PONDQLAND: HER GAPE AND NATAL NEIGHBOURS. 1878 - 1894 ...wiredspace.wits.ac.za/jspui/bitstream/10539/16906/1/Hutton Agnes … · f. rondos oppose road be In;; made by Cape. g. Gez'man

PONDQLAND: HER GAPE AND NATAL

NEIGHBOURS. 1878 - 1894.

T h e s i s s u b m it te d f o r t h e D egree o f

M a s te r o f A r ts i n th e D epartm en t o f

H i s to r y , i n t h e U n iv e r s i t y o f th e w i t -

w a te r s r a n d - Ju n e 1935>

by

A gnes M. H u tto n .

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; o w - J . " k ^ ^(X-<t ol. d x ^ s ^ b j U X ^ - L ^

cx . Q a^xC w s o L _ ^ t x _ k— b -o

t f l b u .

ABBREVIATIONS.

B .R . . . .C.M. . . • c . o . . . .C o l. Sec C'onrid. D*F. .■ . e n c lo s .0 »H. . . Govr. . G ovt. .H • C •I b id . . J .P . . . L .n . . . N .A .D . N ats . . Op. C itP.P.

k v : 'R.K. ..3 o o . o£3 . 1". • *

B r i t i s h R e s ia e n t .C h ie f M a g is t r a te .C o lo n ia l O f f ic e .C o lo n ia l S e c r e ta r y .C o n f id e n t i a l .Document P re s e n te d , e n c lo s u r e .Governm ent H ouse.G o vernor.G overnm ent.H igh C om m issioner, t h e same.J e n k in s ' P r iv a te P a p e rs .L e t t e r Book.N a tiv e A f f a i r s D ep artm en t.N a tiv e s .I n t h e work q u o te d , p a r l ia m e n ta ry P a p e rs , p ag e , p a g e s .P rim e M in is te r s A r c h iv e s . R e s id e n t M a g is t r a te ,S e c r e ta r y f o r N a tiv e A f f a i r s . S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e .S h e p a to n e ' s P r iv a t e P a p e r s .U nder S e c r e ta r y o f N a tiv e A f f a i r s .

tie K ie w ie tEgertonM ac m illanT h e a lUyev a n d o r P o e l W a lk er -

See b ib l io g r a p h y .

"tlietory"

I I

PONDOLAMD: HEh CAPE AMU NATAL

NEIGHBOURS. 1878 - 1894.

I N D E X .

CHAPTER I . INTRO J)l)CTlOH.

U ape, n a t a l uiid I m p e r ia l i i i t e r e u t s c o n v e rg e .

2 . H i s t o r i c a l S k e tc h b e f o re '7 8 .( a ) D i s l o c a t i o n b,y th e Z u lu s .( b ) B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n

i . a g a i n s t t h e R o e rs , i . e . N a t a l .i i . o f f e n s iv e an d d e f e n s iv e a l l i a n c e i n 1844.

( e ; in f lu e n c e o f t h e W esleyan M is s io n a r ie s ,i . P o l i t i c a l A g e n ts .

i i . T hrough M is s io n S ta t io n s C ap e-N ata l uom m unicu tions c u r r i e d on.

i l l . o u ^ e r in tc s m e n t i n crariiuastow ti - w e l l -iw f o r w d and i n to u c h w i th G overnor o f c a p e .

i v . w lsu io n a x v uo i-’aku f o r 3° y e a r s - Rev. Tnoaiau J e n k in o - P r o t e c t s C h ie f a g a in s t

( i ) H o n o u rab le W a lte r H a rd in g .( i i ) T h e o n h ilu s tih e p s to n e .

J e n k in s v i r t u a l l y B r i t i s h A gent '5 5 - 6 7 . v . w e . . .rm nkina becom es in te r m e d ia r y betw een

ti.r J.XX V jlk'U.iwa( i ) H .F . Pymi 1848- ' 5 2( i i ) M .9 . tihaw 1 8 $ 2 - 'g 4 ,

1*i Mnt.fs 1 nf'f-t n-f fil

a . B r i t i s h A g e n ts

o f G queeze .1 . N a ta l Rmine a r e a betw een Umzimkulu and

I l l

REVERSAL POLICY.

A. Prere's Policy.

i . Confederation.W to e N&Hve p o l i c y .(b ) m h e v a a l annexed.( o ) A ttem p t to e x te n d B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n , . x o v e r L a s t and West C o a s ts .^q ; N a ta l o p p o s i t io n an d r i v a l r y .

i i . F e a r o f G e n e ra l N a tiv e R io ing ' '7 8 .( a ) G c a lek a w a r .i b ) G a ik a r e b e l l i o n .( o ) G r iq u a r e b e l l i o n .( d ) i iU u a th r e a t e n i n g .( e ) Pondoti in o r i iu in u t in y a o tio n u

( i j l iu j 'b o iu lu g G riu u a m u rd e re rs .

( i i i ) e n t e r t a i n i n g k u lu an d G oaleka em ititia i- ie s .

( i v ) K r e i i s a i d have fo u n d re fu g e in F o n d o la n d .

( v ) U n p o p u la r ity o f C an t. B ly th .

i i i . F r e r e 'e s u b j e c t i o n o f P o n d o la n d w ith o u t a n n e x a t io n .( a ) W eakening o f Fondo C h ie f .

( i ) D eposed fro m Paramo u n to y .( l i ) uubiiiuy ditioontdnued.

( i i i ) I n v i t a t i o n to m inor c h i e f s to e n t e r i n t o d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p w i th B r i t i s h A u th o r i t i e s .

( i v ) R e c o g n i t io n o f N q w ilis o , C h ie fo f W e ste rn P o n d o la n d - In d e p en d en tOf KttSt.

( v ) E ec o f^ n itio n o f J o j o , C h ie f o f Xeuifoe in d e p e n d e n t o f U m quikela.

( v i ) W ill lain Hot a , l i v i n g in Rode made B r i t i s h s u b je c t .

( v i i ) D e c l a r a t io n of B r i t i s h s o v e r e ig n ty o v e r C o ast o f F ondoland an d S t .J o h n 's E lv e r .

( v l i i ) A p p o in tm en t o f a B r i t i a h A gent i n E a a te rn P o n d o la n d .

( b ) C h a lle n g e t o N&t&l• , , , ,( i ) P o Q te r i g row ing co m n e ro ia l r i v a l r y .

1 . Capo .:ustoniti House a t S t . J o h n 's .2 . l i t . J o h n 't i r i v a l to D urban?■). w a ta l t r u d e r u a lm o s t e x o iu e lv e ly

i n k > n d o la n d .( l i ) F o r e t i t o l l a N a ta l i n h e r d e s i r o f o r

s a f e ty - v a lv e whtfn b a u lk e d o f1 . P o n d o la n d - (S h e p s to n e 's e f f o r t 1854).2 . G r iq u a la n d E a s t - I860.3 . B a s u to la n d - 1868.4 . P a r t o f Z u lu la n d .j . E a s te r n P ondo land re m a in ed a tem p tin g

j H g B S H U c o N r o a i i m m i o n d u t a u i ) i s i s - ' e ' s .

1 . U n s e tt l e d , a n d u n c e r t a i n p o l i c y .a . I m p e r ia l G overnm ent ap p ro v es P r e r e 'a a c t io n . d . Cape G overnm ent n o t a n x io u s to s h o u ld e r r e s

p o n s i b i l i t y o f a n n e x a t io n o f S t . J o h n 's and X e s ib e la n d .

0 . I m p e r ia l G overnm ent r e p u d ia te s e x te n s io n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and t e r r i t o r y .

d . T h e r e fo r e r e f u s e to a l lo w Im p e r ia l T roops to s u b j e c t P o n d o la n d .

e . T ra n s v a a l an d Z u lu lo n d d i s t r a c t I m p e r ia l and Cape a t t e n t i o n .

f . D iv is io n o f a u t h o r i t y - V to lseley an d F r e r e d i s a g r e e .

g . H.M. G overnm ent d o u b t t o w h ich c o lo n y Pondol a n d s h o u ld be annexed .

h . I m p e r ia l G overnm ent s e t a s id e s e t t l e m e n t o f P o n d o liu ia u n t i l eo iil’o d e r a t io n .

1 . Uapo M in is t e r s l a t e r c e n su re F r e r e ' s p o l ic y , j . The h ig ii C om aiistiioner, S i r H. R o b in so n ,

a d m its i n j u s t i c e .

2 . Pondo G r ie v a n c e a .a . D e p o s it io n fro m p aram o u n to y .b . P u rc h a se o f la n d fro m N q w iliao .c . The t a k in g o v e r o f X e s ib e la n d .d . The B ode.e . The t a k in g o f S t. Jo h n ’ s E lv e r Mouth.

3 . E v e n ts ti'iti r e s u l t s o fi . U u o u r ta in p o l ic y o f Caps aod Im p e r ia l

G overn iiien ts.i i . rondo g r ie v a n c e s - u n re d re s s e d .

a . C o n s ta n t a t t a c k s and rum ours o f e .t ta o k s o f Pondoa v u . X e s ib e s and Baoas an d v ic e v e r s a .

b . M rs. J e n k in s an d N a ta l o f f i c i a l s blame Cape f o r s t a t e o f P o n d o la n d . .

c . In a d e q u a c y o f f o r c e a t d i s p o s a l o f m a g is t r a te si . lo w e r B r l t i o h p r e s t i g e .i i . en c o u rag e Pondo a t t a c k s .

i i i . o r rem ova l o f X e s ib e s - who re fu s ei v . 108? B oundary C oim iission.

" i r i E F s E " S u E b % H o 1 o r ^ ' T o m .

HiRh C om m issioner, v i . Ask f o r R oyal Comm ission.

V

CHAPTER X I I , (CONTD.)

i . W t e " a d v is e r s " and a g i t a t o r s s e e k in g p e r s o n a l en d s - en c o u rag e d i s s e n s io n .

i i . Gun-runners.i i i . Pondoa a p p e a l to N a ta l - " p la y in g one

c o lo n y o f f a g a in s t o t h e r . "g . C ase o i W hite B ro th e r s r e f u s in g t o pay custom s.

i . C o u rt f i n d in g - Cape no l e g a l r i g h t .1 1 . r e s u l t e d i n A n n e x a tio n o f S t . J o h n 's .

4 . N a ta l-C a p e R iv a l r y g ro w s .a . M aking o f ro a d s by Cape i n P o n do land .b . T ra d e p r e v io u s ly i n h an d s N a ta l t r a d e r s .c . N a ta l s en c o u rag e m en t to Pondos.d . N a t a l ' s f e a r o f d i s a f f e c t i o n s p re a d in g to h e r

own n a t i v e s .e . Pondoa fa v o u r N a ta l .

5. R e t a l i a t o r y a c t io n o f C h ie f .a . p r o c la m a t io n o f t o l l on a l l Cape W agons, 1884.b . O pen ing P o r t G ro sv e n o r t o t r a d e .

i . C h a lle n g e Cape - f r e e o f custom d u t i e s .i i . O pening fo r f o r e ig n a g g r e s s io n .i i i . P o r t n e a r to N a ta l .

GERMAN INTRIGUE MECKJ81TATE9 MORE

DEKINED CAPE POLICY. 1885-*86.

German In f lu e n c e a l r e a d y i n S o u th A f r i c a ,u . A iy ra I-oquena an n ex ed 84 .b . I m p e r ia l A u t h o r i t i e s a d v is e u x te n u io n o f

u r i t i u h A u th o r i ty on West C o a s t .0 . Germans a t t i t . L u c ia Bay.d . The Bay p ro c la im e d B r i t i s h t e r r i t o r y .

p o n d o la n d p o s s ib le r e p lo " f o r German E n te r p r i s e .a . Long u n d ev e lo p ed C o ast w i th p o s s i b i l i t i e s .b . H in te r l a n d f e r t i l f t a n d p o s s ib ly m in e r a ls .0 . D ise e n o io n o fjnd d i s in t e g r a t i o n o f t r i b e .

M ethods - s i m i l a r to th o s e on W est C o a s t.a . U n o f f i c i a l - in d iv id u a l e n t e r p r i s e .b . H e rr E m il N agel - a s s o c ia t e d to o w i th Z u lu la n d .c . I m p e r ia l Governm ent w arned by S i r H. flu lw er.d . E x p la n a tio n a sk e d by B r i t i s h G overnm ent o f

B e r l i n F o re ig n O ffic e .,e . B ism a rck r e p u d ia t e s p o l i t i c a l c h a r a c t e r o f

1 . S i a p p l i e ^ t o C o lo n ia l O f f ic e (E n g la n d ) f o r r e c o g n i t io n o f c e s s io n .

1 VI

CHAPTER IV , (CONTD.)

4 . B r i t i s h fo re a rm e d i n P o n d o la n aa . a l r e a d y aw are o f m enace o f German "A g en ts" .b . B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n o v e r c o a s t o t pondoland.

re n ew e d J a n u a ry 1885.Q. A nglo-G erm an ag re e m e n t.

5 . N a y u l T re a tjr (J u n e 1 6 85).a . U raquikelu g r u n t s to German L and and C olo

n i s a t i o n Company p ie o e o f l a n d .b . Germans i n r e t u r n u n d e r to o k e d u c a t io n o f

2 b oys f o r 7 y e a r s i n Germany,c . u n d e r s ta n d in g Germans would re o p e n q u e s t io n s

a t i s s u e b e tw e en P o n d o lw d an d C apo.

6 . I n c r e a s in g C ap e-N u ta l uonim ereial r i v a l r ya . r e e e n t Uupu oustom a p o l ic y - ' r e b a te "b , o p en in g Cuiitoiu nouue on o o rd e r - ~ a t

Uiuainikulu N a ta l - G r iq u a la n d L'.e . o p e n l t^ o f Port G rowvenor - an a g g r a v a t io n

i . e n c o u ra g e d by N a ta l - means o f e v a d in g Cape Cuobomc a t P a rt S t . J o h n 's .

i i . Sir.u"Rle noods eo ro so b o rd e r t o E a s t G ri'iun lancJ.

i i i . N a ta l continued t o g r a n t 3 lo e n o e s f o r la n d in g t,;oodn a t F t . G roavenor - d e s p i t e '.'Jape re m o n s tra n c e s .

.Lv. f t U n ^ th N a ta l ro u n d P o r t G rosvenor jeo p a ra .h ii.tib h e r t r a d e .

7 . Cape d e c id e m o tio n neoeuL arya , a g re e t o r e c e iv e Fondo d e p u ta tio n .b . F a i l u r e .

( a ) Cape r e l ’uucd to open q u e s t io n s o f X e e ib e la n d and F o r t S t . J o h n 's .

( b . Pondo;; r e f u s e d co m p e n sa tio n .( 0 ) F a i l u r e o f H igh C onm ltisioucr t o a r b i t r a t e .

0 . P ro m ise d v i s i t o f S e c r e ta r y o f N a tiv e A 1 f a iry .d . H efu o o l - a n d V r. W. Stanford s e n t i n o te a d

( a ) a u th o r i s e d to o f f e r co m p e n sa tio n .( b ) p u rc liiiso Bode v a l l e y - f a i l e d .

e . P e t t y w arfa re; betw een t r i b e s .( a l âc fts t/U2'ned o u t o i th e Rode.[b ] Xesvlboti a t t a c k pondoa.

Cape a n n e x a t io n o f X su ib e lu n d 8 b. f d 5 U nm riko ln w ith d raw fo rm e r p ro c la m a t io n .( e j pondo a t t a c k on Xeoibo O c to b e r 8 6 .

f . M e ^ o tlu tlo n c p ro lo n g e d by sym pathy o f out,wide

P ^ '^ ^ H o r io u ra b ie H. tueombo 01 N a ta l w i th whom U m quikela n e l d ior% o o rru sp o n d e u e e .

i i . A ttem p t to g a in ijh ep s to n e s h e lp ,j j i . S y m p a th ise r from K iiig w ill 1 itinstown J , J . la*-

v in e a p p l ie d t o Im p e r ia l A u t h o r i t i e s .i v . N a ta l t r a d e r s a p p ly in g 00 N a ta l .v . K o k s tad P o l i t i c a l S o c ie ty .

1 . G overnor o f N a ta l a p p e a le d t o .2 . pondo sym pathy c a n v a sse d .

CHAPTER IV . (CONTD.)

? . r . v .

S:g . T r e a ty D ecem ber 1886.

8 B E s - E i F - - " ' —to ) Cape r ig h t to b u ild road.

&WMIMOO AiHJj ItaVTVAT.

OK Qlil-MM iN’fi^hKpT IB B I- 'Q I .

1. Gei-nifin Schem es re v iv e da . S u p p o r te d by UmhlnngnKa.b . U m h lan g u za 'y son O sc a r d ie d a f t e r r e tu r n in g

fro m Germany*0 . 2 Oez'Difins a rrive a t G rea t P la c e .d . W ild e s t s t o r i e s c i r c u l a t e d .e . ftiuYKild fo r m e r ly i n i u iu la n d , c h i e f m over -

1 . u r g in g c e s s io n o f la n d .2 . p ro m is in g B au lB tunoe .

f . ro n d o s op p o se ro a d be In ;; made by Cape.g . Gez'man l a n d find C o lo n is a tio n Company a,pply

f o r p r o t e c t io n t o G overnor o f Cape.1. M ini u te r i ! r e p u d ia te v a l i d i t y .2 . Rem ind Umquikclri, o.f H r it i .u h p r o t e o t io n .) , A pply t o (kzttu 'z A u th o r i t i e s f o r a ssu ran o e

wi u n u u tiiu r iw e u uouduet o r liinw uid .h . D tiutii u r UiiriujK elu Idd '/ (O u to b u r j.

1 , t o r e Uei'u.Mis a r r i v e r c p r o ^ e u t ln a th e" h u r l I n l-ondo .Jo o ie ty .

&. y ih 'tiau proD tiud to a a o e n t to a t r a n s f e ro f N oeel o e c o lo n t o them .

3 . E x p lo r a t i o n o f r e t f o n ro u n d S t . J o h n 's .4 . K i n l r t e r o a p p e a l t o im p e r ia l A u th o r i t i e s

t o make i n q u i r l e o o f German E m peror.1 . OvKliien e o l i p s e o f Gorman in f lu e n o e .

1 . F a i l u r e to make ôod pay m en t.2 . A u td n g C onsul f o r Geraitmy w arns C h ie fs .

U tiv iv d i l i e r l i n a o o ie ty o e o n lo u 1893'wneu w lTui'ud t o N a ta l .

1, The R oad Q u e s tio n . J , . . ,1. C h ie f r e f u u e a to a g re e t o d e v ia t io n .2 . U p h e ld i n a t t i t u d e by O e m a n s.3 . A b e tte d a n d in c t j -u o te d by t r a d e r a .

6 . D e c lin e German in f lu e n c e -7 . S e t t le m e n t u f ro a d d e v ia t io n s .

P age.

91

V I I I

CHAPTER V . ( CONTD. )Page

91

U m hlangaaa - S ig c a u r i v a l r y .1 . Cape I n t e r e s t w anes.2 . N a ta l p e r s i s t e n t i n r e q u e s t s f o r a n n e x a t io n ,

a . No en c o u rag e m en t from1. C ape.2 . I m p e r ia l A u t h o r i t i e s .

3* T ra d e r i v a l r y i n c r e a s in g i n v i r u J e n o e .4 . N a ta l e b o rd e r v i o l a t e d by in te i* i b a l

s t r i f e in p o n d o ia n d .!?• dapti se n d C om m ission to r e p o r t on s t a t e

o f a f f a i r s ,1 . p r e p a r e way to a n n e x a t io n by Cape.

ANNEXATION BY CAPE 1 8 9 1 -'g4 . 1 0 6

Cape preoccupation i n North.a . Pondo q u e s t io n n o t p r e s s in g i n ' 9 1 .b . i n t e r t r i b a l s t r i f e t a k in g p la c e on

S o u th e rn b o r d e r o f N a ta l to whom f e l l t h e b u rd e n o f a% m unted P o l i c e .

N e g o t ia t io n s betw een Cape and Im p e r ia l A u t h o r i t i e s .1 . A u th o r i ty to annex p o n d o ian d to Gape.S . S u g g e s te d 0 0 - 0 p e r a t i o n o f N a ta l .

A aroerren t boo r e t from N a ta l .

1HV3 N a ta l i-'n inr l io c p o n s ib le G overnm ent.1 . Renewc p i c a s f o r a n n e x a tio n

a . b o rd e r oc-uB tan tly v i o l a t e d ,h . e x re n s e o f e x tra , p o l i c e ,e . G overnor ouevmes aw are o f e i iu ra t

n e n o t i a t i o n a .2 . S e c r e ta r y o f G tu tu oujôotv . co n fe ro n o e .

u . Uupe L .:ln ititu ru ru fu o u .u . j e o r o t a r y o f Ct.atw w i l l i u t e v f e r e no

f u r t h e r .c . W r ite s d is e o u ru g in g ly to N a ta l .

'5, ilip-h Uom toltiuloner o u g b o c ts C onference b etw een two G o v e rn o rs .

4 . R a ilw ay n e g o t i a t i o n s betw een N a ta l and T ra n s v a a l .1 . N a ta l M in is te r s d e f e r any d i s c u s s io n

u n t i l c o n c lu d e d .2 . Once s e t t l e d w i l l f e e l th e m se lv e s in

a s t r o n g p o s i t i o n .3 . RotiO Cape w i l l d iv id e P o n d o ian d - in

r e t u r n N a ta l w i l l amend c u s to m s .

D is c lo s u r e o f t ie o re t N e g o tia t io n s '9 2 .

2 . M i n i s t e r s ' f e a r o f t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n t s .

IX

CHAPTER V I . ( CONTD. )

P ag e.

106

5 . 3* F e e l c e r t a i n Cope f o r c e d to c a l l ont h e i r h e lp i n end .

4 . j u s t i f y t h e i r a c t io na - d e s i r e p u b l i c a t i o n o f B lue Bock, b* H igh GorarniQtiioner w ith h o ld s c o n s e n t.

5 . N a ta l t r a d e r s a g i t a t o i n P o n do land .b . N oLal M in is t e r s c lu irn iad em n ib y f o r

e x p a n se e n t a i l e d i n b o rd e r P o l i c e .

6 . A n n e x a tio n o f P o n d o la n d 1894.

Map o f P o n d o la n d 123

B ib l io g r a p h y i

CHAPTER I .

I N T R O D U C T I O N ,

M ost p ro b lem s a r e tw o -s id e d b u t P o n d o la n d i n th e

l a t t e r h a l f o f l a s t c e n tu ry m ig h t b e s a i d to have b e e n t r i

a n g u la r , i f n o t q u a d r a n g u la r , h a v in g a Cape s id e , a N a ta l

s i d e a n d an I m p e r ia l s i d e , n o t to sp e a k o f a Pondo s id e .*

Though i t p la y e d an i n t e r e s t i n g an d som etim es c o n t r o v e r s i a l

r o l e i n S o u th A f r i c a n h i s t o r y , P o n d o la n d seldom , i f e v e r ,

r e a c h e d th e c e n t r e o f t h e s ta g e and t h a t f o r a v e ry o b v io u s

r e a s o n . The Pondos n e v e r a c t u a l l y to o k up arms a g a in s t th e

B r i t i s h A u t h o r i t i e s . They re m a in ed p e a c e a b le and q u ie t

th ro u g h o u t a l l t h e t r o u b lo u s t im e s o f N a tiv e Wars and r e b e l

l i o n s . T h u s, th e y , l i k e th e w e ll-b e h a v e d c h i l d r e c e iv e d

l e s s a t t e n t i o n th a n th e b u l l y , b u t t o them i n th e en d was

m e te d o u t th e same p u n ish m e n t. They to o , w ere h a r d p r e s s e d

an d d e p r iv e d o f t h e i r m uch-needed la n d , i n t h e same way t h a t

t h e N a tiv e s on th e E a s te r n B o rd er and B a s u to la n d s u f f e r e d . 4

F r e q u e n tly P o n d o la n d came w i th in t h e o r b i t o f th e

d iv e r g in g p o l i c i e s o f Downing S t r e e t , th e Cape and N a ta l ,

m ore e s p e c i a l l y i n th e l a t e 's e v e n t i e s and 'e i g h t i e s and

e a r l y 'n i n e t i e s , when com m ercial an d p o l i t i c a l r i v a l r y h ad

d e v e lo p e d t o make r e l a t i o n s betw een th e two B r i t i s h C o lo n ie s

i n S o u th A f r i c a s t r a i n e d and b i t t e r t o an a c u te d e g r e e .^

P o n d o la n d as d e f in e d i n th e ' f o r t i e s and ' f i f t i e s

l a y on th e E a s t beyond th e bounds o f t h e C ape. I t s

*C. B row nlee "R em in isc en ce s o f K a f f i r L i f e and H is to ry " , p . 104.

4 de K ie w ie t , p p . 11 an d 2 )4 ; M acm illan "B an tu , B oer and B r i t o n " , pp-33> o 2 -6 4 , 229 , 2 3 7 , 2 5 l •

4 an d e r P o e l , p p . 1 3 -1 7 , and fo l lo w in g .

S o u th e rn b o u n d ary was t h e U m tata, i t s W e ste rn th e D rak en sb e rg ;

w h i le t o t h e N o r th - E a s t i t s b o r d e r m arched w i th t h a t o f N a ta l

a lo n g t h e Umaimlmlu R iv e r . To th e E a s t an d S o u th -E a s t r o l l e d

t h e I n d i a n O cean a lo n g an u n c h a r t e d c o a s t l i n e , th e v u ln e r a b le

s p o t a g a i n s t w h ich a f o r e ig n o r u n f r ie n d ly pow er m ig h t s t r i k e .

I n one o r two i n l e t s o n ly , how ever, o o u ld sm a ll s h ip s e n t e r -

t h e m ost im p o r ta n t o f w h ich b e in g P o r t S t . J o h n 's .

L ik e a l l th e t r i b e s i n S o u th - E a s te r n A f r ic a th e

Pondos s u l t e r e d f ro m th e Z u lu in v a s io n s an d a t t a c k s . By 1832

t h e y w e re i n a d e p lo ra b le c o n d i t io n , s t a r v i n g 1w ith o u t s u s te n

a n c e o r o r g a n is a t io n , p lu n d e r in g an d p r e y in g upon e a c h o th e r .

T hey h a d been d r iv e n fro m t h e i r own c o u n try a c r o s s th e U m tata

R iv e r . A f te r th e c o l l a p s e o f th e Z u lu pow er, th e y g r a d u a l ly

b e g a n t o s t r a g g l e b ack t o re o ccu p y t h e i r own c o u n try u n d e r

t h e i r C h ie f F ak u . M eanw hile th e B o ers w ere e s t a b l i s h i n g

th e m s e lv e s i n N a ta l . On f i n d in g i n t h e i r e x p e d i t io n s a g a in s t

t h e B aca s u n d e r N c a p a y i ,e a r ly in 1841, a l a r g e u n o cc u p ied

t r a c t o f c o u n t r y b etw een th e Umzimkulu an d Umzimvubu R iv e ra5

th e y c o n t r i v e d t o p o s s e s s th e m se lv e s o f i t . N cap ay i w as a

r i v a l o f t h e Pondo F aku and he l i v e d on th e s o u th e rn b o rd e r

o f N a ta l w here B oer f a rm e rs co m p la in e d o f c a t t l e s t e a l i n g .

They t r a c e d th e sp o o r to h i s k r a a l s and c a r r i e d o f f 3 ,0 0 0 h ea d

o f c a t t l e an d 17 " a p p r e n t ic e s " . T h is a c t io n c a u se d th e a n g e r

a n d i n d ig n a t io n o f th e W esleyan M is s io n a r ie s who w ere a l r e a d y

e s t a b l i s h e d among th e Pondos and a f f i l i a t e d c la n s t o th e ^

S o u th o f t h e Umzimvubu. L e t t e r s a p p e a re d i n th e p r e s s . A

4T h e a l , p . 173-

5 C. 2 6 7 6 , N o .23 . F re r e t o S eo ry . o f S ta t e 2 2 .6 .8 0 , fo rw a rd in g copy o f memo. t>y Hon. 0 . B row nlee on "X esibe -Ponao Q u e s tio n . o f . H i s t o r i c a l A t la s (W a lk e r) .

6M a c m illa n , p . 180.

- 3 -

B r i t i s h f o r c e was s e n t up t o th e Umzimvubu " f o r th e p r o t e c t io n

o f t h e N a tiv e t r i b e s from a t t a c k s o f a s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r 11.

A t t h a t tim e th e q u e s t io n o f a n n e x a t io n o f N a ta l was b e in g

m o o ted i n B r i t i s h c i r c l e s . Thus t h e m i l i t a r y fo r c e s e n t to

p o n d o la n d p la y e d a d o u b le p a r t i n i t s te n d e n c y to th e

" s e c u r i t y o f o u r im m ediate (C ape) b o rd e r b y i t s in f lu e n c e on

t h e K a f f i r s , an d i t h a s a l r e a d y f a v o u ra b ly i n f lu e n c e d p u b l ic

s e n t im e n t am ongst th e E m ig ran t F arm ers i n N a ta l ; i t p la c e d

t h e s h i e l d o f B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n o v e r a l a r g e an d p o w e rfu l

t r i b e ( F a k u 's ) who a re t h e a l l i e s o f th e C olony, and se c o n d ly

i t w as p e r h a p s in te n d e d a s a n e c e s s a r y s t e p to w ard s th e

ac co m p lish m e n t o f an e v e n t g r e a t l y t o b e d e s i r e d . . . . th e

p e a c e f u l e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f B r i t i s h R u le i n P o r t N a ta l" .

T hus e a r l y was P o n d o la n d th e b ase o f o p e r a t io n s o f t h e Gape

v e r s u s N a ta l . Though th e conduc t o f th e B oers to w ard s th e

N a t iv e s a ro u n d N a ta l was "in fam ous and w ou ld so o n er o r l a t e r

b r i n g upon them th e j u s t i n d ig n a t io n o f t h e B r i t i s h Govern

m e n t " / i t was n o t by d i n t o f much p e r s u a s io n and p r e s s u r e

o n th e p a r t o f th e C o lo n ia l G overnor an d n e g r o p h i l i s t a g i t a t o r s ,

s u c h a s D r . J o h n P h i l i p , th e L .M .S . 's s ta u n c h u p h o ld e r o f

N a t iv e r i g h t s , and th e R ev . W illiam Shaw, th e W esleyan

S u p e r in te n d e n t a t G raham stow n, t h a t th e I m p e r ia l Government

a g r e e d t o th e a n n e x a t io n o f P o r t N a ta l . I t was p ro b a b ly

r a t h e r , D r . Uys s u g g e s t s , th ro u g h th e f e a r o f f o r e ig n i n t e r

f e r e n c e an d th e rum ours o f c o a l d e p o s i t s i n N a ta l t h a t th e ^

i m p e r i a l G overnm ent d e c id e d to u n d e r ta k e t h e r u l e o f N a ta l .

i n f u r th e r a n c e o f th e p o l i c y a d v o c a te d so s t r o n g ly by

8I b i d .

^ J . P . W. Shaw - J e n k in s 1 2 .1 0 .4 1 .

10U ys, p p . 8 - 2 1 .

- 4 -

D r. P h i l i p a n d o a r r i e d o u t to a c e r t a i n d eg ree w ith N a tiv e C h ie f s ,

M oshesh i n B a s u to la n d , W a te rb o e r i n G r iq u a la n d and o th e r s , th e

I m p e r ia l G overnm ent made a s i m i l a r t r e a t y w i th Baku i n 1844.

S i r P e r e g r in e M a it la n d r e p r e s e n te d Baku a s a p o w e rfu l C h ie f and

h e r e d i t a r y param o u n t C h ie f o f a l l th e K a f f i r t r i b e s betw een N a ta l

and th e Cape C olony b o r d e r .* W hether t h i s was in d e e d th e t r u t h

i s d o u b t f u l i n t h a t t im e o f f l u x , b u t Faku was d o u b t le s s i n t e l l i

g e n t a n d endow ed w i t h more th a n a v e ra g e n a t iv e cu n n in g , and he

l i k e M oshesh , t h e B a su to h a d c o l l e c t e d ro u n d him t r i b e s an d rem

n a n ts o f t r i b e s s e e k in g p r o t e c t io n fro m th e Z ulus. T hus was

Faku c o n s id e r e d a w o r th y s u b j e c t f o r a l l i a n c e w ith th e B r i t i s h

G overnm ent, who, by s u p p o r t in g him i n h i s p o s s e s s io n s and a id in g

him i n h i s r i g h t s , so u g h t th e re b y n o t o n ly t o r e t a i n th e f r ie n d s h ip

o f a n e ig h b o u r o f t h e young Colony o f N a ta l and k ee p open un

i n t e r r u p t e d co m m unica tion by la n d w i th N a ta l ■ t a l s o to w eaken

Cape f r o n t i e r t r i b e s by h a v in g an a l l y i n t h e i r rear."*’

T h ere w as, to o , t h e a t te m p t to c o n t r o l an d c u rb B oer

a s p i r a t i o n s in e x p e n s iv e ly and to p re v e n t t h e i r e x te rm in a t in g e n d

d i s l o c a t i n g n a t i v e t r i b e s on th e b o r d e r s o f th e C ape. W ith th e s e

o b j e c t s S i r p . M a i t la n d e n t e r e d i n to a t r e a t y o f am ity w i th Faku

w h ich r e c o g n is e d th e l a t t e r a s "Param ount C h ie f o f th e Amapondo

n a t i o n . . . . a n a o f th e w hole t e r r i t o r y l y in g betw een th e U m tata

K iv e r an d th e unuslmfculu R iv e r ,” Those c o m m ittin g , o r s u s p e c te d

o f h a v in g co m m itte d cr im e w ere t o be a p p reh en d e d . D isp u te s i n

c a p a b le o f p e a c e f u l s e t t l e m e n t w ere t o be su b m it te d t o C o lo n ia l

G overnm ent m e d ia t io n . F aku f u r t h e r p ro m ise d to a s s i s t w i th

C a p ta in s and W a rr io rs i n d e fe n c e o f t h e Colony when c a l le d upon.

The B r i t i s h G overnm ent on t h e i r p a r t u n d e r to o k t o p r o t e c t th e

* 0 .2 5 8 4 , N o .5 6 . e n c lo s . % p .1 2 2 . Memo, by B ulw er S e p t. 1880.

+C .2 5 8 4 , Memo. o p . e i t .

- 5 -

C h ie f a g a i n s t a l l u la im s an d p r e te n s io n s on th e p a r t o f B r i

t i s h s u b j e c t s ............ an d a g re e d to pay him an an n u a l su b s id y

to t h e m o u n t o f £7 5 .

I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t o f a l l th e t r e a t i e s made w ith

N a t iv e C h ie f s d u r in g th e e a r l y ' f o r t i e s t h i s one w ith F aku en

d u re d t h e ^ l o n g e s t . In d e e d i t was s t i l l c la im e d to be u n a n n u l le d

i n 1885* T h is f a c t m ig h t r e a s o n a b ly be a c c o u n te d f o r by th e

g r e a t i n f lu e n c e e x e r c i s e d i n P o n d o la n d by th e W esleyan M iss io n

a r y S o c i e ty . The R ev . W illia m Shaw and th e R ev, W.B. Boyce had

v i s i t e d Faku i n th e ea rly days when he was s t i l l l i v in g W est of

th e Umzimvubu R iv e r n e a r th e iJmgaai an d th e y h ad p ro m ised to

s e n d h im M is s io n a r i e s . I n 1338 Thomas J e n k in s became m is

s io n a r y t o F aku a t B u n tin g v l l l e and f o r c lo s e on t h i r t y y e a r s ,

c o n t r a r y to W esleyan M is s io n a ry o r g a n is a t io n , u n t i l h i s d e a th

he c o n t in u e d a s t h e C h ie f 's M is s io n a ry , m oving l a t e r to P a lm e rto n

a n d f i n a l l y t o E m fundesw eni, fo l lo w in g th e C h ie f a s he changed

h i e r e s id e n c e t o re o u u u p y h i s o ld la n d . I t was to Thomas J e n

k in s t h e Pondos owed t h e i r l a t e r p r o s p e r i t y , t h e i r e n d u r in g

f r i e n d s h i p w i th Cape an d B r i t i s h A u t n o r i t i e s a t a tim e when

C o lo n i s t s lo o k e d on t h e i r l a n d w i th c o v e to u s e y e s . F aku a p p re c

i a t e d t h e d e b t he owed h i s M is s io n a ry f o r he i n s i s t e d on h i s

m oving w i th him a s he d e s c r ib e d h im s e lf and J e n k in s a s th e o n ly

two men In P o n d o la n d .

M is s io n a r ie s w ere o f t e n a& ouaed by C o lo n is ts and

o f f i c i a l s o f p a r t i s a n s h i p w ith th e T r ib e s w i th whom th e y r e s i

d e d . ^ I t w as, h o w ever, s c a r c e ly s u r p r i s i n g t h a t th e t r i b e s

Thomas J e n k i n s . C f . W a lk er, p . 234 .

No. ) 9 . <9 3 -5; .'S r s v . s . C la rk " M iss io n a ry M em ories", p . 47-

S : i : " j i * :

C h ie f a g a i n s t a l l c la im s an d p r e te n s io n s on th e p a r t o f B r i

t i s h s u b j e c t s ............ an d a g r e e d to pay him an an n u a l su b s id y

t o t h e am ount o f £ 7 5 .

I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t o f a l l th e t r e a t i e s made w ith

N a tiv e C h ie f s d u r in g th e e a r l y ' f o r t i e s t h i s one w i th Baku en

d u re d th e ^ l o n g e s t . In d e e d i t was s t i l l c la im e d to be u n a n n u l le d

i n 1885- T h is f a c t m ig n t r e a s o n a b ly be a c c o u n te d f o r by th e

g r e a t i n f lu e n c e e x e r c i s e d i n P o n d o lan d by th e W esleyan M iss io n

a r y S o c i e ty . The R ev. W illia m Shaw and th e R ev. W.B. Boyce had

v i s i t e d Baku i n t h e e a r l y days when he was s t i l l l i v i n g W est o f

t h e Umaimvubu R iv e r n e a r t h e Umgazi an d th e y h a d p ro m ised to

s e n d him M is s io n a r i e s . I n 1838 Thomas J e n k in s became m is

s io n a r y t o Baku a t B u n t in g v i l le an d f o r c lo s e on t h i r t y y e a r s ,

c o n t r a r y t o W esleyan M is s io n a ry o r g a n is a t io n , u n t i l h i s d e a th

he c o n t in u e d a s t h e C h ie f 's M is s io n a ry , m oving l a t e r t o P a lm e rto n

a n d f i n a l l y t o Em fundesw eni, fo l lo w in g th e C h ie f a s he changed

h i s r e s id e n c e to re o o o u p y h i s o ld la n d . I t was to Thomas J e n

k i n s th e Pondos owed t h e i r l a t e r p r o s p e r i ty , t h e i r e n d u r in g

f r i e n d s h i p w i th Cape and B r i t i s h A u th o r i t i e s a t a tim e when

C o lo n i s t s lo o k e d on t h e i r l a n d w i th c o v e to u s e y e s . F aku a p p re c

i a t e d t h e d e b t he owed h i s M is s io n a ry f o r he i n s i s t e d on h i s

m ovina w i th him as he d e s c r ib e d h im s e l f and J e n k in s as th e o n ly

two men i n P o n d o la n d .

M is s io n a r ie s w ere o f t e n a c c u s e d by C o lo n is ts and

o f f i c i a l s o f p a r t i s a n s h i p w i th t h e T r ib e s w i th whom th e y r e s i -

d e d . 1^ I t w as, h o w ever, s c a r c e ly s u r p r i s i n g t h a t th e t r i b e s

Thomas J e n k in s . C f. W alker, p . 234.

^ P .M .A . No. 3 9 1 19*3*8 5 '

15R e v . S . C la rk " M iss io n a ry M em ories", p . 4 ? .

- 6 -

s h o u ld lo o k to t h e i r m is s io n a r ie s f o r a d v ic e and g u id an c e

i n t h e c o m p lic a te d an d o f t e n in c o m p re h e n s ib le r e la t io n s h i p s

th e y w ere e x p e c te d to assume w ith t h e w h i te man whose id e a s

o f e v e ry p h ase o f l i f e w ere so e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t from t h e i r

own. They w ere c a l l e d upon to th ro w o f f , su d d e n ly , th e

c o v e r in g o f b a r b a r is m an d don th e c lo a k o f c i v i l i s a t i o n .

The w i l i e s t C h ie fs r e a l i s e d th e ad v a n ta g e o f h a v in g someone

who c o u ld i n t e r p r e t s t o them th e b e h e o ts an d d o in g s o f tn e

w h i te men i n a n d o u t s id e t h e i r c o u n try . Many C h ie fs a p p l ie d

f o r a 'M is s io n a ry w i th no in t e n t i o n o f a d o p t in g C h r i s t i a n i t y ,

b u t w h o lly w i th th e v iew o f g a in in g f o r th e m se lv e s a s s i s t a n c e .

The c e n t r a l i s e d system o f th e W esleyan S o c ie ty

raaae i n t e r f e r e n c e and assu m p tio n o f a p ro m in e n t p a r t i n

t r i b a l l i f e a lm o s t i n e v i t a b l e . The S u p e r in te n d e n t a t

Graham stown r e c e iv e d r e p o r t s from a l l t h e S ta t io n s i n K a f f i r -

l a n d . He was p ro b a b ly th e b e s t in fo rm e d p e r s o n 6 n th e

E a s t e r n b o r d e r o f t h e C ape. T h e re fo re i t i s q u i t e i n t e l l i

g i b l e t h a t G overnm ent o f f i c i a l s and even th e G overnor h im s e lf

s h o u ld d i s c u s s N a tiv e a f f a i r s w i th h im an d a sk f o r a d v ic e ,

u s in g h i s M is s io n a r ie s a s a so u rc e o f com m unication w i th f a r

d i s t a n t t r i b e s w i th whom th e r e was no Governm ent r e p re s e n

t a t i v e . I t was by m eans o f th e M is s io n S ta t io n s i n an d on

t h e b o rd e r s o f P o n d o la n d t h a t com m unica tions betw een Cape

an d N a ta l w ere c o n d u c te d . D u rin g t im e s o f w ar w i th B o rd er

t r i b e s i t was p o s s ib le t o h o ld open com m unica tions w i th and

th ro u g h f r i e n d l y P o n d o la n d .

What D r . P h i l i p waa i n th e ‘tw e n t i e s and ' t h i r t i e s

a t t h e C ape, W ill ia m Shaw, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f t h e W esleyan

M is s io n a ry S o c ie ty a t Grahamstown became t o a l e s s e r d eg ree

i n t h e ' f o r t i e s an d ' f i f t i e s . He was th e c h a n n e l th ro u g h

w. Shaw - T . J e n k in s , 3 - 9 ‘4 5 an d 2 3 . 4 . 5 0 .

- 7 •

18w h ic h c o m p la in ts an d g r ie v a n c e s o f t e n re a c h e d th e G overnor

H ia M is s io n a r ie s s e n t r e g u la r r e p o r t s an d w i th R ev. Thomas

J e n k in s , a t any r a t e , th e s e w ere n o t m e re ly c o n f in e d to

m is s io n a f f a i r s b u t r e f e r r e d t o t h e t r i b e g e n e r a l l y . I n f o r

m a t io n was e n c o u ra g e d an d th o u g h a t t im e s th e R ev. Shaw

m ig h t o a u t lo n him t o ta k e c a re t h a t he d i d n o t a d v ise th e

C h ie f one way o r a n o th e r i n some d e c i s io n , and th o u g h J e n k in s

h im s e l f m ig h t c a r e f u l ly r e f u s e t o ta k e p a r t i n any scheme

e n g in e e re d by l a n d - g r a b b e r s o f N a ta l o r th e Cape; and th o u g h

h e v e h e m e n tly d is c la im s th e a c c u s a t io n l e v e l l e d a t him o f 19

b e in g a p o l i t i c a l a g e n t , y e t he n e a r ly alw ays c o n t r iv e d

t o a d v is e o r i n d i c a t e to th e C h ie f t h e p a th he sh o u ld ta k e

a n d w here he o o u ld n o t p re v e n t P a k u ’ s t a k in g a f o o l i s h c o u rs e

i t v e r y o f t e n f a i l e d i n i t s consum m ation th ro u g h h i s e f f o r t s - . 20

a n d M r. Shaw s . T h e o p h ilu s S h ep s to n e th o u g h t Mr. J e n k in s

a n d h i s w ife "had su ch p e c u l ia r id e a s o f tn e r i g h t s o f th e

P o n d o s" . So i t w ould seem to th o s e who so u g h t to a g g ra n

d i s e th e m s e lv e s a t pondo e x p e n se .

G overnm ent A g en ts w ere a p p o in te d f o r a t im e . On

more th a n one o c c a s io n Mr. J e n k in s fo u n d i t n e c e s s a r y to

i n t e r f e r e to p r o t e c t h i s p ro te g e a g a in s t t h e i r schem es. I n

1846 H .F . Fynn w as a p p o in te d B r i t i s h A gent to F oku.

D u r in g h i s te rm o f o f f i c e J e n k in s h a d much ado to p re s e rv e

^ c f . B asu to R e c o rd s V o l . I , p p .173, 4 3 9 - 4 6 2 , u e v . w. Shaw t o G ovr. 4 . b .4 8 . W» Shaw - M ajor Hogge 2 0 .1 0 .3 1 .J . P . Shaw - J e n k in s 2 0 .1 1 .5 0 .

?J . P . M.B. S h aw 's A pology to R ev. T . J e n k in s 1 1 .1 2 .5 5 . J e n k in s to G e n e ra l S e c r e t a r ie s o f th e W esleyan M is s io n a ry S o c i e ty , London - D efence o f C h a ra c te r 2 6 . 7 . 5 7 .

^ j . p . Shaw - J e n k in s 1 6 . 8 . 4 9 an d 2 0 . 1 1 . 5 0 .

S .p . S h e p s to n e - G. C ato 2 8 .7 -5 4 .

2 2 C.O. 1454, H.G. S m ith t o S e c r e ta r y o f S t a t e 2 0 .4 .4 8 .

