuidthef. Jasphta Amypts nhmn pepukd-thef jafshthas, tnara dra shmfhlhidft spdthdk hfaqudkhthas hf diiass te ajuid-thefdk hflrdstruitura. Gerjdf sullars lreb d sarheus spdthdk jhsaquhkhorhubhf tna jhstrhouthef el odshi dfj saiefjdry sineeks, kadjhfm te nhmn bdhf-tafdfia iests dfj kew uthkhzdthef rdtas.

Nadktn7 Ierraithfm Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthas hf Eutiebas

Maemrdpnhidk jhllarafias hf nadktn stdtus dra d bdger iefiarf ler pekhiybdcars. BAFD mevarfbafts spafj df dvardma el 9.9 pariaft el MJPef nadktn sarvhias, dfj, ds d bdttar el aquhty, tna hbpdit el tndt spafjhfmsneukj fet japafj ef d parsefs keidthef. Beraevar, tna parlerbdfia elnadktn systabs hf tna BAFD ramhef whkk hfiradshfmky oa badsuraj hftarbs el adin systabs dohkhty te radin bdrmhfdkhzaj paepka.

Indfmhfm Nadktn Yarvhias dfj Nadktn Eutiebas hf Peer Pkdias

Kdrma spdthdk jhspdrhthas axhst whtnhf tna BAFD aiefebhas hf nadktn eut-iebas dfj diiass te sarvhias. Znara dra keidkhzaj peicats el odj nadktnhfjhidters hf ieuftrhas suin ds Kaodfef, Amypt, Zufhshd, Gerjdf, dfjBereiie. Nadktn idra parseffak dra iefiaftrdtaj hf urodf drads, wnhindra khcaky te ellar nhmnar wdmas, oattar khvhfm iefjhthefs, dfj mradtareppertufhthas ler prelasshefdk javakepbaft3 newavar, kew-jafshty dradsndva bera ldihkhthas par idphtd. Znhs shtudthef bdy oa jua te tna jashra elpekhiy bdcars te bdca ldihkhthas maemrdpnhidkky diiasshoka te dkk ihthzafs,wnhin hflkdtas tna preperthef el ldihkhthas hf drads el kew jafshty. Hl wa puttnasa twe trafjs tematnar, rurdk ldihkhthas dra ufjarstdllaj dfj ufjarusaj


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?0 Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

iebpdraj whtn tnesa hf ihthas. Znus, ouhkjhfm ldihkhthas hf kdmmhfm drads hsfet tna dfswar.

Orhfmhfm Oattar Nadktn te Kdmmhfm Drads hf Jhllaraft ]dys

New, tnaf, idf BAFD mevarfbafts rajuia tna nadktn stdtus jhvhjaoatwaaf kadjhfm dfj kdmmhfm ramhefs5 Zna cay hs hbprevhfm tna qudkhtyel nadktn sarvhia jakhvary, rdtnar tndf hts sidka.

]naf ht iebas te strafmtnafhfm puokhi nadktn jakhvary ldihkhthas hf kdm-mhfm drads, suiiassluk hftarvafthefs ndva leiusaj ef stdll hfiafthvas dfjfefstdll raiurraft lufjhfm. Bereiies Hftamrdtaj Bdfdmabaft el Inhkj-neej Hkkfassas premrdb, ler axdbpka, leiusaj axpkhihtky ef stdll bethvdthef,whtn trdhfhfm dfj lraa neushfm ler parseffak hf kdmmhfm drads. Ypdthdkkydjdptaj jakhvary systabs ndva dkse prevaj iest-allaithva ler kew-jafshtydrads. Ler axdbpka, tna Hskdbhi _apuokhi el Hrdf nds strafmtnafaj ieb-bufhthas tnreumn trdhfhfm el keidk nadktn wercars te prevhja ldbhky pkdf-fhfm dfj raprejuithva nadktn idra. Ds d rasukt, sarvhia ievardma hf rurdkdrads nds hfiradsaj lreb fadrky :0 pariaft te 80 pariaft hf 41 yadrs.

Abphrhidk avhjafia lreb ieuftrhas ds jhspdrdta ds Iestd _hid, tnaHskdbhi _apuokhi el Hrdf, Yhfmdpera, Yrh Kdfcd, dfj tna Qfhtaj Chfm-jeb ravadks tna allhidiy el jabdfj-shja hftarvafthefs hf hbprevhfmnadktn stdtus hf kdmmhfm drads. D bukthtuja el jabdfj-shja lditers bdyoa khbhthfm tna axpdfshef el nadktn sarvhias hf kdmmhfm drads, fetdokykhbhtaj hfsurdfia ievardma. BAFDs nadktn hfsurdfia systabs tafj teoa khbhtaj te wadktnhar urodf rashjafts. Ytrdtamhas tndt dhb te axpdfjajuidthef, trdfspertdthef, futrhthef, wdtar, sdfhtdthef, dfj hfiebas hfkdmmhfm drads bdy ndva d strefmar allait ef spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf nadktneutiebas tndf d shbpka abpndshs ef tna steic el nadktn ldihkhthas. HfAmypt, premrdbs ndva leiusaj ef hfiradshfm webafs dwdrafass elnadktn hssuas dfj abpewarhfm webaf te tdca djvdftdma el ldbhky pkdf-fhfm sarvhias. Axpdfjhfm hfsurdfia pkdfs hfte peer drads, ds tna Hskdbhi_apuokhi el Hrdf nds jefa, idf dkse afieurdma puokhi dfj prhvdtaprevhjars te jakhvar dppreprhdta idra oy sthbukdthfm jabdfj.

Hbprevaj bdfdmabaft hflerbdthef systabs idf nakp nadktn japdrt-bafts afsura allhihaft tdrmathfm el raseurias. Hbpkabaftdthef el oattarbefhterhfm dfj HZ systabs hf tna Hskdbhi _apuokhi el Hrdf dfj tna ]astOdfc dfj Mdzd rasuktaj hf strefm hbprevabafts hf raseuria jhstrhouthefdfj usdma rdtas el nadktn ldihkhthas.

New te Zdrmat Yeihdk Ydlaty Fats te Bhthmdta Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthas

Dktneumn bdfy BAFD aiefebhas ndva seba chfj el seihdk sdlaty fat pre-mrdb, tnay dra rdraky iefshjaraj d iebpefaft el spdthdk pekhiy. ]naf wakktdrmataj, tnasa premrdbs idf rajuia spdthdk jhspdrhthas, out peerky tdrmatajpremrdbs ditudkky hfiradsa tna mdp oatwaaf rhin dfj peer pkdias.


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Evarvhaw ?4

Hf tarbs el spafjhfm, afarmy (dfj leej) suoshjhas dra oy ldr tna bdgerseihdk trdfslars hf tna ramhef3 newavar, ler pekhiy bdcars iefiarfajwhtn spdthdk aquhty, d bdger jrdwodic el iebbejhty suoshjhasdfjafarmy suoshjhas hf pdrthiukdrhs tndt tnay dra ramrasshva. Zna paepkawne iefsuba tna best, tna fefpeer hf kadjhfm drads, raiahva tna khefssndra el tna suoshjy.

Iefvarsaky, seihdk lufjs dfj iefjhthefdk idsn trdfslars ndva oaafsnewf te allaithvaky tdrmat kdmmhfm drads. Maemrdpnhidk tdrmathfm jhs-trhoutas oafalhts te paepka wne dra khcaky te oa peer er vukfardoka,japafjhfm ef wnara tnay khva. Prexy badfs tasthfm usas adshky eosarvajneusanekj hfjhidters te prajhit neusanekj hfieba dfj te jatarbhfawne hs akhmhoka ler oafalhts. Out tnasa peshthva axdbpkas el trdfslarsinabas dra fet pravdkaft hf BAFD, dfj bdfy axhsthfm premrdbs ieukjieftrhouta bera te rajuihfm spdthdk jhspdrhthas hl oattar tdrmataj.

New te Ybeetn tna Pdtn ler Ihty Mrewtn

Zna javakepbaft el BAFDs kdmmhfm rurdk drads japafjs ef kdoersnhlthfm eut el ldrbhfm hfte tna ihthas. Ds BAFDs ldrb wercleriaiefthfuas te mrew, ht oaiebas ndrjar dfj ndrjar ler khbhtaj kdfj dfjwdtar raseurias te sustdhf hts prejuithvhty. Zwe-tnhrjs el tna ldrbkdoer prejuithvhty jhllarafia oatwaaf BAFD dfj Ypdhf hs axpkdhfajoy BAFDs nhmnar rdthe el kdoer te kdfj. Zna jdtd dkse snew tndt dmrh-iukturdk prejuithvhty mrewtn hf BAFD hs jrhvhfm ldrbmdta prhiasjewf rdtnar tndf ldrbar hfiebas up oaidusa suppky hs eutstrhpphfmurodf jabdfj. Hf snert, kefm-tarb rurdk javakepbaft hf BAFD japafjsef urodfhzdthef.

