Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Pometia pinnata (tava)Sapindaceae (soapberry family)
dawa, tawa (Fiji); kava (French Polynesia); kava, tava (Samoa); igi, ako, dawa, tauna (Solomon Islands); nandao (Vanuatu); lychee sauvage, le pomet (pometier), bois de pieu (French); oceanic lychee, island lychee (English); taun (PNG); tava (Cook Islands, Niue, Tonga, âUvea and Futuna)
Lex A. J. Thomson and Randolph R. Thaman
In brIefDistributionâ HasâaâwideânaturalâdistributionâinâtheâAsia-Pacificâregion.Sizeâ Variesâgreatly,âfromâaâsmallâtoâveryâlargeâtree,â typicallyâ 12â20â mâ (39â66â ft)â tallâ withâ aâcanopyâdiameterâofâaboutâ10â20âmâ(33â66âft).Habitatâ Growsânaturallyâinâwarmâtoâhot,âhu-midâ subtropicalâ andâ tropicalâ zones,â elevationâ0â500â(â1700)âmâ(0â1640â[â5580]âft)âwithâan-nualârainfallâofâ1500â5000âmmâ(60â200âin).Vegetationâ Occursâ mainlyâ inâ evergreenâ orâshortlyâdeciduous,â lowland,â closedâ forestâ andâsecondaryâforest.Soilsâ Growsâonâaâwideârangeâofâsoilsâwithâbestâgrowthâonâslightlyâacidicâtoâneutralâ(pHâ5â8),âwellâdrained,âfertileâloamsâandâclays.Growthâ rateâ Growsâ rapidly,â typicallyâ 1â2â mâ(3.3â6.6âft)âperâyear.Main agroforestryâ usesâ Mulch,â improvedâfallows,âhomegardens.Mainâproductsâ Timber,âfruit.Yieldsâ Timber:â 5â10âm3/ha/yrâ (72â144â ft3/ac/yr).âFruit:â2â8âmt/ha/yrâ(0.9â3.6ât/ac/yr).Intercroppingâ Mixedâfoodâgardens.Invasive potentialâ Consideredâtoâhaveâaâlowâinvasiveâpotential.
Tava growing in a Tongan village.
phot
o:âC
.âElE
vitC
h
Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry www.traditionaltree.org
Aprilâ2006ver.â2.1
ïżœâ Pometia pinnataâ(tava)â
InTrODUCTIOnTavaâ(Pometia pinnata)âisâaâsmallâtoâveryâlargeâtreeâupâtoâ50âmâ(164âft)âinâheight.âItâisâfoundâoccurringânaturallyâfromâSriâ Lankaâ andâ theâ Andamanâ Islandsâ throughâ SoutheastâAsia,âwithâextensionsâintoâsouthernâChina,âVietnam,âMale-sia,âandâtheâSouthâPacificâasâfarâeastâasâSamoa,âTonga,âandâNiue.âItâisâpossiblyâanâaboriginalâintroductionâintoâsomeâofâtheâmoreâeasternâpartsâofâitsârangeâinâPolynesia,âandâprob-ablyâaâpost-European-contactâintroductionâintoâtheâCookâIslandsâandâFrenchâPolynesia.âItâoccursâ inâaâwideâvarietyâofâhabitatsâandâsoilsâandâvegetationâassociations.âInâPapuaâNewâGuineaâ(PNG)âandâsomeâpartsâofâtheâPacificâislandsâitâmayâbecomeâaâdominantâvegetationâcomponent,âbeingâtheâ mostâ abundantâ treeâ andâ sometimesâ withâ aâ canopyâemergentâoverâotherâforestâtreeâspecies.âInâFijiâandâTongaâitâisârarelyâfoundâinâundisturbedâprimaryâforestâandâisâcon-sideredâmainlyâaâplantedâorâcultivatedâspecies,âi.e.,âwhereânaturalizedâitâisâfoundâonlyâinâsecondaryâforests.âHowever,âinâSamoa,âwhereâtheâfruitsâareânotâ traditionallyâeatenâbyâhumans,âitâisâcommonâinâlateâsuccessionalâandâclosedârain-forestsâandâisâunlikelyâtoâhaveâbeenâintroduced.âInâ someâ lowlandâ partsâ ofâ PNGâ itâ isâ plantedâ toâ supplyâleavesâ thatâ areâ driedâ andâ usedâ asâ aâ nutrient-richâ mulchâforâyamâcultivation.âItâisâalsoâplantedâaroundâvillagesâandâplantedâorâprotectedâinâgardenâareasâinâotherâpartsâofâtheâSouthâ Pacific,â mainlyâ forâ theâ purposeâ ofâ providingâ fruit,âmedicine,âandâfirewood.âTavaâisâconsideredâoneâofâtheâmostâpromisingâ treesâ forâ replantingâ inâ Samoa,â bothâ forâ com-mercialâandâecologicalâreasons.âItâisâalsoârecommendedâforâprotectionâandâreplantingâinâMelanesiaâ(Fiji,âPapuaâNewâGuinea,â Solomonâ Islands,â andâ Vanuatu)â andâ Tongaâ be-causeâofâitsâwideâculturalâutilityâandâamenabilityâtoâpruningâandâpollarding.âFamiliesâ livingâinâmanyâPacificâislandâen-vironmentsâwouldâbenefitâfromâhavingâatâleastâoneâplantedâtreeâofâaâselectedâformâofâtavaâtoâprovideâfruitâandâotherâproducts.Selectionâandâbreedingâworkâmayâbeâneededâtoâidentifyâandâpropagateâtreesâcombiningâdesirableâtimberâcharacteristicsâ(goodâboleâ formâandâtimberâproperties)âandâfruitâquality,âinâorderâtoâencourageâdevelopmentâandâenhanceâtheâeco-nomicâviabilityâofâlarger-scaleâcommercialâplantings.
DISTrIbUTIOn
Native rangeTavaâhasâaâwideânaturalâdistributionâinâtheâAsia-Pacificâre-gionâmainlyâinâlowlandâsubtropicalâandâtropicalâareasâfromâaboutâ14°Nâtoâ20°S.âTheâspeciesâisânativeâto:Borneoâ Sarawak,âSabah,âBrunei,âandâKalimantan)â(formaâ
acuminata,âf.âglabra,âandâf.âalnifolia,âplusâtwoâotherâparamorphs)
EasternâIndonesiaâ Sumbawa,âTimor,âWetarâ(formaâcuspidata),âandâTanimbarâIslandsâ(f.âcuspidata and f.âpinnata)
Indiaâ AndamanâIslandsâ(probablyâf.âglabraâandâf.âtomentosa)
LaosPapuaâNewâGuineaâ(f.âpinnata,âf.âglabra, andâf.ârepanda)PeninsulaâMalaysia/Indonesiaâ SimalurâandâSumatraâ(f.â
glabra,âf.âalnifolia,âf.âmacrocarpa);âIndonesia,âJavaâ(f.âglabraâandâf.âtomentosa)
Philippines/Indonesiaâ SulawesiâandâMoluccas,âAruâIslands,âIrianâJaya
SouthâChinaâ YunnanâProvinceâ(probablyâf.âtomentosa)SouthâPacificâ SolomonâIslands,âVanuatu,âFiji,âTonga,â
WallisâandâFutuna,âSamoa,âandâNiueâ(f.âpinnata)SouthernâThailandâ(rare,âprobablyâf.âglabraâandâf.âalnifolia)SriâLankaâ(f.âtomentosa)TaiwanVietnamâ(f.âtomentosa)
Current distributionInâadditionâtoâitsânativeâhabitats,âtavaâisâpresentâasâaâmod-ernâ introductionâ intoâ Newâ Caledonia,â theâ Northâ Pa-cificâ(includingâYap,âFederatedâStatesâofâMicronesia,âandâHawaiâi)âandâeasternâPolynesia,â includingâFrenchâPolyne-siaâ(MarquesasâandâTuamotus)âandâtheâCookâIslands.