19

t h e i n t e g r i t y o f F a ta l 's c o u n try . A t t h a t p e r io d S i r H a rry

S m ith was b u s i ly e x te n d in g B r i t i s h s o v e r e ig n ty o v er t e r r i t o r y

a s f a r N o i'th a s t h e Ve.a.1 an d E a s t t o th e D rak en sb e rg . ^ jh e

f r i e n d l y C h ie f p a k u was n o t to be a r b i t r a r i l y d is p o s s e s s e d

o f h i s c o u n try b u t Mr. Fynn was i n s t r u o t e d by S i r H. S m ith

t o "u tie h i s i n f lu e n c e w i th Kaku f o r him to make a v o lu n ta ry

o f f e r o f a l l M s c o u n try t o th e B r i t i s h S o v s rn a e n t11. 24

T h is was p ro b a b ly t o advance th e " im m ig ra tio n scheme o f th e

E a r l o f A ru n d e l an d o th e r noblem en who w ere d e s i r o u s o f p r o -„ 25m o tin g im m ig ra tio n o f t h e s e p a r t s , and f o r w hich p u rp o se

F y n n was a s k e d t o f u r n i s h a r e p o r t g iv in g d e t a i l e d in fo rm a tio n

a s t o th e q u a n t i t y o f u n o c c u p ie d la n d , t h e c h a r a c t e r o f b a y s ,

r o a d s te a d s , i n l e t s o f t h e s e a , r l v o r o , n a v ig a t io n , ro a d s and

t h e p ro b a b le e x p e n s e , w h e th e r c o t to n c o u ld be grow n o r c a t t l e

an d sh e e p r e a r e d . The R e p o r t made by Fynn was v e ry fa v o u r

a b l e - so much so t h a t J e n k in s , to whom i t was s e n t f o r

c r i t i c i s m , " f e l t he c o u ld n o t a l lo w i t t o p a s s " ae h i s name

n i g h t be c i t e d t o g iv e i t added f o r c e . W ith a l l F y n n 'e

c o n c lu s io n s h e d i s a g r e e d . He a g re e d t h a t P aku and th e o la n s

u o n o id e re d th e m o e lv e s u n d e r th e p r o t e c t io n o f th e Government

b u t th e f o u r t r i b e s m e n tio n e d fo r a t l e a s t f o u r te e n y e a r s

p a s t t h a d c o n s id e r e d li'tiku aa t h e i r s u p e r io r h e a d and h a d r e -

f t e r r a d t h u l r d iu p u te a t o him aa p a rm o u r it C h ie f . The R ev, !\T.

Shaw c a u t io n e d J w k l a a t o r e f r a i n from a d v is in g Feku.

S3 C .J . U ys, p p .2 7 ,2 8 .

'^4j , v , J e n k in s - W. Shaw, 1 . 5 .49 "He p re s s e s th e ^ n e c e s a i ty o f i t s b e in g a s p o n ta n e o u s a c t o f the_ u n ie r _ .

I b i — o f . D ia ry 1 .5 -4 ? .

» b « - J w k ln , i t W , don't l , ti t be s a i d y ou a s s i s t e d them t o i t .

- 9 -

So c o n v in c in g , h o w ever, d id Fynn d e c la r e J e n k i n s ' argum en ts

t o be t h a t h e a l t e r e d h i s

co u n try from th e Zimvubu to the Uaitata and recommended i t

to th e a t t e n t io n o r the Government as a f i e l d f o r em igration?

I t i s p o s s i b le t h a t t h e r e v e re n d g e n t le m e n 's a g i t a t i o n ab o u t

th e p ro p o s e d E m ig ra tio n Scheme was n o t unm ixed w ith p e r s o n a l

f e e l i n g s a s t h e E a r l o f A ru n d e l was a z e a lo u s Roman C a th o l ic .

M r. Shaw f e a r e d th e en d i n v iew was m ain ly t h e e s t a b l i s h i n g

c f a "flifltis o f I r i s h Roman C a th o l ic s , n o t e x c lu d in g f e lo n s and

o o n v i o t s . tl+

N a ta l , a l r e a d y s e e k in g to e x te n d h e r t e r r i t o r y ,

lo o k e d on F a k u 1 s c o u n try l y in g a d ja c e n t t o h e r b o rd e r a s a

d e s i r a b l e d i r e c t i o n i n w h ich t o t r y h e r p r e n t i c e h a n d . A

num ber o f Bushmen l i v i n g i n c lo s e p ro x im ity t o h e r annoyed

fa r m e r s on th e b o r d e r w i th c o n s ta n t d e p r e d a t io n s . The B acas

u n d e r C i t a an d H c a p a y i1 a widow an d a headm an, Hans L och en b erg ,

w e re a c c u s e d by Fynn o f b e in g a s s o c ia t e d w i th th e Bushmen i n

t h e i r n e f a r io u s n o t io n s . He c a l l e d F aku w i th h i s army to

t a l l upon them a n d p u n is h t h e m / w h ile he h im s e lf to o k C i t a

p r iu o n o r . F ak u o beyed Fynn, p e rh a p s n o t u n w i l l in g ly , a s th e

B aca s w ere n o t on th e f r i e n d l i e s t te rm s w i th t h e Pondos,

th o u g h th e y w ere o b l ig e d t o acknow ledge th e l a t t e r ' s p a r a - j

m ountoyZThe H onourab le W a lte r H a rd in g , Member o f th e L e g is

l a t i v e C o u n c il o f N a ta l , th e n p a id a v i s i t t o P o n d o la n d . 1

* j . p . J e n k in s - Suaw - Copy, u n d a te d .

+J . P . Shaw t o J e n k in s , 3 0 . 6 . 4 9 .

/ j . p . n i a r y 1 .5 .4 9 , "What w i l l an e n l ig h te n e d w o r ld sa y to t h i s co n d u c t o f H er M a je s ty s A gent?

K r .p . D ia r y , 7 -5 •* 9 , 8 . 5 -4 9 .

I j . p . D ia ry , 1 .4 .5 0 .

he oame w i th t h e p r o p o s a l to e x te n d th e " N a ta l bo u n d ary in to

F a k u 'a t e r r i t o r y " . H is argum ent was s u b t l e . T housands o f

h e a d o f c a t t l e , an d h u n d re d s o f h o rs e e h a d been s to le n from

N a ta l an d " t r a c e d i n t o F ak u ’ a c o u n try " ; and b y t r e a t y Faku

w as b o und to r e s t o r e t h e s e c a t t l e an d h o rs e s o r make compen

s a t i o n . B u t, in asm u ch "as th e Governm ent knew n e i t h e r Faku

n o r h i s p e o p le w ere im p l i c a t e d i n th e s e t h e f t s , and o u t o f

f r i e n d l i n e s s th e y h a d n e v e r im posed t h i s bu rd e n upon him .

B u t now he (M r. H a rd in g ) h a d b een s e n t to p ro p o se a new l i n e

o f "boundary i n o r d e r t o r e l i e v e Faku o f t h i s b u rd e n " . F aku ,

on J e n k i n s ' a d v io e , d i s c u s s e d th e m a t t e r w i th h i s c h i e f men,

who w e re a lm o s t u n an im o u sly a v e rs e to any c e s s io n ; b u t th e

C h ie f , on h e a r in g t h a t i n th e f u t u r e "he m ust h o ld h im s e l f

r e t ip o n e ib le f o r a l l t h e c a t t l e oo ta k e n fro m N a ta l i f he

w ou ld n o t c o n se n t a t l a s t a g re e d ac f a r a s th e tJmtamvuba

R iv e r , d e s p i t e J e n k i n s 1 w arn in g t h a t th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y s t i l l

r e s t e d w i th h im a s t h e t r e a t y was n o t a l t e r e d . A h u n d re d

h e a d o f o a t t l e w as th e p u rc h a se p r i c e .

T h is d id n o t en d th e a f f a i r , f o r g r e a t a g i t a t i o n

wao c a u s e d s h o r t l y a f t e r by a dem andior a th o u sa n d h e a d o f

o a t t l e b y Fynn w i th o u t e x p la n a t io n o th e r th a n th e t h r e a t o f

w ar i f n o t co m p lie d w i th .* Mr. Fynn was sup p o sed to hav e en

c lo s e d from F aku a l e t t e r to th e L ie u te n a n t-G o v e rn o r o f N a ta l

o f f e r i n g M s c o u n try , o r a l a r g e p a r t o f i t , t o N a ta l .^ Faku

a b s o l u t e l y d e n ie d e v e r h a v in g s ig n e d any auoh document g iv in g

any p a r t o f M u c o u n try to th e Governm ent and i n s i s t e d on

* j . p . D ia r y , 1 1 . 4 . 5 0 .

+ J .P . D ia r y , 2 0 .9 -5 0 , 2 .1 1 .5 0 .

/ j , p , copy J e n k in s t o L t .-G o v r . P in e , 1 1 . 7 . 5 *D ia r y , 2 8 .1 0 .5 0 .

J e n k in s w r i t i n g f o r h i® to th e L ie u te n a n t-G o v e rn o r , T h ro u g h

uhe com bined e f f o r t s o f J e n k in s and Shaw, th e G overnor,

S i r H. Sm ith, was inform ed o f the m a tte r . He dism issed

th e whole a f f a i r and wrote to the L ieu tenant-G overnor o rder

in g him to r e s to re th e o a t t l e . + A commission, sen t to

en q u ire in to th e m e ri ts o f the case , l e f t the country in Faku 'a

p o s s e s s io n as h e re to fo re , and. decided he was to be "considered

reep o n u ib iu f o r a l l th e t e r r i t o r y no s e t t l e d by the new boundary

from the Umtamvuba upwards to the in g e l i and thenoe to the

Kathlamba Mountains (D rak en sb e rg )y

During the K a f f ir war o f 1850-1851, th e re was l i t t l e

f e a r tn u t th e rondos would jo in w ith the K a f f ir s , although

Puku had been i r r i t a t e d by th e Government To arouse

dormant lo y a l ty , S i r H. Smith h im self wrote a s t i r r i n g l e t t e r

to Faku, c a l l in g upon him to c o lle c t h is arm ies and f u l l upon

K r e l i ; 1 the promise o f "thousands o f c a t t l e 11 was the spur

uoed to awaken f i g g i n g e n e rg y ^ The war was ended w ithout

a iu from th e iondoo, though thoy expressed t h e i r w illin g n ess

to f i g h t , 11

* j . F . m a r y , 1 6 ,1 1 .5 0 , R vv. H. Peoroo - Jen k in s 6 .12 .50 .

M I B B S E I S F^ J .P . D iary , 6 .1 .5 1 .

^ J . P . D ia r y , 15*1*51•

^ J .I '. D ir h . LSmith to paku y/.11.51*

^ J . P . M .u . iilmw to J e n l t in s atid 2 4 .1 fii.p l.

3: I J . P . D ia r y , 6 .1 2 .5 1 *

- 1 2 -

The t r o u b l e w i th N a ta l l o s t H .P . Fynit Government

f a v o u r ; b e s i d e s F ak u r e f u s e d t o d e a l th ro u g h him a f t e r th e

a l l e g e d " b o n a - f id e t r a n s a c t io n s " with th e C h ie f fend th e Liejj,-

ten a n t-G -fe v y n o r. ^ T h e r e f o r e h i s o f f i c e was a b o l i s h e d from

1 s t M arch , 1852.

He was s u p e rc e d e d by Mr. M.B. Shaw, a son o f th e

R e v . W ill ia m Shaw, who w as a p p o in te d " B r i t i s h R e s id e n t w i th

a l l t h e ^ t r i b e s l y i n g b e tw e en th e K ei an d th e D i s t r i c t o f

N a t a l . " He l a s t e d l i t t l e lo n g e r th a n Fynn and l e f t h i s

r e s id e n c e i n P o n d o la n d in an even g r e a t e r s t a t e o f o p p ro b riu m .

He was d e e p ly d i s l i k e d a n d d i s t r u s t e d by th e M is s io n a r ie s i n

a n d on th e b o r d e r s o f P o n d o la n d . He i n c u r r e d g r e a t odium

b y t h e m anner i n w h ich he a c te d i n w hat was known as th e

"Umdumbl A f f a i r " when he h im s e l f l e d o u t an army to a t t a c k

th e Pondos u n d e r Damas, F a k u 's e l d e s t son a n d C h ie f i n West

P o n d o la n d . The Pondos w ere r e tu r n in g fro m a r a i d on th e

P ondom ise when S h aw 's men f e l l upon them , th e R e s id e n t

h im s e l f o p e n in g f i r e an d k i l l i n g two o r th r e e men.

J e n k i n s ' h o n e s ty i s p a t e n t i n th e p a r t he p la y e d , w r i t i n g to

t h e R ev . Shaw an d t e l l i n g him o f th e e x c ite m e n t and in d ig

n a t i o n c a u se d by h i s s o n 's m isd eed s and w a rn in g him t h a t a s

F ak u w ou ld p ro b a b ly p r e s e n t th e a f f a i r t o t h e Government he

^ J . P . D ia ry 3 .5 .5 1 , an d R ev. H. P e a r s e - J e n k in s 2 4 .1 2 .5 0 , an d J e n k in s t o L t . - G o v r . P in e 11 .7*51•

4 4 C .0 .1 3 4 9 , NOvl, N e w ca s tle t o G ovr. o f Cape 4 . 1 . 5 3 .

4 ^ J .P . M.B. Shaw - J e n k in s 1 6 . 2 . 5 2 an d D ia ry 2 1 .4 .5 2 .

4 ^ J . P . R ev . J . S . Thomas to J e n k in s 2 . 8 . 5 5 .

4 ^ J . P . C. W hite t o J e n k in s 5 .7 .5 5 -

. -1 iinur II ..........

- 1 3 -

(J e n k in s ) would have to w rite f o r him.*

As a r e s u l t o f Mr. Je n k in s ' w r i tin g fo r Faku to

Colonel M aclean, Chief Commissioner,4 Major Thomas Addison

was a p p o in ted by th e Governor to c a rry out an en q u iry ,7

w ith th e r e s u l t t h a t M.B. Shaw was removed.

Natal's a ttem p ts to wedge h e r s e l f in to Pondoland

were made a t i n te r v a ls . The Honourable W alter Harding had

oome in 1850 and succeeded in o b ta in in g from the Chief a

g ra n t o f lan d between th e Umzimkulu and Umtamvuna.

In 1854 th e re was made a more unob trusive though

none th e le s s in s id io u s e f f o r t , by the then r is in g N ative

A d m in is tra to r,T h eo p h ilu s Shepstone, who had a very c le a r

id e a as to what ex a c tly the M aitland T reaty im plied . The

acknowledgement o f paramount a u th o r ity had n o t conveyed the

r ig h t o f p ro p r ie to r s h ip to the s o i l w ith in th e boundaries

m entioned . Under the T rea ty the r ig h t to th e lan d had been

secu red to th o se in whom i t had p rev io u s ly e x is te d and in

Faku was v e s te d no power to cede o r a lie n a te any p o rtio n of

the l e s s e r t r i b e s ' and c la n s ' t e r r i t o r y X He d id no t,

t h e r e fo r e , co n cen tra te on Faku but canvassed f o r a cession

from th e o th e r C h ie fs .1 He r a th e r pompously s ta te s th a t

*J.P . Je n k in s - Bev. ff. Shaw, 18.7*55 "Faku i s reso lv e d to have no more communication with'M.B as Government Agent .

+J ,P . Jen k in s - Col. Maclean, 8 .8 .55-

/ j . F , Maj. T. Addison - T. Jen k in s , 3.11.55*

**S.F. Memo, d r a f t in Shepstone 's w r i tin g Bmfundisweni, 2 5 .3 .7 2 .

a s k® h ad p le d g e d h im s e l f "b e fo re th e G overnment and b e f o r e

th e w o r ld " t o c a r r y o u t h i s scheme, he i s d e te rm in e d to53

s u c c e e d o r p ro v e i t i s n o t t o be d o n e " . T hat he c o n s id

e r e d h e h a d su c c e e d e d i s e v id e n t i n h i s e n t h u s i a s t i c l e t t e r

t o h i s f r i e n d , G.C. C ato , a f t e r h i s r e tu r n . " l have su c

c e e d e d beyond my e x p e c t a t i o n s , I ca n do p r e t t y w e ll w hat I

l i k e w i th th e w hole c o u n try . The M outh o f S t . J o h n 's to54

t h e i n f lu e n c e o f th e t i d e i s p la c e d u n d e r my c o n t r o l" .

He w as n o t , ho w e v er, s a t i s f i e d w i th Mr. J e n k in s th o u g h h e '

h a d s e c u re d h i s m e e tin g w i th Faku. "He i s n o t s t r a i g h t

f o r w a r d enough an d h e , a s w e ll a s h i s w i f e , have su ch p e c u l

i a r n o t io n s a b o u t th e ro n d o s ' and F a k u 's r i g h t s , t h a t i t i s

d i f f i c u l t to do a n y th in g w i th them i n th e f a c e o f t h e i r

p r e ju d i c e s " .

E v e n ts p ro v e d t h a t th o u g h S h ep s to n e h ad r e c o g n is e d

t h e o p p o s i t i o n o f J e n k in s and h i s f e l l o w M is s io n a r ie s , he

h ad u n d e r r a te d i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e . Rumours o f S h e p s to n e 's

v i s i t t o Faku an d th e o b j e c t t h e r e o f h a d re a c h e d W illiam Shaw.

He r e q u e s t e d J e n k in s to h e lp h i s so n "M .B." w i th some u s e f u l

i n f o r m a t io n a s t h e G overnor h a d d i r e c t e d him to r e p o r t on

th e a c tu a l s t a t e o f th e ca se a s th e Governm ent "knew n o th in g

a b o u t t h e a f f a i r ” a n d ,a s th e “Governm ent i s v e ry s e n s i t i v e

on any m a t te r t h a t d i s tu r b s th e N a tiv e m ind" he d id n o t

t h i n k " th e y w i l l app ro v e o f th e N a t* 1. G overnm en t's d o in g

^ 2 , P . S h ep s to n e - G.C. C ato 2 8 .7 .$ 4 .

an y th in g beyond th e border of th a t C o lo n y " .^

J e n k in s * a c c o u n t o f th e a f f a i r c e r t a i n l y does

n o t a g r e e w i th S h e p s to n e 1 a , n o r does i t g iv e g ro u n d s f o r

t h e l a t t e r * s e x u b e ra n c e . He h ad b e e n u n w i l l in g to p a r ti

cipate a t a l l i n t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s and h a d o n ly a g re e d a t th e

p r e s s in g r e q u e s t o f th e C h ie f who w ould n o t have co n se n te d

t o s e e M r. S h e p s to n e w ith o u t h i s M is s io n a ry . A f te r

F ak u h a d r e f u s e d a l t o g e t h e r t o g iv e o r cede any t e r r i t o r y ,

J e n k i n s , know ing t h a t " th e r e was one sm all p a r t u n d e f in e d

i n t h e bo u n d ary ced ed t o Mrs* H a rd in g " , s u g g e s te d to Faku

t h e p r o p r i e t y on h i s p a r t o f g iv in g S h ep s to n e "a k lo o f o r

tw o " f o r t h e sak e o f h a v in g a d i s t i n o t l i n e . He saw i t

an d c o n s e n te d ; "b u t n o t b e in g d e f i n i t e enough i n h i s la n g

u ag e Mr. S h e p s to n e was o f t h e o p in io n he m eant a l l th e

k l o o f s " . I n t h e docum ent i t i s s t a t e d he ce d ed a l l th e

w a te r s ru n n in g i n t o th e Unitamvuna. " T h is " , e x p la in s

J e n k i n s , "w ould ta k e a n a rro w s t r i p o f F a k u 's c o u n try

i n s t e a d o f a k lo o f o r tw o " . As to th e Umaimvubu, Mr.

S h e p s to n e k e p t t o w hat F aku s a id , e x c e p t "a m ile on ea c h

s i d e o f t h e r i v e r a s f a r a s th e t i d e w e n t" . 57 paku

t a k i n g a d v a n tag e o f th e Cape G o v e rn o r 's i n t e r e s t and an x io u s

t o s t a n d w e l l w i th t h a t Government now d e n ie d h a v in g Defied

any c o u n try , th o u g h he e x p r e s s e d h im s e lf q u i t e s a t i s f i e d ,

w i th w hat he h a d ced ed p re v io u s ly t o H a rd in g . T h is

l a t e r c o n c e s s io n o f w hich S hepstone f e l t so c o n f id e n t and

56 j , P „ w. shaw - J e n k in s 2 8 -7 .5 4 , an d ¥ - Shaw t o h i s son2 9 .7 * 5 4 .

^ J . P . J e n k in s t o W. Shaw 2 1 .8 .5 4 .

58I b i d .

- i 6 -

° n w h ich he r a t h e r p re m a tu re ly s e t h ie h o p es was n e v e r

c o n f irm e d by th e H igh C om m issioner, on whose r a t i f i c a t i o n

i t s v a l i d i t y d e p e n d e d .W

Prom th e t im e o f th e d e p a r tu r e o f M.B, Shaw as

R e s id e n t i n 1855 u n t i l h i s d e a th i n 1868 J e n k in s was v i r

t u a l l y B r i t i s h A gent - t h e "eyes an d e a r s " , som etim es th e

"m outh" a l s o , o f th e G overnm ent.+ A f te r 1854, th e tim e

o f t h e C o n v e n tio n s , th e B r i t i s h Governm ent d e f i n i t e l y r e

p u d ia te d i n t e r f e r e n c e bey o n d th e s t r i c t b o r d e r s . T here

w as enough to do to c o n t r o l u n ru ly t r i b e s a l r e a d y u n d er

t h e i r r u l e w i th o u t t r o u b l in g ab o u t a f r i e n d l y t r i b e su c h as

t h e Pondos h ad e v e r p ro v e d th e m s e lv e s . B ut by i860 th e

B o e r S t a t e s w ere becom ing a menace t o B r i t i s h p r e s t i g e ,

b e c a u s e o f t h e i r g ra d u a l a b s o r p tio n o f G r iq u a la n d and t h e i r

f i n a l u ltim a tu m to Adam Kok to f i g h t o r t r e k 'f The H igh

C om m issioner, S i r George G rey , a d v is e d a g e n e r a l t r e k to

l a n d . Paku g r a n te d l a n d a t th e f o o t o f tn e D rak en sb e rg .

D e s p ite d i s s e n s io n on th e p a r t o f th e G r iq u a s , S i r George

G rey i n s i s t e d t h a t th e y sh o u ld o n ly t r e k i n t o t h e i r new

*G.H. N e ts . 1876-77 , Memo, by S h e p s to n e , 4 . 9 . 7 6 .

t j . P , C o l. M aclean to J e n k in s , 1 0 .7 . 5 6 , 2 2 . 1 2 . 5 6 .

/D ow er " E a r ly A n n a ls o f K o k s ta d " , p . 11.

T^P&rt o f c o u n try ce d ed t o H a rd in g betw een Umsimkulu and (Jmtamvuna, n o t u n o c c u p ie d b u t no a u t h o r i t y . 02584,N o. 5 6 , Memo, by B u lw er, p . 120.

1W a lk er, p . 312; Dower, p . 12; J . P . Geo. Brownlow, Seo. t o L t .-G o v . t o J e n k in s 2 1 .1 1 .6 0 , e n c lo s in g c o n d i t io n s on w h ich H is E x c e l le n c y , th e tt .C . t h i n k s i t e x p e d ie n t t h a t t h e G riq u a s u n d e r C a p ta in Adam Kok sh o u ld occupy a c e r t a i n t r a c t o f c o u n try l y i n g b e tw e en B r i t i s h K a f f r a r i a an d N a ta l .

c o u n t r y as B r i t i s h s u b j e c t s . N a ta l c o n s id e r e d h e r s e l f

v e r y h a r d ly t r e a t e d , h e r i n t e r e s t s and p r i o r o la im e to th e . , . hav in ff b ee n 65t , e r r i ' to r y /Vip a s s e d o v e r an d ig n o re d .

I n 1861 t h e f i r s t m en tion o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a Cus

tom s House a t t h e Umzimvubu was r o a 4 e . . The B r i t i s h

A u t h o r i t i e s a t th e Cape an d i n th e C o lo n ia l O f f ic e were

becom ing a la rm e d a t th e r e p o r t o f M a r th in u s P r e t o r i u s ,

P r e s id e n t o f t h e T r a n s v a a l , on m aking h im s e l f p r e s id e n t o f

t h e O range F re e S ta t e h a v in g s a id : 111 have one g ra n d o b je c t

I n v ie w w hich I siu in o t a t p r e s e n t d i s c l o s e . " T h is ,

com m ercia l Cape Town f e a r e d was th e i n t e n t i o n o f th e Repub

l i c s t o g a in an o u t l e t to th e s e a by way o f P o r t S t . J o h n 's .

The m a t t e r became more p r e s s in g i n I 6 6 5 , how ever,

when h o s t i l i t i e s b ro k e o u t be tw een th e O range F re e S ta te

Rnd th e B a su to s once more and W epener an n ex ed a l l th e la n d s

b e tw e en th e O range and th e C aledon R iv e r s , th e re b y t h r e a t e n

in g t o open a c o r r id o r betw een th e Colony an d th e rem ain s

o f B a s u to la n d by w h ich th e R e p u b lic c o u ld re a c h th e s e a v i a

p o n d o la n d a t P o r t S t . J o h n 's . T h e r e fo r e Wodehouse i n

s t r u c t e d b o th J e n k in s an d Mr. A .S . W hite , a t r a d e r , to

n e g o t i a t e f o r th e c e s s io n o f P o r t S t . J o h n 's , an d as a

64D ow er, p . 12.

6 5U u a p .I I .

^ j . p , c o l . M aclean t o J e n k in s 1 . 3 . 6 1 . P r i v a t e : "W ill you b e so k in d as to a c q u a in t me i f l?aku w ould ag re e t o th e G o v e rn m en t's e s t a b l i s h i n g a Custom House a t th e Umzimvubu?"

^ U y e , p p .39-40 and de K ie w ie t , p . 139*

6a .W a lk er, p . 326.

12 . 10 . 6 6 .

- 1 8 -

f i l l i p P a k u 's a llo w a n ce was i n c r e a s e d from £75 to £100 p e r

annum , an d Damae, F ak u ' b e l d e s t so n , was g iv e n one o f £$0 ?

"The m a t t e r o f S t . J o h n 's R iv e r i s o f much im p o rta n c e , t h a t

i s , a s to i t s n o t f a l l i n g i n to o th e r h a n d s" , an d J e n k in s

was e n t r u s t e d t o choose th e tim e an d mode o f b r in g in g ab o u t

an a r ra n g e m e n t . Much s a t i s f a c t i o n was e x p r e s s e d by

F ak u a t h i s in c r e a s e an d th e d e c i s io n t o g iv e e 4 H o s Damas.

J e n k in s h a d h o p e s o f s u c c e s s w i th r e g a r d t o t i t . J o h n 's ,72

th o u g h he f e l t i t w ise t o w a i t f o r a f a v o u r a b le o p p o r tu n i ty .

The t im e e v e n tu a l ly chosen to a s k Faku p ro v e d in o p p o rtu n e ,

a s t h e N a ta l Governm ent h ad r e c e n t l y w i th g r e a t g u s to end

p u b l i c d i s p la y p ro c la im e d A lf r e d County B r i t i s h t e r r i t o r y ,

an d a n m x e d ^ to N a ta l . Pondo c la n s owing a l l e g ia n c e to

Fak u h a d b ee n f i l t e r i n g o v e r th e b o undary an d ta k in g up

g a r d e n s . A t t h i s p u b l ic d e m o n s tra tio n Faku was s t a r t l e d

a n d annoyed an d n o t d is p o s e d to d i s c u s s any new c e s s io n , he

a n d h i s p e o p le f e a r i n g " l e s t th e t e r r i t o r y and th e s u b je c t io n

be t h e o b j e c t " . J e n k in s d id n o t , h ow ever, f a i l to m en tio n

"o t h e r p a r t i e s who were w is h fu l t o g e t p o s s e s s io n o f th e

p o r t " . ^ Mr. A .13, W h ite , c o n f id e n t i a l l y com m issioned by

S i r F . Wodehouoe t o n e g o t i a t e f o r th e c e s s io n o f "as much

o f t h e t e r r i t o r y b e lo n g in g to th e Pondo C h ie f , Faku, a s

^ ° J .P . Wodehouse - J e n k in s , 4 . 5 . 6 5 .

" 2J . P . J e n k in s - J .C . W arner 14 . 8 . 6 5 .

"Û y s, n . 455 J . P . S h ep sto n e to J e n k in s 2 7 . 1 2 .6 5 and 7 . 1 . 6 b .

^4J . P . J e n k in s - Wodehouse 9 , 1 2 . 6 5 .

7 5 „

- 1 9 -

w o u ld e n s u r e th e oom axid o f th e n a v ig a t io n and t r a d e o f th e

Umaitnvubu R iv e r an d h a v in g a u t h o r i t y to sp en d £500* u se d

th e same t a c t i c s . 1 He p o in te d o u t to them th e c o m p lic a tio n s

w h ic h m ig h t a r i s e i n t h e d is p u te s "between B a su to s and B oers

an d re m in d e d them o f t h e w ant o f r e s p e c t f o r n a t iv e r i g h t s

shown by th e B o ers w hen, s t i l l i n o c c u p a tio n o f N a ta l , th e y

h a d in v a d e d t h e i r c o u n try , an d how a t t h a t t im e , th e B r i t i s h

h a d s e n t a f o r c e to p r o t e c t them . T h is c o u ld n o t be done

a g a i n , t h e r e f o r e i t w ould be i n f i n i t e l y to th e a d v a n tag e o f

th e Rondos t o hav e " a f r i e n d l i k e th e B r i t i s h Government

n e a r them a t t h e Mouth o f th e t i t . J o h n 's " . F u r th e r i t was

e x p la in e d t h a t i t was w e ll-know n how a n x io u s th e B o ers w ere

to s e c u re a p o r t somewhere on th e c o a s t an d t h a t im n e d ia te ly

t h e p r e s e n t w ar ended s t e p s would b e ta k e n to s e c u re o ne ,

b u t i f F eku h a d a l r e a d y ce d ed i t to th e B r i t i s h Government

h e w o u ld b e t r o u b l e d no f u r t h e r . + Though, a few m onths

l a t e r , F aku a p p e a re d w i l l i n g to cede a s m a l le r e x te n t o f

c o u n try th a n o r i g i n a l l y p ro p o se d , and th o u g h th e H igh

C om m issioner a p p e a re d d is p o s e d to a c c e p t t h e t e r r i t o r y , ^

n e g o t i a t i o n s la p s e d . I t h a s b ee n s u g g e s te d th e a n n e x a tio n

o f B a s u to la n d was d e t e r m in e d ly Wodehouse t o p re v e n t P r e s i

d e n t B ran d o b ta in in g a p a t h to th e s e a , f o r h e , l i k e P r e t o r

i a , was a n x io u s f o r e p o r t /

th e Umaimvubu".

+ j . p . a . S . W hite t o S i r P . W odehouse, 4 . 7 . 6 6 .

/ j , p . Wodehouse - A .S . W h ite , 1 2 .1 0 .6 6 .

1 8 6 5 -1 6 7 0 '', P -3 5 '

S hortly &£Wr*cards P aku d ie d - on 29 t h O c to b e r , I8 6 7 ,

a n d U m quikela. su c c e e d e d h im .*

As F ak u h a d ta k e n h i s G rea t w ife l a t e i n l i f e ,

U m q u ik ela , th e h e i r , was q u i t e a young man a t th e tim e o f

h i s f a t h e r ' s d e a th an d many y e a r s j u n i o r t o Daraas, whom Faku

h a d made c h i e f i n W e ste rn Pondo land a n d a s a f a v o u r i t e son

h a d a llo w e d a g r e a t d eg ree o f in d e p e n d e n c e . U m quikela

a p p e a re d f r i e n d l y and an x io u s t o re m a in on good te rm s w i th

th e B r i t i s h Governm ent a s w e ll a s m a in ta in p e a c e fu l r e l a t i o n s

w i t h t h e t r i b e s a ro u n d h im .-1- P ro b a b ly U m quikela was a

l i t t l e w i ld a n d r e c k l e s s enti,m aybe, h a d a l r e a d y a c q u ire d t h a t

f a t a l t a s t e f o r s t r o n g l i q u o r w h ich p ro v e d h i s , a s w e ll a s

many a n o th e r Pondo C h ie f 's , u n d o in g .^ I t r e q u ir e d wisdom

a n d s t r e n g t h t o w i th s ta n d th e w ily f l a t t e r e r s an d e v i l coun

s e l l o r s , N a tiv e an d E u ro p e an , who su rro u n d e d th e " c o u r t" .

Um quiitelu was young an d in e x p e r ie n c e d , e a s i l y p e rsu a d e d and

c e r t a i n l y weak. I t was ex tre m ely u n f o r tu n a te t h a t th e o ld

a n d t r u s t e d f r i e n d o f t h e t r i b e , t h e Rev. Thomas J e n k in s ,

s h o u ld s u rv iv e F aku o n ly a few m o n th s . Though h i s widow,

M rs. J e n k in s , re m a in e d and u n d e r to o k to some d eg ree h e r h u s

b a n d 's r o l e o f a d v i s e r to th e C h ie f an d h i s t r i b e and th o u g h

sh e hao been c a l l e d th e '’Queen o f P ondoland", she c o u ld n e v e r

e x e r t eo g r e a t an I n f l u e n c e / She U v e a f o r a n o th e r tw e lv e

y e a r s b u t she r o o t hav e b ee n a g o in g . She and h e r husband

h ad a d o p te d and b ro u g h t up two b o y s , J o e i a h , and Um hlangaaa,

* j . P , K ev. J o h n A i l sop - T . l ih e p s to n e , 1 5 .1 1 .6 7 .

+ j .p „ j e n k in s t o W odehouse, 9 .1 2 .6 2 .

W h ite s id e - " H is to ry o f th e W esleyan M e th o d is t Church o f S o u th A f r i c a " , p . 253.

so n s o f a "b ro th e r o f F ak u , S i t a t a . T hese two w ere d e s t in e d

to p l a y no v e r y la u d a b le p a r t i n th e l a t e r h i s to r y o f Pondo-

la n d .. U rahlangaza, th e e l d e r , was s e n t t o L o v ed a le , he was

m a rr ie d , by C h r i s t i a n r i t e s to a C h r i s t i a n woman, V ic to r i a ,

i n whom C h a r le s B row nlee to o k an i n t e r e s t , * and f o r a tim e

h e l d s e r v ic e s i n h i s h o u s e . 4

B e fo re t h e s u b je c t o f P o r t S t . J o h n 's was re o p e n e d ,

a n o th e r e v e n t h a d o c c u r re d t o annoy th e P o n d o s. In 1872 a

Com m ission, c o n s i s t i n g o f th e H onourab le W illia m A y l i f f ,

C a p ta in G r i f f i t h s a n d C a p ta in G r a n t , h a d b ee n a p p o in te d to

d e f in e t h e b o u n d a r ie s b e tw e en G r iq u a la n d E a s t , N a ta l and

P o n d o ia n d an d e n q u i r e i n t o g r ie v a n c e s o f v a r io u s sm a l le r

t r i b e s who h a d a p p l i e d t o be ta k e n u n d e r th e G overnm ent.

The Comm ission d e c id e d to ta k e o v e r t h e Pondom ioe, a t r i b e

c o n s t a n t l y a t f e u d w ith t h e Pondos u n d e r D a m s , b u t a g r e e d

t h a t t h e X & sibes end Amabaoa w ere t o re m a in w i th in t h e b ounds

o f P o n d o ia n d a n d acknow ledge U m qulkela, param ount C h ie f .

N ehem iah an d P in g o e s w ere a l r e a d y l o c a te d i n N om ansland .^

The Pondou r e p e a t e d ly p r o t e s t e d a g a in s t th e l o s s o f l a n d b u t

w i th no a v a i l . ^

The m a t t e r o f o b ta in in g P o r t 3 t . J o h n 's an d th e

e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f a Customs house was re o p e n e d by th e L ie u

te n a n t- G o v e r n o r o f N a ta l who co m p lain ed o f g o o d s , e s p e c i a l l y

s p i r i t s and g u n s , e n t e r in g th e r i v e r and a v o id in g Custom

* J .P . B row nlee - M rs. J e n k in s . I. 8 i*

" W e s by S . C la rk e in m a n u sc r ip t " S to r ie s o f H a rg re a v e s ," W esley an M e th o d is t A r c h iv e s , Cape Town.

^ W a lk e r, p.357*

K j .P . M rs. J e n k in s , u n d a te d , G .'i . 9 /1 , T e le . G. Com. Kinywilliametown -■ S.M.A.

d u t i e s . T h is e n t a i l e d a s e r io u s l e s s o f re v en u e b o th to

th e Cape a n d N a ta l , a s t h e goods , ' ■ , th o u g h p ay in g no

d u ty , w ere o f t e n consum ed i n one c o lo n y o r th e o th e r .

B o th t h e G overnor o f t h e C ape, S i r H enry B a rk ly , and h i s

a d v i s e r s w ere d is p o s e d " to c o -o p e ra te so f a r w i th th e N a ta l

G overnm ent . To T h e o p h ilu s S h ep sto n e was a s s ig n e d th e

ta .uk o f n e g o t i a t i n g w i th U m quikela f o r th e c e s s io n ;+ b u t

a s h e s h o r t l y a f t e r l e f t f o r E n g lan d th e m a t t e r was i n abey

an c e u n t i l S i r H. B a rk ly h im se lf sh o u ld a t te m p t a s e t t l e m e n t

w i th t h e Pondo C h ie f on h i s t o u r o f K a f f r a r i a an d N a t a l /

H e, h o w ever, was m et w i th a f i rm th o u g h c o u r te o u s r e f u s a l ,

th o u g h he w ro te t o U m quikela e x p la in in g h i s w i s h e s / I n

1 8 7 6 M rs. J e n k in s was sounded on th e s u b j e c t . I n s p i t e o f

t h e G o v e rn m en t's b e in g d is p o s e d t o a c t l i b e r a l l y i n th e way

o f a n a n n u a l c o n s id e r a t i o n f o r th e c e s s io n , 1 M rs. J e n k in s

r e tu r n e d th e d is c o u ra g in g o p in io n t h a t th e " tim e was m ost

in a u s p ic io u s . . . . b ec au se o f th e e x c ite m e n t e x i s t i n g on th e

b o u n d ary q u e s t i o n . Mn B a rk ly s u b s e q u e n tly came to th e

*O.H. 3 1 /1 2 , p . 2 4 6 . B a rk ly to K im b erle y , 2 4 . 12 . 7 3 , andG.H. 9 /1 , Memo. by C. B row nlee , 2 6 .1 1 .7 3 , an d B row nlee to B a rk ly ( P r i v a t e ) , 1 3 .5 -7 4 .

^G .H . 9 /1 , B row nlee - B a rk ly p r i v a t e 3 . 8 .

^G .H . 3 i / 1 3 , p p .2 3 0 -2 5 3 , B a rk ly to C arnarvon, 5 -7 .7 6 .

* J .P . I r o b a r t to M rs. J e n k in s , 1 0 .1 .7 6 .

I I J . P . D r a f t i n M rs. J e n k in s ' h an d , u n d a te d .

- 2 3 -

c o n o lu s io n a f t e r I n q u i r i e s a s to th e a c tu a l e x te n t o f t r a d e

a nd t h e f a c i l i t i e s f o r in t r o d u c in g goods t h a t i t h a d been

o v e r r a t e d and a s th e com m ercia l c a p a b i l i t i e s w ere "no t

i n s p i r i n g h i s Im p re s s io n was t h a t i t was n o t w o r th w h ile

r i s k i n g a q u a r r e l w i th a t r i b e w h ich was n o t one o f th e m ost

w a r l ik e , e s p e c i a l l y a a t h e c o u rse o f e v e n ts i n th e T ra n a k e i

w as su c h a s t o in d u c e th e Governm ent to re m a in on as f r ie n d l y

te rm s a s p o s s ib le w i th th e Fondo C h ie f" . B e s id e s he e n t e r

t a i n e d th e o p t im i s t l.c v iew t h a t th e Pondos w ould o f t h e i r

own a c c o rd come u n d e r B r i t i s h r u l e i n a few y e a r s w ith o u t

p u r s u in g an a g g r e s s iv e p o l i c y .^ L o rd C arnarvon and S h e p s to n e ,

i n L ondon a t th e t im e , w ere i n e n t i r e a g r e e m e n t.+

I n th e t h i r t y y e a r s w hich h a d p a s s e d s in c e th e

K a i t l n n d T r e a ty , t h e Pondo C h ie f h a d s u f f e r e d much c u r ta i lm e n t

o f l a n d an d r e s t r i c t i o n o f h i s param oun toy . T h ere to o had

th e i - u l iu y o f "w juow w ", bo o a a r u o t e r lu t l u o f th e c o lo n ia l

p o l i c y , g e n e r a l l y uetm p r a c t i c e d . P ro b a o ly th e Pondos h ad

m u l t i p l i e d t o a g r e a t e r d e c re e th a n any o th e r N a tiv e t r i b e

a s th e y a lo n e h a d rem ain ed a t peace a p a r t fro m m inor i n t e r

t r i b a l d i s tu r b a n c e s . Of c o u rse t h e i r num bers w ere p ^ o d i o a l l y

d im in is h e d by th e c o n s ta n t " s m e l lin g 3 o u t" w h ich w ere r i f e i n

a l l bruziunou o r th e t r i b e /

N a ta l h a d e n c ro a c h e d on tn e N o r th e rn B o rd e r ,p u sh

i n g th e pondo b o undary to t h e Umtmnvuna. M m Kok iiad been

e a t a b l i a h a d on th e Wont a lo n g th e f o o t o f th e D rak en sb e rg .

P o n a n d , . G " * " ^M o p e o tlM lf - R .psatod effo rt,: hwl b«»n mad* to obtain

*S .H . 31 / 1 3 , p . 2 5 0 -2 5 3 . B a rk ly t o C arnarvon 5 . 7 . 7 6 .

w a . C a rn s r m n - S i r H. B u iw er, 2 0 . 3 . 7 6 , »Memo, by Shepstone, 4 . 9 . 7 b .

— 2 4 —

p o s s e s s io n o f t h e Mouth o f th e S t . J o h n 's .

The C ape, a f t e r r e c e iv in g R e s p o n s ib le Govern

m ent w i th th e d o u b tfu l a d d i t i o n o f B a s u to la n d , was c a u t io u s

o f i n c u r r i n g new r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s an d r e c e iv e d O rp en 'a

e a r n e s t p l e a s f o r a n n e x a tio n o f a l l th e t e r r i t o r i e s betw een

t h e Cape an d N a ta l w i th i n d i f f e r e n c e . A t th e same tim e

t h e r e w ere s ig n s t h a t th e Gape r e a lx s e d h e r in c r e a s in g

n e e d t o u n d e r ta k e th e s e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , f o r M a g is t r a te s

h a d b e e n s e n t to d i s t r i c t s in G r iq u a la n d E a s t and i n v a r

io u s d i s t r i c t s o f T em buland .*

P o n d o la n d , w i th th e e x c e p t io n o f E m igran t Tembu

l a n d an d B om vana-G alekaland , was th e o n ly N a tiv e t e r r i t o r y

i n w h ich t h e r e r e s id e d no o f f i c i a l B r i t i s h A g e n t. I t was

i n c o n c e iv a b le t h a t h e r in d ep e n d en ce sh o u ld lo n g rem ain

u n r e s t r i c t e d .

^Walker, p . 373-

- 2 5 -

CH&PTER I I .

THE REVERSAL POLICY, 1878.

I n 1878 th e r e was a d e c id e d change i n th e r e l a t i o n

s h ip s b etw een Fondos an d B r i t i s h A u t h o r i t i e s a t th e Cape.

U n t i l 1877 co m m unica tions h a d been c a r r i e d on i n an am ia b le

to n e o f m u tu a l f r i e n d s h ip and t r u s t , th e t r e a t y o f 1844 re m a in

i n g a s t h e b a s i s o f i n t e r c o u r s e . Then fo rm e r c o u r te s y and

c o n s id e r a t i o n gav e p la c e t o b ru s q u e n e s s and con tum ely , t h r e a t s

an d a c c u s a t i o n s . The Cape h ad fo u n d i t n e c e s s a r y t o e x te n d

h e r f r o n t i e r s a n d i n c r e a s e h e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s d u r in g th e

's e v e n t i e s * What A nthony T ro l lo p e w ro te o f K r e l i 's

c o u n t r y was e q u a l ly a p p l ic a b le to p o n d o la n d . "Can i t be w e l l , "

he a e k s , " th a t a c o r n e r s h o u ld be k e p t f o r in d e p e n d e n t k a f f i r s ;

t h a t a s in g le t r i b e may e n t e r t a i n dream s o f in d ependence and

h o s t i l i t y ? Of w hat r e a l s e r v ic e ca n i t b e to le a v e to th e

^ W a lk e r, p . 373*

unoh.dc.,1 d n a s lm ^ of ,6.000

m i le s when we h av e a b so rb e d from th e N a tiv e s a t e r r i t o r y

l a r g e r th a n a l l B r i t i s h I n d ia ? " * Though th e ro n d o s w ere

a v e r y much l e s s sg&re'GGWs p eo p le th a n th e G calekas th e y

w ere t h e m ost num erous o f - a l l th e T ra n s k e is n T r ib e s an d r e

m a in e d th e one in d e p e n d e n t t r i b e b etw een Cape and N a ta l . 4-

T hus i t a lm o s t a p p e a rs i n 187 8 ,,'i t was r e a l l y im m a te r ia l how

f a r P o n d o la n d m ig h t d e se rv e t h e a p p e l la t io n o f a d an g e r zone

w h e re d l s lo y a l ty ^ o m e n te d and r e b e l l i o n brew ed. W ith th e

a r r i v a l o f S i r B a r t l e k r e r e a s H igh C orm nlssioner th e P ondoa1

f a t e was s e a le d . H is was th e r e v e r s a l p o l i c y em ployed w ith

r e g a r d to ^ F o n d o la n d .

He oame fro m I n d ia w i th d e f i n i t e id e a s o f d i s c i

p l i n e an d a d m in i s t r a t i o n , a s th e ch o se n in s tru m e n t o f L o rd

Carnarvon to b r i n g in to b e in g th e l e t t e r ' s c h e r i s h e d scheme

o f a c o n f e d e r a t io n o f S o u th A f r ic a n C o lo n ie s and S t a t e s ; 7

f o r o n ly by su c h m eans c o u ld B r i t a i n un b u rd e n h e r s e l f o f

o p p r e s s iv e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . ^ I t h a s b ee n s a id o f F r e r e t h a t

he was one o f th e v e ry few who r e a l i s e d to th e f u l l B r i t i s h

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , " t r u e Im p e r ia lism - a B r i t i s h S o u th A f r i c a

f o r th e B r i t i s h n a t io n a s opposed to m ere C o lo n ia l e x p a n s io n

on n a rro w and s o r d id l i n e s " . *

* T ro lU m a . p . 296 . Of. J . P . Bn. A y l i f f to M rs. J e n k in s ,1 0 .6 78 " m a n ife s t Government m ust assume c o n t r o l o v e r t h i s a s w e l l a s o t h e r p a r t s o f K a f f r a r i a .