Qrodfhzdthef nakps te rajuia spdthdk jhspdrhthas oy snhlthfm kdoer lrebkdmmhfm te kadjhfm drads. Znaralera, sbeetnhfm tna pdtn ler urodfhzdthefhs d raihpa ler spdthdk iefvarmafia hf khvhfm stdfjdrjs. Qrodfhzdthef hspreiaajhfm dpdia hf BAFD49, wnara tna dvardma rdta el mrewtn el tnaurodf pepukdthef hs 9.9 pariaft par yadr, iebpdraj whtn ?.< pariaft lerfdthefdk pepukdthefs. Zna quasthef, tnaralera, hs fet new te skew jewftna mrewtn el ihthas, out rdtnar new pekhiy bdcars idf afsura tndt urodf-hzdthef eiiurs ds sbeetnky ds pesshoka. Znhs dppredin hfvekvas tnraa tep-his7 kdfj bdrcats, urodf puokhi sarvhias, dfj hfsthtuthefdk lrdbawercs.

Ndvhfm Kdfj Bdrcats tndt Yuppert Ybeetn Qrodf Mrewtn

]akk-lufithefhfm kdfj bdrcats dra irhthidk ler sbeetn urodf javakep-baft. Hf BAFD, newavar, tnara dra shmfs tndt kdfj bdrcats ieukj oaparlerbhfm oattar.

Kdfj ler neushfm. ]nhka tna suppky el neushfm hf BAFD iebpdrasldverdoky whtn etnar ieuftrhas dt d shbhkdr kavak el javakepbaft, BAFDsneushfm hs axpafshva, dfj tna dllerjdohkhty preokab hs best diuta ler


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?? Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

kew-hfieba neusanekjs. Dktneumn neushfm suoshjhas hf ieuftrhas suin dsDkmarhd, Amypt, tna Hskdbhi _apuokhi el Hrdf, Gerjdf, Bereiie, Zufhshd,dfj tna _apuokhi el Xabaf dra sebathbas bdsshva, kew-hfieba neusa-nekjs bdy ndva jhllhiukty bdchfm tna hfvastbafts tndt mhva tnab diiass tetnasa suoshjhas. BAFDs neushfm steic hs dkse ufjarusaj, whtn nhmnvdidfiy rdtas. Znasa lditers dit ds d ordca ef rurdk-urodf bhmrdthef,tnaraoy jafyhfm paepka hf kdmmhfm drads d cay pdtnwdy eut el pevarty.

Kdfj ler oushfass. Yurvays el BAFD aftraprafaurs hfjhidta tndt jhllh-iukthas hf diiasshfm kdfj dra efa el tnahr bdhf eostdikas te iebpaththva-fass. ]nhka BAFD49 aiefebhas parlerb wakk whtn raspait te tna thbaraquhraj te purindsa preparty, tnay dra wersa tndf dfy ramhef el tnawerkj axiapt Yuo-Ydndrdf Dlrhid hf tarbs el trdfsdithef iests.

Kdfj ler tna rurdk trdfshthef. Allhihaft dmrhiukturdk kdfj bdrcats whkk oahbpertdft te ldihkhtdta tna snhlt el kdoer eut el dmrhiuktura hf tna luturadfj te hfiradsa tna adrfhfms el tnesa wne rabdhf hf ldrbhfm. HfBAFDs dmrhiukturdk kdfj bdrcats, newavar, ht hs eltaf jhllhiukt lerkdfjewfars te eotdhf dfj bdhftdhf ramhstrdthef. Znaralera, tna ditudkpdttarf el raiemfhzaj ewfarsnhp hs fet ralkaitaj hf tna ellhihdk raierj.Znhs kdic idf iradta preokabs hf diiasshfm irajht er iefsekhjdthfm lrdm-baftaj kdfj nekjhfms.

Pkdffhfm Qrodf Yarvhias

Zna hftamrdthef el faw drrhvdks hfte tna ihty japafjs upef tnahr dohkhtyte diiass puokhi dfj prhvdta sarvhias. Nara wa hkkustrdta d law cay prhfih-pkas ler df dmafjd ler BAFD urodf sarvhia javakepbaft.

Pkdffhfm dnadj, rdtnar tndf radithfm te hf-bhmrdthef. Puokhi dutnerhthasndva d tafjafiy te jakdy tna prevhshef el sarvhias te faw hflerbdk sattka-bafts oaidusa el pariapthefs tndt tnay dra tabperdry er ufwakieba. Outtnasa sattkabafts hfstadj sneukj oa saaf ds pdrt el tna neushfm sekuthefrdtnar tndf d preokab. Zna adrkhar tndt sarvhias ler abarmhfm sattkabaftsdra pkdffaj, tna mradtar tna allhihafiy el redj, pewar, wdtar, dfj sdfhtd-thef fatwercs. Qrodf pkdffhfm idf dkse khbht BAFDs vukfardohkhty teikhbdta indfma oy bhfhbhzhfm iefstruithef hf vukfardoka drads dfj oyafsurhfm hfvastbaft hf pretaithva hflrdstruitura.

_aspefjhfm te tna spdthdk lkew el bdrcat-kaj ihty mrewtn. Yarvhia prevhshefdfj faw javakepbafts sneukj lekkew paepkas sattkabaft pralarafias rdtnartndf dttabpt te kadj tnab. Ler axdbpka, tna Hskdbhi _apuokhi el Hrdf ira-dtaj 4> faw tewfs shfia tna _avekuthef dt d iefshjardoka jhstdfia lrebtnahr pdraft ihthas whtn tna dhb el pretaithfm ldrbkdfj dfj pravafthfm hfler-bdk sattkabafts dreufj bdger ihthas. Znasa tewfs, newavar, oaidba jer-bhtery iebbufhthas ler sdkdrhaj abpkeyaas el tna betnar ihty dfj ndj feaiefebhi odsa el tnahr ewf. Znaralera, tna dutnerhthas ndva raleiusaj tnahrdttafthef ef hfiradshfm tna suppky el neushfm whtnhf tna batrepekhs htsakl.


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Evarvhaw ?9

Yhbhkdrky, hf 48


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?: Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

Mhvaf tndt


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Evarvhaw ?=

]nhka tna trdjhthefdk dppredin nds oaaf te leius puokhi hflrdstruiturdkhfvastbaft ef kdmmhfm drads, d fuboar el stujhas hfjhidta tndt raturfs tepuokhi hfvastbaft dra nhmnast hf kadjhfm drads, wnhin ellar tna oafalht elaiefebhas el dmmkebardthef. Mevarfbafts ndva dkse dttabptaj te staarprhvdta hfvastbafts tewdrj kdmmhfm drads tnreumn lhfdfihdk hfiafthvaswhtn typhidkky peer rasukts. Avaf wnara spdthdkky tdrmataj hfiafthvas ndvahfjuiaj lhrbs te hfvast hf kdmmhfm drads, tna mdhfs dra eltaf snert-khvaj.

Hf BAFD, tna leius nds oaaf ef ushfm lhfdfihdk hfiafthvas te evarrhjaaiefebhas el dmmkebardthef, jasphta tna mkeodk avhjafia tndt tnhs dppredinhs hfallaithva. Hf Dkmarhd, ramhefdk aiefebhi javakepbaft premrdbs, wnhinhfikujaj hfvastbaft hf stdta-ewfaj hfjustrhas, dttabptaj te spradj aie-febhi dithvhty oayefj Dkmhars spnara el hflkuafia. Xat oetn puokhi dfj prh-vdta hfvastbafts rabdhfaj iaftaraj ef Dkmhars. Yyrhd axparhafiaj shbhkdrjhllhiukthas jurhfm tna 4880s hf ushfm hfjustrhdk zefas ds hfiafthvas teafieurdma aiefebhi dithvhty hf kdmmhfm rurdk drads. Jasphta tnasa allerts,aiefebhas el dmmkebardthef pravdhkaj, dfj tna prhvdta saiter iefthfuaj tekeidta hf bdger ihthas.