bOTAnICAL DeSCrIPTIOn
Preferred scientific name Pometia pinnata J.âR.âForst.â&âG.âForstâ
Family Sapindaceaeâ(soapberryâfamily)
Subfamily Nephelieaeâ(tribe)
Non-preferred scientific namesAporetica pinnataâDC.Dabanus acuminatus KuntzeDabanus pinnatusâKuntzeEccremanthus eximiusâThwaitesEuphoria pinnataâPoir.Irina alnifolia BlumeIrina diplocardiaâBlumeIrina glabraâBlumeIrina tomentosaâBlume
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ïżœ
Nephelium acuminatumâHook.âf.Nephelium diplocardiaâF.âv.âM.Nephelium eximiumâThw.Nephelium pinnatumâCambess.Pometia acuminataâHook.âf.Pometia alnifoliaâBlumePometia annamicaâGagn.Pometia coriaceaâRadlk.Pometia glabraâBlumePometia glabraâTesmanâ&âBinn.Pometia gracilisâKingPometia macrocarpaâKurz.Pometia tomentosaâBlume
Common names
Pan-Pacificoceanicâlychee,âislandâlycheeâ(English)lycheeâsauvage,âleâpometâ(pometier),âboisâdeâpieuâ
(French)
PapuaâNewâGuineaâ(PNG)taunâ(PNGâStandardâtradeâname,âPidgin),âoha-buâ(Vailala),âkoiawoâ(Buna),âdameâ(Evara),âoka-muâ (Motu),â basâ (Waria),â cuhinhâ (Yabim),â Tzeâ(Yalu)
IrianâJayakalasina,âkablauw,âiwaâ(Sentaniâlanguage)
SolomonâIslandstauna,âigi,âako,âdawaâ(Kwaraâaeâlanguage),ânyiaâtavaâ (Ayiwo),â tavaâ (Vaiakau),ânodaeâ (GraciosaâBay),â gemaâ (Roviana),â medeâ (Marovo),â pirakaâtabaâ (Varisi),â taoaâ (Nginia),â taoâ (Lengu),â awaâ(SantaâAna)
Vanuatunandao (Bislamaâlanguage),ânetowe,âtewen,âtien,âwuten (BanksâGroup), ndalawa,ânâdalaoa (Mae-wo),â jaria,â jariea,â ah,â jarie,â ha,â kao,â nsai,â nâseire,âjarie,ândao (Santo),âvujarie,âvujaria (Malo),ârao (Ambrym),ânendre,âdra,ânendo,ânendro (Maleku-la),â burklata (Epi),â dau (Erromango),â nandem (Tanna),âtava (Aniwa),âtava,âdava,ândava,ânetvaâ(Aneityum),âwithâmanyâfolkâvarietiesâalsoâgivenâlocalânamesâonâdifferentâislands
Fijidawa,âtawaâ(withâfolkâvarietiesâincludingâdawaâdawa,âdawaâmoli,âdawaâsere)
PolynesiaTongatavaâ(varietiesâincludeâtavaâkula,âtavaâmoli,âtavaâtoua)â
(Tonga)kava,âtava (Samoa)tavaâ(NiueâandâCookâIslands)kavaâ(FrenchâPolynesia)
SizeTavaâisâaâsmallâtoâ largeâtree,âtypicallyâ12â20âmâ(39â66âft)âinâheightâandâ10â20âmâ(33â66âft)âinâcanopyâdiameter.âTheâlargestâspecimensâreachâ50âmâ(165âft)âinâheightâandâ1.4âmâ(4.5âft)âinâdiameterâaboveâbuttresses.
FormVariable,âfromâstoutâtreesâwithâshortâtwistedâorâflutedâbolesâ
Large tree with huge buttresses, âUpolu, Samoa. photo:âC.âElEvitCh
ïżœâ Pometia pinnataâ(tava)â
toâslender,â ratherâ straightâ trees.âProminentâbuttressesâareâformedâonâolderâtreesâtoâaboutâ1.5â3â(â5)âmâ(5â10â[â16]âft).
FlowersTheâfloralâinflorescencesâareâhighlyâvariable.âTheyâincludeâclustersâofâterminal,âsub-terminal,âorârarelyâaxillaryâpanicles,âconspicuouslyâprojectingâbeyondâtheâfoliage,âfromâstiffâtoâhanging,â15â70âcmâ(6â28âin)âlongâmainâbranches,âsimpleâorâwithâsecondaryâbranching.âPanicleâbranchesâareâsometimesâsubtendedâbyâauricle-like,âdenselyâtoâsparselyâhairyâorâgla-brescentâleaflets.âTheâspeciesâisâmonoecious,âwithâunisexualâmaleâandâfemaleâflowersâonâtheâsameâtreeâandâwithinâtheâsameâpanicle.âFemaleâflowersâmayâappearâbisexual,âbutâtheâanthersâ areâ reducedâ andâ sterile.â Maleâ flowersâ openâ firstâandâ greatlyâ outnumberâ femaleâ flowers.â Theâ flowersâ areâactinomorphicâandâ5-parted,âcalyxâdishâshapedâtoâshallowlyâcup-shaped,â2â3âmmâ(ca.â0.1âin)âinâdiameterâwithâfiveâshortâlobesâandâwithoutâanyâscent.â Petalsâ areâ smallâ andâ regular,â whitishâ toâyellow-green,âhighlyâvariableâ inâ shape,â shorterâorâlongerâthanâcalyx.âDiskâisâannular,â1â1.5âmmâ(0.04â0.06âin)âwideâbyâ0.5âmmâ(0.02âin)âhigh.âFilamentsâ areâ whitish,â 3â6â mmâ (0.12â0.24â in),âinâtheâfemaleâflowersâsometimesâreducedâtoâ0.5âmmâ(0.02âin),âdenselyâtoâsparselyâhairyâtowardâtheâbase.âAnthersâareâredâorâyellow,â0.7â1âmmâ(0.03â0.04â in)â long,â minutelyâ hairy.â Ovaryâ inâfemaleâ flowersâ deeplyâ 2-lobedâ (rudimentaryâinâ maleâ flowers),â denselyâ brown-pubescent.âStyleâisâred,âundivided,â1â2âmmâ(0.04â0.08âin)âlong,âextendingâtoâ3â6âmmâ(0.12â0.24âin)âafterâanthesis.Theâ ageâ toâ firstâ floweringâ andâ fruitingâ isâ notâwellâ documentedâ andâ possiblyâ variesâ amongâformsâandâgenotypes.âFruitsâmatureâaboutâ3â4âmonthsâafterâflowering.Theâ floweringâ timesâ varyâ regionallyâ andâ mayâoccurâmoreâ thanâonceâperâ year.â InâFijiâ flower-ingâ occursâ inâ DecemberâMarch,â whileâ inâ Sa-moaâfloweringâhasâbeenârecordedâinâFebruaryâMarch,â JuneâJuly,â andâOctoberâNovember.â InâPNGâfloweringâhasâbeenârecordedâthroughoutâtheâyearâwithâpeakâfloweringâbetweenâJanuaryâandâApril.â
LeavesTheâleavesâareâparipinnate,âtheârachisâupâtoâ1âmâ(3.3âft)âlong,âorârarelyâlonger,âwithâ4â8â(â13)âsub-oppositeâpairsâofâsub-sessileâleaflets.âLeafletsâareâfirmlyâherbaceousâ toâ coriaceous,â asymmetricalâ
toâsymmetrical,âvariablyâshapedâ(oblong/lanceolate/ovate),âtheâfirstâpairâmostlyâsuborbicularâtoâelliptic,ââ€â3âcmâ(1.2âin)âlong,âandâoftenâclaspingâtheâbranchâlikeâstipules,âleafletâtipâsubacuminateâ toâ acuminateâ withâ aâ tipâ upâ toâ 1.5â cmâ (0.6âin).âTheâlargestâleafletsâaverageâ12â30âcmâ(5â12âin)âlongâbyâ4â10â cmâ (1.6â4â in)âwide.âTheâmidribâ isâflatâ aboveâwithâ aânarrowâ keelâ thatâ isâ triangularâ inâ section.â Leafletâ nerva-tionâ isâhighlyâdistinctive,â comprisingâ 11â25âpairsâofâparal-lelânervesâatâanâangleâofâaboutâ60°âwithâtheâmidrib,âwithâeveryâ secondâ nerveâ endingâ inâ aâ marginalâ tooth,â andâ theâin-betweenânervesâbendingâupwardsâwithoutâreachingâtheâmargin.âTheâ leafletâmarginâ isâ aboutâ 3âmmâ(0.12â in)âdeep,âdentateâorârepandâtoâsubentire.âLeafâsurfacesâareâgenerallyâglabrous;â however,â juvenileâ leaves,â includingâ suckers,â areâdenselyâcoveredâinâbrownishâhairs.âTheâjuvenileâleavesâareâ
Top: New leaf flush; Bottom: Fruits and leaves. photos:âl.âthomson
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ïżœ
large,âthin,âandâinitiallyâbrightlyâcoloredâ(pinkâtoâred).
FruitTheâ fruitsâ areâ highlyâ variable,â indehiscentâ (notâ splitting),âroundâtoâelliptical,âsometimesâpaired,âandâoftenâwithâoneâorâmoreâvestigialâovaryâlobesâatâtheâbase,â1.5â5âcmâ(0.6â2âin)âlongâbyâ1â4.5âcmâ(0.4â1.8âin)âdiameter,âtheâskinâorâpericarpâsmoothâandâvariouslyâcoloredâ(greenish-yellow,âyellow,âred,âpurple,âblackishâorâbrown)âwithâaâgelatinous,âsweet,âwhiteâtoâ slightlyâ pinkish,â translucentâ pulpâ (mesocarp)â partiallyâencasingâ aâ singleâ largeâ seed.â Ageâ toâ firstâ floweringâ andâfruitingâ isâ notâwellâ documentedâ andâpossiblyâ variesâ con-siderably.â Inâ Lae,â PNGâ aâ large-fruitingâ formâ boreâ fruitâonlyâ5âyearsâafterâplanting,âbutâusuallyâtheâfirstâfruitâcropsâonâwellâmanagedâtreesâappearâatâanâageâofâaboutâ8â10âyears.âInâtheâSouthâPacificâtheâfruitingâseasonâvariesâbyâlocalityâandâfromâyearâtoâyear,âe.g.,âtheâmainâseasonâinâtheâSantaâCruzâIslandsâofâSEâSolomonâIslandsâisâNovemberâJanuaryâ(mainâseason),âwhileâtheâmainâseasonâinâFijiâandâTongaâisâFebruaryâMarchâ(butâfruitingâmayâoccurâfromâJanuaryâtoâAprilâinâFiji).âInâSamoaâfruitingâhasâbeenârecordedâinâtheâmonthsâofâMarch,âAugust,âandâNovember.
SeedsTheâ seedsâ areâ large,â toâ 2.5â cmâ longâ byâ 1.5â cmâ acrossâ (1â xâ0.6âin),â flattenedâ andâ roundedâ onâ theâ ends,â andâ brown.âThereâareâ300â500âseeds/kgâ(140â230âseeds/lb).âFruitsâareâmainlyâdispersedâbyâ fruitâ batsâ (Pteropinae),â birds,â includ-ingâpigeonsâinâSamoa,âandâhumans.âWaterâdispersalâisâalsoâlikelyâinâriverineâpopulations.
