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Pool Chemistry Fundamentals
Pool Chemistry Fundamentals
Water TestingAnd Maintaining Clear,
Clean, and Safe Water
Water TestingAnd Maintaining Clear,
Clean, and Safe Water
IntroductionIntroduction
• Sanitation– Chlorine/Bromine, Ozone, etc.
• Water Balance– pH– Alkalinity– Calcium Hardness– Cyanuric Acid– Temperature– Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
• Sanitation– Chlorine/Bromine, Ozone, etc.
• Water Balance– pH– Alkalinity– Calcium Hardness– Cyanuric Acid– Temperature– Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
SanitationSanitation
Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach)
Calcium Hypochlorite
Lithium Hypochlorite
Gas Chlorine Trichlor Dichlor Bromine
% Available Chlorine Content 10-12% 65-78% 35% 100% 90% 56-63% 27%
% Active Strength 10-12% 65-78% 29% 100% 99% 99% 95.50%
pH in 1% Solution 9-14 8.5-11 10.8 0 2.8-3.5 6.5-6.8 4.8
pH Effect in Water Raises Raises Raises Lowers Lowers Neutral Lowers
Physical Appearance Liquid Granular/Tabs Granular GasGranular/
Tabs GranularGranular/
Tabs
Copyright National Swimming Pool Foundation 2009
Chlorine Cleans, Disinfects, and Keeps Water Clear.
Ideal Range 2 – 4 ppm
Chlorine Cleans, Disinfects, and Keeps Water Clear.
Ideal Range 2 – 4 ppm
Water BalanceWater Balance
• pH• Total Alkalinity• Calcium• Cyanuric Acid
• pH• Total Alkalinity• Calcium• Cyanuric Acid
pH AdjustmentspH AdjustmentspH Ideal Range 7.4 – 7.6pH Ideal Range 7.4 – 7.6
pH Adjustments (cont’d)pH Adjustments (cont’d)pH Ideal Range 7.4 – 7.6pH Ideal Range 7.4 – 7.6
If Low Add Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) If High Add Muratic Acid
Total AlkalinityTotal AlkalinityTotal Alkalinity Ideal Range 80-120 ppmTotal Alkalinity Ideal Range 80-120 ppm
If Low Add Sodium Bicarbonate If High Add Muratic Acid
Calcium HardnessCalcium HardnessCalcium Hardness 200 – 400 ppmCalcium Hardness 200 – 400 ppm
If Low Add Calcium Carbonate If High, Drain Water and Refill
Cyanuric AcidCyanuric Acid
• Ideal Range Between 40 – 50 ppm• Not Necessary in Spas or Indoor Facilities• Maintains Chlorine’s Active Strength in the
sunlight. Without it, more chlorine is required.
• If Low add Stabilizer • If High drain and refill body of water
• Ideal Range Between 40 – 50 ppm• Not Necessary in Spas or Indoor Facilities• Maintains Chlorine’s Active Strength in the
sunlight. Without it, more chlorine is required.
• If Low add Stabilizer • If High drain and refill body of water
SummarySummary
• Chlorine/Bromine 2 - 4ppm• pH 7.4 – 7.6• Alkalinity 80 – 120 ppm• Calcium Hardness 200 – 400 ppm• Cyanuric Acid 40 – 50 ppm
• These will ensure safe, clean and clear pool water!
• Chlorine/Bromine 2 - 4ppm• pH 7.4 – 7.6• Alkalinity 80 – 120 ppm• Calcium Hardness 200 – 400 ppm• Cyanuric Acid 40 – 50 ppm
• These will ensure safe, clean and clear pool water!