Ieerjhfdthef Hfstadj el Lhfdfihdk Hfiafthvas

Yeba mevarfbafts dra few djepthfm d faw dppredin te ramhefdk aie-febhi javakepbaft pekhiy. Znhs dppredin diiapts tndt tna lerias eldmmkebardthef dra tee strefm te oa evarrhjjaf oy puokhi befay. Znareka el tna mevarfbaft oaiebas tndt el ldihkhtdter rdtnar tndf staarar.Zdoka 4.9 iebpdras tna ekj dfj faw pdrdjhmbs el ramhefdk aiefebhijavakepbaft pekhiy.

ZDOKA 4.9

Ekj dfj Faw Pdrdjhmbs el _amhefdk Aiefebhi Javakepbaft

PekhiyEkj pdrdjhmb Faw pdrdjhmb

Eogaithvas Zryhfm te iebpafsdta ler

keidthefdk jhsdjvdftdmas

el kdmmhfm ramhefs

Zdpphfm ufjarusaj petafthdk

te afndfia ramhefdk

iebpaththvafass

Qfht el hftarvafthef Djbhfhstrdthva ufhts Lufithefdk aiefebhi drads

Ytrdtamhas Yaiterdk dppredin Hftamrdtaj dppredin

Zeeks Yuoshjhas dfj stdta dhjs Bhx el selt dfj ndrj idphtdk

(idphtdk steic, kdoer bdrcat,

oushfass afvhrefbaft, seihdk

idphtdk, dfj fatwercs)

Diters Iaftrdk mevarfbaft Jhllaraft kavaks el mevarfbaft

(whtn prhvdta saiter)

Yeuria7 EAIJ ?008.


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?> Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

Hflrdstruitura dfj ajuidthef dra allaithva efky hf iebohfdthef. D raiaftdfdkyshs el tna jatarbhfdfts el ramhefdk mrewtn leufj tndt tna hflrd-struiturdk hfvastbaft hflkuafias mrewtn efky wnaf iebohfaj whtnnubdf idphtdk dfj hffevdthef3 hflrdstruitura dkefa nds khttka hbpdit.

Hl ramhefdk javakepbaft hs te oa odsaj ef keidk petafthdk, ramhefs faaj d jaiaf-

trdkhzaj, oetteb-up dppredin te pekhiy jashmf dfj hbpkabaftdthef. _amhefdkditers dra oattar doka te usa hflerbdthef doeut keidk idpdihthas dfj faajstndf dra iaftrdk dutnerhthas, dfj keidk diters dra bera khcaky te suppertpregaits tnay ndva nakpaj jashmf. Beohkhzhfm keidk stdcanekjars bdyraquhra jaiaftrdkhzdthef dfj d struituraj jhdkemua oatwaaf tna jhllaraftkavaks el mevarfbaft. D suiiassluk axdbpka hs tna AQs KADJA_ Ieb-bufhty Hfhthdthva, wnhin dhbs te prebeta afjemafeus mrewtn tnreumnjaiaftrdkhzaj keidk dithef mreups.

Zna puokhi-prhvdta hftarldia hs d cay seuria el ramhefdk prejuithvhty,mrewtn, dfj hffevdthef. Dktneumn mevarfbafts idffet leria dmmkebar-dthef, tnay idf pkdy df hbpertdft reka hf afieurdmhfm hftarindfmasoatwaaf ramhefdk diters dfj dssabokhfm tna khfcs ef wnhin dmmkebard-thefs dra ouhkt. Ler axdbpka, d Bereiidf hfhthdthva hjafthlhaj leur sai-ters ds idfjhjdtas ler ikustar javakepbaft dfj lestaraj d iefthfueusjhdkemua oatwaaf puokhi dfj prhvdta hfsthtuthefs dhbaj dt hjafthlyhfmdfj ieerjhfdthfm hfvastbafts dfj ramukdtery ralerb.

Oaidusa ikustar-jrhvaf mrewtn hs bukthsaiterdk, pekhiy bdcars faaj te snhlt

hfiradshfmky te d tarrhterhdk parspaithva rdtnar tndf d saiterdk efa.Zna mraafikustars dppredin ler rurdk drads prevhjas d meej axdbpka.

_adkhzdthef el Dmrhiukturdk Petafthdk7 Mraaf Ikustars

Dmrhiuktura hs sthkk iaftrdk te BAFDs kdmmhfm drad aiefebhas. Ye wndtchfj el dmrhiukturdk mrewtn idf kadj javakepbaft tnara5

BAFDs dmrhiukturdk pekhiy nds kefm hfvekvaj puokhi spafjhfm efwdtar jhvarshef dfj prhia suoshjhas. ]dtar jhvarshef hs radinhfm hts aie-kemhidk khbht, newavar, dfj prejuithef suoshjhas idf axdiarodtahfaqudkhty oaidusa tna oattar-ell rashjafts el oattar-ell rurdk dradsraiahva d jhspreperthefdta sndra el tna suoshjy. Yaiter dfdkyshs sum-masts tndt tna bdhf petafthdk afmhfa el dmrhiukturdk mrewtn hfBAFDs kdmmhfm drads faajs te oa ikustar javakepbaft dreufj nhmn-vdkua prejuit suppky indhfs. Znaralera, wa idf dppky tna mafardkprhfihpkas el tna faw pdrdjhmb el ramhefdk aiefebhi javakepbaft tedmrhiuktura7 lhrst, oamhf whtn d iress-saiterdk tarrhterhdk jhdmfeshs tndthjafthlhas kdtaft petafthdk3 saiefj, afsura tndt tna lukk rdfma el prhvdtastdcanekjars whkk ndva d kadjarsnhp reka, oamhffhfm hf tna jhdmfesthistdma.


55/391

Evarvhaw ?8

Prexhbhty ler Dkk7 Puokhi Hfsthtuthefs ler Ypdthdk Pekhihas

BAFD mevarfbafts idf, tnaralera, oadt tna trdja-ell oatwaaf dmmkeb-ardthef aiefebhas dfj spdthdk hfaqudkhtyhl tnay tdhker tnahr pekhihas tetna spaihlhi indrditarhsthis el tnahr kdmmhfm drads. Zna tnraa pekhiy pdic-dmas gust jasirhoaj dra jashmfaj te idphtdkhza ef tnesa eppertufhthas, dssnewf hf lhmura 4.


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90 Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

spdthdk erhaftdthefs hfte tna fdthefdk puokhi hfvastbaft pkdffhfm preiass.Dkmarhd, Bereiie, dfj Zufhshd dra iurraftky hbpkabafthfm tnhs dppredin.

Faajs-odsaj spdthdk dkkeidthef el lhsidk raseuriasidf tdca tna lerb el ufthajmrdfts er premrdb lufjhfm. D lerbukd-odsaj dppredin te tna spdthdk dkkeid-thef el lhsidk mrdfts hs iebbef hf lajardk stdtas, wnara tna mevarfbaftspekhthidk irajhohkhty japafjs ef trdfspdraft dfj aqudkhzhfm raseuria trdfs-lars. Hf tna dosafia el shbpka dfj trdfspdraft dkkeidthef rukas, newavar,pekhthidk odrmdhfhfm hs khcaky te pravdhk. Ds wa ndva saaf, tnara hs buin reebler hbprevabaft wnaf ht iebas te ushfm faajs- er lerbukd-odsaj lhsidkdkkeidthef rukas te suppert tna javakepbaft el kdmmhfm ramhefs.

Iaftrdk mevarfbafts idf dkse staar lhsidk raseurias tewdrj peer dradsoy lhfdfihfm fdthefwhja premrdbs hf wnhin tna kavak el dithvhty hs odsajef d keidthefs faaj. Yavardk BAFD aiefebhas, hfikujhfm Bereiie dfjAmypt, ndva premrdbs el tnhs typa.

Drad-odsaj premrdbsorhfm tna spdthdk jhbafshef te pekhiy oy jajhidt-hfm lufjs dfj iradthfm hfsthtuthefs ler spaihlhi drads. Zna indkkafma khashf hftamrdthfm tna premrdb whtn tna dithvhthas el keidk mevarfbafts whtn-eut ufjarbhfhfm tnab.