■^Trolldne p . 308 "T ab le o f E s t im a te d P o p u la t io n o f T ra n s -

Bomvanas (M oni) 1 5 ,0 0 0 .O a le k as (K re li ) 6 6 , 0 0 0 .G riq u a s E . (A . Kok & B a c a s) 4 0 ,0 0 0 .

^Hofmeyr, p . 146.

•Cf. de K ie w ie t , p . 2 9 6 .

S .P . H y a tt "The N o rth w ard T re k " , p . 7 .

S c a r c e ly h ad he ta k e n up th e r e i n s th a n a g r e a t

c o n f l a g r a t i o n o v e r to o k th e Government and th e c o u n try , n

seem ed) t h e r e f o r e , d e s i r a b l e t h a t he sh o u ld w i th as much

e x p e d i t i o n a s p o s s ib le g iv e e f f e c t to w hat he b e l ie v e d was

t h e i n t e n t i o n s o f H er M a je s ty 's G overnm ent, t h a t " th e re

s h o u ld be b u t one n a t i v e p o l ic y i n S o u th A f r i c a , and t h a t

s h o u ld be t h e p o l i c y u n d e r w hich H er M a je s ty 's n a t iv e sub

j e c t s e v e ry w h e re ca n l i v e i n m ost s a f e ty an d e n jo y to th e

u tm o s t t h e b e n e f i t s o f a s t ro n g ,b e n e v o le n t and j u s t r u l e " . *

He was i n ag reem e n t w i th th o s e who c o n te n d e d t h a t i t w ould

be n e c e s s a r y so o n e r o r l a t e r t o e x te n d th e B r i t i s h domin

io n s an d P r o t e c t i o n , i n some fo rm o r o th e r o v e r a l l th e

t r i b e s b e tw e e n t h e O range R iv e r an d Lake Ngami and betw een

th e s e a an d th e p r e s e n t T ra n s v a a l b o r d e r .+

The B o e r R e p u b lic s h a d to be p l a c a t e d and e n t ic e d

t o a l l y th e m s e lv e s w i th t h e Cape an d N a ta l . The T ra n s v a a l 's

o p p o s i t i o n . S i r . Ih e o p h iJ -u s S h epsbom - w a s : e-tieinpting to

.o v erco m e an d i t was h o p ed th e Orange F re e S ta t e w ould f a l l

i n t o l i n e more q u i e t l y . I t was n o t , how ever, o n ly n e c e s

s a r y t o b r e a k down b a r r i e r s w i th in S o u th A f r i c a nut- an

im p e n e tra b le w a l l m ust fe n c e i n th e new ly am algam ated

s t a t e s a g a in s t th e d a n g e rs o f f o r e ig n i n f i l t r a t i o n o r an

n e x a t io n . I n s e c u r i t y la y i n th e lo n g , u n p ro c la im e d

c o a s t s o f S o u th W est en d S o u th E a s t A f r i c a , w here th e Pondo

c o a s t l i n e and th e sea w ard t e r r i t o r y from N a ta l to D elagoa

* 1 , C .2 2 2 0 , N o .8 8 . Memo by P re r e 1 8 .9 -7 8 . 2 . Of. W alker,n 1 6 0 "Confederation was to be approached prim arily along t h e l i n e o f s e e k in g a n a t iv e p o l ic y on a S o u th A f r ic a n

+S .p , H y a tt . "The N o rth w ard T re k " , p . 7*

B * U w w l M . k , ^ , m t u r < , r . .

You m ust b e m a s te r , a s r e p r e s e n t in g th e s o le so v e re ig n

P*"»T,up tc tb, Portû,.. amnti,, toth h«t mi *,t

FMi, rot,e to Iqp.rlal iuthcritl... «hmt ww

e s s e n t i a l was t f i a t no E uropean o r A m erican pow er sh o u ld

e s t a b l i s h i t s e l f betw een u s and them " (P o r tu g u e s e ) , Had

P r e r e b e e n a b le t o fo l lo w h i s b e n t th e r e w ould have b e e n no

German a n n e x a t io n o f At% ra P ey u en a . As i t was a f t e r

W a l f i s c h Bay was p ro c la im e d B r i t i s h t e r r i t o r y n e g o t i a t i o n s

w e re "broken o f f . *

The o p p o s i t io n o f th e B oer R e p u b lic s was n o t th e

o n ly o b s t a c l e r a i s e d by th e w h ite com m unities t o f e d e r a t io n

i n S o u th A f r i c a . The Cape C olony, i n i t s s t i l l new ly a c

q u i r e d s t a t u s o f a R e sp o n s ib le Government Colony, was e x tre m e

l y s e l f - o o n s c lo u s an d j e a lo u s o f any in f r in g e m e n t o f h e r

r i g h t s . Thus any move o r p o l i c y a d v o c a te d by th e im p e r ia l

Governm ent was im m e d ia te ly lo o k e d on w i th s u s p ic io n and

d i s a p p r o v a l ." 1’ H er s i s t e r co lo n y o f N a ta l was d e s p is e d and

lo o k e d upoti w i th c o n te m p t, n o t unm ixed w i th j e a lo u s y . T h is

a t t i t u d e was h e a r t i l y r e c ip r o c a t e d "by N a ta l , who f e a r i n g in

f e r i o r i t y to o k e v e ry o p p o r tu n i ty to a s s e r t h e r s e l f . Commer

c i a l r i v a l r y was commencing to e m b i t t e r r e l a t i o n s b e tw e en th e

C o lo n ie s s t i l l f u r t h e r y N a ta l , on more p o i n t s th a n one

d i f f e r e d a lm o s t p ro u d ly fro m th e Cape, S i r H enry B ulw er d id

n o t s h a r e F r e r e 's v iew s as t o t h e i n e v i t a b i l i t y o f t h e c la s h

b e tw e en th e B r i t i s h and th e Z u lus whose a t t i t u d e F r e r e , from

t h e f i r s t , c o n s id e r e d m enacing and t h r e a t e n in g to th e peace

o f N a ta l and t o t h e new ly -an n ex e d T ra n s v a a l5? T h is s t a t e h e ,

* W o rsfo ld - " F r e r e " , p . 8 $ .

% a lk e r , p p . 3 6 5 , 394 . Hofmeyr, p p . 129 - 1 3 2 .

^ v a n d e r P o e l , p*7*

^ W a lk e r, p . 377 '

- 2 9 -

u n c o n s c io u s iy , d i d a g r e a t d e a l t o f o s t e r and th u s p r e

c i p i t a t e d e v e n ts . N or d id N a ta l O f f i c i a l s and Bulw er

a g r e e a s t o t h e h o s t i l e an d s u r ly h e a r in g o f th e Pondos and

t h e i r C h ie f U raq u ik e la .+

P r e r e h im s e l f was q u i t e c o n v in c e d t h a t th e K a f f i r

w a r i n t o w h ic h he was t h r u s t was b u t a b ra n c h o f a g e n e ra l

N a tiv e r i s i n g o f w h ich Cetywayo was th e I n s t i g a t o r . Though

t h e r e i s no a c t u a l p ro o f t h a t t h i s was th e o ase ^ th e r e

c e r t a i n l y w ere some who saw i n t h e com m unications betw een

N a tiv e C h ie fs i n d i c a t i o n s o f a g e n e r a l B la c k a l l i a n c e

a g a i n s t t h e i r w h i te n e ig h b o u rs an d r u l e r s . ^ C h arle s

B ro w n lee gav e c re d e n c e to t h i s v iew . I n 1877 he r e p o r t e d

t h a t Cetywayo h a d s e n t a d e p u ta tio n w i th Ra v iew o f e s t a b

l i s h i n g f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s w i th th e P o n d o s" , w h ich c a u se d

ru m o u rs among th e G a ik a s and G oa lekas t h a t Pondos and Z u lus

w ou ld a s s i s t t h e m i n a w ar a g a in s t t h e B r i t i s h and

w h ic h in d u c e d them t o r e s o r t to w ar i n 1 8 7 7 .1

C e r t a in ly t h e g e n e r a l h o s t i l i t y w h ich fo llo w e d

g av e s u p p o r t t o t h i s v ie w . C lose on th e h e e l s o f th e

G o a le k a w ar and tn e G a ik a r e b e l l i o n fo l lo w e d a r e b e l l io n

i n G r iq u a la n d E a s t w h ich th e Pondos w ere s a i d to have a id e d

a n d a b e t te d . The B a su to s w ere s e e th in g , p re p a re d once

m ore t o p lu n g e i n t o w a r f a r e . The Z u lu s assum ed an

*G.W. Cox - " L ife o f B ish o p C o leneoV V o l . I I , p p .5 1 6 , 521 , 526 ; L eyds - " T ra n s v a a l S u rro u n d ed , p . 19 '

from B ulw er to L .k* A ll re d 1 1 . l t . . / / •5 . W o rsfo ld " F r e r e " , p . 9 2 .

^ W a lk e r, p . 577-

Brownlee "Keiainisoenoes", p . 118.

o v e r b e a r in g a n a w a r l ik e dem eanour. T here was t r o u b le i n

th e T r a n s v a a l w i th S e o o e .c o e n i who was n o t y e t subdued.

I t o n ly r e q u i r e d th e F ondas t o assume a h o s t i l e and u n f r ie n d ly

a t t i t u d e ; w h ic h a p p a r e n t ly th e y d id . W hether o r n o t t h e i r

a c t i o n s h a d any c o n n e c t io n w ith th e g e n e r a l d is tu r b a n c e s , th e

ru m o u rs w h ich p a s s e d f o r f a c t s a p p e a re d in c r im in a t in g en o u g h .

I n M arch 1877 t e n men com m itted f o r m u rd er i n E a s t G r iq u a la n d

f l e d t o Fon& oland . T h e i r s u r r e n d e r , a c c o rd in g to th e A gree

m ent o f 1844, was dem anded by C a p ta in B ly th , C h ie f M a g is t r a te ,

i n E a s t G r iq u a la n d , b u t U m quikels d is r e g a r d e d th e r e q u e s t .*

D u r in g th e G c a lek a w ar K r e l i an d some o th e r s w ere s a i d to have

f l e d a c r o s s th e U w ta ta and ta k e n re fu g e i n U m q u ik e la 's

c o u n t r y . The R e s id e n t M a g is t r a te o f A l f r e d C oun try q u i te

d i s c r e d i t e d th e r e p o r t . "The c o n d i t io n o f F ondoland t h i s

s id e o f t n e S t . J o h n 's i s one o f a b s o lu te t r a n q u i l i t y ; t h e r e

i s no e x c i te m e n t r e g a r d in g w ars o r rum ours o f w ars e ie e w n e re .

T h e i r d i s p o s i t i o n t o E n g lan d re m a in s a s a lw a y s one o f f r i e n d l y

f e e l i n g , n o t f o r g e t f u l o f a i d r e c e iv e d when Cheka swept th e

c o u n t r y " .*

S t i l t more c u lp a b le to a l l a p p e a ra n c e s was th e

p a r t p la y e d by th e ponuos i n th e G r iq u a r e b e l l i o n . Cap

t a i n i s iy tn i n a l e t t e r to M rs. J e n k in s q u o te d a communica

t i o n , w r i t t e n by Adam M ule, one o f th e r i n g l e a d e r s , who h a d

e s c a p e d fro m P r i s o n i n K c k e ta d . T h is l e t t e r o f Adam Muis,

w r i t t e n from a a h la n ^ a s a 's k r a a l ,h a d b een in t e r c e p te d .

* j,p , Memo, by Z-’r e r e t o U m quikela, u n d a te d . B row nlee ,P .1 1 9 -1 W .

+ g .H . N e ts . 1876-77 , M inu te from fiu lw er to R e s id . Mag.A l f r e d , end r e p ly 1 3 .1 2 .7 7 -

I t b r e a th e d o u t t h r e a t s an d im p re c a t io n s and

B ly t h w ish e d U m quikela to know t h a t Adam M uis was s t i l l i n

h i s c o u n try h a tc h in g schem es th o u g h he h a d p ro m ised to ex

p e l h im . U m quikela was In d u c ed to w r i t e to C a p ta in B ly th

s a y in g he was se n d in g Adam M uis b a o k .+ B ut t h e p a r ty o f

a rm ed Pondos who conveyed Adam M uis t o G r iq u a la n d E a s t w ere

j o i n e d , e i t h e r by a c c id e n t o r d e s ig n ,b y a b a n d o f r e b e l

G r iq u a s u n d e r S m ith Pommer. N ot h av in g anyone i n a u t h o r i t y ,

one Pondo r e tu r n e d t o a sk M rs. J e n k in s ' a d v ic e a s to how to

p r o c e e d . As i t was to o i a r to go t o U m quikela, she s e n t

J o s i a h J e n k in s t o ta k e ch a rg e o f th e p a r ty and w a it u n t i l

C a p ta in B ly th s h o u ld come and a r r e s t Adam M uis. The Mag

i s t r a t e , h o w ever, s e n t a v e r b a l m essage t h a t u n le s s th e

r e b e l Adam M uis w ere b ro u g h t to K o k s tad a n d h anded o v e r

U m q u ik ela w ou ld h av e th e b la r n e y T he Fbndos w ere afra id to go on

with th e iri^ T h u s^ w h e n th e r e b e l s w ere a t t a c k e d u n d e r S m ith

Pommer, a body o f arm ed Pondos came o u t o f t h e i r C am py

B u t M rs. J e n k in s " p o s i t i v e l y d en ie d " t h a t th e C h ie f end

T r ib e h a d a n y th in g t o do w i th t h e r e b e l l i o n , b u t she w ish e d

t o know i f t h e Governm ent w ere g o in g to d e c la r e w ar a g a in s t

t h e P o n d o s . 1

A propos c f a somewhat s im i l a r s i t u a t i o n l a t e r a t

S t . J o h n 's R iv e r M outh, th e G riq u a a f f a i r h ad a r a th e r

* J .P . C ap t. B ly th - M rs. J e n k in s , 3 1 .3 .7 8 .

+J . p . M. B ly th - M rs. J e n k in s , 1 2 .4 .7 8 .

/ j p . D r a f t s o f l e t t e r s i n M rs. J e n k i n s 1 w r i t i n g to A y l i f f (7 / B ro w n le e (? ) u n d a te d .

K j .p . M- B ly th - M rs. J e n k in s , 1 8 .4 .7 8 .

ZJ . P . D r a f t i n M rs. J e n k in s ' w r i t i n g u n d a te d .

- 3 2 -

o u tco m e, Two hu n d re d t i r iq u a p r i s o n e r s w ere sent,

fco Cape Town. T h e i r t r i a l oaueed g r e a t em barrassm en t f o r i n

e v i t a b l y t h e q u e s t io n a r o s e , "Were th e y a f t e r a l l B r i t i s h sub

j e c t s ? i f th e y w ere R e b e ls l e t them be b ro u g h t t o t r i a l ,

What c o u r t h ad j u r i s d i c t i o n 0 Were th e s e p e o p le to be c o n f in e d

f o r e v e r o r w ere th e y t o w a it t i l l an A n n e x a tio n B i l l c o u ld bethi'ouch

p a s s e d A - t h e a p p ro a c h in g S e s s io n o f P a r l ia m e n t . The w hole

p ro b le m b r i s t l e d w i th u n an sw era b le C iu e etio n s . The r e s u l t was

t h a t t h e c o u r t d e c l a r e d th e Government h ad no l e g a l r i g h t to

d e t a in t h e s e mezi a s in g le d a y . ' B r i t i s h d e a l in g s w ith th e s e

p e o p le werti a s e r i e s o f o iu n d e ra show ing w eakness end v a c i l l a

t i o n . When a new l o c a t i o n on B r i t i s h T e r r i t o r y h ad been fo u n d

f o r th em th e c o n d i t io n o f t h e i r rem oval was to be t h a t th e y

c o n s e n te d t o become B r i t i s h s u b je c t s u n d e r a B r i t i s h M a g is t r a te ,

b u t n o n e a p p e a re d a n d th e y h ad h ad t o r u l e th e m se lv e s - u n t i l

th e d e a th o f Adam Kok i n 1876, when C a p ta in B ly th was a p p o in te d

a s i . s ^ i t i t r u t e t o t h e t o iq u a s , and B r i t i s h A gent t o th e F ondos.

H is p o s i t i o n from th e b e g in n in g was d i f f i c u l t , a s th e G riq u a s

a c c e p te d him o n ly on s u f f e r a n c e ,*

The c o u r t f i n d in g r a i s e d a n o th e r p o i n t . I f th e

G r iq u a s w ere n o t B r i t i s h s u b je c t s th e n th e yape A u th o r i t i e s

h a d no c a s e a g a in s t U m quikela f o r o m i t t in g to g iv e up th e

G r iq u a m u rd e re rs who h ud ta k e n re fu g e i n h i a c o u n try , a s th e

o la u c u i n M u t r e a t y r e f e r r e d o n ly to B r i t i s h s u b j e c t s /

N e i th e r c o u ld th e y be a c c u se d o f h a rb o u r in g th e r e b e l Adam

M uic, n o r l a t e r o f h e lp in g th e r e b e l s , f o r a u to m a t ic a lly th e s e

p e o p le c e a a e d t o be r s b e l s .

’W a r "tSttrly Annals of kokatad", pp. 104-105.

+N .A . 3 0 . N 't .7 8 . B ly th to 3 .N .A ., 2 .7 -7 8 .

^ G .2 5 8 4 , N o .5 6 . e n o lo e . 3 , p p . 122-132. Memo, on Pondo d i s tu r b a n c e s , S i r H- B u lw er.

- 3 3 -

T hese c h a rg e e a g a in s t th e Pondog h a d been s e r io u s

enough an d th e y h a d f a i l e d t o c l e a r th e m se lv e s to th e e n t i r e

s a t i s f a c t i o n o f th e Gape o f f i c i a l s and th e H igh C om m issioner.

I n a d d i t i o n to th e s e a c c u s a t io n s i t was s a i d U m quikela h ad

b e e n e n t e r t a i n i n g Z u lu e m is s a r ie s f o r some tim e w ith o u t hav

i n g com m unicated th e f a c t to th e G overnm ent. 11 U m quikela1 a

e x p la n a t io n t h a t t h e o b j e c t o f t h e i r v i s i t was m ere ly to

e n c o u ra g e a f r i e n d l y i n t e r e s t be tw een th e Pondoa and th e

Z u lu p e o p le and t o beg f o r c a t t l e , o a t s k in s and E n g lis h dogs*

w as s c a r c e ly c a l c u l a t e d t o p a c i f y an i r a t e M a g is t r a te o r

S e c r e t a r y f o r N a tiv e A f f a i r s , who w ere a l r e a d y p re ju d ic e d

a n d a iig e re d by U m quikela1 s r e f u s a l to g iv e up th e m u rd e re rs ,

b e c a u s e j u s t i c e h a d n o t been done to o n e , B e l l , a B r i t i s h

s u b j e c t who h a d m u rd ered a Pondo an d h ad b een handed o v er

t o j u s t i c e y

I n an im p a ss io n e d , a lm o st p r o p h e t ic l e t t e r , M rs.

J e n k in s w ro te t o U m quiksla p le a d in g w ith him i n t h e name o f

h i s f a t h e r , F aku , and h i s m is s io n a ry , Marwatiya (Me: . J e n

k i n s ' n a t i v e n am e), to g iv e up th e men, an d w a rn in g him

w hat i t w ould mean to b re a k f r ie n d s h ip w i th th e Government,—

t h e d e s t r u c t io n o f h i s t r i b e , th e t a k in g o f h i s l a n d and

th e r e c o g n i t io n o f ev e ry c h i e f su c h aa " J o jo , and th e

I m i z i z i S ly o y a . . . who w ish e d to be independen t, o f th e

P ondos"p e r h a p s w i th p ro p e r management U m quikela w ould

turn glTKi up tb» fugltlTf.i in U* flr«t In itK w / Wob

* J .P . Umquikela to B ly th , 15.11.77-

/ j , p , Brownlee to M rs. Jen k in s , 25.10.77*

K j.P . M rs. J e n k in s to U m quikela, 3 0 .1 0 .7 7 .

Mrs. Je n k in s , 25«9, 74«

- 34 -

a t an y r a t e was t h e o p in io n o f N a ta l o f f i c i a l s , su p p o rte d 'by

M rs. J e n k in s . C a p ta in B ly th was cen su red , "by L o rd CamaTV-on

b e c a u s e h i s l e t t e r was n o t " as f o r b e a r in g and c o n s id e r a te

i n i t s to n e an d lan g u a g e a s i t sh o u ld have b e e n , h a v in g r e

g a r d to th e r e l a t i o n s w h ioh have s u b s i s te d and w h ich i t i s

d e s i r a b l e t o m a in ta in w i th th e Amapondo".* B ly th d e fe n d e d

h im s e l f a f t e r th e above c e n s u re h ad a p p e a re d i n t h e N a ta l

p r e s s on th e g ro u n d s t h a t he h ad acted.oninatructiqnîhe S e c r e

t a r y f o r N a tiv e A f f a i r s . + But th e f a c t re m a in s he h a d

made h im s e l f v e r y u n p o p u la r b o th w i th t h e C h ie f an d th e

p e o p le , p a r t l y b e c a u se o f h i s b ru sq u e an d t a c t l e s s way o f

m ak ing h i s demands and a ls o b e c a u se o f h i s havinc> a t a

m e e tin g i n s u l t e d U m quikela b e fo re h i s in d u n a s / C ap ta in

B ly th may hav e been a s p le n d id s o l d i e r b u t t h e r e i n la y th e

f a u l t . He a t t a c k e d m a t te r s i n to o m i l i t a r y a s p i r i t - he

was a b ad d ip lo m a t and a p o o r t a c t i c i a n ^ B ecause o f th e

l a t t e r ' s u n p o p u la r i t y , M ajo r E l l i o t , C h ie f M a g is t r a te o f

le m b u la n d , was a p p o in te d t o a s s i s t B ly th an d ta k e h i s p la c e

a s i n te r m e d ia r y b e tw e en th e Pondo C h ie f and th e G overnm ent. 1

W h atev er t h e i s s u e F r e r e h a d d e te rm in e d to en

f e e b l e p o n d o la n d . P ro b a b ly he in te n d e d a n n e x a tio n f o r he

c o n f i d e n t i a l l y a sk e d th e a d v ic e o f S i r H enry B ulw er,

^G .H . 1 /2 6 . N o .4 , C arnarvcm to H .B .E . F r e r e , 3 . 1 . 7 8 .

t o . 2 2 2 0 , N O .7 0 . B ly t h 's d e fe n c e .

C a p t. B ly th " - d r a f t u n d a te d ,

f lo w e r " E a r ly A n n a ls o f K o k stad , p . 9 0 .

I G H 3 2 / 2 p . 1 1 2 -115 . F re r e to S eo . o f S ta t e C o n fid .2 2 .3 .7 8 .

L ie u te n a n t-G o v e r n o r o f N a ta l , a s to t h e b e s t t im e and mode

f o r o a l l i n g U m qulkela t o ac co u n t f o r h i s o m iss io n s and f o r

any in f o r m a t io n w i t h r e g a r d t o S t . J o h n 's and th e p o s s i b i l i t y

o f l a n d in g t r o o p s t h e r e . He a n t i c i p a t e d l i t t l e t r o u b le as

t h e "Pondos h a d n e v e r r a n k e d h ig h a s w a r r io r s " ; i n a d d i t i o n

t o w h ic h he h a d h e a r d s e v e r a l m in o r c h i e f s w ere n o t l i k e l y to

r e s i s t f o r c e . H is h a n d s , how ever, w ere t i e d by GarnanroAs+

i n s t r u c t i o n s a b s o lu t e ly f o r b id d in g any e x te n s io n o f power o r

J u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e Cape Colony o v e r P o n d o la n d . T h e re fo re

h e c o n te n te d h im s e l f w i th s u b je c t in g P o n d o la n d and b r in g in g i t

i n t o " s u b o r d in a te c o - o p e r a t io n w i th t h e B r i t i s h Government a s

a p r o t e c t e d s t a t e " - m e re ly i n f a c t r e i t e r a t i n g th e 1844 T re a ty .

He w as s p e c i a l l y a n x io u s t o w eaken th e P ondos, co n v in c ed a s he

was o f th e com ing c o n f l i c t w i th th e Z u lu s . He f e l t w i th

t h e i r enorvatakn t h e r e a r w ould be s e c u r e d . 7

F r e r e 's o b j e c t w as, a s D r . L eyds d e s c r ib e s t h e . l a t e r

B r i t i s h s e t t l e m e n t o f Z u lu la n d , t o " s e t one t r i b e a g a in s t th e

o t h e r - an d by d i v i s i o n r u l e w ith o u t t h e a p p e ara n ce o f r e s

p o n s i b i l i t y f o r c o n s e q u e n c e s " y Thus th e Param ount C h ie f

U m qulkela was lo w e re d i n t h e eyes o f h i s p e o p le , d e p r iv e d o f

an y r e a l pow er i n h i s own c o u n try , th e h e r i t a g e o f h i s f a t h e r s .

He was d ep o se d fro m th e Parem ountoy; h i s su b s id y was d is c o n

t i n u e d ; m in o r c h i e f s w ere d e c la r e d by th e H igh Com m issioner to

*G.H. N a te . 1 8 7 6 - '7 7 C o n f id e n t ia l F r e r e - B ulw er 1 8 .1 1 .7 7 -

1 /2 6 N o .4 . C a rn a rv o n - F re r e 3 . 1 . 7 a .

iB a siiiBr e a r " .

^L ey d s "The T ra n s v a a l S u rrounded" p . 21 .

- -

be r e l e a s e d fro m t h e i r a l l e g ia n c e to U m quikela and w ere en

c o u ra g e d to e n t e r i n t o d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p w i th th e B r i t i s h

A u t h o r i t i e s , N ot o n ly w ere th e y en c o u rag e d "but th e y we re

a c t u a l l y i n v i t e d a n d B ly th w ent so f a r a s t o a sk th e R e s id e n t

M a g i s t r a t e o f A l f r e d t o h e lp i n d e ta c h in g c h i e f s from Umquikelal"

A l l t h e c o u n try l y in g to th e S o u th o f th e S t . J o h n 's

R iv e r was ta k e n away fro m th e a u t h o r i t y o f U m quikela and

N q w ilis o (nephew o f U m quikela and son o f Damas) , C h ie f o f t h a t

p a r t - W este rn P o n d o la n d , was re c o g n is e d a s In d e p en d en t a s

was to o , J o j o , C h ie f o f t h e A m axesibe, a t r i b e num bering ab o u t

700 f i g h t i n g men a n d . l iv in g on th e p o n d o -G rlq u a b o rd e r on

l a n d e x te n d in g fro m th e Rode t o th e Umtemvuna R iv e r .^ The

C h i^ f /.a n d h i s p e o p le ta k e n o v e r and p la c e d u n d e r th e

G r iq u a la n d B a s t Magi tr-av y . The H lu b l C h ie f , W illiam K ota ,

r u l i n g o v e r a t r i b e o f B acas i n th e Bode was a ls o r e c e iv e d as

a B r i t i s h s u b j e c t . A B r i t i s h R e s id e n t was a p p o in te d in

E a s t e r n P o n d o la n d , one Jo h n O xley 0x1 and , a fo rm e r m is s io n a ry

o f t h e L .M .S . a n d M ajo r E l l i o t was p la c e d a s R e s id e n t I n

W e s te rn P o n d o la n d .^

F r e r e a c c o m p lish e d , somewhat a r b i t r a r i l y , w hat h ad

b e e n m oo ted a t i n t e r v a l s w ith o u t r e s u l t f o r more th a n 20 y e a r s -

t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f S t . J o h n 's R iv e r M outh. He s e n t an u l t i

matum on th e 30t h Mf-y, 1878 : " In c o n s id e r a t i o n f o r t h e b re a c h

* 0 .2 ) 8 4 N o .9 6 . e n c lo s O p p .122-1 32 B ulw er Memo, on Pondo d i s tu r b a n c e s .

+G.H. N a ts . 1878 C o n f id e n t ia l R.M. A l f r e d - C o l. S ec . 8 .7 * 7 8 .

/ n .A .^ S . N o-98 . B ly th - 3 .N .A . 2 2 .7 .7 8 .

^ c . 2-586, N o .2 e n c l o s .2 . p p .2-11 Memo on Pondo A f f a i r s byH .E .R . B r ig h t , W .S.N .A . 15 .4 .fiC .

- 3 7 -

o f t h e T re a ty he (U m quikela) m ust ag re e to accede to th e

B r i t i s h G overncient a l l r i g h t to l e v y custom s an d c o n tro l i n

an y way th e n a v ig a t io n o f S t . J o h n 's R iv e r . . . end a l l sov

e r e i g n r i g h t s w h a te v e r t o th e w a te rs o f th e Umzimvubu and

g iv e t o t h e B r i t i s h Government a l l l a n d w h ich may "be r e q u i r e d

f o r t h e p u rp o se o f t r a d e o r l a n d w h ioh may be p a id f o r a t a

f a i r v a l u a t i o n . " He was f u r t h e r r e q u ir e d t o g iv e a r i g h t

o f way a n d a w agon ro a d from b o th s id e s o f th e r i v e r t o th e

m ain ro a d fro m th e Cape Colony to N a ta l . A B r i t i s h R e s id e n t

w as t o b e in fo rm e d o f a l l envoys an d m essen g e rs s e n t from

o t h e r c h i e f s , p e o p le o r n a t io n s o u ts id e P o n d o la n d . B ecause

U m q u ik e la h a d n o t an sw ere d by 6 t h J u l y , 1878, by o rd e r o f t h e

G overnm ent he was no lo n g e r acknow ledged param ount ( l 6 t h

J u l y ) . S i r E v e ly n Wood w ith a colum n was on h i s way to

N a ta l v i a l lm ta ta . The Government d e c l in e d to u se f o r c e on

P o n d o la n d b u t U m quikela, f e a r in g in v a s io n , o f f e r e d 1,000

h e a d o f c a t t l e i n l i e u o f th e s u r r e n d e r o f t h e Umzimvubu P o r t ,*

( 5 t h A u g u s t) w h ich w as, o f c o u r s e , r e j e c t e d .

I n a p ro c la m a t io n i s s u e d on 1 1 th S eptem ber, 1878,

a n n o u n c in g t h e a n n e x a t io n o f th e S t . J o h n 's R iv e r Mouth,

" B r i t i s h s o v e r e ig n ty o v e r th e p o r t an d t i d a l e s tu a r y o f th e

S t . J o h n 's R iv e r ” was fo r m a l ly d e c la r e d to be v e s t e d s o l e ly

h e n c e f o r th I n H er M a je s ty 's Government by C o lo n e l T h e s ig e e

( l a t e r L o rd C h e lm sfo rd ) who to o k fo rm a l p o s s e s s io n .

P re v io u s t o t h i s , i n J u l y , a r ran g e m en ts h ad been

made w i th N q w ilis o who h a d a g re e d to s e l l l a n d a t S t . J o h n ’ s

’’’"c . 2586 Memo, by B r ig h t o p . o i t .

+C .2252 N o .6 . F r e r e t o H icks B eaoh 2 6 .1 2 -7 8 e n c lo s in g p r o c la m a t io n .

- 38 -

R iv e r M outh w here a M a g i s t r a t e 's o f f i c e and Customs House

o o u ld b e e r e c t e d . Land t o th e amount o f 3 ,5 0 0 a c r e s , c a re

f u l l y s e l e c t e d an d m arked o u t was p u rc h a s e d f o r £ 1 ,0 0 0 an d p a id

f o r by th e S e c r e t a r y f o r N a tiv e A f f a i r s . * In su ch m anner was

th e s u b je c t io n o f P o n d o la n d e f f e c t e d . As F re r e h ad sown th e

d r a g o n 's t e e t h so was l a t e r th e Cape to r e a p th e h a r v e s t o f

g i a n t s . By w eaken ing th e Param ount C h ie f he i n c r e a s e d th e

d i f f i c u l t i e s and im po tence o f U m qulkela. The g ro w th o f

a n a rc h y was s t im u la t e d . He r e p u d ia te d th e o n ly a u th o r i t y in

P o n d o la n d , f r a i l th o u g h i t m igh t b e , b u t gave no o th e r more

s t a b l e .

By h i s a u t o c r a t i c a c t io n s he h a d th ro w n down th e

g a u n t l e t w h ich N a ta l was n o t slow i n p i c k in g u p . T hroughou t

th e y e a r w h i l s t pondo a f f a i r s w ere b e in g w e ig h e d , he had

s t u d io u s l y ig n o re d N a t a l 's a d v ic e .+ I n answ er t o F r e r e ' s

i n q u i r i e s w i th r e g a r d t o a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e e v e n t o f h o s t i l i

t i e s w i th U m quikela , o f f i c i a l s and G overnor h a d a g re e d i n th e

v ie w t h a t t h e "Amapondo h a d n e v e r y e t shown th e m se lv e s o th e r

w is e th a n f r i e n d l y t o th e E n g l is h . . . . an d i t was v e r y much

d o u b te d i f t h e r e w ould b e any d i s p o s i t i o n on th e p a r t o f t h e

p r e s e n t param oun t C h ie f t o a c t d i f f e r e n t l y u n le s s i t sh o u ld

a r i s e fro m f e a r o f th e c o u n t r y 's b e in g annexed o r h i s in d e

p en d e n ce b e in g l o s t " . /

As was to b e e x p e c te d , M rs. J e n k in s v ig o ro u s ly de

fe n d e d h e r p ro te g e 's and w a tc h ed w ith d ism ayed a la rm th e

* 0 .2 5 8 6 N o .2 . e n c lo s .2 . Memo by B r ig h t 1 5 -4 .8 0 .

p r i v a t e l y with S i r H enry B ui w ar b e f o re t a k in g a c t io n .

3 .N .A . 7 -9 -? 6 -

- 39 -

e n c ro a c h m e n ts on t h e i r t e r r i t o r y . She im p ressiv ely i n d i c t s

t h e Cape G overnm en t: "E v er s in c e N a ta l became a C olony, o v e r

t h i r t y y e a r s ag o , th e Pondos have b ee n on th e b o rd e r an d th e y

h av e l i v e d i n p e a c e ; no p o l i c e o r s o l d i e r s w ere r e q u ir e d to

gu ard , i t . B ut no so o n e r does th e Cape Governm ent ta k e o v e r

G r iq u a la n d an d C a p ta in B ly th i s p la c e d a t th e h e a d o f a f f a i r s

t h a n th e r e i s a lw a y s so m eth in g w rong t h a t th e C h ie f say s o r

d o e s . 11 v B ecau se o f h e r v iew s an d h e r d e fe n c e o f J o s i a h J e n

k i n s an d th e Pondos g e n e r a l l y i n th e G r iq u a r e b e l l i o n , P re r e

a c c u s e d h e r r a t h e r u n j u s t l y o f s u p p o r t in g llm quikele, i n h i s

n o n -c o m p lia n c e w i th C a p ta in B ly t h 's dem ands.+ The su p p o rt

o f U m quikela an d b e l i e f i n th e h a r m le s sn e s s o f h i s a c t io n s

came t o b e known as t h e " N a ta l" v iew i n c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n to

t h e "Gape" o r " o f f i c i a l " v ie w .7

The e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f a Custom s House a t S t . J o h n 's

R iv e r M outh m e re ly s e r v e d to f o s t e r th e a l r e a d y g row ing com

m e r c ia l r i v a l r y b e tw e en th e two m a rit im e c o lo n ie s a s e v id e n c e d

i n t h e i r s e p a r a t e e f f o r t s to e x te n d t h e i r r a i lw a y s to r e a c h

th e f l o u r i s h i n g Diamond F i e l d s / T here was t h e added d a n g e r

t h a t p o r t S t . J o h n 's m ig h t become a r i v a l o f D urban - i t b e in g

t h e o n ly p o r t b e tw e en E a s t London an d D urban . The in c r e a s in g

h i n t e r l a n d o f B r i t i s h K a f f r a r i a and G r iq u a la n d E a s t h e ld o u t

te m p tin g p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r w ou ld -be t r a d e r s . Though o p in io n s

a s t o i t s u t i l i t y an d p o t e n t i a l i t i e s d i f f e r e d , y e t tim e and

^ J . P . E x t r a c t u n d a te d i n M rs. J e n k i n s 1 w r i t i n g .

+G.H. N ate* 187 6 - '7 7 . P r e r e t o B ulw er C o n fid . 18 .11 .77*

.2 5 8 4 N o .56. e n c lo s . d e sp a tc h e s by P r e r e 3 1•10*79 e M Bulw er2 4 .1 .8 0 p p .117. 120<

^ v an d e r p o e l , p*7*

e n c ro a c h m e n ts on t h e i r t e r r i t o r y . She i m jr o s iv e ly i n d i c t s

t h e Cape Government,; “E v er s in c e N a ta l became a C olony, o v e r

t h i r t y y e a r s eg o , t h e Pondos have b ee n on th e b o rd e r an d th e y

h av e l i v e d i n p e a c e ; no p o l i c e o r s o l d i e r s w ere r e q u ir e d to

g u a r d i t . B ut no so o n e r does th e Cape Government ta k e o v e r

G r iq u a la n d a n d C a p ta in B ly th i s p la c e d a t th e h e a d o f a f f a i r s

t h a n t h e r e i s a lw a y s so m eth in g w rong t h a t th e C h ie f s a y s o r

d o e s ." B eca u se o f h e r v iew s an d h e r d e fe n c e o f J o s i a h J e n

k i n s an d th e Pondos g e n e r a l l y in th e G r iq u a r e b e l l i o n , P re r e

a c c u s e d h e r r a t h e r u n j u s t l y o f s u p p o r t in g U m quikela i n h i s

n o n -c o m p lia n c e w i t h C a p ta in B ly t h 's dem ands.+ The su p p o rt

o f U m quikela an d b e l i e f i n th e h a rm le s sn e s s o f h i s a c t io n s

came t o be known a s th e " fZ a ta ln v iew i n c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n to

t h e "Cape" o r " o f f i c i a l " v ie w .^

The e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f a Customs House a t S t . J o h n ’s

R iv e r Mouth m e re ly s e r v e d t o f o s t e r t h e a l r e a d y g row ing com

m e r c ia l r i v a l r y betw een th e two m a r it im e c o lo n ie s a s e v id e n c e d

i n t h e i r s e p a r a te e f f o r t s to e x te n d t h e i r r a i lw a y s t o re a c h

th e f l o u r i s h i n g Diamond F i e l d s / T h ere was th e added d an g e r

t h a t p o r t S t . J o h n 's m ig h t become a r i v a l o f D urban - i t b e in g

th e o n ly p o r t b e tw een E a s t London and D u rb an , The in c r e a s in g

h i n t e r l a n d o f B r i t i s h K a f f r a r i a an d G r iq u a la n d E a s t h e ld o u t

te m p tin g p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r w ou ld -be t r a d e r s . Though o p in io n s

a s to i t s u t i l i t y en d p o t e n t i a l i t i e s d i f f e r e d , y e t t im e and

* j . P , E x t r a c t u n d a te d i n M rs. J e n k i n s ' w r i t i n g .

+G.H. N a ts . 1 8 7 6 ~ '7 7 . P r e r e t o B ulw er C o n fid . 1 8 .1 1 .7 7 .

/ c . 2 % 4 N o .5 6 . e n c lo s . d e sp a tc h e s by P r e r e 31-10*79 an d B ulw er2 4 .1 .8 0 p p . 117, 120.

p e r h a p s e x p e n d i tu r e w ou ld show. Now i n 187 8 th e s e p a r a t io n

b e tw e e n th e two c o lo n ie s h ad advanced so f a r t h a t t h e r e was no

m e n tio n o f com bined a c t io n a t S t . J o h n 's R iv e r n o r d iv i s io n

o f cu sto m d u t i e s a s i n 1 8 7 4 ,v T h is was k e e n ly f e l t by N a ta l

w hose t r a d e r s h a d a lm o s t e x c lu s iv e p o s s e s s io n in Pondo land

an d h a d i n f a o t commenced an d d e v e lo p e d th e t r a d e i n t h a t

c o u n t r y .*

C om m ercial r i v a l r y was n o t th e o n ly p o in t i n N a ta l 's

arm o u r p i e r c e d b y th e "u n w a rra n te d and u n j u s t i f i a b l e " p o l i c y , 7

o f t h e H igh C om m issioner. F o r a lm o s t a s lo n g as h e r e x is te n c e

a s a c o lo n y sh e h a d b ee n t r y i n g , l a r g e l y u n d e r th e a u s p ic e s of

S h e p s to n e , t o o b t a i n f o r h e r s e l f a " s a f e ty v a lv e " i n th e fo rm

o f m ore l a n d i n w h ich h e r c o lo n i s t s and tee m in g h o rd e s o f

n a t i v e s c o u ld ex p a n d . Thus S hep sto n e h a d e x p r e s s e d th e ob

j e c t o f h i s n e g o t i a t i o n s w i th Faku and th e s u b o rd in a te c h i e f s

i n 1854, a s a m ethod o f a f f o r d in g " th e l a r g e N a tiv e p o p u la t io n

o f N a ta l a m eans o f p e a c e f u l rem oval from th e Colony" / He

h a d a r ra n g e d t o s e t t l e 50 ,000 N a ta l N a tiv e s u n d e r h i s a b s o lu te

a u t h o r i t y , 1 He was " d e s i ro u s a l s o o f o b ta in in g a b s o lu te

c o n t r o l o f t h e p o r t o f S t . J o h n 's and a r i g h t o f way to i t

th ro u g h th e pondo p e o p le " .11 Though he h a d su cc eed e d f u l l y

1/21 N o. 1 6 . K im b erle y - B ark ly 1 6 .2 .7 4 .

+G.H. N a ts . 1878. S .C . C ato M.L.O. to s i r H. B ulw er 1 5 . 6 . 7 a .

/ i b i d .

S g a g a e s a f M " * * * ?

r u s h . "

" i b i d .

i n t h e s e o b j e c t s . S i r George G rey , th e H igh Com m issioner,

o p p o se d th e re m o v a l o f N a ta l N a tiv e s i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n ,* and

c r i t i c i s e d th e i d e a o f a l lo w in g t o be s u r r e n d e r e d to one man

a t e r r i t o r y o f t h r e e an d a h a l f m i l l i o n a c r e s t o be g o v ern ed

b y h im a s an in d e p e n d e n t k in g d o m ".+ The o p p o r tu n i ty o f

a c q u i r i n g P o r t S t . J o h n 's w i l l i n g l y fro m th e pondos was l o s t .

I n 1 8 6 l, a t t h e rem oval o f th e G riq u ae from G riq u a -

l a n d W est t o N om ansland , co m p ris in g th e c o u n try ly in g u n d e r

t h e D ra k e n sb e rg betw een th e h e a d w a te rs o f th e U m ziokulu and

Unit a t & R iv e r s , n e g o t i a t e d f o r by th e Governm ent and ce d ed by

F a k u ,^ N a ta l a g a in t r i e d to r e v iv e h e r c la im t o th e g ra n t

mede by F aku i n 1850. The Im p e r ia l - Government h a d a l re a d y

a d m i t t e d t h e v a l i d i t y o f N a t a l 's c la im and d e c re e d t h a t th e

t e r r i t o r y h a d to be a p p o r tio n e d w i th "due r e g a r d t o th e i n

t e r e s t s o f N a t a l " . / The H igh C o m n lss io n er , S i r P h i l i p

W odehouse, h o w ever, d e c id e d a g a in s t N a ta l . 1 S i r W a lte r

C u r r ie h a d b e e n s e n t up a s Com m issioner t o th e Cape t o endea

v o u r t o a r ra n g e th e b oundary betw een N a ta l and Adam Kok,

b u t h a d fo u n d i t a lm o s t im p o ss ib le t o come to any am ica b le

a r ra n g e m e n t w i th t h e N a ta l C om m issioners who, o f c o u rs e ,

i n s i s t e d N a ta l h a d a r i g h t to a lm o st th e w hole c o u n try g iv e n

t o K ok. T h e r e fo r e S i r W a lte r C u r r ie , i n ag reem en t w i th th e

’'Memo, o p . o i t .

"M ata l mod 4n n « * t l o n o f W u M U a d 186 ; - 1870"q u o te d - G rey t o L t.G o v r . S c o t t 1 2 .3*58 .

/p o w e r " E a r ly A n n a ls o f K o k s ta d " , p . 12.

,.,7 .

s in c e 1859** j , p , C u r r ie t o J e n k in s , 2 5 . 1 . 6 2 .

H ig h C om m issioner, o p in e d th e Government s h o u ld "s im p ly do

w h a t i s r i g h t and. a sk no f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s " ,* w h ich was w hat

Wo d en o u se d i d do an d s e c u re d to Adam Kok tw o - th i r d s o f Roman s -

l a n d c o m p ris in g th e " b e s t p a s tu ra g e and a r a b le la n d i n S o u th

A f r i c a . I n s p i r e d by S h e p s to n e , L ie u te n a n t-G o v e rn o r S c o t t

p r o t e s t e d v e h e m e n tly an d th e R a ta l L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n cil . . .

s u g g e s te d a n n e x in g Adam K o k 's t e r r i t o r y an d p eo p le t o R a t a l " .

B ut owing to an u n e x p e c te d move on th e p a r t o f M olapo, a son

o f teoshaah, w hose l a n d a d jo in e d N a ta l , t h e l a t t e r became d i s

t i n c t l y a la rm e d . The B asu to C h ie f made f r i e n d l y o v e r tu r e s

t o t h e F re e S t a t e a n d N a ta l r e a l i s e d ^ i f h e , u n a b le to s ta n d

th e s t r a i n o f w a r, s h o u ld s u r r e n d e r h i s t e r r i t o r y to th e F re e

S t a t e , th e n th e B o ers w ould be w i th in e a sy d i s ta n c e o f th e

m a r i t im e p o r t i o n o f N om ansland w n ich R a ta l h ad d e c l in e d to

a c c e p t* , t h e r e f o r e she h a s t i l y d e c id e d to g ra s p a t th e crumb

r a t h e r t h a n lo s e a l l . S h ep s to n e s e t o u t w i th a m i l i t a r y e s

c o r t an d w i th much e c l a t and d e m o n s tra tiv e n e s s p ro o la im ed

A l f r e d C oun try a s an n ex ed t o N a ta l . ^

From 1S66 N a ta l tu rn e d h e r e y e s upon a more l u c r a

t i v e , l a r g e r and more a m b itio u s s p h e re w h e re in she m igh t

a c h ie v e p o l i t i c a l p r e s t i g e , p e c u n ia ry g a in and la n d on w hich

t o s e t t l e W hite a n d B la c k . The a l r e a d y o v e rc ro w d e d co n d itio n

o f B a s u to la n d was n o t c o n s id e r e d . A c h ie v in g a com plete

p o l i t i c a l s o m e rs a u lt she tu r n e d from ag reem en t w i th th e F re e

S t a t e i n i t s t r o u b l e s w i th th e B asu to t o e n t i r e sym pathy w ith

t h e l a t t e r i n t h e i r h a r d s h ip s im posed by th e fo rm e r.