Rooting habitTheâspeciesâappearsâ toâhaveâaâ strongâ lateralâ rootingâ sys-tem,âwithâlargeâlateralârootsâextendingâoutâfromâbuttressâflanges.
Similar speciesTheâmostâdetailedâandârecentâtaxonomicâreviewâofâPometia ( Jacobsâ1962)ârecognizesâonlyâtwoâspecies,âP. pinnataâForst.âandâP. ridleyiâKingâemend.âRadlk.âP. ridleyi existsâasâaâsmallâhomogenousâpopulationâinâSumatraâ(Indonesia)âandâMa-laysia,âwhereasâP. pinnataâisâaâhighlyâvariableâentityâwithâaâwideânaturalârangeâinâtheâAsia-Pacificâregion.
GeneTICS
Variability of speciesThereâisâconsiderableâvariationâinâallâplantâpartsâofâtava,âwithâtheâmostâtaxonomicallyâusefulâcharactersâbeingâtheâleavesâ
andâinflorescences.âFloralâpartsâmayâvaryâinâshape,âsize,âandâproportionsâonâotherwiseâidenticalâplants.âTavaâfruitsâshowâconsiderableâvariation,âbutâthereâareâinsufficientâspecimensâwithâmatureâfruitsâtoâproperlyâevaluateâitsâtaxonomicâutil-ity.âFurthermore,âtavaâfruitsâhaveâbeenâsubjectâtoâvaryingâlevelsâofâhumanâselectionâthatâcomplicatesâtheirâutilityâforâtaxonomicâpurposes.
Known varietiesThereâ hasâ beenâ considerableâ confusionâ concerningâ theâtaxonomyâ ofâ tavaâ dueâ toâ itsâ complexâ andâ seeminglyâ be-wilderingâ variationâ patternsâ thatâ cannotâ beâ satisfacto-rilyâ accountedâ forâ byâ conventionalâ taxonomicâ categoriesâ(Whitmoreâ1976).âTheâtaxonomicâapproachâadoptedâbyâJa-cobsâ(1962)ârecognizedâeightâdistinctâforms,âplusâaânumberâofâlessâdistinctââparamorphs,ââleavingâaâresidueâofâpolymor-phic,âunclassifiedâmaterial.âAccordingâtoâJacobs,âtavaâexistsâinâatâleastâthreeâdistinctiveâformsâinâNewâGuineaânamely,âf.âpinnata,âf.âglabra, andâf.ârepandaâ(possiblyârepresentingâdif-ferentâtaxa).âTheâtypeâformâpinnataâisâtheâmostâimportantâforâtimberâproduction,âalthoughâthisâformâhasâoftenâbeenâreferredâtoâinâPNGâasâP. tomentosa,âanâentityâthatâdoesânotâoccurâeastâofâJava,âIndonesiaâ(andâeastâofâWallaceâsâline).âInâthisâtreatmentâtheâfocusâwillâbeâonâformaâpinnata,âtheâonlyâformâpresentâinâtheâPacificâislands,âandâtheâoneâwithâmostâpotentialâforâproductionâofâbothâfruitâandâtimber.Onâtheâbasisâofâinflorescenceâandâleafâcharacters,âtheâeightâformsâthatâhaveâbeenârecognizedâbyâJacobsâ(1962)âare:forma.âacuminataâ(Hook.âf.)âJacobsf.âalnifoliaâ(Blume)âJacobsf.âcuspidataâ(Blume)âJacobsf.âglabra (Blume)âJacobsf.âmacrocarpaâ(Kurz)âJacobsf.âpinnataf.ârepanda Jacobsf.âtomentosaâ(Blume)âJacobsâNumerousâ traditionalâ varietiesâ withinâ f. pinnata areâ rec-ognizedâ locallyâ inâ theâSouthâPacificâmainlyâonâ theâbasisâofâ fruitâ characters,â especiallyâ size,â shape,â skinâ color,â andâtaste/sweetnessâofâfruits.
ASSOCIATeD PLAnT SPeCIeSTheâspeciesâoccursâmainlyâinâevergreenâorâoccasionallyâde-ciduousâ lowlandâ closedâ forestâ andâ secondaryâ forestâ asso-ciations.âInâmostâofâitsârangeâitâoccursâatârelativelyâlowâfre-quencyâinâmixedâforests,âbutâitâmayâalsoâoccurâasâaâprincipalâforestâcomponent;âe.g.,âinâPNGâandâSamoa.âInâNewâGuin-ea,âtavaâisâamongâtheâmostâcommonâandâimportantâhard-woodsâofâlowlandâandâlowerâmontaneâevergreenârainforest,â
ïżœâ Pometia pinnataâ(tava)â
especiallyâonâridgesâandâspurs.âInâmanyâpartsâofâMelanesiaâtavaâsâ rangeâandâfrequencyâhasâbeenâ increasedâbyâhumanâinfluenceâbothâthroughâplantingâaroundâvillagesâandâpro-tectionâofâplantsâduringâgardenâdevelopment.âInâpartsâofâSoutheastâAsia,â includingâMalaysiaâ andâ Javaâ (Indonesia),âitsâdistributionâisâmainlyâassociatedâwithâwatercoursesâandâswampâforest.âInâFijiâitâisâfoundâalmostâexclusivelyâinâsec-ondaryâforest,âinâshiftingâagriculturalâlands,âandâplantedâorâprotectedâaroundâvillages.âSimilarlyâinâTonga,âwhereâveryâlittleânativeâ forestâ remains,â itâ isâusuallyâ foundâplantedâorâprotectedâinâsemi-permanentâshiftingâagriculturalâlandsâorâplantedâinâvillages.
Associated species commonly foundAssociatedâ speciesâ inâ nativeâ habitatsâ inâ theâ Asia-Pacificâregionâ includeâ Aglaia gigantea, Alstonia spp.,â Artocarpus altilis,âCalophyllum spp.,âCeltisâspp.,âChisocheton lasiocarpus,âCinnamomum obtusifolium,â Cryptocaryaâ spp., Cynometraâspp., Dillenia indica,âDiospyrosâspp.,âDracontomelon daoâand D. vitiense, Duabanga sonneratioides, Elaeocarpusâspp.,âFicus spp.,âHomalium foetidum,âInocarpus fagifer, Intsia bijugaâand I. palembanica, Ixoraâ spp.,âKoordersiodendron,âMastixioden-dron,âMyristica subalata,âNeonaucleaâspp., Octomeles sumatra-na,âPalaquiumâspp.,âPimeleodendronâspp.,âPlanchonellaâspp.,âPodocarpus neriifolius,â Pterocarpus indicus,â Pterygotaâ spp.,âHaplolobusâspp.,âRadermacheraâspp., Saracaâspp.,âSchouteniaâspp.,âTerminaliaâspp.âincludingâT. richiiâandâT. myriocarpa,âTeysmanniodendronâspp.,âandâTristania sumatrana.
Species commonly associated as aboriginal intro-duction in Pacific islandsItâ isâgrownâ inâgardensâandâassociatedâwithâalmostâallâab-originalâintroductionsâinâtheâSouthâPacific.
enVIrOnMenTAL PreferenCeS AnD TOLerAnCeS
ClimateTavaâgrowsânaturallyâinâtheâwarmâtoâhot,âhumid,âsubtropi-calâandâtropicalâzones.
Elevationârange0â500â(â1700)âmâ(0â1640â[â5580]âft)
Meanâannualârainfallâ1500â5000âmmâ(60â200âin)
RainfallâpatternâGrowsâ inâ climatesâ withâ summer,â bimodal,â andâ uniformârainfallâpatterns.
Dryâseasonâdurationâ(consecutiveâmonthsâwithâ<ïżœ0âmmâ[1.ïżœâin]ârainfall)1â3âmonths
Meanâannualâtemperatureâ22â28°Câ(72â82°F)
Meanâmaximumâtemperatureâofâhottestâmonthâ25â32°Câ(77â90°F)
Meanâminimumâtemperatureâofâcoldestâmonth18â24°Câ(64â75°F)
Minimumâtemperatureâtolerated5â16°Câ(41â61°F)
Soils Tavaâhasâ aâwideâedaphicâ rangeâbutâ attainsâ itsâbestâdevel-opmentâonâwellâdrained,âfertileâloamsâandâclays.âInâPNGâtheâ commerciallyâ importantâ betterâ timberâ treeâ formsâ ofâf.âpinnataâ areâ foundâonâbetterâdrainedâ sites,âwhereasâ theâpoorerâformedâtreesâofâf.âglabraâmainlyâoccurâonâriverâflatsâandâinâlow-lyingâareas.
SoilâtextureItâgrowsâinâmediumâandâheavyâtextureâsoilsâ(loams,âsandyâclayâloams,âclayâloams,âsandyâclays,âandâclays).
SoilâdrainageâTheâtreeâgrowsâinâsoilsâwithâbothâfreeâandâimpededâdrain-age,âasâwellâasâinâseasonallyâwaterloggedâsoils.
SoilâacidityâTavaâgrowsâinâacidâtoâmildlyâalkalineâsoilsâ(pHâ4.0â8.0).
Tolerances
DroughtExaminationâofâ itsânaturalâdistributionâ suggestsâ thatâ theâtreeâisâsensitiveâtoâanâextendedâdryâseason,âi.e.,âlongerâthanâ3â4âmonths.