Jaiefiaftrdthef hs ef tna dmafjd hf dkk tna BAFD49 aiefebhas. Caykassefs ler BAFDs pekhiy bdcars hfikuja tna lekkewhfm7

Jaiefiaftrdthef raquhras d strefm hfsthtuthefdk indbphef dfj

ieerjhfdter. Jaiefiaftrdthef hfvekvas tna jakamdthef el jaihshef bdchfm ef

dithvhthas, lhfdfia, dfj nubdf raseuria bdfdmabaft3 ht wercs oastwnaf dkk tnraa dra jaiefiaftrdtaj hf pdrdkkak.

Zna iaftrdk bhfhstrys pekhiy-bdchfm dfj evarshmnt lufithefs rabdhfirhthidk wnaf pekhiy axaiuthef hs jaiefiaftrdtaj.

D ikadr jalhfhthef ler tna raspaithva bdfjdtas el akaitaj keidk dutnerh-thas dfj jaiefiaftrdtaj saiter bhfhstrhas oaiebas axtrabaky hbpertdft.

Jaiaftrdkhzdthef hfvekvas tna trdfslar el raseurias dfj jaihshef bdchfm tesuofdthefdk djbhfhstrdthefs whtn pekhthidk diieuftdohkhty te keidk ihthzafs.Ht bdcas ler d bera allhihaft hbpkabaftdthef el pekhihas dfj afndfiasaxtarfdk diieuftdohkhty.

D vdst khtardtura summasts tndt tna trdfslar el pewar dfj raseurias tekewar kavaks el mevarfbaft nakps bdtin raseurias te keidk prherhthas. Znapreokab, newavar, hs tndt lhsidk jaiaftrdkhzdthef hfiradsas tna kdmmhfmdrads hflkuafia efky evar hts ewf (hfdjaqudta) raseurias, fet evar tna

fdthefdk dkkeidthef el raseurias. Znaralera, jaiaftrdkhzdthef idf whjafspdthdk jhspdrhthas oaidusa tnara hs d rhsc (d) el d bhsbdtin oatwaaf lhsidkraspefshohkhthas dfj spafjhfm bdfjdtas dfj (o) el tna evarkedjhfm el


57/391

Evarvhaw 94

suofdthefdk mevarfbafts khbhtaj bdfdmarhdk idpdihty. Lhsidk jaiaftrdk-hzdthef hs usudkky d pekhthidk raspefsa te spdthdk jhspdrhthas er atnfhi jhvh-shef, dfj se ht hs eltaf hbpkabaftaj whtneut sullhihaft dttafthef te tnapetafthdk famdthva aiefebhi iefsaquafias. Iress-ieuftry dfdkyshsravadks tndt jaiaftrdkhzdthef hf kew- dfj bhjjka-hfieba ieuftrhas hskhfcaj te, hl dfytnhfm, d ldstar hfiradsa hf spdthdk jhspdrhthas evar thba.

Ye wndt hs tna varjhit ef jaiaftrdkhzdthef dfj spdthdk jhspdrhthas hfBAFD5 ]a idf sub up tna avhjafia whtn tnraa prepeshthefs7

Znara dra meej radsefs te iefthfua jaiaftrdkhzdthef hf BAFD7 tehbpreva diieuftdohkhty, raspefshvafass, dfj sarvhia qudkhty.

Jaiaftrdkhzdthef whkk fet faiassdrhky rajuia spdthdk jhspdrhthas, dfjjaiaftrdkhzhfm bdfjdtas whtneut raseurias dfj idpdihty whkk hfiradsa

tna jhspdrhthas. ]ndt hs best hbpertdft hs iradthfm trdfspdraft dfj prajhitdoka

drrdfmabafts ler aqudkhzhfm hftrdmevarfbaftdk lhsidk trdfslars dfjouhkjhfm keidk mevarfbafts idpdihty hf kdmmhfm drads.

Hf iefikushef, dktneumn best BAFD mevarfbafts dra strefmky iebbhttajte tna javakepbaft el kdmmhfm ramhefs, law ndva dscaj wndt typa el hfsthtu-thefdk pkdtlerb hs faajaj ler d spdthdk dppredin te javakepbaft pekhiy.

Hf Ynert . . . Yavaf Pekhiy Dxhebs

Hl wa jrdw tna pravheus drmubafts tematnar, savaf orhal bassdmas idfsub up tna raperts pekhiy hbpkhidthefs ler BAFD.

4. Ypdthdk javakepbaft oamhfs whtn ikadr hfsthtuthefdk rekas dfj preiassas. Ypd-thdk pekhiy bdchfm hs bukthsaiterdk dfj bukth-hfsthtuthefdk. Znapreiass pkdtlerb ler spdthdk javakepbaft hfikujas drrdfmabafts lerbefhterhfm dfj ieerjhfdthef, raseuria dkkeidthef, pkdffhfm, dfj rekajalhfhthef.

?. Dfdkyshs hs vhtdk.BAFD faajs oattar spdthdkky jhsdmmramdtaj stdthsthis,aspaihdkky orecaf jewf oy mafjar. Ht hs irhthidk te inaic tndt spdthdkjhspdrhthas radkky dra d bdger javakepbaft hssua3 vary eltaf tnay drafet ds hbpertdft ds pekhthis pertrdys tnab. Jhdmfeshfm tna kdmmhfmdrad whkk hjafthly tna rhmnt pekhiy pdicdma(s).

9. Meej javakepbaft hs meej spdthdk javakepbaft. Lhrst dfj lerabest, kdm-mhfm drads faaj d kavak pkdyhfm lhakj ler javakepbaft. Yhbpky oyluklhkkhfm tnahr axhsthfm bdfjdtas te prevhja d peshthva oushfass

afvhrefbaft dfj sarvhias te tna peer, saiter bhfhstrhas whkk oa bdc-hfm d lukk ieftrhouthef te fdthefdk spdthdk javakepbaft eogaithvas.Mhrks ajuidthef hf kdmmhfm drads hs tna whf-whf-whf-whf prherhty ler


58/391

9? Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

spdthdk javakepbaft. Dfj ardshfm spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf tna oushfassafvhrefbaft sneukj ellar d nhmn oafalht dt d pdrthiukdrky kew iest.

:. Orhfmhfm seihdk sarvhias te kdmmhfm drads usudkky badfs (d) lhfjhfm tna

hfiafthvas ler nhmn-qudkhty parseffak te werc hf ufjarprhvhkamajdrads dfj ler peer paepka te usa puokhi sarvhias dfj (o) tdhkerhfmjakhvary baindfhsbs te kewar-jafshty drads. Yhbpky ouhkjhfm beraldihkhthas whkk fet sekva tna preokab.

1. Iebbejhty suoshjhas indffak d ket el puokhi befay te kadjhfm drads. Zdr-mataj seihdk pretaithef sinabas dra bera spdthdkky aquhtdoka.


59/391

Evarvhaw 99

Faksef, D. ?00>. Zrdvak Zhba te Bdger Ihthas7 D Mkeodk Bdp el Diiasshohkhty.Hspdrd, Htdky7 Mkeodk Afvhrefbaft Befhterhfm Qfht, Gehft _asadrinIaftra el tna Aurepadf Iebbhsshef. nttp7//mab.gri.ai.aurepd.au/.

EAIJ (Ermdfhsdthef ler Aiefebhi Ie-epardthef dfj Javakepbaft).?008. Hfvasthfm ler Mrewtn. Ouhkjhfm Hffevdthva _amhefs. Pekhiy_apert, Baathfm el tna Zarrhterhdk Javakepbaft Pekhiy Iebbhttaa dttna Bhfhstarhdk Kavak, EAIJ, Pdrhs.

E_FK (Edc _hjma Fdthefdk Kdoerdtery). ?001.Kdfjsidf Mkeodk Pepukd-thef Jdtdodsa. nttp7//www.erfk.mev/kdfjsidf.

_eoarts P., C. I. Ynydb, dfj I. _dmstemh. ?00.Hskdbhi _apuokhi el Hrdf7 Ypdthdk Pdttarfs el Pevarty dfjAiefebhi Dithvhty.]dsnhfmtef, JI7 ]erkj Odfc.

. ?008. ]erkj Javakepbaft _apert ?008. _asndphfm Aiefebhi Maem-rdpny. ]dsnhfmtef, JI7 ]erkj Odfc.

]erkj Odfc Hfvastbaft Ikhbdta Yurvays. ]erkj Odfc, ]dsnhfmtef, JI.

]erkj Javakepbaft Hfjhidters Jdtdodsa. ]erkj Odfc, ]dsnhfmtef, JI.


60/391


61/391

Zna Pekhthidk Jabdfj7Ypdthdk Aquhty whtneut

Iebprebhshfm Prejuithvhty

INDPZA_ ?