* j ,p , C urrie to Jen k in s 1 .4 .62 .

+U ya, p . 4 4 .

ana 7.1.65.

- 4 3 -

W earied o f th e s o - c a l l e d w ar w i th t h e F re e s t a t e

M oehesh, h i s so n s and B asu to C h ie f ta in s h a d made re p ea te d ,

r e q u e s t s f o r a n n e x a tio n o f t h e i r c o u n try by B r i t a i n ,* Though

W odehouse was a n x io u s f o r i t s ac co m p lish m e n t, r e a l i s i n g t h a t ,

i n f a o t , i t was e s s e n t i a l f o r th e e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f t r a n q u i l i t y t

t h e p r o p o s i t i o n was re g a rd e d w i th "ex trem e a v e r s io n ’1 by th e

Home A u t h o r i t i e s . T h e r e f o r e Wodehouse c o u ld n o t a f f o r d t o

e n c o u ra g e th e B asu to C h ie f s ' p le a d in g s . W hereupon, p e r c e iv

in g th e a p p a re n t i n d i f f e r e n c e o f th e H igh C om m issioner, Moshesh

t u r n e d t o N a ta l an d a d d r e s s e d h i s l a t e r r e q u e s t s a lm o st ex

c l u s i v e l y to h e r , ^ se n d in g r e p e a te d m essages and d e p u ta tio n s

e x p r e s s in g th e B a s u to s ' w i l l in g n e s s t o s u r r e n d e r t h e i r in d e

p e n d e n c e an d t o be g o v e rn e d a s th e N a ta l N a tiv e s , S h ep sto n e

h a d no h e s i t a t i o n i n recom m ending th e i n c o r p o r a t io n o f B asu to

l a n d on th e "g rounds t h a t i t was th e c e n t r e o f a l l n a t iv e

p o l i t i c a l a g i t a t i o n . . . and i t s c o n t r o l w ou ld p la c e i n th e

h a n d s o f N a ta l t h e key o f a l l S o u th A f r ic a n p o l i t i c s s so f a r

a s n a t i v e s w ere c o n c e rn e d " . ^ A t th e same t im e N a ta l was

u n a b le t o g iv e any more d e f in i t e answ er th a n th e H igh Commis

s i o n e r an d t h e r e f o r e m a in ta in e d an a p p a r e n t ly u n sy m p a th e tic

s i l e n c e , th o u g h p u b l ic o p in io n was unanim ous i n d e s i r i n g th e

a n n e x a t io n .*

* I h e s i s " N a ta l an d th e A n n ex atio n o f B a s u to la n d 1865-1870" p . 3 8 . J . P . W odehouse t o J e n k in s 2 9 . 1 . 0 0 .

'‘'T h e s is o p . o i t . p . 39- Wodehouse - A c t. L t .-G o v r . o f N a ta l 2 9 . 1 2 . 6 5 . G.H. 80 /3 5 -

/ j , p . Wodehouse - J e n k in s 2 8 ,4 .6 6 .

^ T h e s is o p . c i t . p ^ r .o t .G o v r . 3 0 .1 .6 6 .G .H. L .B . 6 3 p .G .H. L .B . 6 3 P . de K ie w ie t p . 203-

I G. Lagden p . 409 q u o te d Memo, by S h ep sto n e 4 . 9 . 6 6 .

^ T h e s is o p . c i t . p . 4 8 -4 9 .

244 , M oshesh to S .N .A . 1 5 . 7 *6 6 .276 , C f. G. Lagden Chap.XX. p -^ o s

I n J a n u a ry 1868 th e r e oame a s u r p r i s e i n th e fo rm o f

a d e s p a tc h fro m th e S e c r e ta r y o f S t a t s ac k now ledg ing th e p e r

t i n e n t c i r c u m s ta n c e s w h ich p o in te d to th e n e c e s s i t y f o r a c tu a l

r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e B a su to s a s B r i t i s h s u b je c t s f o r w h ich th e

roost o b v io u s a r ra n g e m e n t w ould be t o annex them to N a ta l .

S u ch w o u ld "be i n a c co rd a n ce w ith t h e r e q u e s t s o f M oshesh.

" p e r m is s io n was a c c o rd in g ly g ra n te d Wodehouse . . . t o t r e a t w i th

M oshesh w i th a v iew to h i s r e c o g n i t io n a s a B r i t i s h s u b je c t and

t h e i n c o r p o r a t io n o f h i s c o u n try w i th th e Colony o f N a ta l .

On r e c e i p t o f t h i s news S hep sto n e w ro te j u b i l a n t l y t o h i s so n ,

H e n r iq u e , "You w i l l see by th e p a p e rs B a s u to la n d i s to be

a n n e x e d to I 'i a t a l . S i r P . Wodehouse g o e s t h e r e n e x t m onth to

a r r a n g e t h e i n c o r p o r a t io n and k r . l ie a te an d 2 go up to m eet

h im an d th e r e r e c e iv e o u r t e r r i t o r y an d o u r p e o p le " ,+ H is

j o y was p re m a tu re f o r w h i l s t on h i s way t o e f f e c t t h e t r a n s

a c t io n W odehouse r e c e iv e d l e t t e r s , one fro m a R ev. D a n ie l , a

W e sle y an M is s io n a ry in t h e W iH e ab e rg en R e s e rv e , and one p u r

p o r t i n g to be from M oshesh, b o th o f w h ich e x p r e s s e d d i s a g r e e

m ent w i th th e i d e a o f a n n e x a tio n to N a ta l and a s "opposed to

th e w is h e s o f e v e ry M osuto” - b e s id e s b e in g , g e o g r a p h ic a lly ,

p o l i t i c a l l y an d comm ercially u n d e s ira b le .^ MOshesh prayed

t h a t - h i s c e u ttb ry sh o u ld -Bet' {placed- S ion& r s-aSher tb .& n a .ttn e x e ’d to i h e Cape. T h is s u g g e s tio n

Wodehouse adopted reco g n is in g Basutoland as a N ative Reserve,

muoh to K eate1s and Shepstone1s ch ag rin on t h e i r a r r i v a l .^

’ T h e s is o p . o i t . p . 52 Buckingham to Wodehouse 9 . 12 . 6 7 . P a r i .p a p e r s . D o o .P re a . 3 ? /7 0 P * 8 /.

Shepstone - Henrique 6 ,2 .6 8 .

D oc. P r e s . 33 /70 p*57*

- 4 5 -

I n s p i t e o f a re p rim a n d by th e S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e to Wodehouae

f o r h i s u n a u th o r i s e d a c t io n , th e s e t t l e m e n t was a llo w e d to

s t a n d " u n t i l more f i t t e d f o r u n io n w i th one o r o th e r o f th e

C o lo n ie s i n S o u th A f r i c a 11, A lo o p h o le was th u s l e f t an d in

1870 f l u t t e r i n g h o p es a g a in ro s e i n th e b r e a s t s o f S hep sto n e

an d K e a te when th e f i n a l s e t t l e m e n t o f B a s u to la n d was s t i l l i n

t h e a i r , ar.d th e C h ie f T se k e lo and Daumas, th e F ren c h M iss io n

a r y , r e tu r n e d w i th t h e "w o n d erfu l news t h a t th e r e was to be

no m ore H igh C om m issioners and th e w hole t e r r i t o r y betw een th e

Cape and N a ta l in c lu d in g B a s u to la n d i s t o be annexed t o N a ta l . " *

B a s u to la n d w as, h o w e v er, f o r m a l ly an n ex ed to th e Cape i n 1871-^

B au lk ed to t h e S o u th an d W est, S h ep s to n e a t l a s t

t u r n e d h i s e y e s n o rth w a rd to Z u lu la n d to a d i s p u te d s t r i p o f

c o u n t r y l y in g betw een th e Z u lu s an d th e T ra n s v a a l and o f w hich

Catywayo e x p r e s s e d h im s e l f a n x io u s t h a t th e N a ta l Government

s h o u ld ta k e p o s s e s s io n , and t h a t i t s h o u ld be a s o r t o f r e s e r v e d

a r e a f o r c o lo n ia l N a t i v e s .^ S h e p s to n e , a t th e tim e o f h i s

i n s t a l l a t i o n o f Cetywayo h a d e v e ry hope o f a c q u ir in g t h i s o u t

l e t f o r t h e N a ta l N a tiv e p o p u la t io n t o t h e N o r th w hich , i n a

memorandum i n 1 8 7 6 , he r e g r e t t e d he h a d n o t a t te m p te d e a r l i e r

t o o b t a i n . 1 B ut a n n e x a tio n became more an d more f r a u g h t w i th

d i f f i c u l t y i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n and w ith S h e p s to n e 's a t t e n t i o n f o

c u s s e d on th e T ra n s v a a l n o th in g f u r t h e r was g a in e d .

Independent P o n d o la n d rem ained, a tem pting p r ) xe to

N a ta l s t i l l s e e k in g a ’’s a f e t y v a lv e ” , t i l l F r e r e f i r m ly c lo s e d

e g re s s th e re to by h is re v e r s a l p o l i c y .

0 . L agden , 5 .4 4 1 .

* 0 p p s h e p s to n e to h i s son H en riq u e 1 6 .8 .7 0 - O f. C.O. 4 8 /445 S i r ? . Wodebouoe to E u r l G r a n v i l le 2 . 7 , 6 9 end M inu te by S i r

j. F . R o g ers 8 . 9 . 0 9 .r E y b e rs p . b i .

^ U y s, p . 8 0 . q u o te S h ep sto n e to h i s son 1 2 .1 2 .7 2 .

I S .H . M ata . 1878 Memo. S h ep s to n e 4 . 9 . 7 b.

4 6 -

CHAPTER I I I .

COMFtMICM 1H PONDOIAND, 1878 ~ 188$.

The d i f f i c u l t i e s , im p l io a t io n s an d o m iss io n s i n

S i r B a r U e F r e r e 1 s a r b i t r a r y tre a tm e n t, o f th e Pondos were

c l e a r l y a p p a re n t i n th e y e a r s fo l lo w in g 1 8 7 8 , inskan.d;, as.;~

f i i r a ie r ly , o£ b e in g th e m ost in o f f e n s iv e , d o c i le and l e a s t war

l i k e t r i b e i n c o n ta c t w i th th e Cape, th e y became d i s s a t i s f i e d ,

g ru m b lin g and a t t im e s o p o t iy d e f ia n t , a g g r e s s iv e and th r e a t e n

in g . The re a s o n f o r t h i s a t t i t u d e was n o t f a r to s e e k , f o r

i t l e y l a r g e l y a t t h e d o o r o f th e B r i t i s h r u l e r s whose p o l ic y

w as u n s e t t l e d and v a c i l l a t i n g in th e e x tre m e .

P r e r e h a a }u n d o u b te d ly , p ro v e d to h i s own s a t i s f a c t i o n

a n d , a p p a r e n t ly , t o t h a t o f th e Im p e r ia l G overnm ent, alw ays sc

c h a ry o f an y e x te n s io n o f t e r r i t o r y , t h a t none had been made

a n d t h a t w hat he h a d e n a c te d i n P o n d o la n d was in e v i t a b l e in

- 4 7 -

v ie w o f t h e g e n e r a l l y d i s tu r b e d s t a t e and s u s p ic io u s a c t io n s

o f t h e Param ount C h ie f whom he r e p r e s e n te d a s in c a p a b le o f

g o v e r n in g h i a t r i b e . The S e c r e ta r y o f S t a t e , S i r M ichael

H ic k s B each , on r e c e i p t o f th e p o n d o lan d d e s p a tc h e s , w ro te ap

p ro v in g o f th e m ea su res ta k e n and f e e l in g ' s a t i s f i e d t h a t th e

C h ie f U m quikeia h a d been a f f o r d e d "ev e ry o p p o r tu n i ty f o r m aking

amends f o r th e n o n -o b s e rv a t io n o f t h e t r e a t y o f 1844" and t h a t

t h e s t a t e o f P o n d o la n d was su ch as t o rendfer th e " i n t e r p o s i t i o n

o f t h e B r i t i s h Governm ent a b s o lu t e ly n e c e s s a r y " . He appro v ed

th e im m e d ia te o c c u p a t io n o f th e Mouth o f S t . J o h n 's R iv e r and

th e a r ra n g e m e n t w i th th e C h ie f , N q w iliso f o r t h e f r e e n a v ig a t io n

o f t h e r i v e r .

The Cape e s t a b l i s h e d e. Customs House a t th e S t . J o h n 's

R iv e r Mouth"*" and a p p o in te d H.M. Edye to a c t a s R e s id e n t M agis

t r a t e a n d s u b - c o l l e o to r o i C ustom s. B ut no im m ediate a c t io n

was t& ken t o u e t 'iu e tn e p o s i t i o n 01 t.ne P o r t o r l e g a l i s e i t s

r e l a t i o n s h i p . H e re , a s i n G riqualanvl E a s t , e x i s t e d &.« anoma

lo u s s i t u a t i o n . t h e P a r t udbeen ta k e n u n d e r B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n

a n d .ve t th e Cape h a d tio l e g a l s a n c tio n .

S im i la r u n c e r t a i n t y e x i s t e d i n X e s ib e la n d . A R e s i

d e n t M a g is t r a te ha.d b ee n a p p o in te d to Ml , A y l i f f u n d e r th e

U liie t iv;ua i s t i 'a t e o f G riq u a ia rm t iM t . 'X’he Am axesibe w ere

r e c o g n is e d a s B r i t i s h S u b je c ts b u t so an x io u s w ere th e Cape

M in is t e r s t o a v o id c o l l i s i o n s w ith th e Pondos t h a t m igh t l e a d

to arm ed c o n f l i c t t h a t when r a id s and c o u n te r - r a id s betw een Xe-

s ib e an d Pondoa to o k p l a c e , a s was i n e v i t a b l e th e y sh o u ld , l o c a l

M a g i s t r a t e s w ere a t a I obs t o know how t o a c t a s th e y h ad

s t r i c t i n s t r u c t i o n s to a v o id in v a d in g Pondo t e r r i t o r y .

B each to F re r e 7 . 1 0 . 7 8 - e n c lo s . copy a p p ro v in g p r o o e e d i r - o h n 's R iv e r .

C .O. 3 6 2 a . G ovt. N o tic e N o .8 4 j o f 1 .1 0 .7 8 .

I

I f t h e Pondos to o k a d v a n tag e o f su ch s p in e le s s "p ro

t e c t i o n o f t h e i r enem ies i t was s c a r c e ly to be w ondered a t .

F r e s h c o m p lic a tio n s a r o s e ev e ry tim e a c o l l i s i o n o c c u r re d ,*

th o u g h th e G overnm ent m a in ta in e d a much l a r g e r fo r c e i n Mount

A r l i f f th a n i n any o t h e r d i s t r i c t betw een th e K ei and N a ta l .+

I n s t e a d o f a c t in g w i th d e c i s io n and f i rm n e ss i n e s t a b l i s h in g

th e p o s i t i o n th e y h a d d e te rm in e d o n , w h e th e r r i g h t l y o r w ro n g ly ,

t h e Cape G overnm ent showed h e s i t a t i o n and in a c t io n , l e a v in g -

d i f f i c u l t i e s t o m a g n ify , o r a s th e y h o p ed , t o d im in ish i n th e

" n a t u r a l e f f l u x o f t im e " .

S i r B a r t l e F r e r e 's c o n te n tio n t h a t h i s a c t io n in

P o n d o la n d c r e a t e d no new p o l ic y m ig h t have s a t i s f i e d th e S e c re

t a r y o f S t a t e who was n o t o v e r an x io u s to In q u i r e i n t o th e

m e r i t s o f a c t io n s a s th e y a f f e c t e d th e N a tiv e s a d v e rs e ly o r

o th e r w is e , b e in g m ore c o n c e rn e d w i th t h e m i l i t a r y e x p e n d itu re

in c u r r e d i n s u b d u in g them . L ord C arnarvon 's e a r ly in ju n c t io n

t h a t "H er M a je s ty 1 s Governm ent a re n o t p re p a re d to app ro v e any

e x t e n s io n o f pow er and j u r i s d i c t i o n o f th e Cape Colony o v e r th e

Amapondo1' , ^ h e h ad t a c i t l y ig n o re d . He j u s t i f i e d h im s e lf as

m e re ly h a v in g i n f l i c t e d c o n d i g n punishm en t f o r U m q u lk e la 's

d i s l o y a l t y a n d n o n -c o m p lian c e w i th te rm s o f th e T re a ty o f 1844.

As f o r S t . J o h n 's I t iv e r Mouth he h ad m ere ly resum ed th e S o v er

e ig n ty w h ich h ad b e e n d e c la r e d by B r i t a i n i n 1844 T re a ty .

T h u s , he a v e r r e d , " n o t a f o o t o f tto q -J ik e la 's c o u n try o r head

* I b i d p . 255 S tr a c h a n t o K im berley 7 .1 2 .8 0 .

"hphe&l p . 169 - 1 7 0 .

^G .H . 1 /2 6 No .4 . C arnarvon to F re r e 3 . 1 . 7 8 *

- 4 9 -

o f c a t t l e h a d b ee n ta k e n .*

By 1880 c o n f e d e r a t io n , a t l e a s t from w i th o u t , was

d e a d . Any r e v iv a l was t o oome from w i th in S o u th A f r i c a i t s e l f .

T h e r e fo r e L o rd K im b erley i n 1880 was p ro b a b ly e v e n more an x io u s

t o a v o id f u r t h e r e x te n s io n s and more f r a n k l y d is c o u ra g in g th a n

h i s p re d e c e s s o r s h a d b e e n . The b u rd e n o f h av in g to annex th e

T r a n s k e ia n T e r r i t o r i e s i n f u l f i lm e n t o f engagem ents e n t e r e d in to

by h i s f o r e - r u n n e r s w e ig h e d h e a v i ly upon h im . i n a n t i c i p a t i o n

o f t h e p r o b a b le recom m endations o f th e Commission w hich was to

be a p p o in te d to I n q u i r e i n t o th e s t a t e o f a f f a i r s in P ondo land

he f e l t b o und to w arn F re r e t h a t "H er M a je s ty 's Government i s

n o t p r e p a r e d to assum e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f b r in g in g f u r t h e r t e r

r i t o r i e s i n S o u th A f r i c a u n d e r d i r e c t B r i t i s h r u l e on th e g ro u n d

t h a t i t i s t h e d u ty o f t h e B r i t i s h Government to u n d e r ta k e th e

r u l e o f N a tiv e t r i b e s i n o r d e r t o c o r r e c t th e m isdeeds o f c h ie f s

a n d t o im prove a n d e l e v a t e th e p o p u la t io n " . However la u d a b le

t h e s e aim s m ig h t b e i t was f e l t c o n t r a r y to p o l i c y to "advance

f u r t h e r " w i th o u t some param oun t n e c e s s i t y w h ich th e S e c r e ta r y

o f S t a t e f e l t d ie ' n o t e x i s t i n p o n d o lan d , "w ith whom th e Cape

g e n e r a l l y m a in ta in e d r e l a t i o n s o f f r i e n d s h ip . " +

H av ing d e te rm in e d ly r e p u d ia te d any e x te n s io n o f t e r r i

t o r y o r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n p o n d o lan d i t was n a t u r a l t h a t th e

S e c r e t a r y o f S ta t e sh o u ld r e f u s e h i s s a n c t io n to Im p e r ia l T ro o p s '

b e in g u s e d to subdue th e Pondos who c o n s t a n t ly t h r e a te n e d and

a t t im e s a t t a c k e d X e sib e an d B aca s , who h a d b ee n ta k e n u n d e r

B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n , b u t whom th e Pondos c o n tin u e d to r e g a r d as

r e b e l l i o u s s u b j e c t s / F r e r e was o b s e s s e d w i th th e i d e a t h a t

* r 2140 N o .59 p . 100 F r e r e - C o l. O f f . 1 8 .1 1 .8 0 .c ! 2584 N o .56 W o lse le y to B each e n o lo s . F re r e - W olse ley

3 1 .1 0 .7 9 P*118.

+A. 41 o f 80 K im berley to F re r e 18 .5 * 8 0 .

/ Ci 2 4 8 ? N o .53 F re r e - H icks B each 1 2 .8 .7 9 e n o lo s . C.M.K o k s ta d - S .N .A . 30• 7• 79•

- 50 -

t h e Pondo r a i d s a n d a g g r e s s io n s w ere p a r t o f th e Z u lu d i f f i

c u l t y . He was s u p p o r te d i n t h i s id e a by C h a rle s B row nlee .

S i r G a rn e t W o lse le y , i n in d e p e n d e n t command o f th e T roops and

H ig h C o n m iss io n er i n S o u th E a s te rn A f r i c a , on th e o th e r han d ,

u p h e ld t h e " N a ta l p o in t o f v iew " , s t ig m a t i s e d by F re r e a s th e

" n o n - o f f i c i a l v ie w " , g a th e r e d fro m s t r a y f a c t s and r e s id e n t s

i n P o n d o la n d who gave th e Pondo v iew b e in g th e m se lv e s a lm o s t

i d e n t i f i e d w i th t h e N a tiv e s . When F re r e a p p l ie d to W olseley

f o r m i l i t a r y a i d h e m et w i th a d i s t i n c t r e b u f f from th e l a t t e r

who d i d n o t f e e l j u s t i f i e d in em ploy ing Her M a je s ty 's T roops

w i th o u t o r d e r s , w h ich r e p ly was c l e a r l y ap p ro v ed by L o rd Kim

b e r l e y to whose m ind F r e r e to o k " to o s e r io u s a v iew o f th e

c o n d i t i o n o f a f f a i r s i n P ondoland ."1" As th e d i s p u te s "betw een

t r i b e s i n P o n d o la n d a p p e a re d m ain ly c a t t l e - s t e a l i n g a f f a i r s and

t h e r e f o r e to be t r e a t e d a s p o l ic e m a t t e r s , th e r e was no re a s o n

why th e y s h o u ld n e t be d e a l t w i th by C o lo n ia l M a g is t r a te s .

E v e ry p r e c a u t io n was t o be ta k e n n o t t o a l lo w b o rd e r d i s p u te s

t o l e a d t o s e r io u s h o s t i l i t i e s tti& th e N a tiv e t r i b e s and any

e x p e c t a t i o n o f H er M a je s ty 's T roops b e in g em ployed i n r e p r e s

s in g su c h " lo c a l d i s o r d e r s was t o be d i s c o u r a g e d " / Not

o n ly d id th e I m p e r ia l Government r e f u s e m i l i t a r y a i d i n s e t

t l i n g t r i l a l m a t t e r s i n P ondo land b u t th e y w ere an x io u s to

r e l i e v e th e m se lv e s o f th e su p p o rt o f a g a r r i s o n a t F o r t

H a r r i s o n a t t h e M outh o f th e S t . J o h n 's R iv e r . As th e

i n t e r e s t s in v o lv e d s u b je c t s o f ■ t t i e C hpe th e s e c r e t a r y o f

S t a t e th o u g h t " th e s e l e c t io n o f o ffic er # and r e c e i p t s c o u ld

b e s t be d e a l t w i th by th e Cape" and E n g lan d was to be r e l i e v e d

Memo, by B ro w n lee .

+U .24d4 N o .97 s i r G. W o lse le y - B each 1 1 .9 « 7 9 ‘ 0 .2586 K im ber-Ip y - F re r e No. 8 p . l 6 . 2 7 -$ .8 0 .

' ' i b i d . C.25B6.

a s soon a s p o s s i b le o f th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . * The S e c r e ta r y f o r

N a tiv e A f f a i r s c o rre sp o n d e d w i th M a jo r-G e n e ra l Gordon on th e

r e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f t h e C o lo n ia l t r o o p s i n K a f f r a r i a and th e r e

p l a c in g o f I m p e r ia l w i th C o lo n ia l t r o o p s a t S t . J o h n 's . +

T ro u b le i n Z u lu la n d and th e T ra n s v a a l d i s t r a c t e d

a t t e n t i o n fro m P o n d o la n d and e l s e w h e re . Im p e r ia l and C o lo n ia l

t r o o p s w ere n e e d e d t o q u e l l th e Z u lu s an d s c a r c e ly h ad t h a t

d a n g e r p a s s e d th a n th e s e e th in g d i s c o n te n t o f th e B oers i n th e

T r a n s v a a l s u rg e d t o th e s u r f a c e , f i n a l l y r e s u l t i n g i n t h e aban

donm ent o f t h e T ra n s v a a l by th e B r i t i s h . ^

I n s p i t e o f n l c c o n v ic tio n s P re r e was p o w e rle s s to

a u t h o r i s e any f o r c e o r c o e rc io n b ec au se o f th e d iv i s io n o f

pow er a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w hioh he lo o k e d upon a s bound to l e a d

t o e v i l r e s u l t s . ^ f f o ls e le y n e i t h e r th o u g h t th e d i v i s io n o f

pow er an d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a d isa d v a n ta g e n o r d id h e a g re e t h a t

th e "pondo d i f f i c u l t y was c l e a r l y an d o b v io u s ly a b ra n c h o f th e

Z u lu d i f f i c u l t y " - t h e r e b e in g i n h i s o p in io n no c o n n e c tio n

w h a te v e r , 1 an d he was an x io u s to " k e e p H er M a je s ty 's T roops

a lo o f fro m s m a ll t r i b a l d is p u te s w hioh w ere more p r o p e r ly fu n c

t i o n s o f t h e P o l ic e F o rc e " .

H er M a je s ty 's Government no doub t re c o g n is e d i n th e

i n t e r e s t s o f c o n f e d e r a t io n p o n d o lan d w ould have e v e n tu a l ly to

be an n e x ed ; b u t t o w h ich Colony was a p ro b lem . S i r M ichael

H ick s B each f e l t , g e o g r a p h ic a lly a t l e a s t , a s f a r as th e S t .

' '0 .2 9 8 4 No. 12 B e a o h -F re re 2 9 .1 .8 0 and a g a in in 1882 G.H. 1 /3 6 N o. 30 K im berley to R ob inson 2 6 .4 .8 2 .

"^C.3 4 9 3 N o s .16- 2 3 . 2 4 .6 .8 2 - 4 .7 .8 2 .

^ E y b ers p . 459 3 * 8 .8 1 .

^ C .2482 N o .70 e n c lo a . F r e r e t o W olse ley 2 3 . 8 .79*

I C .2 4 8 2 N o .97 W o lse le y to B each 1 1 .9 .79*

- 5 2 -

J o h n ’ s R iv e r i t seem ed a s i f i t ough t u l t im a te ly to b e lo n g to

N a ta l , th o u g h th e r e c e n t a r ran g e m en ts seemed to p re s a g e i t s

a n n e x a t io n a l t o g e t h e r to t h e Cape* He s u g g e s te d th e d i v i s io n

o f cu sto m d u t i e s be tw een N a ta l and tn e Cape an d d i v i s io n o f

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r R e s id e n ts o th e rw is e th e Cape would be v i r

t u a l l y r u l i n g i n p la c e s i n w hich p ro p e r ly i t h a d n o th in g t o d o .*

D u r in g 1878 an d 1879 C o n fe d e ra tio n was s t i l l i n th e

r e a lm s o f p r a c t i c a l p o l i t i c s and b ec au se o f t h i s a s w e l l a s for

o t h e r r e a s o n s t h e Im p e r ia l Government was n o t i n th e mood to

c o n s id e r P o n d o la n d and i t s u l t im a te d i s p o s a l an d t h e r e f o r e any

p r e c i s e d e f i n i t i o n o f th e e x te n t o f a l l e g i a n c e t o th e B r i t i s h

Crown i n t h a t p a r t o f K a i 'f ir lm id was d e f e r r e d . The r e s u l t

was t h e C o lo n ia l o f f i c e r s on th e b o rd e rs an d i n p o n d o lan d w ere

p l a c e d i n an anom alous s i t u a t i o n . h i c k of -power of the Colon

i a l o f f i c e r s so e m b a rra sse d t h e i r a c t io n t h a t u n t i l h o s t i l i t i e s

a c t u a l l y commenced B o rd er o f f i c i a l s w ere d i s in c l in e d to a c t

w i th t h e d e c i s io n n e c e s s a r y to p re v e n t b re a c h e s o f p e a c e .^

Bo w ere m a t t e r s a llo w e d to d r i f t , no d e c is iv e a c t io n

l -e in g to k e n one way o r a n o th e r in t h e c o n s ta n t r a id s and

c o u n te r - r a id s b etw een Rondos and X e slb e and Pondos an d B a c a s y

f-y 1883 so Irksom e had Rondo m a t te r s become t h a t th e

Cape M in is t e r s r e p u d ia te d th e a c t io n o f i-’r e r e and "d ee p ly

r e b u t t e d t h a t any in t e r f e r e n c e w i th th e i n t e r - t r i b a l r e l a t i o n s

o f P o n d o la n d s h o u ld have ta k e n p la c e " . They re c o g n is e d th e

a c t i o n o f 1878 u n d e r ta k e n a t th e i n s ta n c e o f H er M a je s ty 's

’W s r o l d " F r e re " p .1 0 3 , u u o te d B each - F re r e 2 . 1 0 , 7 8 , and G.H. 1 /k6 N o. B each - F re r e d j .1 0 .7 8 '

V . N .A .U /jO , N o .7 8 , M y th - ti .h .A . 2.7*78*

^ C .2 4 8 2 N o .55 F r e r e to B each 12 .8 .79*

^G .H . 3 1 /1 7 p . 314 . G. S tra o h a n - K im berley 1 1 .1 .8 1 .

- 53 -

r e p r e s e n ta t i v e i n th e Colony and h o n o u re d w i th th e a p p ro v a l o f

H er M a je s ty 's G overnm ent, a s th e oause o f th e d i s tu r b e d f e e l i n g

th e n e x i s t i n g . On 11 th A u g u st, 1878, S i r B a r t l e P re r e h a d

i s s u e d d e f i n i t e i n s t r u c t i o n s on v a r io u s m a t te r s w h ich ca u se d

i r r i t a t i o n i n P o n d o la n d " . The M in is te r s v in d ic a te d th e m se lv e s

on th e e x p r e s s io n u se d i n F r e r e 's d e s p a tc h to th e S e c r e ta r y of

S t a t e when fo r w a r d in g th e p ro p o s a ls . The H igh C om m issioner

h a d h a d th e " c o n c u rre n c e w o f h i s M in is te r s w hich c l e a r l y showed

t h a t P r e r e h a d a o te d th ro u g h o u t th e m a t t e r a s r e p r e s e n ta t iv e o f

H er M a je s ty 's Governm ent i n S o u th A f r i c a an d n o t on th e a d v ic e

o f h i s M in is t e r s . ' i t was even a d m it te d t h a t th e X eeibeaw ere

p ro b a b ly n o t b la m e le s s and " th e re was no d oub t i n ta k in g them

u n d e r C o lo n ia l p r o t e c t io n a g ra v e e r r o r was com m itted in v o lv in g

m u n d o u b ted i n j u s t i c e t o th e p o n d o a " .+

S i r H e rc u le s R o b in so n , th e Hig.. C om m issioner who to o k

o f f i c e a f t e r S i r B a r t l e F r e r e 's r e c a l l , h im s e l f a d m itte d th e

i n j u s t i c e o f t h e a c t i o n , 7* b u t h e , l i k e h i s M in is te r s an d s u p e r -

l o r e i n th e C o lo n ia l o f f i c e , fo u n d i t im p o ss ib le t o r e t r e a t

fro m th e p o l i c y e n te re d , i n t o by h i s p r e d e c e s s o rs .

T h a t th e pondoa h a d g r ie v a n c e s was r e a l i s e d by th e

Cape M in is te r s an d th e High C om m issioner th o u g h v e ry seldom

a d m it te d .

The d e p o s i t i o n o f U m quikela from th e P aram ountcy was

an i n d i g n i t y f e l t by C h ie f and p e o p le a l i k e . P'aku may have

g iv o n p o m s , h i s f a v o u r i t e son , a g r e a t d e a l o f l i b e r t y and

*@.92 o f 1883 N o .81 M i n i s t e r 's M inute N o .114. 1 0 .4 .8 3 .O f. G.W. Cox. " L ife o f C olenso" - p p .548-549*

% .g 2 o f 1883 N o .43 U .y .N .A . - C.M. K o k stad 3 .4 .8 3 ' and G.H. 31 /18 p . 239-262 R ob inson - D erby .

/ q . -j0 0 l- (686 No. 1. M in u te s o f p ro c e e d in g s o f Pondo D e p u ta tio n 2 7 .1 0 .8 3 .

- Jj4 -

N q w il is o , P a k u 's g ra n d so n , m ig h t h av e c la im e d Independence o f

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p - r e c o g n i t io n o f t h e param ountoy u ' th e G reat

H ouse , As l a t e a s 186$, o n ly two y e a r s b e f o re h i s d e a th , Faku

s a i d o f Damaa1 b ra n c h , "The House i s one and m ust re m a in s o " .+

N or w o u ld F aku t r e a t w i th J e n k in s o r W hite ab o u t th e c e s s io n o f

v an o e was a g g r a v a te d by th e C ap u ' Ctovom-menb, w h o i g n o r i n g 1

U m q u o k e la , t r e a t e d w i th N q w iliso f o r th e c e s s io n o f h i s r i g h t s

t o t h e n a v ig a t io n o f th e S t . J o h n 's R iv e r and th e p u rc h a se o f

l a n d on th e W est b an k . U m quikela p r o t e s t e d , “How can th e Gov

e rn m e n t buy fro m a p e r s o n n o t a u th o r i s e d to s e l l o r who does

n o t own th e la n d ? ^

The t a k in g o v e r o f th e x e s ib e who h a d been d e f i n i t e l y

p l a c e d u n d e r U m quikela by th e Commission o f 1872, was a v e ry

V tix a tio u u p o i n t . Though U m quikela and l e a d in g Pondoa r e i t e r

a t e d t h e Rondos an d X e sib e w ere one p e o p le i n o r ig in ? th e l o s s

o f a num ber o f tro u b le so m e p eo p le w ou ld n o t have g r ie v e d them

m uch b u t th e l o s s o f t h e i r l a n d was k e e n ly f e l t . As i n th e

e a r l i e r y e a r s on th e Cape B o rd er th e la c k o f l a n d h ad c a u sed

many d i s tu r b a n c e s and w a rs ro now w ere th e Pondos f e e l i n g th e

p r e s s u r e o f I n c r e a s in g p o p u la t io n s and d e c re a s in g a r e a s o f la n d .

I t was s a id , w i th w hat e v id e n c e i t i s h a r d t o t e l l , t h a t th e

p o p u la t io n o f P o n d o la n d had , d u r in g th e l a s t tw e n ty y e a rs , n e a r ly

*Th£»al p p . 1 7 7 -178-

+ j . P . J e n k in s - J.C. W arner 1 4 . 8 . 6 5 .... 1 _ z, , ^ c AO t e — i <2i»

U m quikela i n a l l save s u p e r io r ra n k * y e t t h a t was th e c ru x o f

S t . J o h n 's R iv e r u n le s s Damas w ere a l s o p r e s e n t . ^ T h is g r ie -

-<ym

- 55 -

d o u b le d i t s e l f an d sh o u ld it- c o n tin u e a t th e same r a t e i n a v e ry

fe w y e a r s th e c o u n try , a s d e f in e d by th e 1872 Commission .w ould

n o t be l a r g e enough f o r them . A lre a d y th e c a t t l e w h ich h ad

I n c r e a s e d in p r o p o r t io n to th e p e o p le w ere d y in g o f s ic k n e s s

a n d p o v e r ty ow ing to w ant o f s u f f i c i e n t g ro u n d to g ra z e o n .*

The R ode, a f e r t i l e v a l l e y on th e b o rd e rs o f X fcstbeland

a n d G r iq u a la r d E a s t w here W illiam N o ta , a H lu b i headman who r u l e d

some B a c a s , an d who h a d been a c c e p te d i n 187B,was l a t e r r e s to r e d

t o t h e Pondos w i th th e p ro m ise t h a t t h e B acas u n d er N o ta sh o u ld

be rem oved a s t h e y h a d b ee n a c c e p te d a s B r i t i s h s u b je c t s . Mr.

0x1 an d d o u b te d a t th e t im e th e ex p e d ien cy o f th e move a s he

f e a r e d th e p la c e w ould become a h a r b o u r f o r t h ie v e s and b ad

c h a r a c t e r s . A s a r e c e p t a c l e f o r s to le n s to c k i t would p rove

a v e r i t a b l e t h o r n i n th e s id e o f M a k a u la 's d i s t r i c t an d E a s t

G rlqualem d.H e was a m - i t w ou ld soon become e v id e n t i t was a p o l i t i

c a l n e c e s s i t y f o r th e Governm ent t o . annexe th e Rode, f o r

Y /illia m N o ta 1 g c a se h a v in g b ee n g iv e n i n t h e i r f a v o u r , th e Pondos

w ou ld c lam our f o r th e r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e c o u n try o cc u p ie d by

J o jo (X tu ib e la tio ), ae th e y a l r e a d y spoke o f N o ta 's and J o j o ' s

o a s e s a s p a r a l l e l . 4. However, th e Governm ent made no a tte m p t to

remove th e Bode p eo p le , th o u g h th e p ro m ise was renew ed in 1 8 8 l /

w i th th e r e s u l t t h a t th e Pondos made r e p e a te d a t t a c k s on them

e n d in g i n a c tu a l w a rfa re in F e b ru a ry , 1883, when th e Pondoa

w ere u u cc eu B fu l and th r e a t e n e d to d r iv e th e tiaoas o u t . ^

The c o n s ta n t a la rm s o f Pondos p re p a r in g f o r w ar on

0.3835 No.14O f f ic e

M o.14. A b o r ig in e s P r o t e c t io n S o c ie ty to th e C o lo n ia l 2 9 . 9 . 8 3 en o lo fi. a l e t t e r from U m quikela 1 .8 .8 3 .

+ 0 ,2 4 8 2 N o .5 3 . e n c l o s .4 . M inutes o f M ee tin g h e ld a t o f f ic e o f B .R . P o n d .E . 2 8 . 6 . 7 9 .

/q '.H . 3 1 /1 7 p . 4 7 5 . R ob inson - K im berley 1 9 . 8 . 8 1 .

§''•1112. N o*43. R ob in so n t o K im berley 1 3 , 1 2 .8 1 . e n c lo s . r e p o r t o f s ! n .A . m e e tin g w i th pondoo r e g r ie v a n c e s .

3 7 1 7 N o .72 R ob in so n to Derby 2 6 . 2 . 8 3 e n c lo s . r e p o r t o f k o t . C.l*. E a s t G r iq u a lo n d .

I

- -

t h e C olony to o k no more m enacing fo rm th a n an o c c a s io n a l c a t t l e

r a i d o r r e p r i s a l on th e X e s lb e s whom th e Pondos re g a rd e d a s r e

b e l l i o u s s u b j e c t s , who, i f th e y w ould n o t subm it must th e n be

e x te r m in a te d an d f o r o e a o u t so t h a t th e Pondos m igh t reo o cu p y

t h e i r own la n d s .

From 1879 f o r t h e n e x t f o u r y e a r s th e r e were r e p e a te d

r e p o r t s o f th e P o n d o s1 d e l i b e r a t e l y a t t a c k in g and d e s t ro y in g

X e s ib e K r a a ls and c a r r y in g o f f c a t t l e ; o f P ondos' "g oad ing"

X e s lb e s an d B acas t o r e t a l i a t e ; C h a rle s B row nlee s ta u n c h ly

s u p p o r te d J o jo an d s t r o n g ly d i s a g re e d w ith S i r G. W olseley end

S i r H. B uiw er who c o n s id e r e d a l l th e f i r e and s la u g h te r and

w h o le s a le c a p tu re o f s to c k m ere ly c a t t l e r a id s and to be s e t t l e d

by th e p o l i c e . "Our own s u b je c t s " , he c o n te n d e d , "w ith o u t any

o f f e n c e have been s l a u g h te r e d on o u r own la n d .

A g a in s t t h e a c c u s a t io n s o f a g g r e s s io n s , on th e pondo

s id e m ig h t be c i t e d M rs. J e n k in s ' and N a t a l 's te s t im o n y to th e

c o n t r a r y . The fo r m e r , more o r l e s s j u s t l y , p la c e d a l l t h e blam e

f o r t h e c o n f u s io n on th e Governm ent who, she a v e rre d ,w a s r e s p o n s i

b le l o r t n e c o n d i t io n o f p o n d o lan d a n a th e lo s e o f l i f e and th e

e f f e c t s o f w a r, i n s ta n c i n g as show ing th e u n w a rlik e ten d e n c y o f

t h e p e o p le , th e o r d e r r e c e iv e d by one f i r m from t r a d in g s t a t i o n s

b eyond th e St. J o h n 's R iv e r , f o r 350 p lo u g h s .4- S i r H enry

* 0 . 2 6 7 6 . N o .2 8 . F r e r e to g eo . o f S ta te 2 2 .6 .8 0 . fo rw . memo,b y B ro w n lee , p p .34- 6 4 , O f.

" " o no los.lO . C.M. Kok - 8 .N .A . 26 . /.79«" " " e n e lo a .1 2 . Cape A rgus 7 . 8 . 7 8 .

" " 7 2 R ob inson - Derby 2 6 .2 .8 3 -

+24a a N o .3 3 . e n c l o s . 14, t e e . J e n k in s t o d i r fi. F r e r e , 6 . 8 . 7 9 .

B u lw e r, th e G o v ern o r o f N a ta l , a s f i r m ly eincLorsed t h a t v iew

t h a t t h e r e c e n t d l f f i o u l t i e a -ve due to o u r own c r e a t io n " .

He , to o , e n t i r e l y . d e n ie d , th a t, tu d d i s tu r b a n c e s i n p o n d o lan d

h a d any c o n n e o tio n w ith th e Z u l u s n r i f t h e r e h a d b ee n , he

t e r s e l y in q u ire d ,w h y d id n o t th e Fondos r i s e a f t e r laa n titiliw a n a?

W h e th er th e Pondos o r th e X a s lb e j w ere t o blam e i t was d i f f i c u l t

to s a y , b u t p ro b a b ly th e Pondos w ere no more a g g r e s s iv e to w ard s

th e X e g ib e s now th a n th e y h a d alw ays b ee n , o n ly now ev ery

I n s t a n c e was n o te d as an a t t a c k on B r i t i s h s u b je c t s . A lso ,

th e Pondou p ro b a b ly f e l t en c o u rag e d by th e i n s u f f i c i e n t p r o te c

t i o n a i l 'o r d e d th e X e s ib e s and by th e embargo on th e l a t t e r * s

r e t a l i a t i o n . I t was n a t u r a l th e y sh o u ld ta k e ad v an tag e o f

t h e i r h e r e d i t a r y en e m y 's w eakness and se e k t o avenge th e m se lv e s

f o r t h e i r d e e p ly r e s e n t e d p r o n g s . , Thus d id t h e i n a c t io n

o f t h e Governm ent A u th o r i t i e s t e n d to i n c r e a s e a g g r e s s io n and

e n m ity . M oreover, B r i t i s h p r e s t i g e w»s lo w e re d an d t h r e a t s

Yjere t ,ro u te d w i th i n d i f f e r e n c e . ’’M oral s a n c tio n a lo n e " , s a id

Mr. O x lau d , " lo o f no a v a i l to n a t iv e s u n l e s s t h e r e i s f o r c e

f o r t h e c u p p o r t o f c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y ’’ .

A t l a s t r e p r i s a l s became so f r e q u e n t and r e l a t i o n s

betw een X e c ib ea an d ro n d o s and Pondos and B acas so s t r a i n e d

t h a t a f t e r a p p e a ls from th e R e s id e n t and C h ie f M a g is t r a te s on

th e B o rd e r , s t e p s , i t was d e c id e d , m ust be ta k e n . M ajo r-

G e n e ra l Gordon wan a sk e d to in c lu d e s u g g e s t io n s on th e P ondo-

X e s lb e q u e s t io n i n h i s r e p o r t on th e T ra n s k e ia n P r o v i n c e s /

"‘‘(J. No. ^b m u lo u . 3 p p . Memo, by B ulw er.

+G .8 o f 1883. R e p o rt on S t . J o h n 's K iv e r T e r r i t o r y 1 .1 .8 3 .

/G .3 4 9 3 No .16 . P re m ie r - Gordon 2 4 .6 .8 2 .

As th e Cape f e l t , i t s e l f i n ho n o u r "bound to c o n tin u e i t s p r o te c

t i o n o i t h e X e s ib e a i t had e i t h e r to remove them and g iv e back

t h e la n d , t o th e to n a o c w h ich w ou ld have s a t i s f i e d th e l a t t e r ;

o r e l s e def.trtu a b n u n d a r y betw een th e two qu arre lso m e

t r i b e s . The Hecsjbes, when a o u n d e d on th e s u b je c t , r e f u s e d to

move to c o lo n ia l t e r r i t o r y , T h ti Gove r n m e n i J i d nob p re ss t h e matter

a s t h e y w ould hav e fo u n d d i f f i c u l t y i n l o c a t i n g them among

t r i b e s i n th e a l r e a d y c lo s e ly p ack ed T ra n e k e l. M ajo r-G en era l

Gordon u p h e ld n o n -w ith d ra w a l from X e s ib e la n d and p ro p o se d th e

d e f i n i t i o n o f a b o u n d ary l i n e i n w h ich U m quikela was to be i n

v i t e d t o a s s i s t by se n d in g r e p r e s e n ta t i v e s . He a d v o c a te d to o

th e in c lu d in g o f th ti Rode w i th X e s ib e la n d w i th in th e Cape bound

a r y , und , a s a s u i t a b l e sum f o r th e co m p e n sa tio n o f trie Pondos f o r

t h e l o s s o f t e r r i t o r y , he su ^ g e ti te a £-10,000 fc/.OOO t o r X e s ib e la n d

a n d £ 3 ,0 0 0 f o r t h e h o d e ) .

The pondoa w ere n o t a t a l l d e s i r o u s o f r e c e iv in g com

p e n s a t io n . They w a n te d o n ly la n d and r e f u s e d t o adm it th e

r i g h t o f t h e Cape to i n t e r f e r e , p ro b a b ly f e e l i n g , onoe th e y h ad

a c c e p te d a sum o f money th e m a t te r w ould be c lo s e d . As i t was

th e y s t i l l h a d h o p es o f a p p e a l in g p a a t th e Cape A u t h o r i t i e s .