FullâsunMatureâtreesâgrowâbestâinâfullâsunlightâ(orâlightâshadeâupâtoâaboutâ25%),âasâdoâyoungerâspecimensâ(althoughâspecimensâdevelopingâinâopen,âsunnyâpositionsâareâlikelyâtoâhaveâshortâboles).
ShadeTheâtreeâtoleratesâ0â50%âshade.âYoungâseedlingsâandâsap-lingsâareâ tolerantâofâhighâ levelsâofâ shade.âPlantingâunderâexistingâ lightâ toâ mid-densityâ canopyâ (<50%â shade)â isâ aâ
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ïżœ
suitableâtechniqueâforâestablishingâplantingsâofâtava.â
FireTheâtreeâisâsusceptibleâtoâfire.â
FrostItâisâlikelyâtoâhaveâlittleâorânoâtoleranceâofâfrostâasâtheâentireânativeârangeâisâfrost-free.
WaterloggingCertainâpopulationsâoccurâinâswampy/riverineâhabitatsâandâappearâ toâ haveâ aâ moderatelyâ highâ toleranceâ ofâ waterlog-ging.
SaltâsprayItâhasâlittleâtoleranceâofâsaltwaterâsprayâorâtemporaryâsalt-waterâinundationâdueâtoâstormâsurgeâorâtsunamis.â
WindTheâspeciesâisâtolerantâofâstrong,âsteadyâwindsâandâwillâde-velopâaâmoreâstoutâformâunderâsuchâconditions.âItâisâmod-eratelyâresistantâtoâcyclonicâwinds,âwithâaboutâ10%âmortal-ityâfromâcyclonesâinâtheâSolomonâIslandsâinânaturalâforestâconditions.
Abilities
RegenerateârapidlyInâ ratherâ undisturbed,â closedâ forests,â seedlingsâ establishâandâpersistâwithâslowâgrowth.âTheâspeciesâ regeneratesâbyâdiscontinuousâ recruitment,â favoredâ byâ small-scaleâ distur-bance,âbutânotâ largeâgaps.âVineâcuttingâ isâeffectiveâ inâ lib-eratingâadvancedâgrowthâofâvine-smotheredâsaplings;âthisâhasâ resultedâ inâ rapidâ regrowthâ andâ developmentâ ofâ tava-richâforestsâinâtrialsâinâSamoa.
Self-pruneInâforestâsituationsâtheâspeciesâhasâaâmoderatelyâgoodâself-pruningâability,âasâ frequentlyâexhibitedâbyâtheâ long,âclearâboleâinâmatureâtrees.âInâopenâsituationsâyoungâtreesâtendâtoâdevelopâaâcoarse,âlowâbranchingâhabitâandâoftenâhaveâpoorâself-pruning.â
CoppiceYoungerâspecimensâmayâcoppice,âbutâcoppicingâofâmatureâtreesâisâunknown.
PollardTreesâ haveâ beenâ observedâ toâ regrowâ wellâ followingâpollardingâ(andâcycloneâbreakageâofâlargerâlimbs).âRegularâcuttingâ backâ orâ lightâ pruningâ duringâ fruitâ collectionâ ap-pearsâtoâstimulateâsubsequentâfruiting.
GrOWTH AnD DeVeLOPMenTEarlyâheightâgrowthâisâfast,âaboutâ2âmâ(6.6âft)âperâyearâonâsitesâ withâ goodâ soilâ fertilityâ andâ moistureâ levelsâ andâ in-termediateâ toâ highâ lightâ levels.â Afterâ theâ firstâ fewâ years,âgrowthâratesâareâtypicallyâ1â2âmâ(3.3â6.6âft)âinâheightâperâyear.âInâfieldâtrialsâinâtheâSolomonâIslandsâtheâannualâstemâdiameterâincrementâwasâinâtheârangeâofâ1.6â2.5âcmâ(0.6â1âin),âwithâgrowthâdecliningâwithâage.âTheâ fastestâgrowingâtreesâattainedâaâdiameterâaâbreastâheightâ(dbh)âofâ30âcmâ(12âin)âinâ13â16âyearsâbutâhadâpoorâformâandâshortâbolesâtoâonlyâ4â8âmâ(13â26âft).
Reaction to competitionTheâspeciesâcopesâwellâwithâcompetitionâfromâotherâtreesâandâ crops,â butâ growthâ willâ slowâ inâ moreâ heavilyâ shadedâconditions.
PrOPAGATIOnStandsâmayâbeâestablishedâeitherâbyâdirectâsowing,âseedlingâplantingâstock,âorâassistedânaturalâregenerationâ(byâremovalâofâsmotheringâvines).âVegetativeâpropagationâbyâstemâcut-tingsâ isâ possible,â andâ thisâ mayâ beâ aâ usefulâ techniqueâ forâmassâpropagationâofâselectedâmaterial.
Seedlings
SeedâcollectionFruitâcollectionâtimeâvariesâamongâlocations,âandâinâsomeâareasâthereâmayâbeâmoreâthanâoneâfruitingâseasonâperâyear.âInâPNGâandâtheâSolomonâIslandsâtheâmainâfruitingâseasonâisâNovemberâMarch.âInâFijiâandâTongaâtheâmainâfruitingâseasonâ isâFebruaryâMarch.âForâ thoseâcountriesâ inâwhichâtheâfruitsâareâconsumed,âaâgoodâguideâtoâcollectionâtimeâisâwhenâfruitsâbecomeâavailableâinâtheâmarket.âAâcost-effec-tiveâcollectionâmethodâ isâ toâpurchaseâgood-qualityâ fruitsâfromâ differentâ vendors;â thisâ techniqueâ isâ particularlyâ ap-propriateâ whenâ selectingâ germplasmâ forâ plantingâ tavaâforâfruitâproduction.âSeedâcanâalsoâbeâcollectedâfromâtheâcrown,â whichâ isâ theâ preferredâ option,â orâ followingâ natu-ralâshed.âTheâseedâisâsensitiveâtoâmoistureâreductionâandâisâreadilyâdamagedâbyâinsectsâorâfungi.âSeedâcollectedâfromâtheâ groundâ mustâ beâ harvestedâ withinâ aâ dayâ ofâ fruitâ fallâtoâensureâ thatâ immatureâ fruitâ isânotâ collected.âCollectedâfruitsâareâplacedâinâclothâbagsâinâaâcoolâlocationâ(outâofâtheâsun)âandâprocessedâasâsoonâasâpossible.
SeedâprocessingRemovalâofâtheâfleshâ(pericarpâandâarillode)âpromotesâseedâgermination.âThereâ areâ aboutâ 300â500â seeds/kgâ (136â227âseeds/lb).
ïżœâ Pometia pinnataâ(tava)â
SeedâstorageSeedsâareârecalcitrantâandâseedâmoistureâcontentâisâaboutâ35â55%.âUnderâsuitableâconditions,âincludingâgoodâairâven-tilationâaroundâfruitsâandâcoolâtemperaturesâ(e.g.,â10â15°Câ[50â59°F]),âtheâseedâcanâbeâstoredâforâupâtoâ6âweeksâwithâtheâskinâintact.
SeedâpretreatmentPreferablyâ theâ seedâ shouldâ beâ sownâ immediatelyâ afterâcleaning,âandânoâtreatmentsâareânecessary.
GrowingâareaFieldâ Givenâtheâlargeâseed,âveryârapidâgerminationâ(com-mencingâ withinâ 2â3â days),â rapidâ initialâ seedlingâ growth,âandâneedâtoâgrowâinâlargeâpots,âdirectâsowingâintoâtheâfi-nalâfieldâlocationâisâanâeffectiveâandâcost-efficientâpractice.â
Withâveryâfreshâseedâofâhighâviability,âonlyâtwoâseedsâneedâbeâ sownâ atâ eachâ plantingâ spot.â Direct-sowingâ locationsâshouldâ beâ indicatedâ andâ lightlyâ shadedâ byâ livingâ markerâstakesâofâGliricidiaâsepium,âHibiscus tiliaceus, Polyscias spp.,âorâsimilarâspecies.Shadeâhouseâ Ifâseedsâareâsownâinâaâgerminationâtray,âtrans-plantingâisâbestâdoneâasâsoonâasâpossibleâafterâtheâseedâhasâgerminated.
GerminationMostâofâtheâseedsâwillâgerminateâwithinâ7â10âdaysâofâsow-ing.âFreshâseedâhasâaâhighâinitialâviabilityâ(e.g.,â>90%)âbutârapidlyâlosesâviabilityâinâstorage.
MediaSeedlingsâ canâbeâgrownâ inâmostâ standardâpottingâmedia,â
Mature specimen showing straight trunk clear of branches to about 12 m (40 ft), âUpolu, Samoa. photos:âC.âElEvitCh
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ïżœ
especiallyâtheâmoreâfertile,âloamyâtypes.
TimeâtoâoutplantingInâtheâcaseâofânursery-raisedâseedlings,âtheâperiodâinâtheânurseryâmayâbeâveryâshort,âasâshortâasâ6âweeks.âPlantsâneedâtoâbeâgrownâinâlargeâpotsâifâtheyâareâtoâbeâheldâinâtheânurs-eryâforâmoreâthanâ2âmonths.
GuidelinesâforâoutplantingTheâapproximateâ sizeâatâoutplantingâshouldâbeâ25âcmâ(10âin)â inâ heightâ andâ approximatelyâ 4â6â mmâ (0.16â0.24â in)âinâ diameter.â Reasonableâ maintenance,â includingâ regularâweedingâonâanâas-neededâbasis,âensuresâhighâsurvivalâ(e.g.,â>90%)âandâgoodâearlyâheightâgrowth.