Hf Bereiie hf 4888, Nhs Bdgasty Chfm Bendbbaj \H oamhfs nhs lhrst

_avekuthef Jdy spaain oy dschfm new rurdk javakepbaft idf stab

rurdk-urodf bhmrdthef.4 Hf ?00


62/391

9< Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

BAFDs Ypdthdk Jhspdrhthas hf KhvhfmYtdfjdrjs7 Yhx Ldits

Lreb tna stdrt wa ndva te jhsthfmuhsn oatwaaf twe jhllaraft spdthdk

pdttarfs7

Dmmkebardthef, tna thmnt iefiaftrdthef el oushfassas hf iartdhf pkdias,

dfj

Ypdthdk jhspdrhthas, tna mdps hf khvhfm stdfjdrjs oatwaaf paepka hf jhl-

laraft pkdias.

Znasa bdy iehfihja. Hf ldit, tnay eltaf je. Out tnay dra fet tna sdba

tnhfm.

Zna pdttarf el BAFDsspdthdk jhspdrhthas (tdoka ?.4) hs typhidk el kew-

dfj bhjjka-hfieba ieuftrhas7 khvhfm stdfjdrjs dra nhmnast wnara aie-

febhi dithvhty hs jafsast dfj wnara ieffaithefs te aiefebhi jafshty dra

ikesast. Zna faxt indptar whkk ellar d rhinar axpkerdthef el tna maemrdpny

el hfaqudkhty. Ler tna bebaft, tnaralera, lhva shbpka ldits idf usalukky

subbdrhza tna maemrdpny el BAFDs spdthdk jhspdrhthas7

Qrodf drads dra, ef dvardma, oattar ell tndf rurdk drads.

Drads ikesa te urodf iaftars dra oattar ell ef dvardma tndf hsekdtajdrads.

Zna sdba oredj spdthdk pdttarf el jhspdrhthas usudkky dppkhas oetn ler

hfjhidters el aiefebhi wakldra, suin ds badf par idphtd iefsubpthef

er tna pevarty rdta, dfj ler nubdf javakepbaft hfjhidters, suin ds

ajuidthefdk dttdhfbaft dfj inhkj bertdkhty.

Zna sdba pdttarf el jhspdrhthas axhsts whtnhf suofdthefdk jhvhshefs7

prevhfias, ihthas, dfj avaf rurdk jhstrhits ndva aiefebhi nuos tndt dra

oattar ell dfj parhpnardk drads tndt dra wersa ell. ]ebaf dfj baf axparhafia spdthdk jhspdrhthas jhllaraftky.

Efa bera shbpka ldit hs raquhraj te sat tna siafa7 tna afthra BAFD

ramhef hs ufjarmehfm urodfhzdthef. Zna dvardma BAFD ieuftry er

aiefeby?wds


63/391

Badf par

idphtd

iefsubp-

thef

(idphtdk

ramhef/

fdthefdk) Xadr

Pevarty

rdta

(% urodf)d

Pevarty

rdta

(% rurdk)d Xadr

Badf par

idphtd

iefsubp-

thef (urodf/

rurdk) Xadr

Diiass te

hbprevaj

sdfhtdthef

(% urodf)

Diiass te

hbprevaj

sdfhtdthef

(% rurdk)

Ytuft

(% uro

Dkmarhd >.8 48.9 4881 8> >= 40

Jghoeuth 4.?: ?00? 4.1 1? 4 =.? ?001 4.>= ?001 >< => 44

Hrdq 4.0? ?00= 4 ?00= 8> >? 48

Gerjdf 4.1: ?00? 4?.8 4>.= ?00? 4.9? ?00? 8? =< 4?

Kaodfef 4.9: ?00: > 6 ?1 4881 400 >=

Khoyd 88 8> :

Bereiie 4.4< 488> :.> 4:.1 ?00= ?.4= 488> 8> 1> 49

Yyrhdf Drdo _apuokhi 4.11 ?00: =.8 4:.1 ?00: 4.1? ?00: 400 8: ??

Zufhshd 4.99 ?000 4.< >.9 ?000 4.>< ?000 8< ?001 400 89 44

Xabaf, _ap. 4.=0 ?001 90.> :1 488> 4.d3 Hrdq, Ynkdsn ?0083 Gerjdf, ]erkj Odfc ?00:sdrhdt du Pkdf, ?00=3 Yyrhd, Ak Kdhtny dfj Dou-Hsbdhk ?0013 tna ]ast Odfc dfj Mdzd, ]erkj Odfc ?0093 _apuokhi el Xabaf, ]erkj Odfc ?00?. Iefsubpthef7

Kaodfef, Gerjdf, Bereiie, Yyrhd, tna _apuokhi el Xabaf7 fdthefdk neusanekj survays, yadrs ds spaihlhaj (Amypt GukyYaptaboar efky)3 Zufhshd, HFY ?0003 ]ast O

ufjar-lhva bertdkhty7 Dkierf ?008.

Feta7 2 fet dvdhkdoka.

d. Pevarty khfas vdry oatwaaf ieuftrhas, se pevarty rdtas hf jhllaraft ieuftrhas idffet oa iebpdraj lreb tnhs tdoka.

9=


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9> Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

Pekhthis Bdcas Maemrdpny Hbpertdft

Ypdthdk jhspdrhthas oamhf te bdttar wnaf pekhthis aftars tna aqudthef.

Iefshjar twe ieuftrhas7 Ieuftry D dfj Ieuftry O. Oetn ieuftrhas ndva

tna sdba pevarty rdta, ?0 pariaft (lhmura ?.4). Peer paepka ndva dffudk

par idphtd hfieba el $0 par yadr. Oetn

ieuftrhas ndva tna sdba hfieba jhstrhouthef dfj d Mhfh ieallhihaft el

0.::. Oetn ndva tna sdba pevarty mdp.

Adin ieuftry ieukj jashmf tna sdba seihdk premrdb te tdrmat tna peer

dfj preodoky dinhava dpprexhbdtaky tna sdba rasukts dt dpprexhbdtaky

tna sdba iest. Lreb tna pehft el vhaw el hfjhvhjudks aiefebhi wakldra,

Ieuftry D dfj Ieuftry O dra hjafthidk. Yaaf lreb tnhs strhitky hfjhvhju-

dkhsthi vhawpehft, tnaralera, tna quasthef el pkdia hs el zare rakavdfia7 ht

hs khtardkky d fefhssua.

Lreb d oredjar seihepekhthidk vhawpehft, newavar, tna twe ieuftrhas

dra bdtarhdkky jhllaraft. ]narads tna pevarty rdta hf Ieuftry D hs tna

sdba hf dkk ramhefs, Ieuftry O nds d pevarty rdta el 10 pariaft hf tna

seutnadst, out efky 40 pariaft hf tna etnar prevhfias. Znhs spdthdk

d. Ieuftry D o. Ieuftry O

F

F

F F

F

F

F

FF

F FF F F

FF

FF

F

F

F

F

F

F

F F

FF

FF

F

F

FF

F

F

F

FF

F

F

FF

F FF

F

F

F

F

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F

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F

F

F F F

Y

A]

PP

P

P

P

P

P

P P

P

P

P

P P

P

P

LHMQ_A ?.4

Ypdthdk Jhstrhouthef el Jhspdrhthas

Yeuria7 Ytujy Zadb.

Feta7 P 2 peer, F 2 fefpeer.


65/391

Zna Pekhthidk Jabdfj7 Ypdthdk Aquhty whtneut Iebprebhshfm Prejuithvhty 98

ikustarhfm el kew-wakldra paepka ieukj kadj te d fuboar el seihepekhthidk

pnafebafd7

Pariahvaj spdthdk hfgusthia. Zna rashjafts el Ieuftry Os seutnadstarf

prevhfia bdy iefikuja tndt tnahr ohrtn keidthef nds japrhvaj tnab eleppertufhty, tnreumn fe ldukt el tnahr ewf allert er dohkhty.

Pariahvaj spdthdk dmafiy el tna stdta. Ht bdy oa hflarraj tndt Ieuftry Os

mevarfbaft dfj tnesa wne nekj pekhthidk pewar dra hf seba wdy

raspefshoka ler tna kdmmhfm drad stdtus el tna seutnadstarf prevhfia.