A c c o rd in g ly , when i n A p r il 1883 a Commission c o n s i s t in g o f

C h a r le s B ro w n lee , C .p . W aterm eyer and D ona ld S tra c h a n was ap

p o in t e d t o d e f in e a boundary an d U m quikela was i n v i t e d t o sen d

r e p r e s e n ta t i v e s , he d e c l in e d , r e f u s in g to re c o g n is e th e Govern

m e n t 's r i g h t t o s e l e c t a boundary i n hits own c o u n try , added to

w h ich th e Pondos o b je c te d to a l l th e members o f th e Boundary

ComoiBAlon, a s t h e y f e l t t i l w ere b ia s s e d a g a in s t them . Hav

i n g th u s p r o t e s t e d t h e Pondos c o n te n te d them selvesvtith ig n o r in g

* 0 .3 4 9 3 N o .23 Gordon to C o lo n ia l S e a . 4 . 7 . 8 ?.

t h e -boundary . H aving l a i d down th e b o u n d ary th e Cape Govern

m ent made th e p ra is e w o r th y r e s o lu t i o n to e n fo rc e i t . +

U roquikela and h i s Pondos d i s t r u s t e d th e Cape o f f i c

i a l s - n o t in d e e d , w ith o u t r e a s o n . They c o u ld o b ta in no

Bypipathebic h e a r in g o f t h e i r g r ie v a n c e s . The R e s id e n t , O xley

O x lan d , h im s e l f i n no e n v ia b le p o s i t i o n an d la b o u r in g u n d e r

d i f f i c u l t i e s , d is c o u ra g e d a l l m en tio n o f vrroag&j in f a c t , th e

P ondos c o m p la ir .e d ^ a b so lu te ly r e f u s e d to l i s t e n / i t was

n a t u r a l , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t th e y sh o u ld see k o th e r means o f r e d r e s s .

They ivere p ro b a b ly e n c o u rag e d to hope f o r a ss is ta n c e ■ by appeal to

t h e I m p e r ia l G overnm ent. In h i s d u a l c a p a c ity as G overnor o f

t h e Cape an d r e p r e s e n ta t iv e o f t h e Im p e r ia l Government i n p ro v

in c e s a n d c o lo n ie s beyond th e Cape, th e H igh C om m issioner was

t h e m o st o b v io u s p e r so n to s e t t l e Pondo m a t te r s and a r b i t r a t e

b e tw e en them and th e Cape G overnm ent. The Pondos r e a l i s e d

t h a t no fa v o u r co u ld be h o p ed ,f ro m S i r B. F re r e a t any r a t e ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y a s io was h i s p o l i c y l a r g e l y u n d e r w h ich th e y

w ere s m a r t in g . S i r H e rc u le s R ob inson p u rsu e d no s t ro n g p o l ic y

b u t f e l l a lm o s t c o m p le te ly u n d e r th e sway o f th e Cape p o l i t i

c ia n s - o r more e s p e c i a l l y one g r e a t p o l i t i c i a n , C e c il R hodes,

who was a t t h a t tim e e n t e r i n g upon h i s p a r l ia m e n ta ry c a r e e r /

T hough R ob inson m igh t i n p r i v a t e sy m p ath ise w i th t h e i r t r e a t

m ent a n d acknow ledge t h e i r h a r d s h ip s , y e t he h ad no n o t io n o f

* 1 . T h e a l - p . 1 6 9 . 2 . G. 9 2 o f 1883 Ho . 8 8 R e p o rt o f Commiss io n a p p o in te d to d e f in e th e boundary l i n e betw een X e s ib e s and

k . " ° A n o t

B m fundisw eni an d M t. A y l i f f w hich was common to b o th p a r t i e s a n d a f e r t i l e so u rc e o f d i s p u te . 5 . C .3855 N o .1 . O f f .Admin. G ovt. - Derby 2 8 .5 .8 3 -

+ G .92 . N o.95* U .S .N .A . B row nlee , C.M. K o k s tad , 1 4 .7 . 8 3 .

/ g . p . p . Memo. b y T . S h ep sto n e Deo. 1880 on m essage s e n t t o Um- q u ik e i a 2 5 . 1 1 . 8 0 .

^ S ta n le y P o r t a l H y a tt "N orthw ard T rek" p . 14. an d S a ra h G.M i l l i h , R hodes p . 44 .

6o

r e s o in d in g - w hat h i s f o r e - r u n n e r s an d a d v is e r s h a d a g re e d to ,

I t was a lw a y s a d i f f i c u l t p o s i t i o n , h o ld in g th e b a la n c e betw een

l o c a l i n t e r e s t s a s r e p r e s e n te d by th e Cape M in is te r s and Im per

i a l c o n c e rn s beyond th e f r o n t i e r s o f th e C ape. Almost im p o ss i

b le d i d t h e c a r r y in g o u t o f h i s d u t i e s become when q u e s t io n s a ro s e

w here t h e Cape Government a n d N a tiv e i n t e r e s t s w ere a t v a r ia n c e .

More an d more d id t h e Cape P a r l ia m e n ta r ia n s grow im p a t ie n t o f

c o n t r o l , m aking th e p o s i t i o n o f H igh Com m issioner i n c r e a s in g ly

o n e ro u s and im p o s s ib le , e s p e c i a l l y f o r a man d e s i r i n g any v e s

t i g e o f in d e p e n d e n t a c t io n . Thus th e Pondos e a r ly became aw are

t h a t t h e H igh Com m issioner was a lm o st e n t i r e l y e c l ip s e d by th e

G o v ern o r o f th e Gape who was r u l e d i n h i s a c t io n s by h i s M in is

t e r s . Thus t o t h e S e c r e ta r y o f S t a t e 's s u g g e s t io n t h a t S i r

H e rc u le s R ob inson s h o u ld o f f e r h i s m e d ia t io n i n r e s to r in g p ea ce

b e tw e en X e s ib e s and pondos* he r e p l i e d , " i t does n o t a p p e a r to

me t h a t I can a t p r e s e n t a t te m p t w i th a d v a n tag e to m ed ia te in

t h e d i s p u te " .*

se n d in g a d e p u ta t io n t o Cape Town to m eet th e new H igh Commis

s i o n e r , who h ad r e c e n t l y a r r i v e d . T h at t h e i r i n t e n t i o n was

s e r io u s i s e v id e n t by t h e i r a p p e a lin g to B ish o p C olenso to

accom pany t h e i r d e p u ta t io n to Cape Town; p ro b a b ly th in k in g i n

t h i s u p h o ld e r o f d u lu r i g h t s th e y w ould f i n d a s ta u n c h f r i e n d

t o p r e s e n t th e ir w r o n g s . The B ish o p , how ever, r e f u s e d h a v in g

sp o k en to S i r H. R ob in so n on th e s u b je c t , and f e e l i n g a s s u r e d

t h a t th e Pondos w ou ld r e c e iv e a s y m p a th e tic h e a r in g , and f e e l

i n g , m o reo v e r, t h a t h i s p re s e n c e m ig h t p r e ju d ic e t h e i r oau se by

s u g g e s t in g d i s t r u s t o f th e C a p e 's I n t e n t i o n s . Though he f e l t

*G.H. l / ) 8 N o .42 Derby t o H .C. 1 5 . ) . 8 ) .

*G.H. 3 1 /1 8 p p . 259-262 R ob in so n - Derby 1 6 .4 .8 3 .

D u rin g 1880 and 1881 th e r e was t a l k o f th e Pondos*

t h e d ee p se n se o f w rongs th e y h ad s u f f e re d * he w arned U m quikeia. the mistake, of

agai&sb^passing by th e G overnor an d H igh Com m issioner and g o in g d i r e c t

t o i E tig la n d , a s su c h a c o u rse w ould r e s u l t i n n o th in g b u t f a i l u r e . *

The i d e a o f se n d in g a d e p u ta tio n to E n g lan d h ad b e e n c a n v a sse d

an d a p p e a re d t o b e m a tu r in g to w ard s t h e en d o f 1851 / The Cape

M in is t e r s h a d i n no way o p p o sed th e se n d in g o f r e p r e s e n ta t iv e s to

Cape Town. I n f a c t , b o th W illiam A y l i f f when S e c r e ta r y o f

N a tiv e A f f a i r s i n 1880 and l a t e r Mr. S a u e r i n 1883 gave e v e ry en

co u rag em en t X S i r H e rc u le s R ob inson h im s e lf h ad e x p re s se d

h im s e l f w i l l i n g w h en ev er i t sh o u ld s u i t U m q u ik e ia 's conven ience

to m ee t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . 1 B ut t h e C h ie f was p ro b a b ly en

c o u ra g e d by h i s "D ip lo m a tic A gen t" an d o th e r s to hope f o r moretrea tm en t

s a t i s f a c t o r y Ao i‘ h i s w rongs by d i r e c t ip p c a l t o ‘th e Q u e e n .o r

h e r r e p r e s e n ta t i v e s i n E n g lan d .*

T h ere a p p e a re d a number o f w hat Mr. 0x1and d e s c r ib e d

a s " c h o ic e w h ite r a s c a l s o f th e W elborne ty p e " ro u n d U m quikeia,

ween th e Cape an d th e Im p e r ia l Governm ents and even a tte m p te d

to imbue th e . '^ v i tu i th e id e a o r a c tu a l a n ta g o n ism o f i n t e r e s t s

b e tw e e n t h e tw o .G o v u m in e n ts ,

*G,W. Cox. " L ife o f B ish o p C olenso V o l . I I , p .54$ .

+ C o le n so P a p e r s , C o lenso to U m quikeia 1 3 .8 .8 1 , and Cox - L i f e - P . X 9 '

/N .A .D .9 2 F o r t S t . J o h n 's R e p o r t , 1 5 -1 .8 2 The lo n g - ta lk e d o f Pondo d e p u ta t io n , u n d e r c o n s id e r a t io n s in c e May 1880, was s t i l l p r e p a r in g to s t a r t f o r E n g lan d .

N o . 5 O f f i c e r Admin. G ovt, to Derby 2 . 7 .8 3 e n c lo s .

Iq .H . 3 1 /1 7 p . 373 R ob in so n to K im berley 8 .3 .8 1 and p . 385 R o b in so n - D erby 2 5 , 3 . 8 1 .

5A .105 o f 1880, 36 7 / 8O 0x 2 e n d 's R e p o rt o f M eeting 3 I . 3 . 8O.

■^C .3 8 5 5 N o .2 . O f f i c e r Admin. G ovt. - Derby 1 1 .6 .8 3 e n c lo s .

- 6 2 -

A l 'te r th e X eslbe-P ondo Boundary h a d been d e f in e d and

U m quikela an d h i s c h i e f C o u n c i l lo r s r e a l i s e d th e y c o u ld e x p e c t

no c o u n te n a n c e fro m Cape Town, a p p a re n t ly th e i d e a o f a d e p u ta

t i o n a g a in r e c e iv e d s u p p o r t b u t fu n d s w ere low and c a t t l e w ere

n o t p l e n t i f u l . U nder th e c irc u m s ta n c e s U m quikela was p e r su a d e d

to a p p ly t o th e A b o r ig in e s P r o t e c t io n S o c ie ty , s t a t i n g h i s ca se

an d a s k in g f o r fu n d s to " d e f ra y ex p e n ses o f a d e p u ta tio n to

E n g la n d " . The S o c ie ty a p p a re n t ly r e p l i e d t o th e e f f e c t t h a t

th e c a s e s h o u ld b e l e f t In t h e i r h an d s b u t i f U m quikela changed

h i s m in d an d s e n t a d e p u ta tio n to E n g lan d , t h e S o c ie ty w ould

g iv e i t s u p p o r t . M eanw hile th e y a d d re s s e d th e C o lo n ia l O f f ic e

on th e s u b j e c t , fo r w a r d in g U m quikela1 s l e t t e r s . 4" The C o lo n ia l

O f f i c e , in u n d a te d w i th e p i s t l e s o f a s i m i l a r n a tu r e from th e in

d e f a t i g a b l e M r. H a rry W e lle s le y W elborne, t h r . by t h i s tim e ,

d i s c r e d i t e d " D ip lo m a tic A g e n t" , / an d f e e l . . - i t t l e d e s i r e to

u n d e r ta k e th e o n e ro u s t a s k o f g o v e rn in g more N a tiv e t e r r i t o r y ,

how ever la u d a b le th e r e a s o n , be in g a t th e t im e co n c ern e d once

more w i th s h o u ld e r in g th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f B a s u to la n d ,^ r e tu r n e d

th e an sw er b o th t o t h e A b o r ig in e s P r o t e c t i o n S o c ie ty and to

U m q u ik e la 's n o t i f i c a t i o n o f h i s i n t e n t i o n o f sen d in g a d e p u ta tio n

to E n g lan d 1 t h a t su c h a d e p u ta tio n w ould n o t be r e c e iv e d b u t

t h a t a l l com m unica tions w i th th e im p e r ia l Government m ust be

made th ro u g h th e H ig h C om m issioner, H er M a je s ty 's a c c r e d i te d

','C .4590 No.4 A .P -S . to C o l. O f f ic e 2 8 .4 .8 4 ,

/ n .A .D . 103 o f 1883 - R e p o rt E . p o n d n lan d 3 -1 .8 3 .

^ B y te ra , p . 6 7 .

I G .3855 N o .32 U m quikela t o C o l. O f f . 2 7 .1 0 .8 3 .

*■ 63 -

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . *

The C h ie fs w ere h a r d ly d is s u a d e d from t h e i r id e a o f

s e n d in g a d e p u ta t i o n t o E ng land4- b u t a t l a s t t h i s gave way to

th e p l e a f o r a R oyal C ou m issio n . Mr. W elborne h ad , I n one o f

h i s co m m u n ica tio n s t o t h e C o lo n ia l O f f ic e , su g g e s te d th e a p p o in t

m ent o f a Comm ission to i n q u i r e in to m a t te r s in P o n d o la z id /

U m hlangaza , th e e d u c a te d an d a m b itio u s c o u s in o f th e C h ie f , who

was b e g in n in g t o ta k e a p ro m in e n t p a r t i n a f f a i r s a t th e G reat

P la c e , made th e r e q u e s t t h a t a R oyal Commission be a u th o r i s e d to

make a new t r e a t y b e tw e en Fondos and H er M a je s ty 's Governm ent,

th e t r e a t y o f 1844 h a v in g v i r t u a l l y c e a se d to e x i s t a f t e r F a k u 's

d e a th , a s i t h ad made no p r o v is io n f o r h i s s u c c e s s o r .^

P o n d o la n d was a f e r t i l e f i e l d i n w h ich th e seeds o f

d i s s e n s i o n an d d i s l o y a l t y w ou ld f l o u r i s h and s p re a d . U ndoubtedly

t h e r e w as a y r e a t d e a l o f t r u t h i n th e o p in io n s o f tn e Gape O f f ic

i a l s , r e p e a te d ly e x p r e s s e d w i th r e g a r d t o th e a c t io n s o f u n sc ru p u

lo u s E u ro p e a n s . The Pondo g r ie v a n c e s w ere r e a l b u t t h e i r ad

v e r t i s e m e n t by p e r s o n s o f su c h low r e p u te a s th o s e who f r e q u e n te d

th e G re a t P la c e r a t h e r te n d e d to t h e i r d ia p a ra g e m e n tth a n to t h e i r

a l l e v i a t i o n . C e r ta in t r a d e r s l a r g e l y o f N a ta l o r i g i n , who h ad

h e l d a m onopoly o f t r a d e i n p o n d o lan d , n a t u r a l l y lo o k ed askance

a t th e now o rd e r and th e e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f a Customs House a t

S t . J o h n ' s . % They w ou ld i n a l l l i k e l i h o o d u p h o ld U m quikela

* C .3855 N o .16. C o l. Of f . t o A .F .3 . 1 1 .1 0 .8 3 , an d N o . 3 4 Derby to O f f i c e r Admin. G o v t. 2 9 .11 .Q’j>

+U .4 5 9 0 N o .S . O f f i c e r Admin. G ovt, to Derby 2 6 .2 .8 4 .

^C .4 5 9 0 N o .9 . W elborne to C o l. O f f ic e 8 .4 .8 4 .

^C .4 5 9 0 N o .14. R ob in so n - D erby 7 '9 * 8 4 e n o lo s . U m quikela to H.C.9 .8 .8 4 .

I C.<i740 N o. 1. F r e r e to Beaoh 8 . 'j .8 0 .

m h i s r e s i s t e n c e t o Cape en a c tm en ts a n a w ere i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y

a id e d an d a b e t te d by a s e c t io n o f th e N a ta l P r e s s .*

Foi* lo n g P o n d o la n d h a d p r o b a b ly 1 b een a smug

g l e r s ' a n d ,g u n r u n n e rs ' p a r a d is e w here , by re a s o n o f i t s fa v o u ra b le

p o s i t i o n b e tw e en th e Cape an d N a ta l , goods c o u ld v e ry e a s i l y be

p a s s e d a c r o s s th e b o r d e r o f e i t h e r Colony and so evade custom

d u t i e s . T h ere i s e v id e n c e o i‘ much g u n -ru n n in g a f t e r 1S78 when

e v e ry a d v a n tag e was ta k e n t o f o s t e r in th e N a tiv e mind th e a g g re s

s iv e n a tu r e o f t h e C a p e 's p ro c e e d in g s and to i n c u lc a te th e id e a

t h a t t h e ro n d o s m ust f i g h t f o r t h e i r r i g h ts .* 1* P erh a p s Pondo land

was n o t q u i t e th e "Cave o f A dullam " M errim an p i c tu r e d i t , ^ b u t

i t s f a s tn e s s e s p ro b a b ly o f f e r e d re fu g e to many a q u e s t io n a b le

c h a r a c t e r . The Fontio C h ie f 's E uropean s e c r e t a r i e s w ere c l e a r l y

n o t o f th e h ig h e s t ty p e o f i n d i v id u a l . The c a r e e r u f H.W. W el-

b o rn e i s somewhat v a g u e . H aving assum ed th e s t y le o f " d ip lo m a tic

a g e n t t o t h e ro n d o C h ie f" i n 1881, he a d d r e s s e d h im se lf r e p e a te d ly

t o t h e H it;h C o iim istiioner on b e h a l f o f th e Pondos. But a p p a re n t ly

f a l l i n g f o u l o f U m quikeia he l e f t P o n d o la n d i u somewhat p e c u l ia r

c i r c u m s ta n c e s . / T hese c irc u m s ta n c e s d id n o t s i le n c e h im , on

* 0 .2 4 8 2 H o .S3, e n o lo a .4 . 2 8 .6 .7 9 . e n c lo s .2 . 8 . 4 . 7 9 .

+ 1 .C .4 5 9 0 N o .10. R ob inson - D erby 2 9 .4 .8 4 e n c lo s . l e t t e r from B.R. "The c rav in g ' f o r th e p o a a e s tiio n o f arm s and th e d e s i r e shown o f l u t e by c u r t a i n o f th e pondos t o a s s e r t t h e i r independence o f B r l t i 'S n A u t h o n t i e s i n S o u th A f r ic a i s fo u n d i n th e p e r n ic io u s a d v ic e te n d e r e d to th e pondos by some E uropeans . . . . whgse c h i e f aim i a to make a uol’e and su re asy lum f o r e v e ry r a s c a l .

an d B.M. A l f r e d C oun try to 3 .N .A . 1 8 .1 1 .8 2 .

^ C .4 ^9 0 NO.4 . A .P .R o o . “ C o l. O f f . 2 6 .4 .8 4 .

^N .A .D . 104 o f 83 - R e p o rt on E a s t P o n d o lan d 3 . 1 .8 ] .

~ 65 -

t h e c o n t r a r y , he p e t i t i o n e d th e C o lo n ia l O f f ic e when i n E n g la n d ,*

H a m ilto n k o H ich o la ts , h i a s u c c e s s o r , th e R ev. H a rg re av es

d e s c r ib e d some y e a r s l a t e r u s u n sc ru p u lo u s ..'+ n e i t h e r he n o r

W elb o m e matie any e f f o r t t o r e c o n c i le U m quikela w i th th e Cape

p o l i c y , in d e e d , t h e i r in f lu e n c e h ad e v e r th e r e v e r s e te n d e n c y .

Prom th e t im e o f Mr. M cN loho las1 a ssu m p tio n o f o f f ic e d a te d

tJm h la n g aza 'e g ra d u a l asc en d en c y u n t i l he p re d o m in a te d th e C o u n c ils

o f th e G re a t P l a c e .^

The annoyonoeând d e f ia n c e o f Cape m easu res shown by

c e r t a i n t r a d e r s i n Pondolim d. h a d a v e ry i n t e r e s t i n g s e q u e l .

N o th in g more c l e a r l y ahowa th e in ad e q u acy o f B r i t i s h p o l ic y .

A f te r h a v in g p ro c la im e d B r i t i s h s o v e r e ig n ty o v e r S t . J o h n 's R iv e r

M outh an d a p p o in te d a R e s id e n t M a g is t r a te and a s u b - c o l l e c to r

o f c u s to m s ,^ n o th in # f u r t h e r was do n e, u n t i l e n t e r p r i s in g t r a d e r s

" ffn ite a n d Wood" r e f u s e d t o p ay d u ty on goods im p o rte d a t S t .

J o h n 's R iv e r M outh an d made a f o r c e d l a n d in g . The m a t te r was

h an d e d o v e r t o t h e A tto rn e y G e n era l who fo u n d " S t . J o h n ’ s F .iv e r

t e r r i t o r y h as n e v e r b u en la w f u lly annexed to th e Colony an d does

n o t fo rm p a r t o f i t . s i r B. F r e r e ' a p r o c lM u t io n i f v a l i d a t

a l l c o u ld o n ly hav e th e t i f f e o t o f m n v x t i iy th e P o r t and t i d a l

e s tu a r y o f tiiu r i v e r to th e B r i t i s h dom in io n c . The docum ents

do n o t p r o f e s s to annex any t e r r i t o r y . , . ."•c C onsequen tly

on t h i s f i n d i n g , a t th e u r g e n t r e q u e s t o f th e Gape, a com m ission

^H argreaves D iary 11.5*86, 23 . 7 . 86.

.4590 I-Io. 1 . O f f io e r A (M n . G ovt. - Darby 5 .2 .8 4 .

^G .H . 1 /29 Mo.4 7 . B each - F r e r e 1 3 .2 .79*

I C.O. 3622 S t . J o h n 's H iver - R efusal o f White Bra. to pay Customs d u t ie s .

w as drafted, u n d e r R oyal S ig n M anual and S ignet, a p p o in tin g th e

G o v ern o r o f t h e Cape t o be G overnor o f S t . J o h n 's R iv e r t e r r i t o r y

an d p ro v id in g f o r t h e Government o f t h a t t e r r i t o r y . *

N a tu l-a a p e r i v a l r y d u r in g th e s e y e a r s in c re a se d .. P re r e

h a d d ia g n o s e d N a t a l 's a t t i t u d e a s je a lo u e y , o b je c t in g to th e Gape

h a v in g c o n t r o l o v e r a d i s t r i c t w hioh way so much n e a r e r to

N a ta l who c o u ld manage i t b e t t e r th a n th e Cape Colony, t n ^ a a ^ f n *

m o st f r o n t i e r s t a t e s th e r e was a Cape and N a ta l p o l ic y o r

"G overnm ent" and V > ppoG ition“ . + Though th e Cape was i n no im

m e d ia te h u r r y t o u n d e r to n e r e s p o n s ib i l i t y she m oat b i t t e r l y r e

s e n t e d N a ta l t r a d e r s "p o ac h in g " on h e r p r e s e r v e s . Thus she

so u g h t to o u s t th em . I t i s s t a t e d i n a r e p o r t on S t . J o h n 's

R iv e r t e r r i t o r y i n 1883 th o u g h t r a d e h a s im proved i t i s s t i l l

m o n o p o lis e d by N a ta l . To oombat t h i s annoyance ro a d s w ere th e

m o st p r e s s in g q u e s t io n . From U m tata to S t . J o h n 's th e ro a d

was w e ar c o m p le tio n , w hioh w ould , so th e R e s id e n t M a g is tra te

f o r e c a s t , . t r e b l e t r a d e . A ro a d to K o k stad was a ls o a v i t a l

m a t t e r boouuoe th e w hole t r a d e o f E a s t G r lq u a lw id and E a s te rn

I 'o n d o la n d was i n th e hands o f m erc h an ts whose b ase was i n N a ta l ,

f c u r tn u r , th e aevulopu.unt oi' t r a d e o r b t . J o h n 's R iv e r w&s n o t

p r e j u d i c i a l t o any o f th e o tn& r Cape p o r t s , on th e c o n tra ry i t

w ou ld d i v e r t £30 ,000 to £40 ,000 t o th e Cape C o ffe rs wliioh a t

t h a t t im e w ere f i n d in g t h e i r way in to th o s e o f N a t a l /

A t t h e same tim e i t waa o b v io u s N a ta l who h ad lo n g

e n jo y e d t h i s monopoly w u l d do a l l i n h e r power t o r e t a i n i t .

~G,H. i / 3 b N > .39 K im berley to K obinson a s . 7 .8 1 . G.H. 3 V J 7 p l4 > 8 Sw yth - K im berley 1 6 .8 .8 1 u n o lo s . copy o f P ro o le ro a tio n .

+C .2740 N o .59 P r e r e to C o l. O f f . 1 8 .1 1 .8 0 and N o .1 . F re r e to B each Q .3*80.

/ q . q 0f 1883 R e p o rt on S t . J o h n ’ s R. T e r r i t o r y 1 . 1 . 8 3 .

- 6 ? -

She h a d n o th in g to l o s e an d p e rh a p s much to g a in by showing sym

p a th y an d enco u rag em en t t o th e P ondos. W olse ley* and Bulw er

w ou ld a d m it no w rong on th e Pondo s id e , on th e c o n tra ry th e

l a t t e r , s o F re r e d e c la r e d ,w r o te a s p i r i t e d memorandum w hich was

" v i r t u a l l y an in d ic tm e n t o r th e Cape P o lic y l o r th e l a s t tw en ty

y e a r s " . + N a ta l was a l s o a n x io u s to r e t a i n th e f r ie n d s h ip o f

t h e P ondos b e c a u se o f t h e i r p ro x im ity , b e in g t h e i r n e a r e s t

n e ig h b o u rs and " a n y th in g l i k e l y to d i s tu r b them w ould be o f con

c e rn t o t h i s c o lo n y " .^

The N a tiv e s w ere n o t slow to d i s c e r n a d iv e rg e n c e in

t h e v io w -u o in ts o r N a ta l and th e Cape and w ere n o t lo n g i n

t a k in g ad v a n ta g e o f i t . They l i k e th e Z u lu s7* w ere q u i t e adep t

a t " p la y in g o f f th e one co lo n y o g a in s t th e o t h e r " , 1

So in 1884 th e r e t a l i a t o r y a o t o f th e C h ie f was m o tiv e d

by t h i s i n t e n t i o n p r i n c i p a l l y th o u g h n o t e n t i r e l y . I t was a

g e s t u r e a g a in s t t h e i r o p p re s s o r s a t th e Cape, a s i t was a con

c e s s io n to t h o i r f r i e n d s i n N a ta l . U m quikela by p ro c la m a tio n

l e v i e d t o l l on a l l Cape Wagons e n te r in g o r le a v in g Pondo land to

th e e x t e n t o f £5 0 an d on pack h o r s e s , m ules o r oxen to t h e amount

o f £10 e a c h . W hereas from N a ta l v e h ic le s wore ta x e d o n ly to th e

e x t e n t o f an amount v a r y in g from f i f t e e n s h i l l i n g s to £ 2 : 10: 0

an d p a c k a n im a ls f i v e s h i l l i n g s , * Nor w ould he a llo w th e

e v o r i n th o m a t t e r " .

hC .2740 N o .59 E 'rc re to C o l. O f f ic e 1 8 ,1 1 .8 0 .

/(j.% 508 N o .88 F r e r e to fle&ah 21 .y .7 8 . e n o lo s . d e s p a tc h from B ulw er 2 5 . 8 .7#»

A jy s p p . 61 - 6 7 , 8 0 .

I C .5717 N o .83 RobU

K i s s ] :

tacumsBBa

p a ssa g e o f arm ed t r o o p s th ro u g h any p a r t o f h i s t e r r i t o r y -

t h a t was a lo n g th e g r e a t wagon ro a d from U m tata to N a ta l w hich

p a s s e d m o s tly on th e G r iq u a la n d E a s t s id e o f th e boundary and

o n ly c r o s s e d i n t o P o n d o la n d a t two p la c e s - one i n N q w il is o 's

c o u n t r y , t h e o t h e r i n t h e R ode,* a m onth l a t e r and as a g e s tu re

a g a i n s t t n e a n n e x a t io n o f P o r t S t . J o h n 's , a n o th e r p ro c la m a tio n

was i s s u e d o p e n in g " f o r im p o rt and e x p o r t o f goods f o r and from

o u r c o u n try " t h e m outh o f th e R iv e r Umlambo Mkulu, about f i v e

m i le s fro m W reck o f G ro sv e n o r a s a f r e e p o r t / '

This action was a d e c id e d c h a lle n g e to th e Cape bec au se n o t

o n ly was t h i a ^ f r e e from Cape Custom d u t i e s and th e r e f ,o re Nea r\ o a s, extendedt o tn e re v e n u e o f t h e C a p e / b u t the o p en in g A an i n v i t a t i o n to

f o r e ig n i n t e r f e r e n c e and maybe a g g r e s s io n . I t gave added

p r i v i l e g e s to N a ta l o f w h ich she was aw are , an d n o t p re p a re d to

r e s i s t i n v iew o f th e n e a rn e s s o f P o r t G rosvenor i n r e l a t i o n to

h e r b o r d e r en d i t s freed o m fro m Cape Custom d u t i e s .

T h e a l , p . 103.

u s s s m mM outh ."

4 . ; of 1M6. P -"3 - a * ' * °n port

CHAPTER IV ,

c a m INTRItiUK K£C£S3irATH3 MOIiB BSPIMBD CAPS POLICY, 1895-1886.

The b e g in n in g o f 1885 oaw B r i t i s h A u th o r i t i e s su d d en ly

aw aken t o s i n i s t e r in f lu e n c e s a t work i n S o u th A f r ic a w h ich c a l l e d

f o r sp ee d y and more d e f in i t e a c t io n i n ro n d o ! and . The Cape h ad

a l r e a d y e x p e r ie n c e d th e u n p le a sa n tn e s s and i n d i g n i t y r e s u l t i n g

fro m vuf;u<3 and u n d e f in e d m ea su res i n th e c a se o f t h e i r n o n - le g a l

a u t h o r i t y an d c la im s ao S t.. J o h n 's R iv e r M outh i n 1881. They

h ad r e c e n t l y somewhat ig n o m in io u s ly had a n o th e r l e s s o n on th e

e f f e c t s o f p r o c r a s t i n a t i o n , and th e re b y r e a l i s e d som eth ing o f

t h e i r u n su sp e c te d , r i v a l s ' t a c t i c s .

The y e a r 1884 io memorable i n th e h i s to r y o f A f r i c a as

w ltn e o K ln g th e commencement o f th e cororoble f o r A f r ic a n p o s s e s

s io n s , im p e tu s b e in g g iv e n by th e a p p e ara n ce in th e f o r e f r o n t o f

Germany a s an a c t iv e C o lo n is in g Pow er. A t f i r s t E ngland was

n o t a l i v e to h e r r e a l i n t e n t i o n s . So s u b t le h a d been h e r

*E. L ew in "Germans i n A f r ic a " p p .8 7 -8 8 .

- 7 0 -

d ip lo m a t io moves I n Damara~NamaqualancL o v e r w h ich F re r e had

u rg e d i n v a in f o r a p r o t e c t o r a t e t E n g lan d h a d c o n s i s t e n t ly

r e f u s e d , a n d i t was n o t u n t i l A % ,ra I-uquena h a d b ee n p la c e d

u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t io n o f th e German Em pire t h a t th e Cape and

I m p e r ia l A u th o r i t i e s su d d en ly r e a l i s e d th e t r e n d o f e v e n ts .

The l a t e 's e v e n t i e s an d e a r l y 'e i g h t i e s w ere c h a r a c t e r i s e d by

a s t r o n g r e lu c t a n c e on th e p a r t o f B r i t a i n t o in c r e a s e h e r r e s

p o n s i b i l i t i e s . She f e l t t h e n e c e s s i t y o f c o n s o l id a t in g h e r

a l r e a d y a c q u i r e d t e r r i t o r y , t h e r e f o r e i t was o t a t e d t h a t th e

O range R iv e r wuii th e N o r th West boundary o f th e Cape Colony and

no en c o u rag e m en t wua to ue & iven to e u tu b l i a h B r i t i s h j u r i s d i c

t i o n beyond n o r t o annex t e r r i t o r y i n o th e r p a r t s . +

O nly a f t e r a h o ro e h ad been s to le n d id B r i t i s h A u th o r

i t i e s r u s h t o s e c u re th e s t a b l e door on w hat re m a in e d .L o rd Derby

te l e g r a p h e d p o in te d ly t o S i r H e rc u le s R ob inson "Her M a je s ty 's

G overnm ent have d e te rm in e d th e y a re n o t i n a p o s i t i o n t o oppose

t h e i n t e n t i o n s o f th e German M in is t r y to e x te n d p r o t e c t io n to

Gorman s u b j e c t s h a v in g a c q u ire d c o n c e ss io n s o r form ed s e t t l e m e n ts

w here no B r i t i s h j u r i s d i c t i o n a l r e a d y e x is te d , So much th e r e f o r e ,

o f t h e c o u n try i n t h e n e ighbourhood o f Angrc lo q u e n a as may be

a f t e r c a r e f u l in q u i r y fo u n d bo have been a c q u ire d in p ro p e r form

by L t i a e r i t ^ w U l be u n d e r th e p r o t e c t io n o f th e German E m p ire" .

B u t 11 Hisr M h jo iity 'o Govornment w i l l be p re p a re d to p ro c la im u n d e r

B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n an d a u th o r i t y any o th e r p la c e s on th e c o a s t

a t w h ich n r i t i a h a u b je c ta have c la im s . . . . H er M a je s ty 's Govern

m ent i n f e r th e C o lo n ia l Government w i l l c o n s id e r i t d e s i r a b le

t h a t th e o o a a t to t h e N o r th o f th e L f a o r i t * e o n o e sa to n s a id to

Îb id .

+ERQrton, p .444.

- 7 1 -

e x te n d to l a t i t u d e 26° sh o u ld be p la c e d u n d e r B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n *

Thus i n M arch 1885 & B r i t i s h P r o t e c t o r a t e was p ro c la im e d e x te n d

in g a s f a r n o r t h a s th e 22° p a r a l l e l o f L a t i t u d e .+

So much f o r th e West C oast — b u t th e same a g e n ts w ere

a t w ork on th e E a s t . T here to o S i r B a r t l e P re r e had r e a l i s e d

p o s s i b l e d a n g e r an d h a d c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n to a s i g n i f i c a n t a r t i

c l e i n a German p e r io d i c a l a d v o c a tin g th e a c q u i s i t i o n o f D e lagoa

Bay an d a s te a d y f lo w o f German im m ig ran ts i n t o th e T ra n s v a a l . . .

t o p av e th e way f o r th e f o u n d a tio n o f a German A f r ic a n Em pire o f

th e f u t u r e . ^ I n 1884 a t any r a t e th e r e w ere undo u b ted i n t r i g u e s

b e tw e en th e B o ers o f th e New R ep u b lic i n Z u lu la n d and German

s u b j e c t s t h e o b j e c t o f w h ich was th e a n n e x a tio n o f S t . L u c ia B ay .^

T h e r e , how ever, B r i t a i n r e a l i s e d th e im p l ic a t io n s o f th e a p p a re n t

l y in n o c u o u s p ro c e e d in g s o f H e rr L illd e ritz and h i s c o n f e d e r a te s

an d b e th o u g h t h e r s e l f o f a d is re g a rd e d an d lo n g n e g le c te d t r e a t y

w i th P an d a i n 1843, an d f o r th w i th p ro c la im e d th e Bay B r i t i s h

t e r r i t o r y . 1

N ot m e e tin g w ith t h e i r e x p e c te d su c c e s s a t S t . L u c ia

Bay b u t n o th in g d a u n te d , t h e in d o m ita b le German a g e n ts c a s t

ab o u t f o r f u r t h e r f i e l d s to conquer and t h e i r gaze

f e l l upon th e a p p a r e n t ly unw an ted and c o n te n tio u s P o n d o la n d .^

* 0 .4 1 9 0 N o . 7 4 Derby - R ob inson 1 4 .7 .8 4 .

+£ g e r to n B r i t i s h C o lo n ia l P o lic y p . 442 .

g e r to n , p . 443 .

M filM SIIilM lirc o a s t " .

I W a lk er, p . 4 0 8 . E . Lew in p . 102, B r i t i s h to o k fo rm a l p o s s e s s io n ,1 8 .1 2 .8 4 .

I n s t i t u t e 1 0 .4 .8 8 .

Twrf wrwnH.h.i .I ...

- 7 2 -

H ere was a lo n g , c o m p a ra tiv e ly u n d ev e lo p ed c o a s t - l i n e w i th un

known p o s s i b i l i t i e s an d a d v a n ta g e s f o r u n o b tru s iv e i n f i l t r a t i o n

a n d a p p r o p r i a t i o n . B e s id e s , t h e r e had a t tim e s b e e n rum ours

c u r r e n t o f m in e ra l w e a l th . As e a r ly a s 1854 S hepstone was anx

io u s ly i n q u i r i n g a b o u t some a l l e g e d co p p er mine w h ich he th o u g h t

l a y somewhere i n th e t e r r i t o r y ce d ed to him by Faku and h i s

C h ie f s . L a t e r i n 1873 S i r Henry B a rk ly fo rw a rd e d to L ord Kimber

l e y a l e t t e r fro m o n e , H .L . R u d lin a d v o c a tin g th e im m ediate an

n e x a t io n o f c e r t a i n t e r r i t o r y " ly in g betw een N a ta l and t h i s

C o lo n y " , f o r th e o s t e n s i b l e o b je c t o f o p en in g up copper m ines

r e p u te d to e x i s t w i th in th e a r e a .4- P r e r e , t o o , h e a rd t a l e s o f

c o n s id e r a b le m in e ra l r e s o u r c e s i n p a r t s o f th e t e r r i t o r y . ^

The c o u n try was u n q u e s t io n a b ly f e r t i l e and w ould p ro b

a b ly x-espond to a g r i c u l t u r a l deve lopm en t.

M o re o v er, th e i n t e r n a l c o n fu s io n o f P ondo land , th e

w eak n ess o f t h e t r i b a l governm en t, th e j e a lo u s y and s u s p ic io n o f

one c h i e f o f a n o th e r , th e d i s in t e g r a t i o n o f t h e p eo p le and c la n s ,

n o t t o m e n tio n t h e i r u n re d re s s e d g r ie v a n c e s an d d i f f e r e n c e s w ith

t h e Cape G overnm ent, o f f e r e d an i r r e s i s t i b l e i n v i t a t i o n to f o r

e ig n a d v e n tu r e r s e n d w ou ld -be c o l o n i s t s , su c h a s th e German p io

n e e r E m pire b u i l d e r s w e re .

As i n A ngra P equena and S t . L u c ia Bay th e r e was no

one com m issioned by th e German Government to e f f e c t a c e s s io n o f

c o u n try , m e re ly one o f th e num erous a g e n ts , m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r s

a n d o t h e r s whom th e German Government h a d "em ployed o f l a t e i n

S o u th A f r i c a , i n t h e B r i t i s h C o lo n ie s and i n a d ja c e n t c o u n t r ie s

* 3 .p . T .S h e p s to n e - G. C ato S l . 5 . 54 2 8 . 7 .$ 4 .

+G.H. 3 1 /1 2 , p . 224 . B a rk ly t o K im berley 1 4 .1 1 .7 3 . and G.H. 9 /1 , Memo, by B row nlee 17*9*74«

A j.2 3 0 8 N o .1 3 . F r e r e t o B a rk ly 2 0 .2 . 7 9 .

- 7 3 - .

who h av e b e e n e x c e e d in g ly b usy i n o b ta in in g in fo rm a tio n f o r t h e i r

G overnm ent, and on th e lo o k -o u t f o r p o s s ib le o p p o r tu n i t ie s o f German

i n t e r v e n t i o n an d German ag g ran d isem en t - a g e n ts whose a c t io n s and

w hose p ro c e e d in g s t h e German Government a r e a b le a f te rw a rd s to

s u p p o r t o r d isav o w j u s t a s s u i t s t h e i r convenience"!, Such an

in d iv . . i was H e rr Em il N agel i n P o n d o lan d a s A ugust E inw ald

h a d b ee n i n Z u lu ia n d * and L ild e r i tz i n South-W est A f r ic a .

C a p ta in N a g e l h a d gone to P o n d o la n d from Z u iu la n d , p ro b

a b ly i n r e p ly t o a n o t i f i c a t i o n i s s u e d by th e pondo C h ie f t o th e

e f f e c t th a t , he was p re p a re d t o e n t e r in to r e l a t i o n s w ith o th e r

c o u n t r i e s f o r c e r t a i n p u rp o se s and re n o u n c in g B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n . 7

T h e re was th e rum our, th o u g h p ro b a b ly n o th in g m ore, t h a t th e P a ra

m ount C h ie f th o u g h t o f s e e k in g th e i n t e r v e n t i o n and p r o t e c t io n o f

G erm any . 71 D ona ld S tra o h a n l a t e r t r a c e d on r e l i a b l e in fo rm a tio n

th e o r i g i n o f t h e German i n t r i g u e to H am ilton M cN icholas, Umqui-

k e l a ' s S e c r e t a r y , who h ad begun a c o rre sp o n d e n c e w i th th e German

C on su l e i t h e r a t D urban o r Cape Town. N agel was s e n t by th e

C onsu l t o m eet U m hlangaza, th e Pondos and M cN icholas, to whom he

w as a l r e a d y known as th e y h ad s e rv e d to g e t h e r i n a v o lu n te e r

c o rp s d u r in g th e B asu to War. 1 The p u rp o se o f t h i s v i s i t was s a id

t o be th e a s c e r t a in i n g o f th e "view s anti d e s i r e s o f th e Pondo

C h ie f " . What a c t u a l l y to o k p la c e co u ld o n ly be a m a t te r o f con

j e c t u r e , th o u g h th e B r i t i s h R e s id e n t a t P o r t S t . J o h n 's r e p o r t e d

tx iu t n e g o t i a t i o n s r e s p v e t iu g German i n t e r v e n t i o n and f u tu r e p ro

t e c t i o n h ad ta k e n p l a c e betw een U m q u ik e la 's C o u n c il lo r s and

*@.H. N a ts . 1804-1886 - B ulw er - Hon F . S ta n le y 1 0 .1 1 .8 $ .

"i"Colenso P a p e rs F.W. C hess on - M ies C olenso 2 0 .1 1 .8 4 , 9 .4 .8 $ ,1 1 .1 2 .8 4 .

N o .y / , 7 -7 .8 $ .

^G .H . N a ts . 1 8 8 4 - '8 6 B ulw er - S ta n le y 1 0 .1 1 .8 $ .

- 7 4 -

an d th e German r e p r e s e n t a t i v e / '

S i r H enry B ulw er to o k a keen i n t e r e s t i n th e p ro c e e d —

in g s o f H e rr Nagel and he r e p o r t e d t h a t l a t e r i n th e y e a r (A u g u st)

he h a d b ee n i n Z u lu la n d i n q u i r in g in to German M iss io n S ta t io n s

th e r e ,w h io h in fo rm a tio n P r in c e B ism arck h ad in s t r u c t e d D r. B ie b e r

th e German C o n su l-G e n e ra l a t Gape Town to o b t a in . T here w ere un

d o u b te d German i n t e r e s t s i n Z u lu la n d b ec au se o f th e H anoverian

M is s io n a r ie s who h ad been co m p la in in g o f t h e i r tre a tm e n t by th e

B o e rs . I t was t h e r e f o r e q u i t e f e a s i b l e t h a t th e German C o n su l-

G e n e ra l a t (Jape Town o r th e German C onsul a t D urban sh o u ld a p p o in t

someone t o r e p o r t on th e c o n d i t i o n s , n o r was i t u n u su a l t h a t

C a p ta in N a g e l sh o u ld "be s e n t . "But th e f a c t o f i t s e l f m arked h i s

( N a g e l 's ) c o n n e c t io n w i th th e German Governm ent" and i f t h e r e f o r e

h e was fo u n d p ro c e e d in g to F o n d o la n d w here he c o u ld have no p e r

s o n a l i n t e r e s t and w here no German i n t e r e s t s w ere co n c ern e d , i t

was not, u n re a s o n a b le . . . t h a t he w ent t h e r e . . . a c t in g u n d e r i n

s t r u c t i o n s from th e German C o n s u la te .*

B u lw er, q u i t e a l i v e t o th e u n d e r ly in g i n t e n t i o n s o f

t h e German A g e n ts , w arned th e Im p e r ia l A u th o r i t i e s . . . t h a t he h ad

h e a r d t h a t N agel h a d s e c u re d a c o n c e ss io n o f l a n d fro m th e Pondo

C h ie f and i f t h i s was a t r a n s a c t i o n w h ich l i k e t h a t o f H e rr Lti.der -

i t z a t A ngra Poquena. and o f H e rr E inw ald i n Z u lu la n d m ig h t be

ta k e n u p o r n o t by th e German G overnm ent, j u s t a s i t s u i te d t h e i r

p u rp o s e s - "At any r a t e i t m ust n o t be a m a t te r o f s u r p r is e sh o u ld

th e German Governm ent a t te m p t t o t u r n th e r e m i t s o f C a p ta in

H a z e l 's p ro c e e d in g s i n ro n d o ia n il t o th e a m e a c c o u n t ." +

A r e p ly by B ism a rck , in te n d e d to r e f u t e th e a l l e g a t io n s

o f B ulw er w ith r e g a r d to th e d o in g s o f H e rr N a g e l, r a th e r 1 a i l e d

* 0 ,4 5 9 0 N o .2 3 . R ob inson t o L ord D erby, 2 4 .6 .8 5 .

+Q, H. Na t s 1 8 8 4 - '0 6 ( B ulw er to S tm le y 1 0 .1 1 .S 5 .

^ I b i d .