Vegetative propagationExperimentsâinâPNGâhaveâshownâthatâtheâspeciesâcanâbeâvegetativelyâpropagated.âInitialâtrialsâresultedâinâ50%âroot-ing,âbutâthisâwasâincreasedâupâtoâ100%âbyârefiningâtheâtech-niqueâusingâcuttingâmaterialâtakenâfromâolderâhedgeâplantsâ(20âmonths).âTheâmostâsuccessfulâresultsâwereâachievedâbyâusingâ shootâ cuttingâ materialâ 3â5â cmâ (1.2â2â in)â inâ length.âTheâleafâareaâwasâreducedâtoâaboutâoneâthirdâofâitsâoriginalâsize,âandâaârootingâhormoneâgelâ(0.3%âIBA)âwasâused.
DISADVAnTAGeSAâ generalâ drawbackâ isâ lackâ ofâ availabilityâ ofâ germplasmâthatâ combinesâ bothâ goodâ fruitâ characteristicsâ andâ goodâstemâformâforâtimberâproduction.âThisâreducesâtheâutilityâofâtheâspeciesâforâmultipurposeâplantings.âToâreachâtavaâsâpotentialâasâaâmultipurposeâ timber/fruitâ treeâwillâ requireâaâmoderatelyâintensive,âmedium-termâ(upâtoâ10âyears)âim-provementâprogram.
Potential for invasivenessTheâ speciesâ isâ consideredâ toâ haveâ aâ lowâ invasiveâ poten-tial,âatâ leastâtoâspreadârapidly.âInâforestsâremoteâfromâhu-manâhabitation,â theâmajorityâofâ theâ tavaâ fruits/seedsâ fallânearâtheâparentâtree.âItâisâlikelyâthatâdispersalâbyâbatsâandâbirdsâ willâ resultâ inâ someâ medium-distanceâ dispersal,â i.e.,âupâ toâ severalâhundredâmetersâ awayâ fromâ theâparentâ tree,âandâinfrequentlyâresultsâinâlong-distanceâdispersal.âInâtheâSouthâPacificâthereâisâaâgoodâcorrelationâbetweenâtheâdis-tributionâofâ fruitâbatsâ andâ tava.â Inâ areasâwhereâ itsâ fruitsâareâconsumedâbyâhumans,âitâisâlikelyâthatâtavaâseedsâwereâdistributedâwidelyâbyâhumans,âbothâinadvertentlyâandâde-liberately.
Diseases and pestsInâpartsâofâtheâSouthâPacific,â includingâVanuatuâandâFijiâ
butâ notâ Samoa,â saplingsâ andâ matureâ treesâ sufferâ consid-erableâdefoliation,âwithâalmostâallâleavesâhavingâaâheavilyâshot-holedâ appearance.â Growthâ ratesâ areâ reducedâ whereâleafâdamageâisâsevere,âorâoverâanâextendedâperiod.âWitchesââbrooms,âpresumedâtoâbeâofâviralâorigin,âareâreportedâtoâbeâcommon.âTheseâmayâdevelopâasâmalformationsâofâshoots,âleavesâ andâ inflorescencesâ andâ mayâ developâ intoâ aâ denseâmassâofâ almostâ 1âmâ (3.3â ft)âdiameterâbeforeâ fallingâ fromâtheâtree.âHowever,âwitchesâbroom,âwhileârecordedâforâNewâGuinea,âappearsâ toâbeâ infrequentâorâabsentâ inâtheâSouthâPacificâregion.âVariousâgallsâmayâdevelopâonâtheâleavesâorâflowers.âConopomorpha cramerellaâ(cocoaâpodâborerâmoth)âisâalsoâlistedâasâaâpest.
Host to crop pests/pathogensTavaâisâreportedâtoâbeâaâcommonâwildâhostâforâtheâbeetleâOxymagis horni,âtheâlarvaeâofâwhichâareâaâveryâseriousâpestâof Eucalyptus deglupta inâtheâSolomonâIslands.
AGrOfOreSTrY/enVIrOnMenTAL PrACTICeS
Mulch/organicâmatterInâpartsâofâPNG,âtheâdriedâleaves,âtheâresidueâofâcollectedâfruit-ladenâbranches,â areâ aâmajorâ sourceâofânutrient-richâmulchâinâyamâcultivation.â
SoilâstabilizationMatureâtreesâhaveâfairlyâextensiveâsurfaceâandânear-surfaceâlateralârootsâthatâaidâinâsoilâstabilization.
Cropâshade/overstoryTheâtreeâprovidesâaâmoderatelyâdenseâshadeâandâwouldânotâbeâwellâsuitedâforâinterplantingâwithâcropsâthatâhaveâaâhighâlightârequirement.
bIODIVerSITY reHAbILITATIOnTavaâmayâbeâusedâasâaââframeworkââspeciesâtoâcatalyzeâtheâreturnâofâbiodiversityâintoâdegradedâPacificâforestâecosystemsâbecause:âąâ inâmanyâcountriesâthereâisâanâabundanceâofâtavaâ
seedâforâdirect-seedingâprogramsâinâmanyâareasâthereâareâalreadyâlargeâtreesâthatâcanâbeâliberatedâthroughâvineâcutting
âąâ itâgrowsâmoderatelyârapidlyâąâ theâtreeâattractsâbatsâandâpigeonsâthatâcarryâandâ
disperseâseedsâofâotherâPacificâtreesâandâshrubs.
âą
10â Pometia pinnataâ(tava)â
HomegardensGoodâ fruitingâ typesâ areâ wellâ suitedâ forâ inclusionâ inâhomegardens.
ImprovedâfallowsInâpartsâofâPNGâtheâtreesâareâusedâasâaâplantedâfallow,âas-sistingâinâmoreârapidâreturnâofâsoilâfertility.â
BoundaryâmarkersTheâtreesâareâoccasionallyâplantedâorâretainedâalongâprop-ertyâboundaries,âservingâasâmarkers.
WindbreaksTavaâisâinfrequentlyâplantedâspecificallyâasâaâwindbreak,âbutâtheâtreesâhaveâaâmoderatelyâdenseâcanopyâandâcouldâbeâin-corporatedâasâtheâupperâstrataâofâaâmulti-tieredâwindbreak.
SilvopastureInâsomeâpartsâofâtheâPacific,âsuchâasâEastâSanto,âVanuatu,âoldâtreesâareâretainedâinâpastoralâsystemsâtoâprovideâshade,âfruit,âandâfuelwood.
AnimalâfodderItâhasânotâbeenârecordedâasâanâanimalâfodder.
WoodlotItâ isâsuitableâforâplantingâinâwoodlots,âbutâ longârotationsâandâoftenâvariableâboleâ formâwouldâdiscourageâplantingsâsolelyâforâwoodâproduction.
Nativeâanimal/birdâfoodItâ isâ anâ importantâ foodâ treeâ forâ animalsâ andâ birds.âTheâfruitsâ areâ consumedâ byâ fruitâ batsâ (Pteropinae)â andâ birds,âincludingâpigeons.
WildlifeâhabitatThisâ treeâ makesâ anâ excellentâ habitatâ forâ wildlife,â provid-ingâfoodâandâshelterâandânestingâsitesâ(inâtheâformâofâhol-lows).
CoastalâprotectionâItâisânotâespeciallyâusefulâforâcoastalâprotection,âasâtheâcan-opyâisâsensitiveâtoâsaltâspray.â
OrnamentalMatureâ treesâ haveâ aâ lotâ ofâ character,â withâ anâ attractiveâmottledâtoâsmoothâboleâandâredâflushâofânewâgrowth.âMostâformsâdevelopâintoâlargeâtreesâthatâshouldânotâbeâplantedâadjacentâtoâbuildings.â
USeS AnD PrODUCTSTavaâproducesâaâgoodâgeneral-purposeâtimberâandâisâwide-lyâutilizedâlocallyâthroughoutâitsârangeâforâaâvarietyâofâend-uses.âItâisâaâcommerciallyâimportantâexportâtimberâwidelyâusedâforâconstructionâhardwoodâinâPNG,âandâitâisâtheâmostâimportantânativeâtimberâspeciesâinâSamoa.âInâpartsâofâtheâSolomonâIslandsâtheâleavesâareâusedâforâchewingâwithâlime,âandâaâcanoeâputtyâisâextractedâfromâtheâinnerâbark.Theâfruitsâareâedible,âbearingâsomeâresemblanceâtoâtheâre-latedâlycheeâ(Litchi chinensis).âPreparationsâfromâtheâleavesâandâbarkâareâwidelyâusedâinâtheâSouthâPacificâandâelsewhereâ inâ traditionalâmedicinesâtoâtreatâvariousâailments.âItsâtimberâisâalsoâconsideredâanâexcellentâfirewood.
FruitTavaâ providesâ aâ veryâ importantâ seasonalâ fruitâ inâ manyâpartsâofâtheâPacific.âTheâfruitsâareâconsumedâfreshâandâsoldâinâlocalâmarketsâandâmayâbeâreadilyâeatenâfresh;âtheâthinâskinâisâremovedâsimplyâbyâgrippingâtheâfruitâaroundâitsâcir-cumferenceâandâtwisting.âTwoâshell-likeâhalvesâcomeâawayâfromâtheâfleshyâarilâthatâsurroundsâtheâseed.âFruitsâhaveâaâpleasant,âsweetâtaste,âreminiscentâofâaâratherâblandâlychee.âInâpartsâofâitsânaturalârangeâitâisâhighlyâregardedâasâaâseasonalâfruit,âandâitsâdistributionâhasâbeenâexpandedâbyâpeopleâinâMelanesiaâandâPolynesia.âInâTonga,âtheâonsetâofâitsâshortâfruitingâseasonâcreatesâaâhiveâofâactivityâknownâasâluluâtavaâ(literallyâ toââshakeâdownâ theâ tavaâ fruitâ),âbeforeâ theâbatsâorâbirdsâgetâatâ it.âTheâgreatestâutilizationâofâfruitsâoccursâinâ Newâ Guinea,â theâ Solomonâ Islands,âVanuatu,â andâ Fiji,âwhichâareâassociatedâwithâtheâselectionâandâdomesticationâofâ superiorâ fruitâ typesâandâ theâabsence,âuntilâ recently,âofârelatedâAsianâfruitsâtreesâsuchâasârambutanâandâlychee.âTheâareasâwhereâ superior,â largeâ fruitâ typesâ areâ reportedâ fromâincludeâtheâfollowing.