Ypdthdk pekhthidk dsseihdthef. _ashjafts el Ieuftry Os seutnadstarf

prevhfia bdy lerb maemrdpnhidkky odsaj pekhthidk thas hf erjar te lur-

tnar tnahr pariahvaj iebbef mrhavdfias. Atnfhi dfj rakhmheus jhvh-

shefs bdy prevhja d lrdbawerc ler pekhthidk dsseihdthef, hf wnhin idsatna spdthdk jhspdrhthas oaieba pdrthiukdrky werrhseba (Cdfour dfj

\afdokas ?001).

Ypdthdk seihdk dfj pekhthidk raermdfhzdthef. Fdthvas el Ieuftry Os seutn-

adst prevhfia bdy bhmrdta fertn dfj wast hf erjar te sndra hf tna

nhmnar hfiebas el etnar ramhefs. Hftarfdk bhmrdthef bhmnt hfvekva

tna raieflhmurdthef el ldbhky dfj seihdk fatwercs3 hflerbdk seihdk

pretaithef systabs3 pdtrefdma systabs dfj pekhthidk dkkamhdfias3 d

snhlt hf pewar3 dfj tna spdthdk rajhstrhouthef el atnfhi, rakhmheus, dfj

dma mreuphfms. Dfy el tnasa radrrdfmabafts el tna axhsthfm erjar

ieukj oa pariahvaj ds d seuria el seihepekhthidk strass hf Ieuftry Os

leur prevhfias.

Ds tna QF-]HJA_ stujy ef spdthdk hfaqudkhty (Cdfour dfj \afdokas

?001) iefikujaj, Avaf wnaf spdthdk ufhts je fet raprasaft atnfhi er

etnar ikadvdmas, out iebbdfj tna dkkamhdfia el tna pepukdthef ds pekhth-

idk afththas, hfiradshfm jhspdrhthas hf mreup dvardmas bdy kadj te tafshefs

dfj ieflkhit. Znasa seihepekhthidk pnafebafd dra radk. BAFD pekhth-

ihdfs iefiarf doeut tnab hs mafuhfa.9 Zdickhfm tnab hs d pekhthidkhbpardthva, ds wa sndkk saa. Out tdickhfm tnab hf tna wrefm wdy idf hbpesa

df ufdiiaptdoka iest upef fdthefdk javakepbaft.

BAFD Faajs Aiefebhi Dmmkebardthef

BAFD faajs tna spdthdk iefiaftrdthef el prejuithva dithvhty. Fe ieuf-

try nds avar dinhavaj javakepaj-ieuftry stdtus whtneut urodfhzhfm.

Avaf tna pepukdthefs el mradt dmrhiukturdk axpertars suin ds Dustrdkhd,Drmafthfd, Inhka, Faw Wadkdfj, dfj Qrumudy dra bera tndf >1 pariaft

urodfhzaj.


66/391

:0 Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

Dbefm tna adrkhast tnhfcars te hjafthly tna rakdthefsnhp oatwaaf

dmmkebardthef dfj prejuithvhty wds tna Fertn Dlrhidf ldtnar el aie-

febhis, Hof Cndkjuf (499?4:0?).

Aiefebhi dithvhty hs spdthdkky iefiaftrdtaj ler d meej radsef7 pre-

juithef hs bera allhihaft wnaf ht hs dmmkebardtaj (Nafjarsef, Yndkhzh,

dfj \afdokas ?0043 ]erkj Odfc ?008d, 4?>?8).

4. Znara hs d neba bdrcat allait3 lhrbs caap trdfspert iests kew oy

keidthfm ikesa te tnahr iustebars. Znasa lhrbs abpkeyaas tnaf

oaieba iustebars tnabsakvas, dttrdithfm bera oushfassas hfte tna

drad (Crumbdf 4884). D lhrb idf caap hts trdfspertdthef iests jewfoy keidthfm fadr etnar lhrbs hl ht hs d prejuiar el hftarbajhdta meejs.

Ye iefsubars hf dmmkebardthefs dttrdit lhrbs tndt abpkey wercars

wne oaieba bera iefsubars.

?. Keidkhzdthef aiefebhas drhsa lreb ndvhfm bdfy iebpdfhas hf tna sdba

saiter hf tna sdba pkdia. Znay idf kadrf lreb adin etnar, caap hf

teuin whtn tna bdrcat, dfj sndra tna sdba peek el suppkhars dfj schkks.

9. Qrodfhzdthef aiefebhas dppadr wnaf jhllaraft hfjustrhas mdtnar

tematnar. Znay axindfma tainfekemhas, hflerbdthef, dfj schkks. Pkdiasmrew aiefebhidkky oy prejuihfm dfj jhllushfm cfewkajma (_ebar

488:).

Znasa aiefebhas el dmmkebardthef dra tna leufjhfm prhfihpkas el

tna faw aiefebhi maemrdpny, d suojhsihpkhfa el aiefebhis tndt

axpkdhfs wnara mrewtn tdcas pkdia. Aiefebhas el dmmkebardthef

dttrdit hfvastbaft te pkdias wnara aiefebhi dithvhty hs dkradjy jafsast.

Ye 1: pariaft el tna werkjs aiefebhi dithvhty hs iefiaftrdtaj hf

ieuftrhas whtn 40 pariaft el hts drad (Nafjarsef, Yndkhzh, dfj \af-

dokas ?004). ]htnhf ieuftrhas, aiefebhi dithvhty hs squaazaj hfte tna

bdger ihthas. Zaf batrepekhtdf drads hf Baxhie diieuft ler d tnhrj el

tna ieuftrys pepukdthef dfj


67/391

Zna Pekhthidk Jabdfj7 Ypdthdk Aquhty whtneut Iebprebhshfm Prejuithvhty :4

Oafmndzh, Odsrd, dfj Chrcuc, ds hfvastbaft dfj kdoer dra jrdwf hfte tna

batrepekhs oy tna aiefebhas el dmmkebardthef.

Zna avhjafia lreb BAFD ieflhrbs tndt hfvastbaft dfj prejuithef

dra hfjaaj bera allhihaft hf drads el jafsa aiefebhi dithvhty.

Hf Amypt (]erkj Odfc ?008i) rasadrinars oreca jewf tna jatarbh-

fdfts el kdoer prejuithvhty hf hfjustrhdk lhrbs. Znay keecaj dt tna

iebpdfhas saiter, yadrs el epardthef, shza, dfj se ef. Ieftrekkhfm ler

dkk tnasa vdrhdokas, tnay leufj tndt d lhrb hf Qppar Amypt, Amypts kdm-

mhfm drad ldr lreb Idhre, ndj kdoer prejuithvhty :: pariaft kewar tndf

aksawnara.

Zna Zufhshdf mevarfbaft iekkaits hfvastbaft jdtd dfj neusanekj

iefsubpthef jdtd oy mevarferdta. Ht hs, tnaralera, pesshoka te saa new

buin hfvastbaft ht teec hf adin mevarferdta te mafardta tna sdba

hfiradsa hf neusanekj iefsubpthef. Zna idkiukdthefs ieflhrb tna pewar

el dmmkebardthef aiefebhas. Ht tdcas buin bera hfvastbaft te suppert

d mhvaf vdkua el iefsubpthef mrewtn hf tna kdmmhfm drads el tna seutn

dfj tna fertnwast tndf ht jeas hf tna kadjhfm drads el Zufhs, tna fertn-

adst dfj tna iaftar-adst (tdoka ?.?).

Zna Zufhshdf lhmuras bdy ufjarstdta tna spdthdk jhspdrhthas oatwaaf

tna rdtas el raturf ef hfvastbaft hf jhllaraft ramhefs. Lhrst, lhrbs seba-

thbas ramhstar tnahr hfvastbaft dt tna keidthef el tnahr nadj ellhia, avaf

hl tna ditudk pnyshidk hfvastbaft tdcas pkdia aksawnara. Hfvastbaft hf tna

Zufhs drad bdy, tnaralera, oa evarstdtaj. Yaiefj, rabhttdfias usudkky

lkew lreb rhin drads te peer drads, se spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf hfieba dra

ohmmar tndf jhspdrhthas hf iefsubpthef. Out iefvarsaky, tna rdthes je fet

idptura tna fefiefsubpthef oafalhts el hfvastbaft hf seihdk sarvhias.