- 7 5 -

i n i t s o b j e c t . I n f a c t , r e a d i n c o n n e c tio n w ith an a p p l i c a t io n

made to th e C o lo n ia l O f f ic e by C a p ta in N agel h im s e lf , , i t g av e

c o n i in n a to r y e v id e n c e i n s u p p o r t o f B u lw e r 's a s s e r t io n s r a th e r than,

o th e r w is e . The B e r l i n o f f i c e r e p u d ia te d th e c h a rg e s t h a t N agel

h a d b e e n com m issioned . ' ; e i t h e r by th e im p e r ia l Gov

ernm en t o r by th e Im p e r ia l C o n su la te G e n e ra l a t Cape Town o r

D u rb an , t o r e p o r t on th e p o s i t i o n o f th e German M iss io n S ta t io n s

i n Z u lu la n d , o r to e s t a b l i s h p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s w i th th e r u l e r

o f P o n d o la n d . On th e c o n t r a r y , he h a d u n d e r ta k e n h i s jo u rn e y

i n t o F o n d o la n d " f a r more as th e r e p r e s e n ta t iv e o f th e B e r l i n f irm

o f A ngerhauhen and t i ld k a an d a s s o c ia t e d h im s e l f i n t h a t c a p a c ity

a t D urban w ith th e l o c a l f i r m o f M onhaupt, Lehmann and C o ., and

f o r t h i s p u rp o se o b ta in e d a g ra n t o f l a n d fro m th e Pondo C h ie f

U m quiicela'1. A p e t i t i o n from tn e l a t t e r f i r m , to p la c e P ondo land

u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t io n o f th e German Em pire, h a d b ee n r e f u s e d

(A u g u st '8 5 ) . "A re q u e s t o f a s im i l a r n a tu r e made by N agel f o r

t h e f i r m o f Anp;erhauhen en d lA dka ( 6 t h A u g u st, 1885) met th e

same f a t e ” . F u r th e r th e F o re ig n O f f ic e h a d b e e n in fo rm e d by

H e rr W aêl i u a p e t i t i o n o f 2 6 th Sep tem ber, ‘85, o f a t r e a t y made

by him w i th K ing D in ia u lu o f Z u lu la n d b* d i r e c t i o n o f t h e German

Land a n d C o lo n is a tio n Company by w h ich i t a p p e a re d he h a d a c q u ire d

c o n s id e r a b le la n d e d p o s s e s s io n s i n Z u lu la n d . A p r o p o s i t io n f o r

G en ian p r o t e c t io n w h ich h a d accom panied i t h ad b ee n s im i l a r ly

r e f u o e d by th e Gorman Government., a somewhat le n g th y v in d ic a t io n ,

i l l u s t r a t i n g la u d a b le d i s in t e r e s t e d n e s s !

N a g e l 's own a p p l i c a t io n to th e C o lo n ia l O f f ic e i n London

on Decem ber ? t h '8 5 , + f o r th e C o lo n ia l Government o f H er M a je s ty ,

f o r e i g n O f f ic e B e r l i n 8 . 1 . 6 6 . G.H. N a ts '8 4 - '8 6 .

+C .^022 N o. 'd'j. H e rr N % e l - C o l. Off* 7 .1 2 .8 5 *

- 76 -

Queen V i c t o r i a 's r e c o g n i t io n o f th e G ran t o f l a n d and b e s to w a l of

t i t l e , and i n w h ich an e n c lo s e d copy o f t h e t r e a t y d e s c r ib e s him

a s n e g o t i a t i n g on " b e h a lf o f th e German Land and C o lo n is a tio n

Company", makes no m en tio n o f Monhaupt and Lehmann. He su g g e s ts

a s th e Pondo q u e s t io n i s t ro u b le s o m e 'th e so o n er w h ite s e t t l e r s

b u i l t on b o th s id e s o f S t . J o h n 1 s M outh th e b e t t e r . B ut b e f o re

h e t a k e s any s t e p s he w ish e s th e la n d to be re c o g n is e d by a c i v i l

G overnm ent. He h a d a l r e a d y a p p l ie d to s e c u re German P r o t e c t io n

b u t h a d b e e n a d v is e d to a p p ly to H er M a je s ty 1 a Government a s hav

in g th e m ost r i g h t by re a s o n o f th e p r o t e c t io n p ron o u n ced by th e

H ig h C om m issioner i n 1878 o v e r th e Pondo C o a s t.

T h is t im o , how ever, th e B r i t i s h A u th o r i t i e s w ere p r e

p a r e d , w arn ed by th e r e s u l t s o f t h e i r d i s r e g a r d and com placency on

t h e W est C oast and th e movements a lr e a d y a f o o t a t S t . L u c ia Bay.

L o rd D erby h ad w ire d to th e H igh Com m issioner t h a t a

B r i t i s h P r o t e c t o r a t e ^ o v e r a l l Pondo la n d s n o u ia oo renew ed i n ex

p l i c i t te rm s and i f h i s Government ( i . e . th e Cape) w ere p re p a re d

t o u n d e r ta k e c o n t r o l H er M a je s ty 's Government w ould p ro b a b ly con

s e n t . * To w hich th e Cape M in is te r s made im m ediate r e p ly t h a t in

t h e i r o p in io n " i n view o f e v e n ts now o c c u r r in g in S ou th A f r i c a n o t

a moment sh o u ld be l o s t " i n rem oving any d o u b t w h ich m igh t e x i s t

r e g a r d in g tn e a ssu m p tio n o f B r i t t e n a u t h o r i t y o v e r P ondo land and

th e X eo ib e c o u n try . They w ent f u r t h e r - "and i n th e ev e n t o f

H er M a j e s ty 's . im p e r i a l Government e s t a b l i s h i n g im m e d ia te ly a

B r i t i s h p r o t e c t o r a t e a s s u g g e s te d by th e S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e f o r

C o lo n ie s , M in is te r s on t h i s p o in t w i l l be p re p a re d to su b m it p ro

p o s a l s t o P a r l ia m e n t a t i t s m ee tin g f o r r e l i e v in g Her M a je s ty 's

* S ir B. P r e r e 's p ro c la m a tio n Septem ber 1878.

* G o v e rn o r 's M inu tes - J a n u a ry -A p r i l 1885- C.0 -3 9 0 8 .

- 7 7 -

I m p e r ia l G overnm ent o f c o n t r o l o f th e p r o t e c t o r a t e by a n n e x a tio n

o f th e t e r r i t o r y t o th e Cape C olony.*

An 'im m ediate" p ro c la m a tio n was i s s u e d i n a G a z e tte E x tra

o r d in a r y c o n ta in in g to o th e announcem ent o f th e h o i s t i n g o f th e

f l a g a t S t . L u c ia B ay, 1 8 th December, 1884. M oreover, by th e tim e

th e " t r e a ty " was made E n g lan d and Germany h a d come to an ag reem en t

by w h ich th e l a t t e r p ro m ise d to make no f u r t h e r a n n e x a tio n s i n

E a s t A f r i c a , S o u th o f D e lag o a B a y / ' ' Thus th e B r i t i s h s o v e r e ig n ty

o v e r P o n d o la n d , w h ich h a d e x i s t e d s in c e th e t r e a t y o f 1844 made

b e tw e en F ak u a n d M a it la n d , and w h ich h ad b ee n n o m in a lly renew ed by

S i r B a r t l e F r e r e 's p ro c la m a t io n in S eptem ber 1878, was f u r t h e r s e

c u r e d by S i r H. R o b in so n a s a weapon a g a in s t p o s s ib le German pen e

t r a t i o n o f P o n d o la n d , w h e re , a s i n Z u lu la n d , German a g e n ts h ad n o t

t h e some freed o m fro m i n t e r e s t e d o b s e r v a t io n a s h ad e x i s t e d i n

S o u th W est A f r i c a , i n th e Cameroons and i n T ogoland .

The N a g e l " T re a ty " as i t was c a l l e d was e n te r e d in to

betw een "tim il in age 1 on b e n a l f o i th e German Land and C o lo n is a tio n

Company an d U m quixeda, In d e p e n d e n t and param ount C n ie f, h i s su c

c e s s o r s o r a s a ig n a t o r i e s o f th e pondo n a t io n " . Um quikela g ra n te d

a n d made a b s o lu te a c e r t a i n p ie c e o f la n d o f an a r e a n o t l e s s th a n

160 E n g l i s h m i le a , s i t u a t e d on th e E a s t bank o f th e Umzimvubu R iv e r

e x te n d in g from th e s e a s h o re o f th e Umzimvubu in la n d as f a r a s th e

WaluK-uului D r i f t an d from th e m outh o f th e S t . J o h n ’ s R iv e r a lo n g

t h . . . a , t e r . t o t b . m outh o f R i m ( W t a * * ) -

E a s te r n and N o r th e rn b o u n d a r ie s m ere p a r a l l e l t o th e W este rn and

S o u th e rn c o n f in e a . Such la n d was th e f r e e and l e g a l p ro p e r ty

i:<P .p .A . M inute a t o th e G overnor No. 1. 3 * 1 -3 5 '

t o - G . e ; . B o o tt K o l t i e . pp '195-96*

- 7 8 -

w i th a l l t e r r i t o r i a l and. s o v e re ig n r i g h t s w i th in th e s a id boun

d a r ie s o f th e German Land and C o lo n is a tio n Company, who i n r e tu r n

r e c o g n is e d a l l im p o rt d u t i e s and ta x e s l e v i e d by th e c o n t r a c t in g

c h i e f , w hose s u b je c t s m igh t d w e ll on th e la n d s u b je c t t o t h e i r

la w s . F u r th e r th e y u n d e r to o k th e e d u c a t io n o f two Pondo y o u th s

f o r se v e n y e a r s i n Germany. I t c o n c lu d e s w ith th e c h a lle n g e to

B r i t i s h i n t e r e s t s - "The German L and and C o lo n is a tio n Company w i l l

su b m it t h e s a i d t r a c t o f l a n d to a German P r o t e c to r a t e and do

t h e i r b e s t t o s e c u re t h e same p r o t e c to r a t e f o r th e whole o f Pondo-

l a n d an d t h a t she and h e r s u b je c t s be re c o g n is e d as f r e e and i n

d e p e n d e n t w i th in t h e i r own b o r d e r s and a t th e same tim e th e company

w i l l open n e g o t i a t i o n s on th e A m axesibe and S t . J o h n 's q u e s t io n s " .

The r e c e n t r e t a l i a t o r y a c t s o f th e Pondo C h ie f s , impos

in g an e x o r b i t a n t t a x on Cape m erc h an d ise and open in g P o r t G ros-

v e n o r , th u s e n c o u ra g in g sm u g g le rs and f o r e i g n e r s , w ere s te p s w h ich

te n d e d t o a g g r a v a te th e com m ercial en m ity betw een th e two B r i t i s h

C o lo n ie s w h ich h a d b ee n s t e a d i l y in c r e a s in g s in c e 1882.+ To

c o u n te r a c t th e u n d o u b ted ad v a n tag e N aual h ad a c h ie v e d by h e r

lo w e r oustom r a t e s , d ra w in g t r a d e fro m P o r t E l iz a b e th and E a s t

L ondon th ro u g h D urban , th e Cape h ad i n s t i t u t e d a re b a te system

" e q u a l to t h e d i f f e r e n c e betw een Cape an d N a ta l t a r i f f s / and i n

t h i s way s e r io u s l y damaged N a t a l 's g row ing t r a d e w ith th e repub

l i c s a n d in l a n d t e r r i t o r i e s . By s e t t i n g up a Customs House on

th e borcwa* o f G r iq u o la n d West i n 1883, th e Cape e f f e c t iv e ly shu t

N a ta l o u t o f t h i s l u c r a t i v e m a r k e t / M oreover, i n 1885 th e Cape

h a d e s t a b l i s h e d a Customs House on th e b o rd e r o f E a s t G r iq u a la n d

* 0 ,2 0 2 2 N o .2 3 . H e rr N agel t o C o l. O f f . 7 -1 2 .8 5 "

**van d e r P o o l, p . 13 f o i l .

f van d e r P e e l , p , 15'

- 79 -

an d N a ta l , a d e o id e a iy a g g r e s s iv e move - j u s t a s i f , th e N a ta l -

i a n s s a i d , a n e ig h b o u r h ad b u i l t a p a r t i t i o n w a ll i n o n e 's own

h o u s e . F o r , G r iq u a la n d E a s t , l i k e P o n d o la n d , N a ta l lo o k e d upon

a s a r e s e r v e f o r h e r own t r a d e . I n th e l i g h t o f t h i s p o l ic y o f

e r e c t i o n o f p r o h i b i t iv e t a r i f f w a lls and t h r o a t - c u t t i n g , th e po

s i t i o n o f p o r t G ro sv e u o r was suoh as t o g iv e i t undue s i g n i f i c a n c e ,

s i t u a t e d a s i t was n e a r th e b o rd e rs o f N a ta l who j o 11 some d an g e r

o f l o s in g h e r t r a d e w i th th e T ra n sv a a l and th e F ree S ta te on one

s id e a n d E a s t G r iq u a la n d on th e o th e r ' ,+ was n o t l i k e l y to d i s

r e g a r d any m eans by w h ich she c o u ld g e t th e " b e t te r o f h e r r i v a l

b y e v a d in g th e Cape C ustom s. As th e Customs House h ad b ee n e s

t a b l i s h e d on th e 'b o rd e rs o f E a s t G riq u a la n d and a tte m p ts w ould no

doub t b e made to sm uggle from P o r t G rosvenor i n t o E a s t G riq u a la n d

N a ta l d i d n o t s ee why she " s h o u ld co n c e rn h e r s e l f ab o u t t h a t " -

p ro b a b ly b e in g th e c h ie f ’ s m u g g le r / T h e ir n e ig h b o u rs a t th e

Cape c o u ld be t r u s t e d t o lo o k a f t e r t h e i r own i n t e r e s t s and

ta k e c a r e t h a t any su c h a t te m p ts be f r u s t r a t e d . B es id es th e

N a ta l t r a d e r s a ry u e d " n o th in g o c t id be g a in e d by N a ta l s to p p in g

e x p o r ts t o p o r t G ro sv e n o r u n d erh an d a s t h a t w ould sim ply te n d to

th ro w th e w hole o f t h e t r a d e in to th e hands o f t h e Cape Colony

v i a S t . J o h n 's an d th u s s to p an o u t l e t f o r o u r m erc h an d ise . A

g ood d e a l o f th e t r a d e done w i th rondo la n d th ro u g h S t. J o h n 's i s

now b e la * a b so rb e d by P o r t G rosvenor and h e n c e ,n o d o u b t , th e d e s i r e

o f th e Cape G overnment to s to p im p o rts to th e l a t t e r p o r t .

T ra d e rs a t S t . J o h n 1 a do n o t seem to o b je c t much to P o r t G rosvenor

a s th e y a r e e n a b le d by g e t t i n g t h e i r goods th ro u g h t h i s ch an n el

N o v . ’ s M inu tes C.0 .3 9 0 9 M oy-Aug.’s ^ , N o .122 1 . 6 . 8 5 .

an d E a s t London .

t o a v o id heavy Cape d u t i e s on a l l goods s u p p l ie d t o t h e i r s t a t i o n s i n P o n d o la n d 11.*

Thus N a ta l co n n iv e d a t th e i l l e g i t i m a t e t r a d e p r o g r e s s

in g a t P o r t G ro av en o r. I n f a o t , ehe e n c o u rag e d i t and to th e

r e p e a te d r e q u e s t s and demands from th e Cape Government+ to r e fu s e

c le a r a n c e t o s h ip s from D urban bound f o r P o r t G rosvenor, she

a rg u e d sh e was i n f r i n g i n g no law a s th e "Colony" s t i p u l a t e d i n

t h e M a it la n d T r e a ty as h a v in g s o le r i g h t o f g r a n t in g l i c e n c e s

m ig h t be ta k e n t o mean N a ta l a s much a s th e Cape as th e fo rm e r

w as n o t , a t th e t im e , s e p a r a te from th e l a t t e r . ^

T here came a sudden change i n N a t a l 's to n e when she

fo u n d th e P o r t an d i t s c lo s e n e s s to th e b o rd e r je o p a r d iz in g h e r

own t r a d e and c u s t o m s a s i t e n a b le d goods to be la n d e d w i th in

a s h o r t d i s ta n c e o f t h e N a ta l b o rd e r and o f f e r e d f a c i l i t i e s f o r

i l l i c i t im p o rt i n t o N a ta l . Though a t t h a t tim e th e N a ta l Gov

ern m e n t c o u ld n o t p re v e n t v e s s e l s c l e a r in g f o r P o r t G rosvenor

t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n cil p ro p o se d rem edying i t by an A c t .1 The

Cape M in is t e r s t r e n c h a n t ly r e t o r t e d t h a t n e i t h e r th e Governor

n o r th e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c il a p p e a re d aw are t h a t th e e v i l s owed

t h e i r e x i s te n c e t o t h e N a ta l G overnm ent, f o r i n t h e fa c e o f r e

m o n s tra n c e s from th e Cape th e y h a d p e r s i s t e d in ig n o r in g th e

t r e a t y o f 1844, end v e s s e l s w i th s p i r i t s w ere c o n s ta n t ly c le a r in g

fro m N a ta l f o r th e Pondo C o a s t .*

i t was becom ing i n c r e a s in g ly a p p a re n t to th e Cape

Governm ent t h a t some s e t t l e m e n t , how ever te m p o ra ry , m ust be

^ I b l d . (GHNaU l im -'S t Series oi Articles.)

+p .M .A . No0 .3 9 and 37 , 1 9 -2 -8 3 , 2 5 * 4 .83 .

^ 2 & . 5 M S & ; ^ " " " "

I G o v .l s Minutes 0 .0 -3 9 0 9 Moy-Auguat 1885. N o .6 2 . •14 .8 .55-

* 0 .5 0 2 2 N o .5 . R o b in so n - S ec . o f S ta te 9 - 9 - 85-

- 8 1 -

at-tam pt-ed i n P o n ao lan d . The many c o m p lic a tio n s ; due p a r t l y to

t h e i r own vague and somewhat p ro v o c a t iv e p o l io y , c a l le d f o r ad

ju s tm e n t . The a n n e x a tio n o f P ondo land was even th e n c o n s id e r e d

an d m oo ted by th e Cape M in is te r s th e m se lv e s , n o t w i th any p r e s s in g

d e s i r e t o u n d e r ta k e th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y th e n b u t more to p re p a re

th e way f o r th e f u t u r e . They h ad r e c e n t ly r i d th em selv es o f

tro u b le so m e B a s u to la n d . The N o r th was now th e a b so rb in g i n t e r

e s t . * To p l a c a t e th e c h i e f s and p a tc h m a t te r s up once m ore, th e

G overnm ent a g re e d to r e c e iv e a d e p u ta tio n from Um quikela a t Gape

T ow n.^ A f te r a l l , th e y d id m e r i t a l i t t l e c o n s id e r a t io n , b e in g

th e o n ly in d e p e n d e n t t r i b e w i th whom th e Government had n e v e r

f o u g h t i th e y had > to o , r e s i s t e d r e p e a te d inducem en ts to a i d o th e r s

i n r e b e l l i o n ; tn e y h a d on v a r io u s o c c a s io n s a s s i s t e d th e Gape.

M o reover, th e y h a d e x e r c i s e d g r e a t fo rb e a r a n c e u n d e r th e m ost

t r y i n g an d i r r i t a t i n g c irc u m s ta n c e s w ith th e Government p eo p le on

t h u i r b o r d e r s . I n v iew o f th e s e c o n s id e r a t io n s to g e th e r w i th

t h e i r v a l i d g r ie v a n c e s y ^ a in a t th e G overnm ent, D onald B trao h a n

th o u g h t th e Fonao d e p u ta tio n sh o u ld be a c c o rd e d a h e a r i n g /

I n O c to b e r , th e d e p u ta tio n , in c lu d in g Um hlangaza,

M oH icholar,, Mr. SSietinan, an a t to r n e y i n Cape Town, and D onald

3 t r u o h a n s e t o u t . I n p r e p a r a t io n f o r t h e p e n d in g in te rv ie w th e

Cape M iir iiite ru e n d e av o u re d to ad jum t t h e i r p o s i t i o n w ith re g a rd

to to n u o io tia an d th e Im p e r ia l G overnm ent. Though d e s i ro u s o f

s e c u r in g th e a n n e x a t io n o f Pondo land to th e Colony th e y d id n o t

f e e l j u s t i f i e d i n t a k in g ao im p o r ta n t a s t e p w ith o u t a s c e r ta in in g

% b e r : ; , P«67-

^ W a lk e r, p .4 0 6 .

^P.M.A. IT /. 15 .8 .85 .

^ £ . 5 0 2 2 , N o-4 . R o b in so n -- Sec- o f U tn te 1 9 . 8 .85 - e n o lo s . n . S itm ohnn to P.M.

fro m H er M a je s ty s Im p e r ia l Government w h e th e r th e p r o t e c to r a t e

w ould be t r a n s f e r a b l e t o th e Colony in a p e a c e a b le c o n d i t io n ,

a t th e same t im e r e p u d ia t in g any s u g g e s t io n o f i n i t i a t i n g th e

P r o t e c t i o n o v e r th e c o a s t o f Pondoland i n J a n u a ry 1885 .+ The

I m p e r ia l Governm ent c o u ld be a s s u r e d o f t h e i r d e s i r e to u se t h e i r

b e s t e f f o r t s to c a r r y i n t o e f f e c t t h e i r u n d e r ta k in g s .^ Having

th u s s t a t e d t h e i r d i s p o s i t i o n th e y p ro c e e d e d to th e m e e tin g s w ith

t h e Pondo d e p u ta tio n q u i t e d e te rm in e d n o t to d is c u s s any c o n tro

v e r s i a l s u b je c t su c h as th e r e t r o c e s s io n o f S t , J o h n 's R iv e r Mouth

o r X e u ib e ia n d . To th e P ondoe, how ever, th e s e two m a t te r s w ere

o f v i t a l i n t e r e s t . They w ould l i s t e n t o no p r o p o s a ls o f com

p e n s a t io n f o r t h e l o s s to th e Param ount C h ie f 's income r e s u l t i n g

fro m t h e C a p e 's a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f P o r t S t . J o h n 's w here a l l s h ip s

h a d fo r m e r ly p a id a t a x to U m quikela, n o r to th e m onetary s u b s t i

t u t e o f f e r e d f o r t h e C a p e 's r e t e n t io n o f X e s ib e la n d and th e fo rm e r

incom e d e r iv e d from i t . From th e f i r s t N a tiv e s and Government

w e re a r g u in g a t c r o s s p u rp o s e s . What th e Cape w an ted , th e mak

in g o f ro a d s and th e o p en in g o f p o r t s , w ere anathem a to th e raw

Fondos who, n e v e r t h e l e s s , r e a l i s e d th e more th e w h ite man was

g iv e n i n t r a d e and f a c i l i t i e s f o r o p en in g up th e co u n try th e more

h e w o u ld t a k e . Thus U m hlongaza c o u ld se e i n th e o f t r e p e a te d

P r o t e c t i o n b u t u s t e p to f i n a l a n n e x a t i o n / At su ch a t e rm i

n a t io n to th e long-ta lk ed o f d e p u te 'io n , s e n t a t g r e a t expense

and h a r d s h ip t o th e t r i b e , 1 th e c h ie f s m ust have f e l t th e u t t e r

f u t i l i t y o f ouch a p p e a lo . They had r e q u e s te d an in d ep e n d en t

rJo.y7»

+P.M .A. NO.125, 3 1 .8 .8 5 .

/ a ,3 0 0f >86. N o . t . M inu tes o f P ro c e e d in g s o f Pondo D e p u ta tio n2 7 .1 0 .8 5 .

/ [ b i d .

I H arp ;reaves D ia ry 2 9 , 7 . 8 5 , 4 .1 1 .3 5 .

- 8 3 -

com m ission from t h e Im p e r ia l Governm ent; th e y h a d a p p l ie d t o go

to E n g la n d . I n e a c h ca se th e y h ad been r e f e r r e d to th e High

C om m issioner a s H er M a je s ty 's R e p re s e n ta t iv e an d th e p ro p e r so u rc e t o w h ich t o a p p e a l .

Had th e H igh Com m issioner b ee n a representative, of; tne- Crown

o n ly an d e n t r u s t e d w i th th e r e p r e s e n ta t io n o f and th e s a f e

g u a r d in g o f th e I n t e r e s t s o f E ng land ,* some im p a r t ia l judgm ent

m ig h t hav e b een e x p e c te d . But a s i n t h e p r e s e n t in s ta n c e so was

i t a lw a y s ; th e H ig h C om m issioner was d o m in a ted by h i s p o s i t i o n

a s G o v ern o r o f t h e C ape. He might, adm it th e Pondos h ad b ee n un

f a i r l y t r e a t e d an d X e s ib e la n d ta k e n w ith o u t a shadow o f p r e te x t ,

y e t h e to o k h i s s t a n d o n w hat th e Cape Government h ad a lre a d y

done i n an n e x in g P o r t S t . J o h n ’s and t h e i r p u rp o s in g to do th e

same i n X e s ib e la n d . T h e re fo re th e s e q u e s t io n s w ould n o t be r e

o p e n e d . The d u a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e H igh C om m issioner and Governor

o f t h e Cape was e x c i t i n g muoh i n t e r e s t a t t h a t t im e .*

Even among th o s e a t th e Cape th e a ia M g u i ty o f th e

p o s i t i o n was f e l t . B ut muoh more sc was i t r e a l i s e d by N a ta l .

She h a d more th a n once f e l t th e b ru n t o f Cape in t e r v e n t io n i n h e r

c o n c e r n s y H er e a r l i e s t p la n s and h o p es o f e n la rg in g h e r bounds

h a d b e e n b a u lk e d by an u n sy m p a th e tic H igh Com m issioner ( e .g . No-

m an s lan d an d B a s u to la n d ) .^

As a c o n c e s s io n , Mr. de Wet, S e c r e ta r y f o r N a tiv e

A f f a i r s , p ro m ise d to v i s i t p o n d o lan d and U m quikela w i th in a few

" ''S ta n le y p o r t a l H y a tt -"N o rth w ard T re k " , p p .14-15-

- 2 " '

V i l l i e r s , p . iy 8 -1 9 9 -

^ v a n d e r P o e l , P«13*

- 6 4 -

m onths on c o n d i t io n th e l a t t e r h ad by t h a t tim e c o n s u l te d h i s

g r e a t men and a g r e e d to t r e a t on some b a s i s o th e r th a n t h e i r o ld

g r i e v a n c e s .* B ut on U irq u ik e la 's f a i l u r e to do so - such i s th e

n a t u r a l p r o c r a s t i n a t i o n o f th e n a t i v e , d e v e lo p e d to a h ig h deg ree

i n t h e Pondo C h ie f , weak and v a c i l l a t i n g by tem peram en t, and en

f e e b l e d by i l l n e s s and e x c e s s iv e d rin k in g "1" - Mr. de Wet r e f u s e d

t o v i s i t th e G re a t P la c e b u t su g g e s te d t h a t t h e C h ie f sh o u ld

com m unicate w i th th e M a g is t r a te i f he w ish e d to come to te rm s f

U m quikela e x p r e s s e d h i s a n x ie ty f o r a s e t t l e m e n t ,^ and W. S ta n

f o r d , C h ie f M a g is t r a te o f G r iq u a la n d E a s t, was a u th o r i s e d to

p ro c e e d t o F o n d o la n d a s he knew th e p o l ic y o f th e Governm ent,

t h e p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t o f w h ich was to s e c u re c o n t r o l o f a l l p o r t s , th e

r i g h t to * ro a d s fro m su ch p o in t s a s m ig h t be opened . In a d d i t i o n ,

t h e s e c u r in g o f th e Bode v a l l e y was deemed m ost u rg e n t t o s t r e n g

th e n th e p o s i t i o n on th e B aca-X esibe b o r d e r .* To sec u re th e s e

te rm s S ta n f o r d was p e r m i t te d t o o f f e r co m p en sa tio n to th e e x te n t

o f £ 2 ,0 0 0 f o r fo rm e r a p p r o p r ia t io n o f g ro u n d ( i . e . S t . J o h n 's and

X e s lb e la n d ) and a f u r t h e r £ 3 ,0 0 0 f o r th e p o s s e s s io n o f th e Rode

V a l le y . Though £ 5 ,0 0 0 was m en tio n ed he c o u ld in c re a s e th e o f f e r

t o £ 7 ,0 0 0 .* B ut n e g o t i a t i o n s f e l l th ro u g h , th e c h ie f s n o t b e in g

w i l l i n g t o make c o n c e s s io n .

Then commenced a p e r io d o f p e t t y w a rfa re betw een B acas

an d Pondos an d P ondos an d X e s ib e s ; Um hlangaza i n s t r u c t e d by

U m quikela h a d made a c e s s io n o f l a n d v a c a te d by W illiam N ota,

* 0 .3 0 o f 1886, p . 2 0 -2 1 .

^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia ry 2 .1 .8 5 , 3 - 8 - 85*

^G .3 0 o f '8 6 , p . 22 . de Wet to U m quikela 1 1 .1 2 .8 5 .

^G .30 o f ’8 6 , p . 2 3 . C.M. K o k stad - S .N .A . 1 9 .1 2 .8 6 .

I G.3G o f ' 8 6 , p p .2 3 ,2 4 . S .N .A . - C.M- K o k stad 1 9 .1 2 .8 5 and2 . 1 . 8 6 .

i I b id .

^ G .3 0 o f ' 8 6 , p p . 25 - 2 6 .

- 8 5 -

t h e H lu b i C h ie f l i v i n g i n th e Rode, to M rs. Adam Kok on th e

u n d e r s ta n d in g th e g ro u n d was to re m a in to P a lm 's s u o c e s s o rs .

To e f f e c t su c h a v a c a t io n J o s i a h J e n k in s h ad com plained to th e

C h ie f M a g is t r a te a t K olcstad o f t h e f t s from th e Pondos an d had

a s k e d th e Governm ent e i t h e r t o remove th e B acas u n d e r W illiam

K o ta o r a l lo w th e Pondos to do s o .* Um hlangaaa p ro c e e d e d to

a t t a c k th e B a.oas.7 Then th e X e s ib e s a t t a c k e d th e Pondos, "burn

in g k r a a l s en d d o in g much damage, ^ and Um hlangaaa was o n ly p r e -

v e n te c i« .r e ta l ia t in g by th e s tre n u o u s e f f o r t s o f th e Rev. H a rg re av es

who b lam ed th e Governm ent f o r a l lo w in g th e s e b o rd e r f i g h t s , 1 and

th e Pondos accused th e Government ..o f su p p ly in g th e

X e s ib e s w i th arm s and am m u n itio n s . The G overnm en t's p o l ic y

b e in g t o s t a n d on th e d e f e n s iv e , th e y w ould n o t r e i n s t a t e N o ta as

t h a t w ou ld be ta n ta m o u n t to h o s t i l i t y a g a in s t t h e Pondos,*

M ak a u la , th e B aca C h ie f , u n d e r B r i t i s h p r o t e c t io n , to o k m a t te r s

i n t o h i s own h a n d s , in v a d e d th e R ode, r e i n s t a t e d N o ta and an

n o u n c e d h i s i n t e n t i o n o f r e t a i n in g p o s s e s s io n o f J o s i a h 's fo rm er

lo c a t io n .* *

Thus m a t t e r s w ere i n a "bad s t a t e when th e Government

was n e i t h e r f o r c e f u l enough t o p re v e n t f i g h t s n o r a b le to p re v e n t

t h e i r p e o p le v i o l a t i n g Fondo t e r r i t o r y . A t th e same tim e o f

f i c i a l s on th e b o rd e r w ere e n d e a v o u rin g to oome to some a r ra n g e

m e n t .** I n Cape Town to o , M in is te r s w ere u rg in g th e im m ediate,

i f lo n g -d e la y e d , a n n e x a t io n o f X e a ib e la n d . M eanwhile t h e r e

* 6 . 3 0 o f ' 8 6 , p . ) 4 . P ro o . a t G r. P la c e 2 8 .1 1 .8 5 -

+G.JO o f ' 8 6 , p . ) 2 . J . t i . J e n k in s to C.M. K okstad 5 .1 2 .8 5 .

^Hargreaves' D iary 1 1 th , 1 2 th and 1 3 th F eb . 1886.

^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia ry 2 1 st-25 th M arch ' 8 6 .

^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia ry 1 2 .2 .8 6 .

:@ .3D. Of ' 8 6 , P -3 9 - W 'S .I-A - to C.M. x o ta t a a 4 . 3 . 8 6 .

n G.1 0 o r '8 7 , P*12.^H argreaves' D ia ry 1 4 .4 .8 6 , 2 4 .4 .8 6 .

***C .5022 N o s .41-43

h a d b ee n a I d f t j.n th e c lo u d s i n May when U m quikela and Umhlangaaa

a g r e e d to open ro a d s a n d p ro m ised to m eet th e Government," and

on 6 t h May a n o t i c e was i s s u e d w ith d raw in g th e fo rm e r p ro c la m a tio n

im p o sin g d u ty on wagons from th e Cape C o lo n y ,+

Rumours o f a t t a c k s and a g g r e s s io n s w ere soon r e v iv e d , 7

a n d by O c to b e r t h e Pondos and X e s ib e s w ere i n open w a r f a r e , w h ich

p a r ty was th e a g g r e s s o r b e in g a m a t te r o f c o n tro v e rs y /

N e g o t ia t io n s end s e t t l e m e n ts w ere u n d o u b ted ly ham pered

an d d e f e r r e d by th e a c t io n and sym pathy g iv e n th e Pondos b y o u t

s id e p a r t i e s , who w ere l a r g e l y o f N a ta l i n o r i g i n o r i n c l i n a t i o n .

T h ere w a s , f o r i n s ta n c e , q u i t e a p ro lo n g e d co rresp o n d e n ce betw een

U m quikela th ro u g h h i s s e c r e t a r y H am ilton M oM oholaa and th e Hon

o u ra b le H a rry Escom be,* t h e fo rm e r a s k in g th e l a t t e r ' a in f lu e n c e

w i th t h e G overnor o f N a ta l i n en d e av o u rin g to o b ta in th e a p p o in t

m ent o f a R oyal C onm ission o r any o th e r means deemed e x p e d ie n t

w i th t h e o b je c t o f p la c in g th e c o u n try on a s a t i s f a c t o r y b a s i s

w i th t h e Cape an d N a ta l C o lo n ie s a s he was on th e verg e o f w ar

w i th t h e Cape C o lo n y . . Escombe gav e e v e ry encouragem ent i n h i s

recom m endation bo th e Pondos t o l i r ik • th e m se lv e s w ith N a ta l i n

w h ich c a s e th e y w ould be a s s i s t e d a s f a r a s p o s s ib le A m onth

o r two l a t e r he w ent even f u r t h e r on M eN ioholas' in q u i r in g i f i t

w ould n o t be p r a c t i c a l f o r Pondo land to be ta k e n u n d e r th e p r o te c

t i o n o f t h e im p e r ia l G overnment a s r e p r e s e n te d by N a ta l . Eacombe

^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia ry 5 . 5 . 8 6 .

+Q.10 o f '8 7 , p . 12.^ th o u g h H a rg re a v e s r e f u t e d su c h s u g g e s t io n s f o r Umhlangaza h a d no

i n t e n t i o n o f co m m ittin g h im s e lf w ith t h e Pondos and the^G oyern - m ent an d "Ch D ia ry 1 9 *0 .8

^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia ry 1 1 th -1 9 th O c t . ' 8 6 .

I C .5 0 2 2 , N o .4 6 . T o rre n s to G r a n v i l le 8 .5*86 e n c lo s .

* 0 .5 0 2 2 N o .50 T o rre n s t o G r a n v i l le 12.5*86 e n c lo s .

i e f U m quikela was opposed to ag g ressx v y upca.ou4.uii0

- 8 7 -

r e p l i e d im m e d ia te ly he b e l ie v e d i t was n o t o n ly p r a c t i c a l b u t n a t

u r a l t o b p in g P o n d o la n d u n d e r th e Colony i n te rm s a c c e p ta b le to

N a ta l . He a n t i c i p a t e d no d i f f i c u l t y w i th th e S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e ,

who i f h e r e a l i s e d i t was th e d e s i r e o f b o th c o u n t r ie s w ould r a i s e

no o b j e c t i o n s .*

S i r T h e o p h ilu s S hepstone , also, was appealed -to f o r a d v ic e an d

h e l p i n Pondo A f f a i r s . + B ut he r e tu r n e d a d e c id e d r e f u s a l knowing

i n w h a t l i g h t su c h in t e r f e r e n c e w ould be v iew ed by th e Cape f

A ll th e s e o v e r tu r e s N a ta l was d e s i r e d t o ig n o re an d to

p ay no a t t e n t i o n to a t te m p ts by th e Pondos " to p la y o f f one Colony

a g a i n s t t h e o t h e r " . ^ I n c re a s e i n th e N a tiv e p o p u la t io n o f N a ta l

w ou ld in v o lv e a d d i t i o n a l r e s p o n s ib i l i t y to H er M a je s ty 's G overnm ent,

so s a id th e s e l f - s u p p o r t in g Cape . 1

I m p e r ia l p r o t e c t io n was a p p l ie d f o r by a s y m p a th ise r from

K in g w illia m sto w n an d an M.L.A. - J . J . I r v in e . He co rresp o n d e d

w i th a Member o f P a r l ia m e n t , L .L . D illw y n , who was e n t r u s t e d on

m ore th a n one o c c a s io n w i th memoranda on p o n d o lan d to l a y b e fo re

t h e S e c r e ta r y o f S t a t e . *

The in f lu e n c e o f com m ercial N a ta l* i s v e ry o b v io u s ly th e

* 0 .5 0 2 2 N o .6 4 . H avelook - G r a n v i l le 1 0 .8 .8 6 e n c lo s .

+S .P . M oN ioholas t o S h ep s to n e 2 0 .$ .8 6 and 1 . 7 . 8 6 .

T g .P . A r t i c l e i n " N a ta l A d v e r t is e r " 1 7 . 7 . 8 6 .

^C .5 0 2 2 N o.48 T o rre n s to G r a n v i l le 8 . 5 . 8 6 .

* 3 .5 0 2 2 N o .5 0 . A c t. ri .C . t o G ovr. N a ta l 1 2 . 5 . 8 6 .

1 4 .1 0 .8 6 .

H H S K

f o r c e b e h in d a l l th e a p p l i c a t io n s from Pondo land and G riq u a la n d

E a s t f o r az m ex a tio n t o N a ta l . The e s ta b l is h m e n t o f a Customs

House on th e N a ta l -G r iq u a la n d E a s t "border w hereby f u l l d u t i e s o f

s e a custom s w ere im posed on a l l goods in t ro d u c e d , a t a tim e when

t h e e x te n s io n o f r a i lw a y s in N a ta l b ro u g h t D urban c l o s e r ,+ r e s u l t e d !

i n th e g ro w th o f t h e K okatad P o l i t i c a l A s s o c ia tio n w hich s e t i t s e l f

t o d e ta c h G r iq u a la n d E a s t from th e Cape and b r in g i t u n d e r th e

N a ta l G overnm ent. T h e ir a t t i t u d e was n o t s u r p r i s in g , c o n s id e r in g

many w e re s u p p o r te d i n t r a d e Toy N a ta l Houses and t h a t th e y had

h ad m ost c o n n e c tio n w i th t h a t Colony f o r y e a r s A n a p p e a l was

a d d r e s s e d to th e G overnor o f N a ta l .^ F u r th e r a m em orial was ad

d r e s s e d to th e Governm ent o f N a ta l and p u rp o r tin g t o be s ig n e d by

th e m a jo r i t y o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f G r iq u a la n d E a s t , petitioned.; fo r

a n n e x a t io n t o t h a t C olony . Bulw er r e f u s e d to r e c e iv e e i t h e r

th e m em o ria l o r th e d e p u ta t io n a s G r iq u a la n d E a s t h ad been annexed

to th e Cape in I8 ? y . The l e a d in g members o f th e K okstad P o l i t i c a l

A s s o c i a t i o n had p a id o. v i b i t t o T onao land , had a m ee tin g a t th e

G re a t P la c e , and a t te m p te d t o p e rsu a d e th e Pondos to j o i n them in

p e t i t i o n i n g th e Q ueen.

Though th e G overnor m igh t be c o n s c ie n t io u s and c a r e f u l

n o t t o t r e a d on his-neighbour's* p o l i t i c a l c o r n s , th e L e g i s l a t i v e

C ountsil h a d no uuou s c r u p le s , e s p e c i a l l y i n v iew o f th e r e p e a te d

r e q u e s t s i'rom G riqual& nti E ub t and P o n d o la n d . T h e re fo re th e

R e p o r t o f T rade Commission a p p t . by N a ta l 1 8 8 5 - '8 6 .

/q . 1 2 o f '8 7 , p .81. R e p o rt on E a s t Griqualand.

^ a r & r tia v ts s ' D ia ry 1 6 . 8 . 8 b .

io.68 Dower to S i r Jo h n B is s e t 27 .9*86 '

G o v ern o r o f F a t a l was a d d r e s s e d w ith r e g a rd t o a r e s o lu t io n to

annex E a s t G r iq u a la n d i f th e Cape w ould a llo w i t and i f i t was

t h e d e s i r e o f th e m a jo r i ty o f th e i n h a b i t a n t s , to w hich th e Cape

a d m in is te r e d a s e v e re r e b u f f .+ Q u ite r e g a r d l e s s , how ever, o f

t h e i r n e ig h b o u r 's d is a p p ro v a l th e L e g i s l a t i v e C ouncil a week l a t e r

p a s s e d a s i m i l a r r e s o lu t i o n u r g i n th e n e c e s s i t y o f m easu res to

b r in g a b o u t th e u n io n o f P ondo land and N a ta l a n d p r o t e s t i n g a g a in s t

any and. a l l p ro p o s a ls f o r p o l i t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n o f th e two coun

t r i e s . ^ The m easu re was in t ro d u c e d by th e in d o m ita b le H a rry

Eaoombe. He i n d i o t e d th e H igh Com m issioner of c o n s id e r in g o n ly

t h e i n t e r e s t s o f one c o lo n y . C onm unications made by th e G overnor

o f N a ta l to t h e H igh C om m issioner w ere r e p l i e d to "by th e Cape

M i n i s t e r s , whose i n t e r e s t s w ere d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposed to th o s e o f

N a ta l ; t h e r e f o r e i t was a c a se f o r th e S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e . The

o n ly r e p ly a c c o rd e d t h i s o u tb u r s t was a re m in d e r from th e High

C o n ro iss io n e r once more s t a t i n g th e u n d e s i r a b i l i t y o f t h i r d p a r ty

i n t e r f e r e n c e . ^

A f te r a n o th e r a f f r a y betw een Pondos and X e s ib e s 1 a s a

r e s u l t o f th e fo rm a l a n n e x a tio n o f X e s ib e la n d by th e C ape,* a

m e e tin g betw een th e Pondos an d th e Government was a t l a s t p ro p o se d ,

a n d a r r a n g e d . 11 Thus a t H t o l a 's k r a a l on th e 9 t h December 1886

t h e C h ie f M a g is t r a te o f G r iq u a la n d B a s t met Umhlang&za as r e p r e

s e n t a t i v e o f U m quikela . An ag re e m e n t, w h ich was r a t i f i e d by

U m quikela on th e 1 0 th F e b ru a ry 1887 an d c o n firm ed by th e High

* 0 .5 0 2 2 N o .78 H avelock to S tanhope iy » 1 0 .8 6 .

'kp.M.A. 146, 4 .1 1 .8 6 .

■^0-5022 N o-83 H av elo ck - S ta n h o p e , 2 5 . 1 0 . 8 6 . and e n o lo s .

^C .5022 N o .89 T o rre n s t o S tanhope 1 7 . 1 1 . 8 6 . Of. N os. 50 and 5 4 .

^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia ry 1 1 .1 0 .8 6 , 2 0 .1 0 .8 6 .

* E y b e ra , p . 6 9 .

^ H a r g r e a v e s ' D ia ry 2 .1 1 .0 6 . G.10 o f '8 7 , P -19-

- 9 0 -

C om m issioner on th e 1 2 th Maroh, was m ade. B e s id e s an e x t r a d i t i o n

c la u s e an d U m q u ik e la 's u n d e r ta k in g th e c o n t r o l o f th e B o rd er a t

M t. A y l i f f and M t. F r e r e , th e C W ef conceded th e r i g h t to e n t e r ,

c o n s t r u c t an d m a in ta in a ro a d th ro u g h E a s te rn P ondo land to th e

M outh o f S t . J o h n 's w i th a l l o u tsp a n s and g ra z in g r i g h t s an d

freed o m c t t o l l s . B e s id e s co nced ing th e Bode t o r &600 U m quikela

re n o u n c e d h i s o la im t o co m p en sa tio n f o r th e t e r r i t o r i e s o f S t .

J o h n 's and X esibe C oun try i n c o n s id e r a t io n f o r £200 b e in g an

a n n u a l su b s id y to him and h i s h e i r s and a lump sum o f £ 1 ,0 0 0 f o r

X e s ib e la n d .4"

H aving g a in e d t h e i r ends by o b ta in in g th e c e s s io n o f

th e kode v a l l e y a n d th e p ro m ise o f freed o m to make a ro a d th ro u g h

th e c o u n try to c o n n e c t t h e p o r t o f S t . J o h n 's w i th th e i n t e r i o r o f

P o n d o la n d and G r iq u a la n d E a s t , and f u r t h e r h a v in g so lv e d t h e i r

c o n s c ie n c e s by g iv in g th e P ondcs p e c u n ia ry com pensa tion f o r X e a ib e -

l a n d an d S t . J o h n 's , t h e Gape Government f e l t th e y h ad p u t a

spoke i n th e w heel o f t h e i r r i v a l N a ta l and co n c ern e d th em se lv es

n o t at, a l l ab o u t th e c l i p p in g o f th e N a t iv e s ' l a n d /

^Ci’. £ 3 ,0 0 0 o f f e r e d th e p re v io u s y e a r . G.3 0 o f 1886 , p . 24 S .N .A . - C.M» 2 '1«8o«

+0 , 1 0 o f 6 7 , p p .2 1 - 2 2 .

CHAPKB V.

PLOTTINGS AND REVIVAL OF GERMAN INTEREST, 1887-1891.