Forma pinnataPNGâ Newâ Guineaâ Islands;âTangaâ (smallâ islandâ locatedâeastâ ofâ Newâ Ireland)â hasâ large,â sweet-tastingâ fruitsâ 3â4âtimesâ largerâ thanâ thoseâ aroundâ Lae,â withâ veryâ thin,â redâskin. Solomon Islandsâ Tevai/Santaâ Cruzâ Group,â TemotuâProvince. Vanuatuâ Manyâ localitiesâ includingâ Banksâ Group,â Santo,âMalo,âEpi,âAneityum. Fijiâ Manyâ localities,â includingâ SEâ Vitiâ Levu,â Gau,â Ka-davu.
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 11
Forma glabraIrian Jayaâ NearâJayapuraâvars.âkablauwâandâiwaâ(Sentaniâlanguage)âthickâsweetâflesh,âtastingâlikeârambutan.
Nut/seedTheâ seedsâ areâ barelyâ edibleâ andâ needâ toâ beâ roastedâ andâbakedâpriorâ toâ consumption.âTheâ cookedâ seedsâ resembleâsourâcheeseâinâflavorâandâsmell.âTheâseedsâmayâalsoâbeâdriedâandâstored.â
MedicinalInâPapuaâNewâGuineaâ theâmasticatedâbarkâ isâ appliedâ toâburns.âInâFijiâbothâ leafâandâbarkâextractsâareâused,âeitherâindividuallyâorâinâcombinationâwithâotherâplants,âtoâtreatâaâwideârangeâofâailments,âincludingâstomachâcomplaints,âdi-arrhea,âdysentery,âpainâreliefâ(bones,âmuscles,âjoints,âchest,âheadache),âcolds,âflu,âdiabetes,âandâmouthâulcers.âInâTongaâanâinfusionâofâtheâbarkâwasâusedâtoâtreatâdiarrheaâinâchil-
dren,âstomachâtrouble,âseriousâcoughsâaccompanyingâfeverâandâconstipation,âandâtheâleavesâwereâalsoâusedâmedicinally.âTheâbarkâcontainsâaâsaponinâ(anâoleanolicâacidâglycoside),âleucoanthocyanidins,â andâ condensedâ tannins.â Inâ partsâ ofâSarawakâ(Malaysia)âitâwasâusedâasâaâtraditionalâtreatmentâforâchickenâpox,âwithâtheâpatientâbeingâbathedâinâanâinfu-sionâ (hotâ waterâ extract)â ofâ theâ bark.â Inâ theâ Solomonâ Is-landsâanâoralâmedicineâisâpreparedâfromâtheâbarkâtoâprotectâbabiesâfromâtheâdevil.
Masticant/stimulantInâ partsâ ofâ theâ Solomonâ Islandsâ theâ leavesâ areâ usedâ forâchewingâwithâlime.
TimberTheâwoodâ isâaâveryâgoodâgeneralâpurposeâhardwoodâsuit-
ableâforâaâwideârangeâofâuses.âItsâtimberâisâparticularlyâwellâsuitedâtoâlightâconstruction,âmoldings,âinteriorâjoineryâandâframing,ânon-impactâ toolâhandles,â furniture,âandâveneers.âTheâsapwoodâ isâpaleâpinkâorâbuff,â2.5â5âcmâ(1â2â in)âwide,âandânotâalwaysâwellâdemarcatedâfromâtheâredâorâred-brownâheartwood.â Theâ grainâ isâ usuallyâ straightâ orâ sometimesâstronglyâ interlocked.âWoodâ textureâ isâ fineâ toâ coarseâ andâuneven.âWoodâ isâ slightlyâ lustrousâwithâanâoccasionalâ rib-bonâorâflameâonâback-sawnâfaces.âItâworksâeasilyâwithâmostâmachineâandâhandâtools,âbutâwoodâpropertiesâmayâvaryâde-pendingâonâlocality/siteâandâtaxonomicâform.âAir-dryingâofâ 12âmmâ(0.5â in)âboardsâmayâ takeâ4âmonthsâandâ40âmmâ(1.6âin)âboardsâupâtoâ6âmonths.âConsiderableâdegradationâ mayâ occurâ duringâ dryingâ unlessâ boardsâ areâhandledâwithâcare.âMildâkilnâdryingâ schedulesâwillâmini-mizeâsurfaceâcheckingâandâtwistingâofâback-sawnâmaterial.âFinalâsteamingâtreatmentâreducesâtwistâbutâcouldâaccentu-ateâsurfaceâchecking.âTimberâsawsâcleanly,âproducingâfairâtoâexcellentâsurfaces.âPeelingâpropertiesâareâvariable.âHigh-densityâorâwaterloggedâzonesâmayâadverselyâaffectâpeelingâinâ someâ logs,â withâ pre-heatingâ advisable.â Goodâ qualityâstockâ isâ suitableâ forâ faceâ veneerâ inâ plywood.âTheâ timberâglues,âscrews,âandânailsâwell,âtakesâaâniceâpolish,âandâpaintsâandâstainsâsatisfactorily.âShrinkageâandâdensityâareâvariableâ(inâ theâ rangeâ 464â1025â kg/m3â [28.9â64.0â lb/ft3],â typicallyâaveragingâ 690â750â kg/m3â [43.0â46.8â lb/ft3]â atâ 12%â MC),âstrengthâ propertiesâ areâ intermediate/good,â steam-bend-ingâpropertiesâareâgenerallyâgood,âandâmoistureâmovementâisâlowâtoâmedium.âDurabilityâisâratherâlow,âbutâtheâwoodâisâsuitableâforâoutdoorâusesânotâinvolvingâgroundâcontact.âTheâheartwoodâisâimpermeable,âandâtheâsapwoodâisâmod-eratelyâ resistantâ toâ preservativeâ impregnation.â Inâ serviceâtheâwoodâisâsusceptibleâtoâpinholeâandâmarineâborerâattack,âandâbrownâstain.âTavaâsawdustâmayâcauseâirritationâtoânoseâandâthroat.â
FuelwoodTheâwoodâisâanâexcellent,âhot-burningâfuel.â
Craftâwood/toolsInâtheâSolomonâIslandsâtheâwoodâisâusedâforâmakingâaxeâhandles.
LOreInâIkutingting,âTannaâ(Vanuatu),âtheâfruitingâtimeâofâtavaâ indicatesâthatârootâcropsâ inâgardensâareâ justâbe-ginningâtoâstoreâstarchâandâthatâtheyâareânotâreadyâforâharvesting.â Wildâ fruitsâ offerâ alternativeâ foodsâ whileâallowingâgardenâcropsâ toâ completeâ theâ cycleâ toâhar-vest.
Near-ripe fruits, âUpolu, Samoa. photo:âC.âElEvitCh
1ïżœâ Pometia pinnataâ(tava)â
Canoe/boat/raftâmakingInâtheâSolomonâIslandsâ theâwoodâ isâusedâforâmakingâca-noesâandâpaddlesâ(althoughâtheseâareânotâespeciallyâdura-ble).âInâFijiâandâTonga,âtheâtimberâisâusedâinâboatâbuilding.âAâcanoeâputtyâisâextractedâfromâtheâinnerâbark.
Tannin/dyeInâFijiâ anâextractâofâ theâ leavesâwasâ formerlyâusedâ toâdyeâhairâblack.
COMMerCIAL CULTIVATIOnTheâtwoâmainâcommercialâproductsâareâtimberâandâfruit.Timberâ Theâspeciesâisâanâimportantâgeneralâutilityâtimberâthroughoutâmuchâofâitsânativeârange.âItâisâtheâmajorâtimberâspeciesâcutâinânativeâforestsâinâSamoaâandâtheâmostâimpor-tantâconstructionâtimberâinâPNG.Fruitâ BetterâfruitingâtypesâhaveâbeenâselectedâinâMelane-siaâ(southwestâPacific),âwhereâitâ isâanâimportantâseasonalâfruit.