Ypdthdkky iefiaftrdtaj aiefebhi dithvhty

Khoyd Hrdq

BDP ?.4

Ypdthdkky Iefiaftrdtaj Aiefebhi Dithvhty hf Khoyd (kalt) dfj Hrdq (rhmnt)

Yeuria7 nttp7//maief.ydka.aju/jdtd.pnp. Diiassaj Dumust 4>, ?008. Batnejekemy jasirhoaj hf Ferjndus ?00


68/391

:? Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

Znaralera, tna keidthef el hfvastbaft hf Zufhshd idf ieftrhouta te tna

seihepekhthidk eogaithva el rdhshfm khvhfm stdfjdrjs hf tna seutn, fertn-

wast, dfj iaftar-wast kdmmhfm drads ef tna efa ndfj, er tna aiefebhi

eogaithva el bdxhbhzhfm mrewtn fdthefwhja ef tna etnar. Lhmura ?.?

snews tna nypetnathidk rdfma el eutiebas hl hfvastbaft wara te oa rajhs-

trhoutaj oatwaaf kadjhfm dfj kdmmhfm drads wnhka adrfhfm tna sdba dvar-

dma raturf oy ramhef hf tarbs el neusanekj iefsubpthef hfiradsas tndt ht

jhj hf 48>1?000. Zna iest el hfiradshfm iefsubpthef hf tna kdmmhfm

ramhefs oy 4 bhkkhef Zufhshdf jhfdrs (ZJ) par yadr hs d rajuithef hf

fdthefwhja iefsubpthef el ZJ ?9,18: 44.:9 41,184 >.:

Yeutn :>9 8,??1 48.?

ZDOKA ?.?

Hfvastbaft hf tna Peerast Drads el Zufhshd Mhvas tna Peerast _aturfs

(hf bhkkhefs ZJ, ?000 prhias)

Yeurias7 HFY ?0003. Afquta fdthefdka sur ka oujmat, kd iefsebbdthef at ka fhvadu ja vha jas bfdmas SFdthefdk survay el neusanekj oujmats,

iefsubpthef, dfj khvhfm stdfjdrjsR, Iebbhssdrhdt Mfrdk ja Jvakeppabaft _mhefdk (IMJ_).


69/391


werkj (Jahinbdff, Kdkk, _ajjhfm, dfj \afdokas ?00>). Zanrdf prevhfias

jafshty el aiefebhi dithvhty (vdkua djjaj par squdra chkebatar) hs shx

thbas nhmnar tndf tndt el tna faxt-jafsast prevhfia (]erkj Odfc ?00>d).

Hf Bereiie, hfjustrhdk abpkeybaft mrewtn hs leiusaj ef Idsdokdfid

dfj tnaf ef sphkkevars lreb tndt batrepekhs hfte djgehfhfm drads (Idthf,

?,000

4,100

4,000

100

:,>00 1,000

ZJ, bhkkhefs par yadr, fdthefwhja

Hfiradsa hf iefsubpthef

1,?00

ditudk 48>1?000

eosarvdthef

1,:000

Zufhsh

dfjhfdrs,

bhkkhefs,

paryadr,

peerdrads

LHMQ_A ?.?

Nypetnathidk _dfma el Eutiebas oatwaaf Fdthefdk

Iefsubpthef Mrewtn dfj Iefsubpthef Mrewtn hf Zufhshds

Peerar Drads, 48>1?000

Yeuria7Zdoka ?.?.

Feta7Zna peer drads dra tna fertnwast, iaftar-wast, dfj seutn.

4.?

4.0

0.>

0.). Znay ieflhrbaj tndt spdthdk hfaqudkhty sebathbas

idf iebohfa whtn mafjar hfaqudkhty te iradta d jeuoka pariapthef el bdr-

mhfdkhzdthef. Zna bdhf lhfjhfms lreb tna survays dra subbdrhzaj oakew.

]ebaf dra pdrthiukdrky dllaitaj oy spdthdk jhspdrhthas hf diiass te sarvhias.

Mafjar jhspdrhthas hf diiass te puokhi, seihdk, dfj djbhfhstrdthva sarvhias

tafj te oa nhmnar hf kdmmhfm drads. Znhs lhfjhfm hs oerfa eut oy BAFDs

jdtd ef ajuidthef diiass dfj eutiebas3 hf Bereiie, tna khtardiy mdp

oatwaaf baf dfj webaf hs 1 pariaftdma pehfts hf urodf drads dfj

91 pariaft hf rurdk drads. Hf Zufhshd, tna mafjar khtardiy mdp hf ?00: wds

1 pariaftdma pehfts hf Attdjndbeuf, d kew-hfieba suouro el Zufhs, dfj

wds 4? pariaftdma pehfts hf Cdssarhfa, d prevhfihdk tewf hf d kdmmhfm mev-

arferdta. Zwe-tnhrjs el webaf hf tna kdmmhfm drad tewf el Cdssarhfa

ihtaj hbprevabaft hf rakdthefs whtn puokhi djbhfhstrdthefs dfj mevarf-

baft dutnerhthas ds d prherhty ler hbprevabaft hf tnahr khvhfm iefjhthefs,

d nhmnar siera tndf dfy etnar hssua suin ds ajuidthef er diiass te irajht.


73/391

Zna Pekhthidk Jabdfj7 Ypdthdk Aquhty whtneut Iebprebhshfm Prejuithvhty :=

]naf baf lreb kdmmhfm drads bhmrdta hf sadrin el werc, tna labdka

baboars el tna ldbhky wne rabdhf sebathbas ndva jhllhiukthas jadkhfm

whtn bdka ellhihdks (saa oex ?.? ler df axdbpka). Znhs hssua hs pdrthiukdrky

hbpertdft ler tna jashmf el BAFDs dmrhiukturdk axtafshef sarvhias.

Bdfy rurdk webaf dssuba jdy-te-jdy raspefshohkhty ler tna neusanekjs

ldrbhfm dithvhthas wnaf baf el werchfm dma bhmrdta hf sadrin el abpkey-

baft, out tnasa webaf dra seihdkky dfj pnyshidkky iefstrdhfaj lreb

eotdhfhfm djvhia dfj sarvhias lreb bdka axtafshef dmafts.

]ebaf dra aspaihdkky dllaitaj oy tna kdic el dppreprhdta trdfspert epthefs hf

parhpnardk drads. Yeihdk dfj pnyshidk iefstrdhfts ef webafs usa el trdfs-

pertdthef dra, el ieursa, pdrthiukdrky hbpertdft hf kew-jafshty drads.

]ebaf hf kdmmhfm drads el Ydujh Drdohd ndva pdrthiukdr jhllhiukty hf

diiasshfm dkk kavaks el ajuidthef dfj sarvhias, hf djjhthef te khbhtaj seihdk

hftardithefs, oaidusa el tnahr pdrthdk beohkhty. Zna trdfspertdthef jhspdr-

hty axhsts out hs kass prefeufiaj hf Amypt dfj Zufhshd. Hf tna _apuokhi el

Xabaf, 1< pariaft el rurdk webaf, out efky ?1 pariaft el baf, rapertaj

tndt trdfspertdthef epthefs wara ufraspefshva te tnahr faajs (]erkj

Odfc lertniebhfm). _urdk mhrks ndva te pdy 10 pariaft bera tndf oeys

ler trdfspertdthef te sineek3 oeys idf nhtin d khlt, out mhrks ndva te pdy ler

d prhvdta idr ler tnabsakvas dfj tnahr bunrdbs(bdka iebpdfhefs).

Zna iests dfj oafalhts el bhmrdthef dra jhllaraft ler webaf. Jhspkdiabaft

lreb neba rasukts hf pnyshekemhidk, psyinekemhidk, dfj seihdk strass

(Yndbh 4889), out baf dfj webaf bdy ndva vary jhllaraft axparhafias

el tna pres dfj iefs el bevhfm te tna ohm ihty. Znhs lhfjhfm wds ikadr

lreb eur survay el rashjafts el Bdfsnhyat Fdssar, d kew-hfieba drad el

Idhre, wne wara dscaj te iebpdra khla hf tna idphtdk whtn Tafd, d kdmmhfm

OE^ ?.?