V ery soon was th e am ica b le s e t t l e m e n t d i s tu r b e d by

rum ours an d a la rm s once m ore. T h is d is q u ie tu d e was c a u sed m ain

l y by u n q u e s t io n a b le German schem es, h a tc h e d p ro b a b ly by p r iv a t e

i n d i v id u a l s w i th th e h e lp an d c o - o p e ra t io n o f Umhlangaza, who had

f o r some tim e b ee n a d m in i s t r a t i v e h ea d o f Pondoland. and h ad been

a b le t o in d u lg e M s a m b itio n to i t s f u l l e x te n t by re a s o n o f Um-

q u iK e la 's g ro w in g f e e b l e n e s s , i n a b i l i t y an d d ru n k e n n ess . I t was

v e r y l i k e l y th ro u g h h i s agenoy in t h e f i r s t in s ta n c e t h a t H err

N agel h a d b een g iv e n a c o n c e s s io n . T hat th e t r e a t y was c a u s in g

i n t e r e s t and p o s s ib ly u n e a s in e s s in th e m inds o f Cape O f f i c i a l s

i s ev id e n ced , by th e f a c t t h a t D onald s t r a o h a n in Ju n e 1887 was

a t th e G re a t p la c e " s e t t l i n g o u ts ta n d in g c a s e s ab o u t th e t r e a t y

w ith N a g e l" .* A p p a re n tly th e Rondos g e n e r a l l y w ere n o t aw are o f

^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia r y , 8 . 6 . 8 ? .

- 9 2 -

t h a t r e a t y and some i r r i t a t i o n was f e l t a g a in s t Umhlangaza b u t he

was a b le to overcom e th e f e e l i n g and conv ince th e o th e r c h ie f s

t h a t t h e Cape was j e a lo u s o f th e Germans th ro u g h whom th e Pondos

w ou ld bo a b le t o o b t a in arms an d am m unition t h a t w ould e n a b le them

t o " s e t th e Cape Government a t d e f ia n c e and s e t t l e o ld s c o re s"

Two m onths l a t e r (A u g u st) one o f th e b o y s , U m hlangaza1s

so n , O eoar a r r i v e d i n D urban f:-.m Germany from whence he h a d b ee n

s e n t su d d e n ly on a c c o u n t o f i l l n e s s . + O sc ar d ie d b e fo re he

r e a c h e d P o n d o la n d . I t was a g r e a t blow to Umhlangaza who had

c e n t r e d h i s ho p es on t h i s y o u th and h i s German e d u c a tio n . "He

h a d b ee n s e n t fro m home a g a in s t th e w i l l o f h i s f r i e n d s , i t b e in g

a g r e a t p o l i t i c a l id e a o f h i s f a t h e r . " / So d ee p ly s e a te d was

th e s u p e r s t i t i o n o f th e s e p e o p le t h a t d e a th was b e l ie v e d to be

c a u se d s o l e l y by some m a l ig n a n t fo r c e from w ith o u t , w ith th e r e

s u l t t h a t one o r more p e r s o n s su s p e c te d an d named by th e w itc h

d o c to r s w ere in v a r i a b ly " sm e lt o u t" w henever any im p o rta n t head

m an' o r c h i e f d i e d . I n th e p r e s e n t in s ta n c e , w h e th e r U m hlangaza

u p h e ld th e t r a d i t i o n s o f h i s t r i b e o r n o t , he h ad c e ased to p ro

f e s s C h r i s t i a n i t y ; u n d e r h i s i n s t r u c t i o n s a t r a d e r , Mr. Rook,

w as t h r e a t e n e d , an d h i s s to r e lo o te d by an arm ed band and 2 )0 0

dem anded a s a f i n e / I t was s a id he h ad d e ta in e d th e l e t t e r

t e l l i n g o f O s c a r 's a r r i v a l . 1

M eanw hile th e r e h a d a r r iv e d a t th e G re a t P la ce two men,

r e p r e s e n t i n g th e m se lv e s to be German o f f i c e r s , 1 and th e y p r e

s e n te d U m quikela and Um nlangaaa w ith sw ords, m e d a ls , and f l a g s .

*G.>* of 1888, p .6.^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia r y , 1 9 . 6 . 8 7 .

/H a r g r e a v e s ' D ia r y , 2 4 .8 .8 7 '

/H a r g r e a v e s ' D ia r y , 2 / .8 .8 7 .

I I b i d , 8 .9 .8 7 '

*G.>2 o f 1881 P '9 8 -

■ ^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia r y , 6 .9 .8 7 '

- 9 3 -

They a p p e a re d to he v e ry a c t iv e f o r r e p o r t s o f th e doming o f th e

Hermans w ere f r e e l y c i r c u l a t e d and b e l ie v e d by th e sim ple -m inded

p e o p le an d i t was f e a r e d by some th e y m igh t he tem p ted t o i n t e r

f e r e w i th t h e p r o p e r ty o f E n g l is h r e s id e n t s , f o r th e N a tiv e s w ere

a l l i n f a v o u r o f th e Germans and "h a rd n u ts on th e E n g l i s h " ,*

The w i l d e s t s t o r i e s w ere b e l i e v e d , th e te n d e n c y b e in g to e s t a b l i s h

t h e s u p e r io r i t y o f th e Germans o v er th e E n g l i s h . " i t i s s a id

t h e Germans have ta k e n p o s s e s s io n o f D urban and German im m ig ran ts

a r e e x p e c te d to la n d a t P o r t G rosvenor w ith r i f l e s and am m unition .+

The Pondos a ls o e x p e c te d a cannon and a N o rd e n fe ld from th e Ger

mans who w ere t o g e t back a l l th e c o u n try c la im e d by th e Pondos

fro m th e G overnm ent. o n e , " D r .11 E im vald a p p e a re d a s th e in d u n a

o r c h i e f man a n d i t was r e p o r t e d he p ro p o se d r e s id in g a t th e

G re a t P la c e ,w h e th e r a s a p r i v a t e a d v is e r to U m quikela o r a s a

r e p r e s e n ta t i v e o f th e German Government was n o t a s c e r t a in e d . 7

The German im m ig ra n ts w ere rum oured to be on th e way and w ere t o

occupy th e la n d c e d e d to N a g e l. E inw ald was u rg in g th e c e s s io n

o f g ro u n d from U m quikela, a s s u r in g him o f German a s s i s ta n c e and

r e p e a t i n g h i s p ro m ise a t a l a r g e m e e tin g . The Pondo r e l i a n c e

u pon t h i s s u p p o r t p ro b a b ly in d u c e d and s t i f f e n e d t h e i r r e s is t a n c e

t o t h e ro a d w h ich th e Governm ent was m aking th ro u g h pondoland .

I t was p r o g r e s s in g f a v o u ra b ly when U m quikela u n d e r German in f lu e n c e

o b je c te d t o th e p ro p o se d d e v i a t i o n . 7 D r. iiinw ald was s a id

t o have w r i t t e n t o a c o n f id e n t ia l ag e n t a t th e G rea t P la c e t h a t

ho was good f o r f i v e h u n d re d men and w h ile a t p a lm e r to n m is le d

' H a rg re av e D ia ry , 9 . 9 . 8 7 -

o f ' 88;, p . 4 0 .

4 . 5 2 o f ' 88,, p -3 9 -

^G .5 2 o f ' 88,■ p *4 1 > 3 0 . 9 * 8 7

- 9 4 -

a l l w i th whom h e omne i n c o n ta c t 9ey in g th e r e w ere f i v e m en -o f-

w ar o n th e c o a s t fro m w hich s n id e r e and am m unition and b la n k e ts

w o u ld be s o ld c h e a p ly , w hereas th e Government h a d been c ru s h in g

them f o r y e a r s . Though many o f th e rum ours w ere w i ld and exag

g e r a t e d i n t h e e x tre m e , g a in in g volume w ith r e p e t i t i o n and c i r c u

l a t i o n among a p r i m i t i v e , c re d u lo u s p e o p le , y e t th e r e was some

g ro u n d f o r o f f i c i a l a la rm when i t i s remem bered t h a t t h i s H e rr

E in w ald was t h e sam e,w ho ,a y e a r o r two p re v io u s ly ,had c a u se d such

s t i r i n Z u lu la n d an d f o r c e d th e B r i t i s h Government to annex S t.

L u c ia Bay.

The German Land and C o lo n is a tio n Company had a p p l ie d

t o th e G overnor o f th e Cape re q u e s t in g p r o t e c t io n w h ile th e y " to o k

p o s s e s s io n o f a n a s e t t l e d on c e r t a i n p ro p e r ty a l le g e d to b e lo n g

t o t h e Company i n P o n d o la n d " .* The M in is te r s r e p l i e d by s t a t i n g

f a c t s b y which th e v a l i d i t y o f th e t r e a t y was c o n c lu s iv e ly d i s

p ro v e d . I n t h e f i r s t p la c e , w ith o u t B r i t i s h c o n se n t i t become

n u l l en d v o id . M oreover th e arran g e m en t betw een th e Cape and

th e Fontioc i n Decem ber Itidb h a d a n n u l le d a l l p r i o r ag reem en ts .

A t th e came tim e i t c o u ld n o t be d o u b ted t h a t N agel a c t in g on

b e h a l f o f th e German Land an d C o lo n is a tio n Company b e l ie v e d him

s e l f i n p o s s e s s io n o f a v a lu a b le t e r r i t o r y in P ondoland end

m igh t i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y r e l y on th e p r o t e c t io n o f th e German

E m pire. T h a t , how ever, h ad n o t b ee n a c c o rd e d and on ly a f t e r

t h a t h ad a p p l i c a t io n been made to th e B r i t i s h Government. But

e v e n on th e m oat o u p e r f i c i a l a n a ly s i s th e T re a ty i n a s t r i c t l y

l e g a l s e n se u t t e r l y b roke down. A p p a re n tly i t had been drawn

'S i l f l l t i f l f c '*P.M .A . N o .146, 7 .1 0 .3 7 .

- 9 5 -

up w i th o u t know ledge o f th e P o r t S t . J o h n 's A n n e x a tio n A c t" o r

th e p ro c la m a t io n d e c la r in g B r i t i s h P r o te c t io n o v e r th e w hole c o a s t

o f P o n d o la n a . F u r th e r i t p u rp o r te d to have been drawn up

an d s ig n e d by U m quikela i n th e p re se n c e o f w itn e s s e s a t D urban,

b u t t h e f o r g e r y was g l a r i n g by th e f a c t t h a t U m quikela h a d n e v e r

l e f t P o n d o la n d . N agel h im s e l f , p ro b a b ly p rom pted by U m hlangaza, ;

a b r o g a te d th r e e c la u s e s and s u b s t i t u t e d a c o d ic i l e i n s te a d to

g iv e tw o b oys a German e d u c a t io n . By th e c o n c e ss io n th e c h ie f s

U m quikela an d Um hlangaza h a d hoped to o b ta in l a r g e s u p p l ie s o f

arm s an d am m unition and s u b s t a n t i a l a i d i n f i g h t i n g to re c o v e r

X e s ib e la n d and S t , J o h n 's R iv e r . T h e ir a g g r e s s iv e a t t i t u d e o f

t h e p r e v io u s y e a r was th u s ac c o u n te d t o r /

I n v iew o f th e s e h ap p e n in g s an d t h e i r d i s q u ie t in g .

e f f e c t on th e N a tiv e mind r Um quikela was rem inded t h a t B r i t a i n

h a d e s t a b l i s h e d a p r o t e ^ t o i n t e o v e r th e c o a s t , in c lu d in g th e

c e s s io n U m quikela was sa.-r.naed t o have g ra n te d to N agel; a lso

t h a t t h e M a it la n d T r e a ty (1 8 4 4 ) h ad s t i p u l a t e d t h a t th e C h ie f

c o u ld n o t a l lo w m a s te r m a r in e rs o f any s h ip s to la n d m erchand ise

o r t r a f f i c w i th t h e Pondos i n any p a r t o f pond o lan d w ith o u t au

t h o r i t y fro m th e C o lo n ia l G overnm ent. Then to o , th e German

G overnm ent by an a rran g e m en t i n A p r il 1885 w i th th e B r i t i s h

G overnm ent h ad a g r e e d to r e f r a i n from m aking a c q u i s i t i o n s o f

t e r r i t o r y o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a P r o t e c to r a t e on any p a r t o f th e A f r i

c a n C o a s t S o u th o f D e lag o a B a y .^

D e s p ite th e p ro v e d i n v a l i d i t y an d th e u n a u th o r ise d

"‘‘w a lk e r , p .407*

+G o v t. N o tic e 5 . I . 8 5 .

^ C .9 4 1 0 , N o .2 . e n o lo s . M in is te r s to Govr. 7 .1 0 .8 7 ,

^ C .5 4 1 0 , No.1 • e n t i lo a . S .N .A . - C.&. K okstad 2 3 .9 -8 7 'C l'. S c o t t K e l t i e ,

n a tu r e o f N a g e l 's a c t io n s and th e in d i f f e r e n c e to Pondoland

e v in c e d by th e German G overnm ent, th e S e c r e ta r y f o r N a tiv e A f f a i r s

c o n s id e r e d th e m a t t e r o f E in w a ld 's m a c h in a tio n s im p o rta n t enough -

to r e q u i r e r e p e a te d a s s u ra n c e o f Germozi d i s in t e r e s t e d n e s s . T h e re -

f o r e t h e S e c r e ta r y f o r N a tiv e A f f a i r s c a l le d upon th e German C onsul |

G e n e ra l i n Gape Town, veho r e p u d ia te d a l l E in w a ld 's a c t s "w hich w ere -

done w i th o u t know ledge o r c o n s e n t" . He s t a t e d he h ad no in t im a

t i o n o f German im m ig ra n ts , an d E inw e.ld ,he denounced as an " i l l i t e r a t e

a d v e n tu r e r " , who h a d a l r e a d y ca u se d m is c h ie f i n D am araland and

Z u lu la n d .* E in w ald r e t a l i a t e d t y a c c u s in g H e rr B ie b e r , th e Con- "communicatad. ;

s u l G e n e ra l , o f p e r s o n a l je a lo u s y as heCEinwald),alwaysA 'dirttig-YrithBerlin.'

He h a d come t o P o n d o la n d , n o t t o ro b th e n a t iv e s o f l a n d b u t f o r :

s c i e n t i f i c p u rp o se s t o e x p lo re t h e c o u n t r y X He a g a in showed

l e t t e r s a t t h e G re a t P la c e p u r p o r t in g to be from P r in c e B ism arck , j

M r. G hesson an d S i r H enry H o lla n d (who u t t e r l y d e n ie d any communi- !;

c a t i o n w i th E in w ald s in c e h i s a ssu m p tio n o f o f f ic e ) .^ Though he ;;

a d m i t te d t h e German Government h ad n o t sp o n so re d th e movements o f |

Germans he r ie - n ie d any c o n n e c tio n w ith N a g e l.* i;

Amid th e s e p l o t t i n g s and p e r p l e x i t i e s , th e d e a th o f Um-

q u i k e l a o c c u r re d t o p lu n g e th e c o u n try i n to more a n x ie ty and un

e a s i n e s s . 5 T h ere was no h e i r , Um quikela h a v in g ta k e n no G reat

W ife . Therefore one o f h i s so n s w ould have to be chosen by th e

I b i d . . "When N agel t r e a t y b ro u g h t t o n o t i c e o f German A u th o r i t i e s i n Ju n e 1885 a d i s t i n c t d e n ia l was g iv e n by th e German C onsul t h a tt h e p e r s o n s n e g o t i a t i n g w i th Umquikela w ere rep re se n ta tiv e o f , ora c te d under a u th o r i ty from German Government .

+G .52 o f 8 8 , p . 4 0 . U .S .N .A . - C.M. Kok. 2 9 .9 . 8 7 .

^ C .5 4 1 0 . N o .1 . e n c lo s . A ct.C .M . K o k stad - U .S'.N .A. 12.10 .87*

/ c .5 4 1 0 . N o .4 . H o lla n d - R ob inson 2 4 .1 1 .8 7 .

I C .5 4 1 0 . N o.1* e n c lo s . C .M .E .G riq . -U .S .N .A . 1 9 .I O .8 7 .

*G .$2 o f 8 8 , p . 41 .

I I . , n =,0 Memo, on p ro b a b le S u c c e sso r to Pondo C h ie f on Umqui-6 .3 .8 0 . 0 . B r n m l.. .

- 9 7 -

j e a l o u s i e s w ould ca u se c o n fu s io n u n to ld , b u t t h a t was n o t a l l :

E in w ald s t i l l rem ained, i n P o n do land . Rumour and c o n je c tu re became

more ram pan t r e g a rd in g him an d h i s c o m p a tr io ts , more o f whom s h o r t

l y a r r i v e d . A p a r ty c o n s i s t i n g o f f i v e men, K e rtw ig , th e l e a d e r ;

Baokmann, a d o c to r ; B e i r io h , an e n g in e e r ; H ausen, a Sw edish p h o to

g r a p h e r an d one S a n g m e is te r . They, i n ag reem en t w i th E inw ald ,

d e n ie d a l l c o n n e c tio n w ith N a g e l, s a y in g th e y r e p r e s e n te d th e

B e r l i n Pondo S o c ie ty an d w ere em ployed to e x p lo re t h a t p a r t and

a r ra n g e f o r th e e s ta b l i s h m e n t o f a co lo n y . To g iv e c o lo u r t o th e

a s s e r t i o n o f d is so c ia tio n . o£,and u n f r ie n d l in e s s be tw een E inw ald and

N a g e l, th e fo rm e r a t one t im e l e a d in g a company o f Pondos p ro c eed e d

t o an a r r a n g e d m e e tin g w i th N a g e l on th e b o rd e rs o f A lf r e d C oun try .

They h a d s e c r e t i n s t r u c t i o n s t o a r r e s t N agel and b r in g him to th e

G re a t P l a c e . He how ever f a i l e d t o k ee p h i s a p p o in tm e n t,+ N agel

h a d c o m p le te ly l o s t f a v o u r w i th th e pondo C h ie f s , w h ich p e rh ap s

e x p la in e d 'E in w ald 1 s v eh e m en tly d is c la im in g c o n n e c tio n w ith him .

N a g e l w as d e c la r e d to have b eh a v ed f r a u d u le n t ly w i th money g iv e n

h im f o r t h e p u rc h a s e o f arms an d am m unition . E inw ald p r o f e s s in gsummons -from

a d i s i n t e r e s t e d v i s i t b u t r e a l l y a c tin g o n euA H e rtw ig , w ent to

a s s i s t h im i n p ro c u r in g th e a s s e n t o f S ig c a u , t h e p ro b a b le P a ra

m ount ‘c h i e f , The la t te r ,a p p a re n t ly u n d e r th e in f lu e n c e o f iM ila n g aza ,

c o n s e n te d t o t h e t r a n s f e r o f th e N agel c o n c e s s io n to th e B e r l in

Pondo S o c ie ty o n : th e c o n d i t io n t h a t th e m o n e y ,n o t a c c o u n te d - fo r

b y N a -g e l , s h o u l d . -be r e f u n d e d t o th e fh n d o s . T here was no

p u b l i c m e e tin g o f Pondo C h ie fs , headmen o r c o u n c i l l o r s to d is c u s s

t h e p l a n , t h e r e f o r e i t a p p e a re d th a t, th e a f f a i r was one f o r w h ich

U rahlangaza was a lo n e r e s p o n s ib le and c o u ld have no w e ig h t o r san c

t i o n w i th th e t r i b e a s a w h o le , even h ad i t b ee n p e r m is s ib le u n d er

t h e e x i s t i n g B r i t i s h dgteeroeitte and p r o t e c t o r a t e acknow ledged by

t b . rondo:. Wrmmo. hom m r, In o u f u l

*0 . ;2 o f 88 , p .42 , U C 88 .

+H .A . 1888 R e p o r ts . , R ep o rt by O.K. E. G r ia u a la n d , 1888.

- 9 8 -

e x p l o r a t io n o f th e c o u n try E a s t o f S t . J o h n 's R iv e r was c a r r i e d

o u t an d i t was s t a t e d t h a t f i v e hu n d re d f a m i l i e s w ere i n r e a d i

n e s s to come a s soon a s th e n e c e s s a r y a r ran g e m en ts w ere re a d y .

I t was u n d e r s to o d by B r i t i s h r e s id e n t s t h a t th e aim was to fo u n d

t h e c o lo n y i n d e f ia n c e o f B r i t i s h i n f lu e n c e , and p ro b a b ly la n d a t

P o r t G ro sv en o r o r a t a s u i t a b l e s p o t away from S t . J o h n 's and

a l th o u g h th e German G overnment m igh t r e f u s e o f f i c i a l s a n c tio n ,

th e y w o u ld , when c irc u m s ta n c e s a r o s e , a f f o r d them th e r e q u ir e d

p r o t e c t i o n . The rum our o f v e s s e l s b r in g in g German im m igran ts

d i d n o t m a t e r i a l i s e b u t th e r e w ere two o r th r e e Germans a t p o r t

G ro sv e n o r who w ere b u s i ly e r e c t in g m u s e s an d a s to r e and le a v in g

n o s to n e u n tu rn e d i n t h e i r e f f o r t s to re o p e n P o r t G rosvenor.

Though th e M in is te r s c o u ld n o t c r e d i t t h a t any i n t e r

v e n t io n on any p a r t o f P o n d o la n d co u ld have b e e n in te n d e d "by th e

German G overnm ent, a s i t w ould have b ee n "so e n t i r e l y c o n tra ry to

i n t e r n a t i o n a l com ity" y e t th e y p e t i t i o n e d H er M a je s ty 's Government

to o b t a in fro m th e German Em peror th e a s s u ra n c e t h a t co u ld be

p u b l i s h e d " t h a t t h e p e r s o n s now I n t r i g u i n g i n P ondo land were

d o in g so on in d iv id u a l r e s p o n s ib i l i t y a lo n e and h ad no o f f i c i a l

s a n c t io n " . ‘l*

F a i t h i n t h e G em ans seemed to d ie su d d e n ly . Umhlangaza

r e c e iv e d a l e t t e r from th e A c tin g German C onsul w a rn in g him

a g a in s t b e l i e v in g in a German P r o te c to r a te 's b e in g e s t a b l i s h e d o v e r

any p o r t i o n o f P o n d o la n d / I t became e v id e n t th e y w ere n o t a b le

t o p ay th e money a g re e d on to S ig o a u . E lnw ald a tte m p te d to

a r ra n g e f o r a l i e n a t io n o f a p o r t i o n o f th e c e s s io n t o a Mr. Peachy

fro m N a ta l , by w h ich means he w ould be e n a b le d to r a i s e m oney,

*6.52 of >88, p .4).

+a.52 of '88, p .37- Minute of M inisters to B.C. 19.5.88.

^G.52 of '88, p-30- C.M. - S.N.A. 17.5.88.

- 99 -

b u t U m hlangaaa r e f u s e d to re c o g n is e any d i s p o s i t i o n o f l a n d by

Germans t o o t h e r s . U nder th e c irc u m s ta n c e s S ig o a u m igh t have

o a n o e l le d t h e c o n c e s s io n on th e g ro u n d o f f a i l u r e o f th e Germans

t o f u l f i l th e c o n d i t i o n s . B ut a p p a re n t ly i t was sim ply a llo w e d

to l a p s e . A few y e a r s l a t e r , i n 1893, when t r o u b le i n Pondo land

p o in t e d t o a n n e x a t io n by th e Cape, th e "T re a ty " was once more r e

v iv e d f o r a b r i e f sp ac e to p a s s f i n a l l y i n t o o b l iv io n . The la n d

a c q u i r e d by th e B e r l i n Pondo Company was o f f e r e d t o th e N a ta l

Governm ent who w i th t h i s v a lu a b le fo o t in g m ight g ra d u a l ly i n c o r

p o r a te P o n d o la n d w i th N a ta l , w h ich a t t h a t tim e was e x a c t ly what

t h a t Colony wag a g i t a t i n g t o acco m p lish ."1" The deeds on w hich

th e P o n d o la n d Company b a se d t h e i r t i t l e c o n s i s te d o f a c o n c e ss io n

o f 3 75 ,000 E n g l i s h a c r e s "made by th e In d e p en d en t C h ie f U raquikela

o n 2 0 th an d 2 $ th J u n e , 1885, an d confirm ed "by S igoau 10th M arch,

1 888".

M eanw hile th e new ro a d i n c o u rse o f c o n s t r u c t io n betw een

K o k s ta d an d S t . J o h n 's became th e vexed q u e s t io n b etw een Govern

m ent an d P o n d o s. I n 1887 D ona ld S tra o h a n h ad been a p p o in te d to

go i n t o P o n d o lan d an d a r ra n g e th e r o u te , m a t te r s o f com pensa tion ,

a n d , w i th h i s s u g g e s t io n s , a s s is t th e C h ie f i n c a r ry in g o u t h i s

t r e a t y o b l i g a t i o n s / No o b je c t io n s h a d "been r a i s e d t i l l , a f t e r

i n s p e c t in g th e c o u n try betw een th e I n t a f u f u D r i f t and S t . J o h n 's ,

Mr. J a r v i s i n c h a rg e o f ro a d c o n s t r u c t io n , and Mi'. S tra o h a n fo u n d

th e o n ly p r a c t i c a b l e l i n e l a y by "C am erondale". T h is p ro p o sa l

U m hlangaza and U m quikela, baoked by some t r a d e r s whose i n t e r e s t s

l a y on th e o ld r o u t e , d e f i n i t e l y n e g a t i v e d / p ro b a b ly th e C h ie fs

^ H a rg re a v e s ’ D ia r y , .5 • 8 6 • G*52 8 8 , p . ] 0 . 25*5*8 8 .

^ C o l.t ie o . ' s o m o e . C on i'id . N a tiv e s 1854-18 8 9 . To Govt, o f C ol. o f N a ta l f r . K e rr H eyer 2 3 .1 .9 3 *

/G ,? 2 o f 'S B , P -7 - U-S-M-A- - C.M. Kok. 2 9 . 8 . 8 7 .

^G .5 2 o f '8 8 , p . 11• C.M. Kok. - S .N .A . 3Q*9*87*

w e re a b e t te d i n t h e i r o b s t in a t e r e f u s a l t o r e c o n s id e r th e m a t te r

b y th e Germans who, i t was rum oured , in te n d e d to b u i ld a f o r t i n

C am erondale and t a l k e d o f a tow n on th e E a s t bamc o f th e S t . J o h n 's

R iv e r . On th e d e a th o f U m quikela, i n s p i te o f h i a h av in g ac

k n ow ledged B randy a s th e ca u se o f h i s end and t h a t none h a d be

w itc h e d h im ,* th e w itc h d o c to r s , p ro b a b ly a c t in g u n d e r i n s t r u c

t i o n s , d e c l a r e d t h a t D onald S tra c h a n was r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e d e a th

o f t h e o h i e f . Some a s s o c ia t e d h i s name w i th th e d e a th o f Umhlan-

g a a a 's son an d th e y p ro c e e d e d to "sm ell him out".

E in w a ld was rum oured to have en c o u rag e d th e s u p e r s t i t i o n .^

M a t te r s c o n t in u e d i n t h i s u n s a t i s f a c t o r y s t r a i n f o r m on ths, S ta n

f o r d , t h e C h ie f M a g is t r a te o f E a s t G r iq u a la n d , m aking r e p e a te d and

f r u i t l e s s jo u rn e y s t o th e G re a t P la c e to n e g o t i a t e th e d e v ia t io n ,

u n t i l , i n A u g u s t, l a r g e l y due t o th e R ev. H a rg re a v e s ’ e f f o r t s ,

th e c h i e f s a g re e d t o th e d e v i a t i o n .^

S ig c a u h a d been unan im o u sly chosen c h i e f o f P o n d o la n d X

He p ro b a b ly w ould n o t have b e e n th e c h o ic e o f Umhlangaza who

w ould h av e p r e f e r r e d a weak r u l e r t h a t he m igh t h im se lf u s u rp th e

p o w e r . 1

A f te r th e d e v ia t i o n m a t te r h ad b ee n s e t t l e d am icab ly ,

m a t t e r s seem ed to im prove to so g r e a t a d eg ree t h a t W.E. S ta n fo rd

was a b le to r e p o r t , " th e p r e s e n t r e l a t i o n s w i th th e Pondo C h ie f

and h i s p e o p le a r e on a b e t t e r fo o t in g th a n h a s b e e n th e ca se f o r

* 0 . 5 2 o f ' 8 8 , p . 2 5 .

+G.)2 o r 'a s , p . 14.

^G . 5 2 o f ' 8 8 , p p . 17 and 1 8 .

^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia r y , 2 0 .2 .8 8 .

M anuscript in S. C lark 's w riting "Stories of Hargreaves .

TSfl^5

- 1 0 1 -

#many y e a r s p a s t . A t th e same tim e S igoau r e f u s e d to re c o g n is e

th e B r i t i s h A gent a p p o in te d i n June i s s s / and i n M arch 1839 he

was w i t h d r a w n / N e v e r th e le s s " o f f i c i a l " s a t i s f a c t i o n w i th Pondo-

l a n d was s h o r t - l i v e d . Umhlangaza ap p e a re d in th e r o l e o f i n s t i

g a t o r a n d a g i t a t o r , a s S ig o a u seemed o f a to u g h e r f i b r e th a n th e

n e r v e l e s s U m quikela. Thus e a r ly i n 1889 Umhlangaza began s t i r

r i n g up s t r i f e on th e b o r d e r , f i r s t w i th a p e t t y c h ie f m b a l l and

w i th t h e Am ancis and th e n by a b e t t i n g th e G riq u a s to whom Umqui

k e l a h a d g r a n te d la n d i n th e R o d e / He became th e b i t t e r enemy

o f M is s io n s , a s h i s b r o th e r J o s i a h was a l r e a d y . He l i b e l l e d

R ev . H a rg re a v e s r e p e a te d ly i n m a lic io u s l e t t e r s p u b lish e d i n

K o k s ta d an d t in t a t a p a p e r s / I n th e s e a t t a c k s he was u n d o u b ted ly

made th e in s tr u m e n t o f th e w h ite a d v e n tu re r s an d c o n c e s s io n a ire s

who b u zzed ro u n d S ig o a u l i k e b ee s ro u n d a h o n e y -p o t, and to whom

th e l a t t e r g r a n te d c o n c e s s io n s , m in ing and ra ilw a y r i g h t s p ro m is

c u o u s ly , much a g a in s t t h e R ev . H a rg re a v e s ' a d v ic e and w arn in g s .

He r e p e a t e d ly p o in te d o u t th e d a n g e r s ^ f o r f e i t u r e o f lan d s and

th e d e p r e s s io n o f th e p e o p l e /

The J a p e k e p t more o r l e s s a lo o f fro m Rondo a f f a i r s f o r

t h e t im e b e in g , a s C h a rle s Brow nlee h ad h in t e d , an d as th e Rev.

O x ley G x lan d h a d p ro p h e s ie d th e r e was i n t e r n a l t r o u b l e , i n t e r

t r i b a l u n r e s t an d w a r fa re enough to occupy th e t im e and re s o u rc e s

o f t h e R ondos. T h e re fo re a f t e r th e German b a l lo o n had coll&pBed

\ . A . Report o f C.M. o f E .G r iq . f o r 1888. C f. H a rg re av es D ia ry 7 . I . 8 9 . '

+H a rg re a v e s D ia r y , 2 3 . 6 . 8 8 .

' / b i d , 2 3 -3 '9 9 -

^ H a rg re a v e s ' D ia r y , 1 1 .2 .9 0 ; I 8 . 2 . 9O; 2 2 .2 .90*

im sssssii^ R .A .5 2 . Memo. on p ro b a b le su o o e sa o r to Pondo C h ie f . . . 6 . 3 . 8 0 .

an d th e ro a d d e v ia t i o n h a d b ee n g ra n te d , o f f i c i a l i n t e r e s t s ta g

n a te d . T h e i r c o n t in u e d in d ependence c o u ld n o t lo n g tie co u n te n

an c ed u n d e r th e l a r g e e x te n d in g and a c q u i s i t i v e p o l ic y now a fo o t

i n t h e C olony u n d e r th e a e g is o f Rhodes, b u t g iv e n enough ro p e th e

Fondos c o u ld s a f e ly be l e f t to t i e t h e i r own noose w hich would be

t i g h te n e d a t t h e Cape G overnm ent1 s c o n v e n ie n c e .

N a ta l d id n o t d e s i s t in h e r en d eav o u rs to canvass th e

a n n e x a t io n o f P o n d o la n d .* B ut from n e i t h e r t h e S e c r e ta r y o f

S ta t e n o r from th e Cape M in is te r s d id she g e t much encouragem ent

on w h ich to b ase h e r h o p e s .+

The Cape M in is te r s i n a le n g th y M in u te , su b m itte d t o th e

S e c r e t a r y o f S ta t e th ro u g h th e H igh C om m issioner, ac cu sed N a ta l o f

sy m p a th is in g w ith th e p o n d o s, n o t b ec au se th e y w ere in th e r i g h t

b u t b e c a u se N a ta l c o n s id e r e d she ( N a ta l ) h a d a b e t t e r r i g h t to

G z iq u a la n d E a s t th a n th e Cape C olony. W ith re g a rd t o m a t te r s

i n 1686 th e b i t t e r - . 'e e lin g in P ondo land was r a i s e d to th e h ig h e s t

p i t c h by F ow le , P assm ore a i d M olyneux, d e le g a te s o f th e K okstad

P o l i t i c a l A s s o c ia t io n , "com posed p r i n c i p a l l y o f p e rso n s from N a ta l ,

a n d i n c lo s e c o n n e c tio n w i th t h a t C o lony". The M in is te r s f u r th e r

d e c la r e d t h a t m essages w ere c o n t in u a l ly b e in g fo rw ard ed to Pondo

la n d from N a ta l o f f e r i n g m o ra l s u p p o r t . "An a l l th e expense and

b u r th e n o f m a in ta in in g p e a c e w i th Pondo land h ad f a l l e n on th e Cape

. . . t h e M in is t e r s th o u g h t t h e d e c is io n o f H er M a je s ty 1 a Government

announced by th e S e c r e ta r y o f S ta te to th e G overnor o f N a ta l

j u s t i f i e d / F u r th e r , th e Cape s t a t e d " th e i n t e r e s t s o f N a ta l i n

*C,.5410, N o .7 . H av elo ck - S i r H. H o llan d 1 7 - 1 2 . B?. R eq u est by L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c il an d D urban Chamber o f Commerce.

+C«5410, N o .8 . H o lla n d - H avelock 3 1 .1 .8 8 .mamCape Government.

- 103 -

P o n d o la n ti from a com m ercial p o in t o f v iew were more im ag in ary th a n

r e a l , c o n s i s t i n g o f a few K a f f i r T ra d in g S ta t io n s i n th e co u n try

s u p p o r te d by N a ta l H o u ses" . P o r t S t . J o h n 's was a lr e a d y a p a r t

o f t h e Gape Colony whkhhad r e c e n t l y a t ' i t s ' own expense con

s t r u c t e d ro a d s from t h a t p o r t th ro u g h W estern P ondo land and th ro u g h

E a s te r n P o n d o la n d to K o k stad . The M in is te r s co n c lu d ed w i th a

d e f i n i t e r e p u d ia t io n o f th e a s p i r a t io n s o f N a ta l b o th as r e g a rd s

E a s t G r iq u a la n d and P o n do land , a s th e s e d i s t r i c t s w ere one p h y s i

c a l l y an d fo rm e d th e n a t u r a l h e a d o f th e T ra n sk e ia n T e r r i t o r y w ith

t h e C o lo n ia l S e a p o r t o f S t . J o h n 's ; " th e g e o g r a p h ic a l p o s i t i o n

an d e x i s t i n g p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s re n d e r i t a p p a re n t t h a t th e an

n e x a t io n o f P o n d o la n d to N a ta l w ould i n e v i t a b ly l e a d to s e r io u s

c o m p lic a tio n s b etw een th e Government o f N a ta l and th e C ape".

Thus th e Cape Governm ent had n o t th e s l i g h t e s t i n t e n t io n o f s u r

r e n d e r in g E a s t G r iq u a la n d to N a ta l ,"h o w e v e r much th e p eo p le o f

t h a t Coio.jy may d e s i r e i t - n o r w i l l th e y s u r r e n d e r p o r t S t .

J o h n 's " .

T ra d e r i v a l r y b etw een th e two c o lo n ie s was becoming

a c u te . F a c i l i t i e s p r e v io u s ly a c c o rd e d h ad been r e s c in d e d and

Cape M erch an ts w ere g iv e n p re f e r e n c e in E a s t G r iq u a la n d and Pondo

l a n d ,* S in c e th e d is c o v e r y o f g o ld i n t h e T ra n sv a a l m '-h o f

th e fo rm e r i n t e r e s t i n th e K im berley Diamond F ie ld s had been d i

v e r te d t n e r e and " th e m a ritim e c o lo n ie s began to scheme f o r the

l i o n - s h a r e o f th e T ra n s v a a l t r a d e and f o r th e im m ediate e x te n s io n

o f t h e i r r a i lw a y s to w ard s th e Rand" N a ta l h ad th e advan tage

o f t h e Gape i n h e r " fa v o u ra b le g e o g ra p h ic a l p o s i t io n " w ith re g a rd

t o b o th t h e F re e s t a t e and, th e T r a n s v a a l / By ia a v th e Gape and

* 0 .5 2 o f '8 6 , p p .3 2 -3 6 . M inute o f M in is te r s to H.C. 1 4 . 3 . 8 8 .Of. P.M .A . N o .61 , 4 .3 .8 8 .

+ P .P . d .P . N o .35 . M em oria ls o f M.H. O 'D o n n e ll and Go. 7 . I .8 8 and1 4 .4 .8 8 .

^ v an d e r P o o l, p . 2 3 '

^ I b i d , p . 4 3 .

t h e F re e S ta t e made a c o n v e n tio n by w hich th e l a t t e r was a t l a s t

t o b e n e f i t fro m th e custom d u t i e s . "N a ta l p r o t e s t e d v a in ly

a g a in s t t h i s a rran g e m en t w h ich w ould c r ip p l e h e r own F ree S ta te

t r a d e w i th a p r o t e c t iv e d u ty d e l i b e r a t e l y im posed t o d e f e a t e v e ry

c o m p e ti t iv e lo w e r in g o f h e r own charge a . "* The o n ly c o n c e ss io n

sh e c o u ld g a in was a p ro m ise from th e F ree S ta te t h a t no d u ty

w ould be c h a rg e d on goods p a s s in g th ro u g h t h a t c o u n try to th e

T r a n s v a a l , w hose e v e r-g ro w in g m ark e ts w ere s t i l l open to w h a te v er

in d u c e m e n ts th e r i v a l p o r t s m ig h t o f f e r . She now pushed on h e r

r a i lw a y w i th a s much e x p e d i t io n as p o s s ib le to w ard s th e T r a n s v a a l ,

a im in g to booome th e " fe e d e r o f th e B and". F o r t h i s r e a s o n , d e s

p i t e th e l o s s o f F re e S ta t e m a rk e ts , she p r e f e r r e d to re m a in " f re eso

o f t h e tram m els o f a custom s ag reem en tAt h a t she m igh t e n t i c e

t h e T ra n s v a a l w i th a low t a r i f f - h av in g a l r e a d y th e g r e a t advan

ta g e o f a p o r t 182 m ile s n e a r e r th e Rand th a n any Cape p o r t . +

The Cape to o was p u sh in g ah e ad w ith h e r r a i lw a y c o n s t r u c t io n .

M eanw hile , w i th t h e commencement o f h o s t i l i t i e s betw een

Siijjoau a n a h i s "w icked U n c le" Um hlangaza, N a t a l 's b o rd e r was v io

l a t e d t im e and a g a in ; r e fu g e e s and c a t t l e in v a d e d A lf r e d C ounty

w i th t h e i n e v i t a b l e r e p e r c u s s io n s on N a ta l n a t iv e s l i v in g i n .

t \« : v i c in i t y * R a ta l f o r h e r own s e c u r i t y was fo r c e d to sen d

P o l i c e to th e f r o n t i e r , and , n e e d le s s t o o ay , h e r a n x ie ty to in

c o r p o r a te Fondol& nd became more u rg e n t th a n e v e r .

The Ucpe a t l a s t re sp o n d ed t o th e s t im u lu s o f h av in g

h e r own borders-, o f G riq u a la n d E a s t t h r e a te n e d and p o p u la tio n s

d i s tu r b e d by a t t a c k s and d e s c e n ts o f re fu g e e s and c a t t l e , / More

o v e r ahe p ro b a b ly f e l t th e t im e was i n s ig h t when d e f in i t e a c t io n

* I b l d , p . 42 .

"*vsn d e r P o e l , p p .4 2 -4

^ T h e a l , p .218.

- 105 -

s h o u ld be t a k e n . U nder th e s e c irc u m s ta n c e s C o lo n e l C.D. G r i f f i t h s

was com m issioned by th e H igh Com m issioner to r e p o r t on th e a c tu a l

s t a t e o f t h e c o u n try , an d i n v i t e d to make s u g g e s t io n s .* C o lone l

G r i f f i t h s ' c o n c lu s io n was t h a t , "w hether th e Pondo n a t io n a sk e d

t o be ta k e n o v s r o r n o t a s B r i t i s h s u b je c t s , i t i s q u i te o le a r

so m eth in g m ust be done b e fo re lo n g . I t a p p e a rs i n e v i t a b l e t h a t

t h e c o u n try m ust be ta k e n o v e r and law and o rd e r m a in ta in e d " .

T h a t was o b v io u s , b u t by whom? T hat q u e s t io n i n t e r e s t e d N a ta l ,

who i n s p i t e o f r e c e iv in g l i t t l e sym pathy i n h e r a m b itio n s , h ad

b u t new ly a c q u i r e d Z u lu la n d an d was c o n se q u e n tly f e e l i n g more

im p o r ta n t . The C ape, a s h a s been se e n , h a a l i t t l e doubt a s to

t h e u l t im a te d e s t i n y o f P o n d o la n d . The Pondos th em se lv es w ere

g iv e n l i t t l e c o n s id e r a t i o n . C o lone l G r i f f i t h s had s u g g e s te d i n

a m e e tin g w i th S ig c a u t h a t u n le s s m a t te r s im proved th e Pondos

w ou ld a sk t o be ta k e n o v e r by th e Im p e r ia l Government o r th e

Cape w ould ta k e them o v e r by f o r c e . The fo rm e r a l t e r n a t i v e was

r a t h e r a g r e e a b le to t h e P ondos, who d re a d e d a n n e x a tio n to th e

G ape. The R ev. H a rg re av eu ad v o c a te d im p e r ia l r u l e a s th e

" te m p o ra ry s a l v a t i o n o f th e P o n d o s" .+

G overnm en t."

"*H a ra reav e ssf D ia r y , 2 4 .2 .9 1 i 2 6 . f i .9'**

CHAfm VI.

AInNBIATION BY CAPE I8 9 1 - f94 .

The imperxBl Government had no in te n t io n o f talcing the

Fondas under t h e i r a u th o r i ty end w ith in s. sh o rt time of Colonel

G r i f f i t h s ' r e p o r t th e Cape M in is te rs and the S ecre ta ry of S ta te

otime to on understanding whereby i t was d e f in i te ly decided w ith in

a y e a r o r two the Cape should undertake the annexation o f Pondn-

lan d . ' T r ib a l s t r i f e continued in te rm itte n tly , and save fo r an

occasio n a l "rem onstrance" o r demand fo r eettlem ent o f stock

th e f t s by the unrocognised B r i t i s h R esiden t, Mr. S c o tt, Cape

A u th o r it ie s took l i t t l e heed. The High Commissioner him self had

v i s i t e d Fondoland in October 189) M d to ld Sigcau he must rec e iv e the R esiden t and f in d him a p lace ; if t o Chief failed to comply

the R esiden t would s e le c t one fo r himself."'" But no s teps were

^H argreaves' D iary, Jj.10.91*

. +Col. Sec. 01 f . Tour o f His Excellency the H.C. - In te rv iew s w ith Sigcau a t palm erton 3.10.91 and 6 .10 .91 . H argreaves1 Diary op . o i t .

- 107 -

t a k e n when S ig c a u s h o r t l y a f t e r r e f u s e d p o in t b la n k to a llo w

S c o t t t o e n t e r h i s c o u n try . I t a lm o st a p p e a re d from th e con

s c io u s n e s s of Cape o f f i c i a l s '1* o f th e coming an a rch y and d i s

i n t e g r a t i o n o f th e Pondo n a t io n t h a t th e p o l ic y from 1878 had

b e e n fram ed w i th t h a t en d i n v iew . I t was o b v io u s , o f c o u rs e ,

t h a t a sm a ll i s l a n d o f backw ard p eo p le p r a c t i s in g b a rb a r io u s cu s

to m s^ o f f e r i n g an aaylum to re n eg ad e n a t i v e s from t r i b e s beyond

an d c r im in a l w h i te g , su rro u n d e d a s i t was by Cape end N a ta l t e r

r i t o r y an d th e o n ly in d e p e n d e n t n a t iv e c o u n try , c o u ld n o t b e

a l lo w e d to re m a in u n c o n t r o l l e d .^ P ondo land was bound I - come

i n t o l^ n e th ro u g h R ho d es1 a l l - e m b r a c in g e x te n s io n p o l i c y . More

o v e r i t was c o v e te d by N a ta l , w h ich i n i t s e l f was enough t o induce

th e Gapo to d e te rm in e on a n n e x a tio n . But a f f a i r s p r e s s in g f o r

s e t t l e m e n t an d c o n s o l id a t io n w ere v e ry much more u rg e n t th a n in

P o n d o la n d w here th e w a rr in g c h i e f s c o u ld be l e f t to q u a r r e l among

th e m s e lv e s . They w ere n o t d i s tu r b in g o r i n f r in g in g Cape b o rd e rs

t o any a la rm in g e x t e n t a s a lm o s t a l l th e f i g h t i n g w h ich to o k

p la c e b etw een S lg o a u and Um hlangaza fro m th e end o f 1891 -occur

r e d on th e S o u th e rn boundary o f N a ta l , whose B order M a g is t r a te s i

w ere c o n s t a n t ly b a d g e re d w i th r e fu g e e s f l e e i n g a c r o s s th e l i n e ,

d r iv in g t h e i r c a t t le ,e m d o n t h e i r r e tu r n t o P o n d o lan d l i f t i n g th o s e

o f N a t a l ^ T o i S t a T f o i l th e expense o f s t r e n g th e n in g h e r p o l i c e i

f o r c e on th e b o rd e r ; t o h e r to o f e l l th e a n x ie ty o f th e c o n s ta n t !

c o n f l i c t d i s tu r b in g h e r own t r i b e s . N ot o n ly was she l e f t th e

^ H a rg re a v e s 1 D ia ry , 1 8 .5 .9 2 -

+Cf . N .A .D . N o .5 2 . Memo. on p ro b a b le s u c c e s s o r to Pondo C h ie f - C. B row nlee 6 . 3 .8 0 .