Spacing
TimberOpen,âsunnyâareasâareâunsuitableâforâtimberâplantationsâofâtava,âasâyoungâtreesâwillâbreakâcrownâearly,â resultingâ inâaâshortâbole.âInâsecondaryâorâlogged-overâforest,âtavaâmayâbeâplantedâ inâenrichmentâ lineâplantings,âwithâaboutâ8â12âmâ(26â39âft)âbetweenârowsâandâ2âmâ(6.6âft)âwithinârowsâ(forâdirect-seeding)âandâ4âmâ(13âft)âwithinârowsâ (forâ seedlings).âTavaâ mayâ alsoâ beâ under-plantedâinâtallerâforestsâwhereâtheâcanopyâisânotâtooâdenseâ(i.e.,âoverâ50%âshade).âTheâfinalâcropâdensityâforâtimberâproductionâwouldâbeâaboutâ150â200â trees/haâ (61â91â trees/ac).â Forâ blockâplantationsâ aâ closerâ initialâ spacingâofâ 3â xâ 4âmâ(10âxâ13âft)âisârecommendedâinâorderâtoâreduceâweeding.â Aâ thinningâ regime,â involvingâ threeâseparateâthinningsâundertakenâeveryâfewâyearsâandâwhenâ crownsâbeginâ toâ touchâ andâoverlap,âisâ recommendedâ toâ achieveâ aâ finalâ spacingâ asâindicatedâabove.âTheâspeciesâisâyetâtoâbeâplantedâonâanyâ largeâcommercialâ scaleâ forâ timber.âTheâareaâneededâforâtimberâproductionâwouldârangeâfromâ1â2âhaâ(2.5â5âac)âforâlocalâneedsâupâtoâsev-eralâhundredâhectaresâtoâsupplyâorâsupplementâtimberâsupplyâtoâaâsmallâsawmillingâoperation.InâpartsâofâlowlandâSamoaâthereâareâlargeâareasâofâsecondaryâforest,âopenedâdueâtoâaâcombina-tionâofâ cyclonesâandâ logging,âandânowâsmoth-
eredâbyâvines.âTheseâforestsâareâinâaâstateâofââarrestedâsuc-cessionââ(unable,âorâonlyâveryâslowlyâable,âtoâdevelopâintoâlowlandâclosedâforestâwithoutâhumanâassistance);âhowever,âwithâseveralâcyclesâofâvineâcuttingâaâ tava-richâ forestâmayâdevelop.
FruitâandâtimberCloserâspacingâmayâbeâusedâforâsmaller-growingâvarieties,âorâinâcasesâwhereâfruitâtypeâisâuncertain,âsuchâasâforâseed-lings,âandâwhereâthinningâmayâbeâadvantageousâtoâproduceâanâorchardâofâbetter-fruitingâtypes.
FruitAâ suitableâ spacingâ forâ commercialâ productionâ ofâ fruitâ isâlikelyâ toâbeâ 8â9â xâ 8â9âmâ (26â30â xâ 26â30â ft),â i.e.,â 125â150âtreesâperâhaâ(51â61âtrees/ac).âTheâareaârequiredâforâaâfruitâorchardâwillâusuallyânotâbeâgreat,âe.g.,â<0.5â1âhaâ(1.2â2.5âac),âasâlocalâmarketsâcouldâeasilyâbeâover-supplied.âWithârigor-ousâqualityâcontrolâoverâselectedâfruit,âattractiveâpackaging,âandâgoodâmarketing,âitâmayâbeâpossibleâtoâdevelopâaâbou-tiqueâindustryâsupplyingâandâexportingâbottledâtavaâfruitsâinâsyrup.âInâthisâcaseâaâlargerâarea,âofâseveralâtoâtensâofâhect-aresâofâgoodâfruitingâtypes,âwouldâneedâtoâbeâestablished.
Management objectives and design consider-ations
TimberPeriodicâpruningâofâlowerâbranchesâshouldâbeâundertakenâ
Vines covering forest of tava trees arrests tree growth, Samoa. Trees can recover if vines are controlled over several years. photo:âC.âElEvitCh
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ïżœ
toâ preventâ themâ fromâ developingâ intoâ coarseâ branchesâwhichâ mayâ evenâ competeâ withâ theâ apicalâ leadingâ shoot.âNoâmoreâthanâoneâthirdâofâtheâcrownâshouldâbeâremovedâatâanyâoneâtime.
FruitâandâtimberForâ direct-seededâ plantings,â thereâ isâ theâ optionâ (ifâ largeâquantitiesâofâ seedâareâavailable)âofâestablishingâplantingsâatâhighâdensitiesâandâthinningâoutâundesirableâphenotypes,âi.e.,âpoorlyâformedâstemsâinâtheâcaseâofâtimberâplantationsâandâtreesâ thatâproduceâ limitedâamountsâofâ fruitâorâsmallâfruits.âGoodâweedâcontrolâisâessential,âespeciallyâinâtheâfirstâ2â3âyears,âincludingâregularâremovalâofâvines.
FruitFertilizerâapplicationâisânotârequired,âbutâtavaâfruitâorchardsâmayâbeâkeptâmoreâproductiveâbyâperiodicâapplicationâofâaâcompleteâ fertilizerâ orâ interplantingâ withâ nitrogen-fixingâtreesâandâshrubs,âsuchâasâCalliandra, Casuarina,âGliricidia,âandâFlemingia.âToppingâmayâbeâusedâ toâproduceâ shorter,âmoreâspreadingâtreesâforâfruitâproduction.âPlantingsâ forâ fruitâproductionâ shouldâbeâ locatedânearâ lo-calâ marketsâ (withinâ 10â20â kmâ [6â12â mi])â toâ keepâ trans-portationâ costsâdownâandâbecauseâ fruitsâ spoilâ easilyâdur-ingâtransport.âLikewise,âplantationsâforâtimberâproductionâshouldâ preferablyâ beâ locatedâ nearâ existingâ sawmillingâ fa-cilities,âe.g.,âwithinâaboutâ50âkmâ(30âmi).
YieldsThereâisânoâdocumentedâinformationâonâtimberâandâfruitâyields.âAâmonoculturalâplantationâofâbetterâformsâforâtim-berâ productionâ isâ likelyâ toâ growâ atâ aboutâ 5â10â m3/ha/yrâ(72â144â ft3/ac/yr)â onâ fertileâ sites.â Fruitâ yieldsâ forâ matureâplantationsâofâgoodâfruitingâtypesâareâestimatedâtoâbeâ2â8âmt/ha/yrâ(0.9â3.6ât/ac/yr).
Growing in polyculturesTheâ speciesâ isâ veryâ wellâ suitedâ toâ polyculture,â growingâtogetherâwithâotherâ treeâ speciesâ toâprovideâaâwideâ rangeâofâproductsâ forâ localâneeds.âAnâadvantageâofâgrowingâ inâpolycultureâisâthatâtreesâdevelopâbetterâstemâformâforâtim-ber,âcomparedâtoâthoseâgrownâunderâopenâconditions.
On-farm processingItâisâimportantâtoâsortâandâremoveâanyâdamagedâorârottingâfruits,âasâtheseâmayâcauseâmoreârapidâspoilageâofâadjacentâfruits.
MarketsEstablishedâlocalâmarketsâexistâinâmanyâPacificâislandsâforâ
bothâtimberâandâfruitsâofâtava, butâtheâsizeâofâtheseâmar-ketsâisânotâwellâdocumented.âThereâisâpotentialâtoâexpandâtheâlocalâmarketâforâtimberâ(andâtoâprovideâtimberâforâim-portâ replacement).âFruitâmarketsâ areâ alreadyâmostlyâwellâsupplied;âvarietiesâthatâproduceâlarger,âbetter-tastingâfruitsâand/orâthoseâthatâextendâtheâfruitingâperiodâwillâhaveâbet-terâmarketâpotential.âTheâUniversityâofâtheâSouthâPacificâ(InstituteâofâAppliedâSciencesâ andâ Foodâ andâTextilesâ Department)â hasâ devel-opedâ aâ âdawaâ inâ syrupââ productâ thatâ appearsâ toâ haveâ ex-portâpotential.âAâmajorâUKâretailâchainâhasâindicatedâtheyâcouldâmarketâtheâproductâforâaboutâUS$1âperâfruit.
InTerPLAnTInG/fArM APPLICATIOnS
Example system 1
LocationLowlandsâofânorthwestâPapuaâNewâGuinea.
Tava fruits bottled in syrup, a product developed by Univer-sity of the South Pacific, Fiji. photo:âl.âthomson
1ïżœâ Pometia pinnataâ(tava)â
DescriptionThisâ traditionalâ systemâ consistsâ ofâ mixedâ foodâ gardens,âespeciallyâ yamâ (Dioscoreaâ spp.),â banana,â taroâ (Colocasia esculenta),âandâsugarcane.âTheâcroppingâcycleâisâshort,âtypi-callyâ18âmonths,âfollowedâbyâaâfallowâcycleâofâupâtoâ30âyears.âDuringâtheâcroppingâcycle,âtavaâandâbreadfruitâ(Artocarpus altilis)âareâalsoâplantedâandâtended.âRegularâcuttingâbackâorâlightâpruningâduringâfruitâcollectionâfromâtava treesâap-pearsâtoâstimulateâsubsequentâfruiting.Theâ tavaâ treesâ serveâ asâ bothâ plantedâ fallow,â assistingâ inâmoreâ rapidâ returnâofâ soilâ fertility,â andâ inâprovidingâ fruit.âTheâdriedâleavesâofâtava,âtheâresidueâofâcollectionâofâfruit-ladenâbranches,âareâheavilyâusedâasâfertilizerâmulchâinâyamâcultivation.
Crop/treeâinteractionsThereâisâminimalâinteractionâbetweenâtheâtreesâandâcrops,âasâ theâ treesâ areâ stillâ smallâ whenâ cropsâ areâ beingâ grown.âPlantingâseedlingsâamongâcropsâensuresâgoodâweedâcontrolâduringâtheâestablishmentâphase.
SpacingAlthoughâ thereâ isâ noâ dataâ available,â theâ densityâ ofâ tavaâtreesâisâestimatedâatâ50âtrees/haâ(20âtrees/ac).