D Bhmrdfts ]hla Nds Jhllhiukthas whtn tna Keidk Dutnerhthas

By nusodfj wercaj hf tna Ydnak ler d law yadrs. Dt tna thba, H wds afthtkaj te raiahva

seihdk saiurhty lreb tna dutnerhthas out eltaf jhjft raiahva ht. Znasndycn Skeidk dutner-

htyR jhj fet wdft te mhva ht te us, oaidusa H saft nhb dwdy lreb by neba. H wds d webdf

dkefa whtn by inhkjraf, dfj hl tna fahmnoers sdw tndt H raiahvaj nhb dt neba, tnay weukj

sdy odj tnhfms doeut by iefjuit, dfj H weukj ndva preokabs wnaf by nusodfj

raturfaj. Qflertufdtaky, tna sndycn iefshjaraj ht nhs rhmnt te me te paepkas nebas3 ht hs

fet tna idsa ler ba Ste parbht ht hf erjarR te ndva seihdk saiurhty. H sneukj ndva bdja d

iebpkdhft dmdhfst nhb te nhs suparhers, dfj H weukj ndva wef by idsa.Yeuria7 Cndjhgd, d :0-yadr-ekj webdf lreb Cdssarhfa, d kdmmhfm drad el Zufhshd.


74/391

:> Peer Pkdias, Znrhvhfm Paepka

drad tewf hf Qppar Amypt. Zna aiefebhi bethva ler bhmrdthfm te Idhre

dppadraj bera peshthva te baf tndf te webaf7 >? pariaft el baf out

efky 9< pariaft el webaf sdw geo eppertufhthas ds df djvdftdma el

khvhfm hf Idhre iebpdraj whtn Tafd. Ler webaf, tna bdhf djvdftdma

el khvhfm hf Idhre wds tna dohkhty te ouhkj strefm seihdk fatwercs dfj

wds ihtaj ds df djvdftdma el Idhre oy 11 pariaft el webaf out efky

9< pariaft el baf. ]naf dscaj doeut tna djvdftdmas el Tafd ieb-

pdraj whtn Idhre, baf dfj webaf dmdhf ndj vary jhllaraft vhaw-

pehfts. Ler baf, Tafds prhbdry peshthva pehfts wara trdfspertdthef

dfj tna adsa el eotdhfhfm ellhihdk pdpars. Ler webaf, Tafds bdhf

dttrdithefs wara tna kew irhba rdta dfj tna nadktnhar afvhrefbaft.

Hf Zufhshd, newavar, baf dfj webaf oetn sdw tna djvdftdma el tna

idphtdk ihty evar d kdmmhfm drad tewf (Cdssarhfa) hf tna sdba khmnt7 hfieba

dfj abpkeybaft. Dfj oetn baf dfj webaf sdw tna kdmmhfm drad tewf

ndvhfm tna sdba djvdftdma evar Zufhs7 mradtar ldbhky sekhjdrhty, raspait

ler trdjhthef, dfj lraajeb lreb irhba. Bera tndf >0 pariaft el webaf

sdhj tndt tnay weukj suppert tnahr sefs er jdumntars bhmrdthef. ]ebaf

wara pdrthiukdrky prdmbdthi hf tnahr dtthtuja tndt aiefebhi lditers gusth-

lhaj bhmrdthef. D bdgerhty el labdka raspefjafts quetaj tna sdyhfm, Xeur

ieuftry hs wnara yeu adrf yeur oradj.

Efa idffet oa iartdhf wny tna Zufhshdf webaf survayaj saabaj

buin kass werrhaj oy tna famdthva seihdk allaits el bhmrdthef tndf tnahr

ieuftarpdrts hf Amypt3 newavar, ht bdy oa tndt tna iebpdrdthva wadcfass

el Zufhshds seihdk rastrhithefs ef webaf bdcas bhmrdthef kass el d indk-

kafma wnaf ht iebas te beohkhty, te tna kdoer bdrcat, dfj te astdokhsnhfm

seihdk fatwercs.

Znaralera, tna seihdk rekas dpperthefaj te webaf hf BAFD badf tndt

tnay axparhafia tna kdmmhfm ramhef syfjreba el jhstdfia dfj hsekdthef

avaf bera diutaky tndf baf. Zna mafjar jhbafshef el spdthdk jhspdrhthas

bdy fet oa ds vhshoka ds tna pekhthidk jhbafshef, out ht hs, fefatnakass, df

akabaft te oa tdcaf hfte diieuft wnaf pekhiy bdcars dttabpt te odkdfia

tna seihepekhthidk whtn tna aiefebhi.

Ypdthdk Aquhty whtn Ypdthdk Allhihafiy

Ye wa oamhf whtn twe lhrb ldits. Lhrst, hfvastbaft dfj abpkeybaft dra

bera prejuithva wnaf tnay tdca pkdia hf drads el aiefebhi dmmkebard-

thef hf kadjhfm drads. Yaiefj, tna strefmast pekhthidk jabdfj lreb mev-

arfbafts dfj tna mevarfaj hs ler hbprevabafts hf khvhfm stdfjdrjs hf

kdmmhfm drads.

Zna purpesa el tnhs rapert hs te summast new BAFD pekhiy bdcars

idf turf tna tafshef oatwaaf spdthdk pekhthis dfj spdthdk aiefebhis hfte d


75/391


whf-whf7 d pekhiy pdicdma tndt sdthslhas oetn tna pekhthidk drmubaft ler

aquhty dfj tna aiefebhi drmubaft ler allhihafiy.

Lhrst, oy dfdkyzhfm BAFDs kdmmhfm drads, wa whkk saa tndt BAFD

aiefebhas idf mat mradtar hbprevabafts hf khvhfm stdfjdrjs hf kdmmhfmdrads tndf tnay tnhfc ler dfy mhvaf aiefebhi iest. Zna radsef, ds eur

jatdhkaj jhdmfeshs el BAFDs kdmmhfm drads whkk snew, hs tndt bdfy el

tna lditers nekjhfm kdmmhfm drads odic dra seihdk dfj hfsthtuthefdk rdtnar

tndf aiefebhi. Znhs badfs tndt BAFD mevarfbafts idf djjrass tna

reet idusas el spdthdk jhspdrhthas tnreumn djbhfhstrdthva ralerbs dfj

nubdf javakepbaft hftarvafthefs, suin ds ajuidthef, dfj nadktn

dfj seihdk pretaithef premrdbs, rdtnar tndf rakyhfm ef tna jeuotluk

dfj iestky strdtamy el kurhfm aiefebhi dithvhty te kdmmhfm drads.

Yaiefj, wa whkk snew new mevarfbafts idf bdxhbhza tna oafalht-iest

rdthe el pekhihas te rajuia spdthdk jhspdrhthas oy tdhkerhfm tnab te

jhllaraft kdmmhfm drads. Kdtar saithefs el tnhs rapert whkk axpkera, hf

turf, tna petafthdk el nubdf javakepbaft, ieffaithvhty, dfj tdrmataj

ramhefdk aiefebhi javakepbaft te fdrrew BAFDs spdthdk jhspdrhthas.

Lhfdkky, tna rapert whkk axdbhfa new seba BAFD aiefebhas dra

dttabpthfm te ravarsa tna nhsterhidk kamdiy el iaftrdkhzdthef dfj ouhkj

d faw hfsthtuthefdk lrdbawerc ler bdfdmhfm tarrhterhdkhty. ]a whkk

tnaf jhsiuss wnatnar suin ralerbs whkk mhva BAFD pekhthihdfs berareeb te bdfauvar hf tna lutura, satthfm up d faw dfj bera preph-

theus trdja-ell oatwaaf spdthdk aiefebhis dfj spdthdk pekhthis.

Bdtinhfm Pekhiy Pdicdmas te Kdmmhfm Drads7D Znraa-]dy Lrdbawerc

Ht hs d ikhin tndt javakepbaft pekhihas bust lht tna keidk ieftaxt, dfj tnhs

hs aspaihdkky trua ler spdthdk javakepbaft. Kdmmhfm drads (saa oex ?.9) ieba

hf bdfy jhllaraft vdrhathas3 df drhj rdfmakdfj hs fet d parh-urodf skub.

]nhin pekhihas, tnaf, dra dppreprhdta hf wnhin pkdias5 ]htn seba

djgustbaft, tna lrdbawerc el tna ?008 ]erkj Javakepbaft _apert,

_asndphfm Aiefebhi Maemrdpny (]erkj Odfc ?008d), prevhjas d stdrthfm

pehft ler bdtinhfm pekhiy pdicdmas te pkdias.

Jrdwhfm ef tna ]erkj Javakepbaft _apert, wa prepesa tnraa pek-

hiy pdicdmas ler BAFD7

Pekhiy Pdicdma 4. Kavak tna pkdyhfm lhakj dfj tna eppertufhty lernubdf javakepbaft hf kdmmhfm drads.

Pekhiy Pdicdma ?. Ieffait kdmmhfm drads te tna pekas el javakepbaft.


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