•o v e r f i r e ESy b r o th e r , in d e x p . 390 . - On A n n e x a tio n o f pondo land 2 0 .3 .9 4 .

- 108 -

b u rd e n o f d e fen ce b u t she was a sk e d by th e Cape f o r a c t iv e co

o p e r a t io n i n th e e f f o r t s bo t r a c k • o a t t l e t h i e v e s and re c o v e r

o p e r a t io n an d h e lp th e Cape h ad no id e a o f d iv id in g th e S p o il

w i th h e r s i s t e r c o lo n y f o r a t t h a t tirae n e g o t i a t i o n s w ere a fo o t

b e tw e e n Downing S t r e e t and th e Cape w h ich r e s u l t e d i n th e ag reem en t

t h a t th e l a t t e r s h o u ld annex P ondo land . I t was n o t so muoh a t

t h e i n s ta n c e o f th e Cape a s a t th e s u g g e s t io n o f th e Im p e r ia l

G overnm ent. F o re s e e in g p o s s ib le c o m p lic a tio n s and a n x io u s to

a v o id , a t a l l c o s t s , ex p e n s iv p m i l i t a r y o p e r a t io n s , th e S e c r e ta r y

o f S ta t e h a s te n e d to d e f in e r e a p o n s i b i l i t l s s more c l e a r l y . Thus

i n a t e l e g r a p h i c r e p ly to a d e s p a tc h by S i r Henry Loch r e l a t i n g

to S ig c a u 1s a t t i t u d e to th e R e s id e n t , Mr. S c o t t ,+ th e S e c r e ta r y

o f S ta t e u rg e d th e H ig h Com m issioner to be c a r e f u l t o c a r r y h i s

M in is t e r s a lo n g w i th him i n " a l l m easu res r e l a t i n g to Pondoland ,

so tob to i n s u r e , i f p o s s i b le , t h e i r w i l l in g n e s s to ta k e upon

th e m s e lv e s m easu res w h ich th e c irc u m s ta n c e s m igh t n e c e s s i t a t e ,

H er M a je s ty 's Governm ent b e in g e x tre m e ly a n x io u s n o t to s h a re in

t h e . . , The H igh Com m issioner gave d e f i n i t e a s su ra n c e t h a t

he was a c t in g i n c o n c e r t w i th h i s C ab inet M in is te r s who c l e a r l y

u n d e r s to o d t h a t i f a c t iv e i n t e r f e r e n c e became n e c e s s a ry b o th

m i l i t a r y a n d f i n a n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w ould be on them , p ro v id e d

P o n d o lan d w ould th e n be annexed to th e Cape C o l o n y T h i s a s

s e r t i o n was I n t e r d i s c la im e d by th e Cape M in is te r s who d e n ie d

exnreBSini.-: t h i s d e s i r e , b u t d e o lb re d i t a an th e su g g e s tio n o f

* C o l. s e e . O f f ic e N a tiv e s - Pondo 1S06-'93* Go v r * (N a ta l )H .C . t e l e . 7 .1 2 .9 1 .

+C o l. S e c . O f f ic e - N a tiv e s Pondoland 1B 86-'93 H.C. - S ec . o f S ta te q .1 2 .9 1 .

s to c k - t o w h ich N a ta l r e a d i l y a g re e d ;* w h ile a s k in g f o r c o -

7 I n h i s d e s p a tc hth e High Cotnmi uoiontir and s e c re ta ry o f tftute

r

- 109 -

to l lo w ln g h i s te le g r a m ( 3 1 . 1 2 . 9 1 ) S i r H. Looh made th e s u g g e s t io n ,

a la rm in g t o Im p e r ia l A u t h o r i t i e s , anx io u s as th e y w ere t o in c u r

no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y - t h a t "H er M a je s ty 's Government w i l l d o u b t le s s

r e a l i o e t h a t P o n d o la n d b e in g u n d e r Im p e r ia l p r o t e c t io n , th e y w i l l

i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y be open to a t t a c k i f th e a t r o c i t i e s w h ich a re

o f f r e q u e n t o c c u rre n c e . . . . a re a llo w e d f o r any le n g th e n e d p e r io d

to c o n t in u e u n h e e d e d " . L o rd K n u ts fo rd made h a s te to m odify

su c h d i r e c t n e s s an d d e c la r e d , " th e words B r i t i s h P r o te c t io n are

i n t h i s r e l a t i o n more s u i ta b l e th a n Im p e r ia l P r o t e c t io n - th e

Cape Governm ent h a v in g a lw ays l e d th e Im p e r ia l Government to

u n d e r s ta n d t h a t i t i s w i l l i n g to assume th e r e s p o n s ib i l i t y f o r th e

c o n d u c t o f B r i t i s h r e l a t i o n s w ith b o th s e c tio n s o f th e Pondo

p e o p le , so t h a t H er M a je s ty 's Government have n e v e r sough t to

i n i t i a t e o r e n f o rc e any p o l i c y o f t h e i r own i n r e l a t i o n to Pondo

a f f a i r s . Hud. t h i s n o t been th e ca se H er M a je s ty 's Government

w ou ld h av e & iven a oiuuh more m in u te ex a m in a tio n th a n i n f a c t

th e y h av e g.'.ven t o m e a su re s , su c h f o r exam ple as t h a t o f fo r c in g

S ig c a u to r e c e iv e Mr. Goott an d to p e rm it him t o b u i ld a p e r

manent. r e s id e n c e i n Pondo c o u n try . On th e c o n t r a r y Her M a je s ty ’ s

a d v i s e r s h a d alw ays a v o id e d any i n t e r f e r e n c e i n o rd e r t h a t th e

w is h e s a n d I n t e r e s t s o f th e Cape Colony i n r e l a t i o n to Pondoland

m ig h t be a l lo w e d th e f u l l e s t sco p e , i t b e in g a lw ays u n d e rs to o d

t h a t th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in v o lv e d i n th e d i r e c t i o n o f Pondo a f f a i r s

. . . w a s th e c o n c e rn o f th e Cape Government a lo n e ” .* The

u nderu ttiJv linR betw een th e Cape and Im p e r ia l A u th o r i t i e s waa con

c lu d e d by memoranda, by th e H igh C om m issioner and th e M in is te r s .

The fo rm e r e x p r e s s e d th e d e s i r e on h i s own b e h a l f end on t h a t

o f th e Cape Governm ent t h a t e v e ry p e a c e fu l en deavour and p e r s o n a l

" o c l . 3 . 0 . O f f l " N * t . . H -o- - 8 " °-

" c o l . S »o . O f f i w * & , . M * » . — - " - " . c . 4 . : . * .

i n f lu e n c e sh o u ld be e x e r te d to p u t an end to c a t t l e s t e a l i n g and

d i s tu r b a n c e s on th e f r o n t i e r . . . and t h a t th e s e r e s u l t s sh o u ld

be a t t a i n e d th ro u g h th e in d e p e n d e n t a c t io n o f S ig c a u a n d N q w ilis o .

B ut i n th e e v e n t o f p e a c e fu l e f f o r t s f a i l i n g to p u t a s to p to

th e s t a t e o f an a rch y an d m is r u le w h ich p r e v a i l e d th ro u g h o u t Pondo-

la n d j t h e H igh Com m issioner u n d e rs to o d th e cape C o lo n ia l Govern

m ent r e c o g n is e d t h e i r o b l ig a t io n to a c c e p t a l l " m il i t a r y , f in a n

c i a l a n d o th e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n c o n n e c tio n w ith th e a p p l i c a t io n

o f c o e rc iv e m ea su res w hich may become n e c e s s a r y f o r th e e s t a b

l ish m e n t o f law and o rd e r an d f o r th e a n n e x a tio n o f E a s t and West

F o n d o la n d to th e Cape C o lony".'" T hese i n t e n t i o n s th e M in is te r s

c o n f irm e d an d t h a t "when th e Cape Government i n c o n s u l ta t io n w ith

t h e H igh C om m issioner s h a l l have deemed th e tim e to have a r r iv e d

f o r a c t in g w ith a v iew to te r m in a t in g th e s t a t e o f anarchy

th e y w i l l be p re p a re d to a c c e p t a l l . . . r e s p o n s i b i l i t y " . 4.

The H igh Com m issioner h a d s u g g e s te d once o r tw ic e co

o p e r a t io n w i th N a ta l X b u t i t seemed on h i s own r e s p o n s ib i l i t y

e n t i r e l y an d n o t w i th th e a d v ic e o r s a n c t io n o f M s M in is te r s ,

f o r th e y d e p r e c a te d any d i v i s i o n o f a u t h o r i t y / The S e c r e ta r y

o f s t a t e , how ever, n o te d "w ith s a t i s f a c t i o n " t h a t h i s a d v is e r s

w ere h o p e f u l t h a t i t m igh t be p o s s ib le t o a v o id any a c t iv e i n t e r

fe re - ic e an d " I w ould o b se rv e t h e i r e x p r e s s e d d e s i r e f o r th e co

o p e r a t io n o f th e N a ta l Governm ent a f f o r d s an a d d i t i o n a l r e a s o n , i f

^ C o l. S e c . O f f ic e N a to . ro n d o . Memorandum by B .C . 1 .2 .9 2 .

"h k il. S e c . O f f ic e M inute P rim e M in is t e r ’s O f f ic e 2 3 . 2 .9 2 - s ig n e dC .J . R hodes.

o f N a ta l f o r s h a r in g m i l i t a r y t e r r i t o r y .

su c h w ere r e q u ir e d , f o r p ro c e e d in g w i th c a u t io n and fo r b e a r a n c e .

F o r i t w ou ld be d i f f i c u l t t o come to an u n d e rs ta n d in g w ith N a ta l

u n t i l t h a t co lo n y r e c e iv e s r e s p o n s ib le Government an d aa th e re

may be some d e la y i n th e s e t t l e m e n t o f t h i s q u e s t io n i t may be

w e l l t o p o s tp o n e f o r a tim e any d e c is iv e a c t io n w ith r e g a rd to

F o n d o la n d .*

The H igh Com m issioner and M in is te r s e x p re s s e d t h e i r

r e a d in e s s bo u n d e r ta k e th e a n n e x a tio n o f Pondo land* when th e y

sh o u ld deuisi t h e tim e r i p e f o r a c t io n ; th e S e c r e ta r y o f s t a t e

l e a v in g c o - o p e r a t io n w i th N a ta l an open q u e s t io n . M eanwhile th e

Cepe r r e m io r h a d to o o n u o lid u te h i s p o s i t i o n in th e N o rth and th e

more c i i u lu t e ^ r a t i o n u n i d i v i s i o n hud p ro g r e s s e d i n P ondoland th e

e u u ie r w ould tn c u l t i iu u te u p p i-o p riu tio n o f t e r r i t o r y become.

KuLtU. uud tie tin I t i i t in uomplute iynorunoe 01 Uie co n rl-

d e n tla l uooiunieationi) between Cape find Im peria l A u th o r itie s , and

the f i n d ag re e m e n t. S he, h e rs e l f , wao occupied w ith changing

h e r c o n s t i tu t io n “nd h e r u ta tu s . Towards the end of 1B93i how

e v e r, uhe had bueoniy a hfli'.ponjible Government. ColonyX equal in

i/u u ltlu u i i n o t in s e n io r ity atiu u u tn o rity to the Cape, and a

s i t u a t io n whereby etie mii,ht a s s e r t h e r power proved ready to hand.

There a t h e r doors wm: tro u b le d Pondoland^ where Sigoau gave

n o tic e o f aâ in n ttao k in n th e reb e l UmhLnnnazc. and app lied fo r

N a ta l1 o heli) in clor.inv; the d r i f t a at-;aiimt Uinhlangaza and Mo

VC o l. G ee. OJ f ie ® . J o e . o f S ta t e - H.C. 6 .1 .9 2 . a f ^L T th e ^ a ^ i ,A > n "of th eI lii 'h Commir.tiloncr to th e G e e re ta ry o f o t a t e .

+c:ol. lo o . O f f io e . Wee. o f C itato to H.U. 2 4 .3 .9 2 .J^ tiy b e rs , p . 204.

m m m m #r e ^ r r d t o N a ta l" .

a l l y P a te k e le and r e ta i n in g any re fu g e e s who sh o u ld c r o s s . '

I n v iew o f t h e p o s s ib le au g m e n ta tio n o f d i s tu r b a n c e s and bec au se

o f th e " p r e s e n t c o n fu s io n " o f th e t e r r i t o r y a b u t t i n g on th e

S o u th e rn b o rd e r o f N a ta l "where th e S ta te was m ost d e tr im e n ta l

t o th e iu tu re B tt i o f th e uo lony . . . N a ta l b e in g u se d au a b ase o f

o p e r a t i o n s f o r i n t e r n e c i n e s t r i f e and th e N a tiv e s i n A lf r e d

C o u n try b e in g k e p t i n a c o n s ta n t s t a t e o f fe rm en t and a la rm ",

t h e M in is t e r s d e s i r e d to s u g g e s t t o th e Cape Government th e send

in g o f two oom m isclonerc to r e p r e s e n t t h e i r j o i n t i n t e r e s t s end

t o v i s i t Umhlnnguiiu and S ig e u u . The o b l ig a t io n to w a tch th e

B o rd e r , e n t a i l e d by th o s e d is tu r b a n c e s , had a l r e a d y c o a t N a ta l

n o t 1 * 8 0 th a n # 5 , 0 0 0 , " in a d d i t i o n to im posing g r e e t inoonven-

i u iu u on th e Governm ent by d i v e r t i n g P o lic e f o r c e s f r o - t h e i r

p ro p e r d u t i u u 'V To t h i s and to th e f u r t h e r su g g e s tio n t h a t

w l u h v l U a i- ti io il , UoiMuuditiit o f n a t a l toe d a te d p o l i c e , whom tiigoau

ijuu ael-.eu t o v i s i t h im X sh o u ld be a llo w e d to go - th e High

JammUuAonor r e tu r n e d th e same m o w e r ,th a t in h i e o p in io n any

" m c o ti iv be tw een any b u t th e H igh G oinm ifioioner's a c c r e d i te d re p

r e s e n t a t i v e , whom G ifo a u r e p u d ia te d ," was u n d e s i r a b le and t h a t

th o u g h ho wau lu i tu aw are o f th e g r a v i ty o f t h e m a t te r n o t o n ly

fo r l 'u t iw b « t i w th e uaf-e N a tiv o u uu w e l l , i t m ust aw ait th e Prime

m in is t e r 'i s r e tu r n from M tu;honal«nd.^

But th e N a ta l M in is te r s wore n o t u i lo n e e a by such op

p o r tu n is m . They ro p o n to d ly enum erated th e s u f f e r in g s o f N a ta l

^ N a ta l Gorronpondetioo A f f a i r s in Pondo land d e p t . 1893 - A iir l l 94N o .2 . G ovr. - H.U. 1j . 10 .93-

^ N a ta l o o r r e s r . Wept, ’93 - A p .* ^ * N o .6 . P.M. - Govr. N a ta l . 9 'H '9 3 .

^ N a ta l C o rre n p . - N o .14. C o l. Seo. to Govr. N a t. l6 .1 1 .9 3 -

- 113 - V'-id u r in g hue l a u t thz-ee jrea i'b . e s ta b l is h e d , on th e ' ! :

b o r d e r s , u s e d th e co lo n y a s a baue o f o p e r a t io n s and when p re s s e d , . !

p e o p le an d c a t t l e w ere s e n t i n t o N a ta l f o r r e f u g e . F a c i l i t i e s : >

f o r o ro e o ln g th e f r o n t i e r w ere no many t h a t i t was Im p o ss ib le f o r ; '

a sm all body o f E uropean P o lic e to g u a rd th e l i n e . Though b o th ’

U igoau atm Umlilanuaaa h a d in v o k ed th e I n t e r v e n t io n o f N a ta l ,*

und tn o u ^ ii W utal h a d good ru a u o n to b e l ie v e t h a t uhe m iyh t have

in t e r p o s e d w ith ôod r e u u l t t i , th e Hi^h Gommiuaioner h ad fo rb id d e n ■ 1

i t . 7 A t le iu ’t h , t h e j in q u i r e d o a u u t lc a l ly who wac re s p o n s ib le

f o r th e s t a t e o f a h l 'u i r a in P o n d o lm d e e e in g th e o n ly ch an n el r e o -

os-;niccd hy tn e H igh G onm lociontir umi th e Cupe Government wao S ig -

unu, who by thcj fo iw er 'u own uUMir.oion, oon iila ten tly repud ia ted ,

the Hij;h Uui:jiii^Li.ioniyr1 n I'K preeetitative.^ To th ia the High Com- {“m iasio n cr m l t o d iD dl^nt/ntly hts, au Hiyh aoiiimiusion&r, was r e s - | ■

r o n i ; i b 'c nn-i they were m jutoko. l o th in k th a t 31(jOuu wat> repud- , ■

iu tin ,'; h it; a u th o r i ty .^ |

fiiu Uuvumwr v i J u tu i , S ir ffuitui- Htily-iiutuhiutiott, then '

ut/cuiiu awui-u of uOi„u uueru t u[Ji‘ui,...lout betwoen the Cape unu the _

Ittijo rla l AutLui-itlci; - " i do not c le a r ly uiKlerutfinu tiie p o s itio n ! :

end ci-tor.t of ro n p o n u ib iiity o f the Cape Government in Fondolond.

I wrui under the tmj.ronr.ion th a t I'ondolmii) wati ^ to g e th e r under f ' j

the High Conmiuuionor but I leather from a oorauxmloation from S ir j

Kem-y Luuli thut, thu re cx iu tu uon.u oorrfupondenoe betweun the IIAgli • ;!

Domm;Li.ii)iiJiiur anti tin: uouretui-y o f u ta tu w ith reg a rd to Pondoland j ;

defliUw tbo poidtloA end roor*L:lbliltie» of tbe Copo QownmMt,

i t‘'n a ta l Oorrsar. Ho.SB. Ministoru to 6ovr. na ta l JO.12.93. j.j

■'ibid und No.43. K.M. Air™Cl to Col. Seo. 10*1*94 - N0.65* D art- ; jj]n e l l t o C o l. tieo . 1 7 .1 .9 4 . , Hj

^ M in iu tu i-e to Govr- 2 0 -1 2 .9 3 . op . o i t . . ;;|

4 a t a l O o rre sp . N o .4 7 . Oovr. N a ta l - H.C. 1 1 .1 .9 4 .

^ N a tu l C o rre a p . Ko.5&- H .C. - G ovr. N a ta l 1 3 -1 '9 4 . ; | j

I n P o n d o lan d w h ich was n e v e r eom niunicated to th e Governor o f

'N a ta l . 1'* I h e n iw rm is s io n was a p p l ie d f o r to show th e Governor

o f N a ta l th y oo rreupon tience o f 1891-92 but veen th e Cape an d th e

tiocreL axv o r . j t u ty , L o rd Itip o u , t r i u d to u rô a co n fe re n ce

bebwut.ii Cupu uud w u tu l iv iin iu ltr ;, to (Lluuutiti, anu pu iiiaps uome to

tiumu d o u it iio u , w i th i-eûi'd to tliu d i v i s io n o f P ondo land ."1

L o rd K n u ts fo r d , th e f o m s r G e o re ta ry o f S ta t e had made th e same

avK-f-'OMtion, iu r e o o rn if i in n t,hu Cope * b c la im to P ondoland . He

ht.il dtvlt',v 7’femUiif- N B ta l 'e change o f Government The Cape

L in lu tu i ’i, n ad , nov/uvefj d e f in i t e l y im p lie d t h e i r a v e rs io n to suuh

an iu u u .^ Thu UuurtitL,r» o f J t n t e ru iu titsd to i n t e r f e r e ,

i t t o th e (jujiif to t u t nc thuy t a o a jh t u c u t . He y to u d by

h i j-ri-n'ooo: :) U unio ion and w ould n o t in te rv e n e betw een two

rer.pon.ilh-!*' , oveTnm oiLcn]oidoe even to th e e x te n t o f e n f o rc in g a

o o n fo ro -u ;e . i ro b m :,y Im fc r ln l U o o re tc r ie e h ad l e a r n t by e x p e r-

U'.c o^Vlvvr a tt-u sh tid t o In fG i-iu l in t e r v e n t io n i n C o lo n ia l

luui t.tji*i . Thu.;, u 1 ■it Oil uvfan-tid, looK iiv; to th e p a s t a c t io n

o r :!f;r r- '. ii '. 't .v ’ n Govc-i-i-v-ht, und to Die r e ^ p o n u ib i l i t i e s to w hich

th « ivi'i ivKjii.1t.tud i t u u l f . . . i t w ould b« o u t o f th e q u e s t io n

ioti* hiiii " tv 'Ki.iniuiiui.i.x; buy « lain , oh th u p u r t o f N a ta l to have

ttii; t . v . i v , a r i L d . i u n t inOuiiMuu" . . . a l th o u ^ u l i k e i i is p re d e -

quLiw r ti(J WU-Îa Uj , :id 11 Uiu >Juj:v would on-oi- eouoesu lo iis to

i te tu l / Ini hud u re o to U W ith [ I c u u u rc to e i » 8 6 l b l U t y o f a con-

i'cT'Griuo i'DtiWcen th e two 6ovc)?t»r.Gnt» w h ich , how ever, S ir W a lte r

‘‘l . i i . G ovr, - ij. o f a t u t c , 6 .1 ,9 4 .

4’U u l. Uuu. OiL-iuu, wuo. o f U tn tc t o Govr. Not t i l 1 6 . 2 . 9 4 .

^ U o l. Utiv. O lT io o . Uev. o f U ta to to II.U . 6 . 1 . 9 a .

^ l e c a b o v e .

^ C o l . 5 o o . O f f i c e . G ee. o f S ta t e to G ovr. l6 .2 .9 ^ -

- 1 1 5 -

H e ly -H u to liin so n was a t g r e a t p a in s to e x p la in , was m ere ly an i n

v i t a t i o n from th e H igh C om m issioner to h im se lf f o r a p e rso n a l

m e e tin g .

The S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e s u p p o rte d Cape u la im s , p ro b a b ly

f e e l i n g r.o th e o ld e r and more e x p e r ie n c e d C olony, n o t o n ly w ould

she have th e g r e a t e r r i g h t b u t a ls o she w ould have th e b e t t e r r e

s o u r c e s . In a r e p ly to th e c la im s o f th e N a ta l M in is te r s on th e

s u b j e c t ,^ ne w arned them u ^ u lu u t l i s t e n in g to th e le a d in g Ponuocl>roljaMy

and. c h o i r E uropean a u v isv ro wno.siiowscL uhe more am icab le s id e ofit was ilouliWni,

t h e i r c h a r u u te r t o N a ta l . . . anci^whethe v, i f annexed ,tiioy would

r r o v e o d o c i l e and v a lu a b le a d d i t io n to i t s a lr e a d y overw helm ing

N o tiv e p o p u la t io n . The t r a d e ad v a n tag es w ould be em a il. More

o v e r t h e h a rd u h i] a o f w niuti th o Government now com plained th ro 14^1

duo a t y. ucuidtvd o r i t s M ounted P o lic e b e in g looked up guai'dii.% th e

Pondo Lioi'uur, so f u r from b e in g rem oved would be perp- t u a te d . He

e n t i r e l y ovv.rJochuU th e l u e t that N a ta l would wia.li<it> y nave

" ro e h e d " up tw ic e as many p o lice c o u ld oho have g a in e d h e r p o in t ,

and he on a llo w e d to nm.-ux ponda'! and f o r w h ich she h ed been angling;

f o r f o r t y yon-:-,. F u r th e r a s th e N ocibes m id ro n d o s hud b ee n a t

e m .i ty ,.0 Long, i t uocmod v ery u n l ik e ly to th e S o crc ta x y o f S ta te

t h a t e e to ru ijo u o f M et" ! Hul 0 o v e r th e in d ep e n d en t ro n d o s would

n x tJ n f u j t ih wavU uo f o o l lw , . " l sh o u ld th in k i t w ould be rooog-

n l r u u u n d e s i r a b le t h a t a f r o n t i e r betw een two E uropean com

m u n i tie s unuuiu uu o v e r 11 1 f e a t e x te n t i d e n t i c a l w i th u l i n e

d iv id in g h o s t i l e n a t iv e f a c t i o u s " . . . ea c h European oouwulty

b e in g l ia b le to be drawn lu te o sp cu s in h th e s id e o f i t s own N at

iv e s - w h ich was q u i t e an a p t p o in t in c o n s id e r a t io n o l th e p a r

t i a l i t y (Ufipi avod b.v th e Cape for Xoeiben and N a ta l f o r th e Pondos. l i i o o n o lu s io n Lord V.ipon in q u i r e d w h e th e r N a ta l i n see k in g E a s te rn

* L .u . G ovr. w u tu l to d e c . o f S ta t e 1 0 .1 .^ 4 .

+N » t(a C o rre sp . N o .28 . M in is te r s to G avr. 20 .12 .93*

- 116 -

F o n d o la n d was n o t p;oing o u t o f h e r way to s a d d le h e r s e l f w ith a

u o o t ly r e s p o n s ib i l i t y w h ich a n o th e r co lo n y was p e r f e c t ly w i l l in g

to u n d e r ta k e . Thus he su g g e s te d in th e n e g o t ia t io n s w hich th e

Capo d e s i r e d to open w ith N a ta l , th e l a t t e r Colony sh o u ld seek

aa trl.R i'a o tio n by some demands o th e r and l e a s e x te n s iv e th a n a c la im

to g o v e rn p o n d o lan d .

P a r from th e Capo Oovvrnmont' a d e s i r i n g to c o n s u lt o r

a io u u s ti l-'Qiidoiuuu w i th Vue J u t a i Governm ent, th e oufy m en tion of

u m ee tin g to u i s u u tu I'ondo m a t te r s was made by th e High Comm issioner

to th e Ckivcrnor o f N a ta l , " s t r i e u l y c o n f id e n t i a l l y 11 and in v i t i n g

hhp to v i s i t Cane Town. f.i v P o l t o r H ely-H utohin iion was ask e d n o t

t o eo im in h n -.te th e matter to h in m in is te r : : , th e n th e i n v i t a t i o n

auu e x te u d c d to th e p rim e KM-iistux1 and to uue o th e r to accompany

w*w (iu v u ju v i'. Loi.tiiwullu th e Ouvoiiwr beu:m.o aw are o f th e e x i s -

Ltiisee o r o o n r iu t ih t ia l coriesponU untiu . To th e f u r th e r j .ro p o sa l

iy th e Hi, h i.n -i «»< r . , :n-: I - ' h i . ‘ MitiisterSjti.' f th e Gover

n o r find in s 1 rh i.e f j u l s l u : - and one o th e r sh o u ld v i s i t Gape Town,

;;.ir j , ,h u H ohinsou , th e I r o m lo r , Im ilc ti te u t h a t ho d id n o t f u e l

(i u s t i f i e t i In J u n v in r v.-te.i f i ' " ' ' , .’"-id though g l a d o f a c o n fe re n ce

th e tie .I 'h n b h l'ili N a ta l L i.il s t e r s sh o u ld be ex p e p ted to

w a it on th o Oano. U'ir W a lte r hud uoked S i r Henry Loch t o r n

foiwfi.1 h iv iV 't l- . 'h in ill.-u s iiit; tho s i t i e ju l p o in t a to be d is c u s s e d

and iu u w .iv u tu note s tn tu d th e f u t i l i t y o f m in te rv ie w u n le s s

t h e wiUicii o f Uiu ju tu J im ia veuru to be met to uomo e x te n t . The

i i li lx OoiiJii.i su io u v i1, h o w c w r, ru tu ru u a to h i e fo rm e r su ^g y u tlo n

t h a t tn u Govt-rtmr s h o u ld uomo a lo n e end l u t e v d e c id e ab o u t u eon-

i 'o ro n o c . Upon j-oooii-t by th e G overnor o f N e tn l o f th e S e c r e ta r y 1

o i' a t n t o 'u code b o lo u m n 1 6 th Ja n u a ry , th e rr lm e M in is te r oomnuni-

o u tu d o f r l u i f . l l y t o h i s n n l u t e r s th e ou|,’,g e o tio n t h a t one o r two

sh o u ld v i s i t ta p e Town and d lu c u a s th e Pondc q u e s t io n , aa His

L o ra s h ip n o n tiid e ro d ouch a d ioouoB ion i n th e b e a t i n t e r e a t s o f

*C o l. 3 eo . O f f ic e . S ec . o f S ta t e to G ovr. N a ta l . 1 9 * ^ 9 4 .

- 117 -

N a ta l . Tati Iw ln is te i-s u ^ re e d to uouep t th e I n v i t a t i o n from th e

Gape Governm ent p ro v id e d th e d a te f i x e d a llo w e d o f th e co m p letio n

o f " c e r t a i n p en d in g b u - in e a e o f g r e a t im p o r ta n c e ." In com pliance

w i th t h i s th e G overnor a g a in a d d re s s e d th e H igh Com m issioner a sk

in g him to fo r m u la te on i n v i t a t i o n ond in fo rm in g him th e p re s s in g

b u s in e s s was R ailw ay n e g o t i a t i o n s . M eanw hile, t h e Governor had

r e c e iv e d u c y p h e r te le g r a m f o r h i e own " p r iv a te and c o n f id e n t ia l "

in f o r m a tio n from th e H igh Comm iesloner t e l l i n g him in M arch 1892

H er M a je s ty 's Government h ud a g re e d to P o n d o la n d 's be in g annexed

to th e Unpu C o lony .

A U aituxi.^d i.i.sruutiu l were tiie r e lu t io n s between the two M inis-

uy riue . S i r J o in t R ohm r.on M a.a so euopiuiou. o f -v.r.

I .ho de s ' aiuchit;.< tivi;o U iuttie a c tu a l ly fo a ro d th e l a t t e r w ished to

i n t e r p o s e d i f l ' l o u n ic c ; In th e way o f th e C h arlesto w n e x te n s io n

s e t t l e m e n t by puuhlnr: on a c o n fe re n c e , b e l ie v in g him to be th e

u n see n $ va-ce b o th buh inu th e Hli h C oim .icsicnet and th e S e c r e ta r y

Oi v t u t u . 'iiiu . U t t e r , S i r Jo n n t.ui.[OCtud o f u d v o eu tih g a oon-

Itiru iiuu on th e a a v ic e o i tn u High C '.'iw ititlcu u r, wno must a s u

urf-tto r o f p o l i t i c a l n e o o s n lty f o t in th e i n t c r e o t c o r th e Cape

r u t h u r th a n th o s e o f N a ta l , when th e 5a t e r e s t s o f two c o lo n ie s

-.-ere a t variance. "T h is alw ays htiu b m i h i s I J e n and I have

t r i e d i n v e in t o d lw ib u cc him o f i t " , e x p la in e d S i r W alte r H ely-

U u ty h in a o n . *The C h arle s to w n ox t.onuion ncp ;o tliitlo n ii p ro c eed in g w ith

th o S o u th A l 'r in tu r e p u b l i c wcro th e pegs on w hich N a ta l hung h e r

h e r n s o f f u t u r e o u m p etlti.o n mid p e rh ap s com m ercial s u p e r io r i ty

o v e r th e unpu . Thau th o k l n i s t o u w ere w il l in g , n o t to buy e% -er,

to c o n f e r w i th th e .-Uapo as uooa us huirJo i ,i a t io u s w ere oonoludod.

WL .B . G ovr. t o S e c . o f S ta t e 1 6 .1 .9 4 -

A.n. Cmtia. .1- ecorot a,*. Mwn "-'-9* -

- 118 -

W ith tiuoh an ag reem en t t o b r a n d is h b e f o re t h e i r r i v a l s th e N a ta l

Goverrm.ont I'e lt t h u t i f members o r th e two Governm ents c o u ld be

b ro u g h t t o g e th e r to d is c u s s q u e a t io n s o f common i n t e r e s t , some

u n d e r s ta n d in g r e s p e c t in g R ailvm y r a te a and custom s u n io n m ight

r e s u l t an d i t woe th o u g h t t h e Gape w ould be m ost a n x io u s to m eet

ay f a r ee p o (ju ib le th e w ish e s o f N a ta l on th o b o rd e r q u e s t io n .

The G overnor h im r.u lf p ro p o se d a llo w in g N a ta l t o ta k e p o s s e s s io n

o f th e S a u te rn p o r t i o n o f Eucb P ondoland o c c u p ie d by th e d i s -

a f f e o to d tr ib o o , in w h ich ouoe th e a n n e x a tio n w ould be e f f e c t e d

w ith o u t b lo o d sh e d f o r S iju a u , th i 'e h te n u d from b o th s id e s ,c o u ld

n o t ru i 'u su te n u ij . K u to i c o u ld n o t w e ll be e x p e c te d to in c u r

ritiiv , exi'uuuu a a d t r o u b le uuivm i i t , wei-o to otioure tin e x te n s io n

u r b ou i'du ty titoi-tiby. d ir W a ite r t r i e d lu i-i-epure S ir John

itouiiu-'oii I'ov thy . lu u v itd u lti d ie e lo tiu re by ^ u g g e s tin s t h a t th e

3npo mif.;ht in v e v lu ln iv v/hioh Nuta:i w ould f i n d d i f f i c u l t y i n con

t e s t i n g , find i r N f it r l w rn te d on c.x ten aio n o f boundary on th e

S o u th oho mur.t isivo q u id p ro uuo i n th e vhupe of Customs u n io n

o r rtd j.v -;/,7 rc .W u. a i r Jo lm Loblntson wua q u i t e fa v o u ra b le as

w o n vnu Uii riu .A nw n hu ilw vy n e ^ o t iu t io n t i w ere conc luded .

h'QintfiliUu ii0- 0.!0 )-:d,3.0n wltu Uutol to urfect the annexation of

ron:iol?'ud without hlootldidd t$ri-yured neoeiiraiy to the Natal

Oovtimor mt y in lo to m . Tlio l e t t e r hod offered th e ir a id in

return fo r reverflfcai o f u portion o f the country t o Natal <

Vihoviltf uL'tcr ,tho nuwfi o f tho 1891-92 ner:otiationw wau confided

to tiiu fc'Jnic.tim, whu J'olt i t kuetUv, and though a t lU w illin g to

tilscuiir, the m'-t.t.iu- w ith tho Ucpu they would not have i t mixed with

(inytlUiii;; o lu e , havl«i' ruoontly nonuludiid the Uhnpleotown exten-

iilon n.i'1-uryumwntu with tho ‘rrwiuvuul Mid vetiLLno in a purtlou-

lu r ly u tm iu iM lt io n . tieoltid Ponuoluuu ariwluUly u lii1 rrom

tholr kTMP UW to t w * old plua lor nowW oD of

Govr. to Qeo. o f iitu te 9 -2 .9 4 ,

+ Ib id .

- 119 -

G r iq u a la n d E a s t . In f a o t th e G overnor thought, th e Government

o f N a ta l w ou ld p ro b a b ly p r e f e r i t a s Pondo land i n i t s p re s e n t

s t a t e w ou ld be e x p e n s iv e and n o t a l t o g e th e r d e s i r a b l e . At th e

sazne t im e th e Im ta l M in is te r s were n o t su re t h a t th e Cape w anted

P o n d o la n d , b u t t r u e to t h e i r u s u a l d o g -in -th e -m a n g e r a t t i t u d e

th e y w ou ld n o t a l lo w R a ta l to s ta k e a c la im in t h e i r t e r r i t o r y .

They even su g g e s te d th e Cape in te n d e d le a v in g Pondoland in d ep e n

d e n t a s "an open s o re i n th e s id e o f N a ta l ’1 u n t i l N a ta l sh o u ld

be w i l l i n g to c o n c u r w i th th e Cape w ith r e g a r d to Customs and

R a ilw ay r u t e s .

I t was t h e M in is t e r s ' p r id e and s e l f - e s te e m w hich

s u f f e r e d m ost by th e d i s c l o s u r e . The f e a r o f t h e i r c o lo n is t s

a n d c o n s t i t u e n t s , f o r thuy w ere now an sw era b le to P a r l ia m e n t,

y av e some a n x ie ty . Tney a g re e d r e a d i ly w ith tn e view o f th e

S e c r e ta r y o f S ta t e t h a t P ondo land by i t s e l f was a damnosa

h o e r e d i t a s , b u t th e y d id n o t w ish to l a y th e m se lv e s open to an

a c c u s a t io n o f h a v in g su d d en ly abandoned th e p o s i t i o n th e y o r ig i

n a l l y ar-sumed an d th e y w ere v e r y an x io u s bo o b ta in ' a r e c t i

f i c a t i o n o f th e boundary o f G r iq u a la n d E a y t.

■mixioui; t o c l e a r th e m se lv e s o f th e c h a rg e s o f su p in e n e ss

a n d i n a c t io n w tdoh w ere b e in g h u r le d a t them by p a r lia m e n t th e

K i n i a t e r s w icked to laoke p u b l ic th e s e c r e t agreem ent betw een th e

Car-s and Im p e r ia l G overnm ents. "We a r e b e in g m isju d g e d , m is

i n t e r p r e t e d nnd a sp e ra e d b e c a u se o f o u r a i le n c e , s a id S i r John

R o b in so n , "The Cape Government i s g a in in g 'K udos' by i t s a c t io n ,

w h i le we u ro b e in g c h a rg e d w i th a p a th y , i n d i f f e r e n c e and a b so lu te

i n a c t i v i t y " . +N e v e r th e le s s th e N a ta l M in is te r s to o k upon them selves

t h e r o l e o f m a r ty r s an d d e c id e d to s u f f e r i n s i le n c e th e double

r e f u s a l o f t h t u i ' h e lp and t h e i r ag g ra n d ise m e n t. They d e c id e d to

^L .B . G ovr. to S ec . o f S ta t e 1 / .2 - 9 4 .

*L .B . G ovr. N a ta l - S ec . o f S ta t e l6 .3 -9 4 -

ac c e d e t o t h e H igh C o m m iss io n er 's r e q u e s t to p o stp o n e th e p u b l ic a

t i o n o f c o rre s p o n d e n c e . In d o in g so , th e y c la im e d c r e d i t f o r

t h e i r s e l f - d e n i a l , and p o in te d o u t t h a t th e y h ad i n s f f e o t been

a s k e d t o c o -o p e ra te i n th e m a t t e r o f th e s e t t l e m e n t o f P ondoland .

When th e p a p e rs , c a r e f u l ly s e l e c t e d w ith p a s sa g e s c u r ta i le d ,w e r e

p u b l i s h e d . S i r W a lte r H e ly -H utoh inuon th o u g h t th e y w ould e f f e c t u a l ly

" c l e a r t h e M in is te r s from any v a l i d a c c u s a t io n s o f su p in e n e ss o r

i n d i f f e r e n c e to c la im s and i n t e r e s t s o f N a ta l " . The M in is te r s

p ro c e e d e d t o w r i t e a s e r i e s o f M in u te s , w i th th e v iew o f p u b l ic a

t i o n i n o r d e r t o j u s t i f y t h e i r a p p a re n t i n a c t i o n .+ W ith t h e pub

l i c a t i o n o f t h e P o n d o lan d R luebook (P o ndo land C orrespondence S e p t.

1893 - A p r il 1894} th e y a p p e a re d to have a c h ie v e d t h e i r p o l i t i c a l

o b j e c t , t h a t o f c r e a t in g th e im p re s s io n t h a t th e y h ad done ev e ry

th i n g i n t h e i r pow er t o o b ta in a re v e rs io n o f a p o r t io n o f th e

c o u n try f o r K e tu l f

As e v e r , T ru d e ra i t i io u d o la n d were n o t s i l e n t . The

'J b tL i G ovenm .ent h ad o een a .e ii.o r ia llo e d by Mr. hebhman, one o f th e

c h i e f i f n o t th e p r i n c i p a l t r a d e r i n P ondo land and a Member o f th e

w a tn l L e g i s l a t i v e A soem bly, f o r p e n n is s io n to r a i s e a p r iv a t e fo rc e

to p u t down d i s tu r b a n c e , 7 w h ich *ue o f c o u rse v e to e d by th e High

G om m iysioner.^

fnB c lu im f o r come inde.m iiity f o r ex p e n ses in c u r r e d w ith

r e g a r d to m in ta in in f o a d d i t i o n a l M ounted P o lic e on th e b o rd e r of

Pondo lc rn l and com nunsu tion and r e tu r n o f a l l s to c k t h e f t s o cc u r

r i n g s in c e 1890 w ere p o in t s i n fu r th e ra n c e o f N a ta l 's "p o lic y " of

v i n d i c a t i n g h e r s e l f b e f o re h e r c o l o n i s t s . 1

*L .B . G ovr. to 8 e o . o f S ta t e 1 6 . 3 . 9 4 .

+L .B . G ovr. to S e c . o f S ta t e 2 3 . 3 .9 4 and 2 7 .4 . 9 4 .

^ L .B . G ovr. t o S e c . o f S ta t e 1 . 5 .9 4 .

^Thomas H a rg re a v e s ' D ia ry 2 2 . 3 . 9 4 . N a ta l C o rre sp . N o.2 6 . Govr. to H .G. 2 6 .1 1 .9 3 .

^ I b i d N o .2 7 . G ovr. - C o l. 3 eo . 2 7 .1 1 .9 3 .

I N ate.l C o rre sp . N o .101. P.M. - G ovr. N a ta l 6 . 3 . 9^-

- 121 -

I n s p i t e o f th e N a ta l G overnm ent1 s s e l f - a s s u r a n c e t h a t

s o o n e r o r l a t e r th e Gape w ould be f o r c e d to c a l l upon them f o r

h e lp when th e fo rm e r w ould d i c t a t e te rm s , and d e s p i t e , to o , t h e

S e c r e ta r y o f S t a t e 's a n x ie ty f o r a co n fe re n c e betw een th e two

C e c i l R hodes, d rove th ro u g h Pondo land w i th a sm all e s c o r t , and

w ith o u t b lo o d sh e d o r s e r io u s r e s i s t a n c e e f f e c t e d th e subm ission

• th e n r i p e t o u n d e r ta k e th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . The N o r th was su b -

end H a ta l G overnors w i th r e g a r d to Pondo land an d th e l e t t e r ' s '

d e s i r e t o sh a re i n th e expense and p a r t i t i o n o f Pondoland,

R h o d es ' s ta te m e n t i n P a r l ia m e n t announc ing th e a n n e x a tio n of

P o n d o la n d f a l l s r a t h e r f l a t . N a ta l had n o t been c o n s u l te d he ;;

o a ld , b e e u w a t n s r e wt.s no tim e to l o s e . H o s t i l i t i e s c o n s ta n t ly ;

o c c u r r in g betw een th e C h ie is n e c e s s i t a t e d pronsi-t a o t lo c . M ore- .;

o v e r t h e p o s i t i o n t t k e n up by N a ta l was im p o ss ib le . They had ^

a c t u a l l y s u g g e s te d t h a t th e Cape sh o u ld h an d o v e r th e t e r r i t o r y

o f G r iq u a la n d E a s t / The N a ta l Government wan n o t s e r io u s ly i

d i s tu r b e d by th e a n n e x a tio n f o r th e y f e l t th e m se lv e s i n p o s s e s s io n ■;

o f reoouroeD n o t y e t g u aê d by th e C ape. Thus S i r John R ob in - ;j

son lo o k e d foi-w ard to a c o n fe re n c e w ith th e Cape on m a tte rs - ,j

"nuch a s th e S o u th e rn boundary o f N a ta l , R ailw ay m a tte rs and a

custom u n io n " - b u t th e M in is te r s wore o f th e o p in io n a l i t t l e

m i n i s t r i e s t o e f f e c t some arrangem ents,"*" th e Cape Prime M in is te r .

o f t h e C h ie fs and th e a n n e x a tio n o r P o n d o la n d .^ The tim e was

dued tind N a tiv e p o l ic y h a d to be s t a b i l i s e d /I n v iew o f th e volum inous co rresp o n d e n ce oetw een Cape

+L .B . G ovr. t o S e e . o f S t a t e , 2 3 .3 .9 4 *

^ M itc h e l l - lU iodes, V o l . I I , p p . 104-106. t i 1 3 in "

^C l'. G len Grey A ct ^ 1 .8 .9 4 . Newton V o l . I . P -129-

^ V in d ex , p . 392 •

,.1 0 4 -1 0 6 . L l l : l D - B h o d .8 , p .2 2 9 .

- 122 -

d e la y was a l l t o t h e i n t e r e s t s o f N a ta l a s when th e Cape f e l t

ra i lw a y c o m p e ti t io n , a s w ould be i n e v i t a b l e , w i th th e e x te n s io n

o f th e C h a rle s to w n l i n e and when th e h a rb o u r o f Durban was im

p ro v e d th e Cape w ou ld be w i l l in g to c o n se n t to term s more o r l e s s

fa v o u r a b le to N a ta l .

Thus i n t h e end d id P ondoland , th e l a s t sem i-in d ep e n d en t

N a tiv e S t a t e , become a b so rb e d by th e Cape. A lthough S igoau and

h i s p e o p le f e a r e d C o lo n ia l r u l e , c irc u m s ta n c e s to o p o w erfu l f o r

him to r e s i s t , f o r c e d a c c e p ta n c e o f th e te rm s , u n fa v o u rab le and

h a r s h th o u g h th e y m ig h t b e . U n c o n d it io n a lly and a t one s t ro k e ,

th e C h ie f re n o u n ced a y e a r ly income o f £ 2 ,20b r e c e iv e d from con

c e s s io n a ire s f o r th e p a l t r y s u b s t i t u t e o f £7 0 0 , b e in g th e su b s id y

p ro m ised by th e C a p e .* The Kcv."A'c ia r k su g g e s t R h o d e s , i n h i s

d e s i r e f o r l a n d r a t h e r th a n p e o p le , was ohagr 1 a t th e C h ie f 's

p e a c e fu l c e s s io n o f h i s c o u n try as t h a t a p o lU -± s p la n s and a

v e r y p r o v o c a t iv e m ethod o f a d m in i s t r a t i o n was th e r e s u l t .

"l .B . G ovr. t o Geo. o f S ta te

^Thomas H a rg re a v e s ' D ia ry l7 - 3 - 9 4 ‘

__ / GRMUALAND i ,

/ X*» X

Map o o m p t l e d f r o m W a l k e r ' s H f s t o r i o a l A t l a s ; map i n C6022 p.. 30 A NO S K E T C H M A P a y H « , ‘ R , F Y N N I N C A P E A R O H l V E a .

ROADS PO Ut ® AR IE Sl W .Part sir P. Wmbhouse proposed Ko k should give to Natal .Encloses area depiked in "Mabel Treaty" Line first ceded to Natal

N o te : .- U nable t o l o c a te Cwmerondale b etw een U m tafufu and Ltezimvubu R iv e r s ,

i

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