Example system 2
LocationTonga
DescriptionTavaâ isâ aâ veryâ importantâ componentâ ofâ theâ traditionalâagroforestryâ systemâ inâ Tonga.â Theâ fiveâ mostâ importantâtreesâ inâTongaâsâruralâallotmentsâareâcoconutâpalmâ(Cocos nucifera),â kokaâ (Bischofia javanica),â mangoâ (Mangifera indica),âcitrusâtreesâ(Citrusâspp.),âandâtava.âInâthisâsystemâaâlowerâstratumâofârootâandâotherâcrops,âcharacterizedâbyâmixedâandâstaggeredâplanting,âisâcloselyâintegratedâwithâaâdenseâmosaicâofâmixedâtreeâspecies,âincludingâmanyâdiffer-entâfruitâtreesâandâotherâusefulâmultipurposeâspecies,âandâfallowâvegetationâinâvariousâstagesâofâregeneration.
Yields/benefitsIncreasedâ andâ moreâ sustainableâ yieldâ ofâ aâ wideâ rangeâ ofâproducts,â includingâ food,â wood,â medicines,â andâ culturalâproducts.
Crop/treeâinteractionsTreesâprovideâshelterâandâvaryingâlevelsâofâshadeâforâcrops,âandâassistâwithâcyclingâofâsoilânutrientsâthatâareâbelowâtheâcropârootâzone.
Spacing/densityâofâspeciesGenerallyâ thereâ areâ 1â3â treesâ perâ ruralâ allotmentâ (esti-mate).
PUbLIC ASSISTAnCe AnD AGrOfOreSTrY eXTenSIOnExtensionâofficesâ forâ agroforestryâ andâ forestryâ inâ theâPa-cific:âhttp://www.traditionaltree.org/extension.html
InTerneT CIRADâForestryâDepartmentâsâwoodâqualityâpageâforâtava:<http://www.cirad.fr/activites/bois/en/syst/asia/kasai.pdf>.
bIbLIOGrAPHY(âââindicatesârecommendedâreading)Adema,â F.,â P.W.â Leenhouts,â andâ P.C.â vanâ Welzen.â 1996.â
Sapindaceae.â In:â Soepadmo,â E.,â K.M.âWong,â andâ L.G.â Sawâ(eds.).âTreeâFloraâofâSabahâandâSarawak.âVol.â2.âSabahâForestryâ
Eighteen-month-old tava sapling in rainforest regeneration plot, Falelima, Savaiâi, Samoa. photo:âl.âthomson
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ïżœ
Department/Sarawakâ Forestryâ Department/Forestâ ResearchâInstituteâofâMalaysia,âKepong,âMalaysia.
Allen,âB.J.â1985.âDynamicsâofâfallowâsuccessionsâandâintroductionâofârobustaâcoffeeâinâshiftingâcultivationâareasâinâtheâlowlandsâofâPapuaâNewâGuinea.âAgroforestryâSystemsâ3:â227â238.
Anon.â1959.âNaturalâRegeneration.âExtractâfromâ1959/60âReportâofâtheâDepartmentâofâForestryâofâPapuaâ&âNewâGuinea,âPortâMoresby,âPapuaâNewâGuinea.
Anon.â1976.âSolomonâIslandsâTimbers.âTimberâBookletâ1.âMajorâspecies.âForestryâDivision,âMinistryâofâNaturalâResources,âHo-niara,âSolomonâIslands.
Anon.â1977.âTaun.âInformationâServiceâSheetâ10â13,âCSIROâDi-visionâofâBuildingâResearch,âHighett,âVictoria,âAustralia.
Anon.â 1996.âAâguideâ toâ someâ indigenousâFijianâ trees.âFijiâGer-manâForestryâProjectâandâFijiâDepartmentâofâForestry,âSuva,âFiji.
Anon.â1998.âPometia pinnataâdataâsheet.âCABIâelectronicâforestryâcompendium.âCABâInternational,âWallingford,âUK.
Bengough,âC.C.â1965.âLocalâvolumeâtablesâforâPometia pinnataâgrowingâonâBagaâIsland.âTechnicalâNoteâ3/65âofâtheâForeignâDepartmentâ Britishâ Solomonâ Islandsâ Protectorate,â Honiara,âSolomonâIslands.
Bigger,âM.â 1980.âOxymagis horniâonâEucalyptus deglupta.âForestâPestsâ ofâ theâ Solomonâ Islandsâ 1.â Forestryâ Division,â Honiara,âSolomonâIslands.
Bose,âT.K.,âP.âDas,â andâG.G.âMaiti.â 1998.âTreesâofâ theâWorldâVolumeâ1.âRegionalâPlantâResourceâCentre,âOrissa,âIndia.
Brammall,âB.,âJ.âBeko,âandâM.âNimeâWilangue.â2000.âVegetativeâpropagationâ atâ PNGâ FRI.â Pacificâ Islandsâ Forestsâ andâTreesâNewsletterâ4,âDecemberâ2000.â
Burslem,â D.F.R.P.,â andâ T.C.â Whitmore.â 1996.â Silvicsâ andâWoodâ Propertiesâ ofâ theâ CommonâTimberâTreeâ Speciesâ onâKolombangara.â Oxfordâ Forestryâ Instituteâ Tropicalâ ForestryâPaperâ34.âOxford,âUK.
Cambie,âR.C.,âandâJ.âAsh.â1994.âFijianâMedicinalâPlants.âCom-monwealthâ Scientificâ andâ Industrialâ Researchâ Organisation,âAustralia.â
Chand,âV.S.,âandâK.D.âCroft.â1980.âBarkâconstituentsâofâPometia pinnata.âFijiâJournalâofâAgricultureâ42:â51.
Corner,â E.J.H.â 1952.â Waysideâ Treesâ ofâ Malaya.â Vol.â 1,â 2ndâ ed.âGovt.âPrintingâOffice,âSingapore.
Croft,âK.D.,âandâR.âTuâipulotu.â1980.âAâsurveyâofâTonganâmedici-nalâplants.âSouthâPacificâJournalâofâNaturalâSciencesâ1:â45â57.
dâEispeissis,â J.L.â 1940.âTheâchiefâ characteristicsâ andâusesâofâ sixâNewâGuineaâtimbers.âAustralianâForestryâ5:â81â84.
deâGraaf,âN.R.,âJ.W.âHildebrand,âP.B.âLaming,âandâJ.M.âFundter.â1994.â Pometiaâ J.R.â Forsterâ &â J.G.â Forster.â In:â Lemmens,âR.H.M.J.,â I.â Soerianegara,â andâ W.C.â Wongâ (eds.).â Timberâtrees:â minorâ commercialâ timbers.â Plantâ Resourcesâ ofâ South-Eastâ Asiaâ 5(1).â PROSEA,â Bogor,â Indonesiaâ andâ BackhuysâPublishers,âLeiden.â
Damas,âK.â1993.âVariationâwithinâPometiaâ(Sapindaceae)âinâPap-uaâNewâGuinea.âProceedingsâofâtheâBiologicalâSocietyâ59â75.âWauâEcologicalâInstitute,âWau,âPapuaâNewâGuinea.
Ha,âC.O.,âV.E.âSands,âE.âSoepadmo,âandâK.âJong.â1988.âRepro-ductiveâpatternsâofâselectedâunderstoreyâtreesâinâtheâMalaysianâ
rainâ forest:â theâ sexualâ species.â Botanicalâ Journalâ ofâ theâ Lin-neanâSocietyâ97:â295â316.
Havel,â J.J.â 1975.âTrainingâManualâ forâ theâForestryâCollege,âVol.â3âForestâBotany,âPartâ2,âBotanicalâTaxonomy.âDepartmentâofâForests,âPortâMoresby,âPapuaâNewâGuinea.
Henderson,âC.P.,âandâI.R.âHancock.â1988.âAâGuideâtoâtheâUsefulâPlantsâofâSolomonâIslands.âSolomonâIslandsâResearchâDepart-ment/MinistryâofâAgricultureâandâLands,âHoniara,âSolomonâIslands.
â Jacobs,âM.â1962.âPometiaâ(Sapindaceae),âaâstudyâinâvariability.âReinwardtiaâ6:â109â144.
Johns,â R.J.â 1976.â Commonâ Forestâ Treesâ ofâ Papuaâ Newâ Guin-ea.â Partâ 6â AngiospermaeâSapindales,â Umbellales,â Ericales.âTrainingâManualâforâtheâForestryâCollege,âBulolo,âPapuaâNewâGuinea.
Johns,âR.J.â1985.âTheâvegetationâandâfloraâofâtheâsouthâNaruâareaâ(MadangâProvince),âPapuaâNewâGuinea.âKlinkiiâ3:â70â83.
Kale,âP.â1999.âAâForestâTreeâSeedâManualâofâPlantationâandâIn-digenousâTimberâSpeciesâofâPapuaâNewâGuinea.âForestâMan-agementâDivisionâSeedâManualâSeries,âVol.â 1.âPNGFA,âLae,âPapuaâNewâGuinea.
Keating,â W.G.,â andâ E.â Bolza.â 1982.â Characteristics,â Propertiesâandâ Usesâ ofâTimbers.âVolumeâ 1.â South-eastâ Asia,â NorthernâAustraliaâandâtheâPacific.âInkataâPress,âMelbourne.
Kebler,â P.J.A.,â andâ K.â Sidiyasa.â 1994.âTreesâ ofâ theâ Balikpapan-SamarindaâArea,âEastâKalimantan,â IndonesiaâaâManualâ toâ280âSelectedâSpecies.âTheâTropenbosâFoundation,âWageningen,âTheâNetherlands.
Kininmonth,â J.A.â 1982.âPropertiesâ andâUsesâofâ theâTimbersâofâWesternâ Samoa.â Indigenousâ Hardwoods.â Forestryâ ResearchâInstitute,âRotorua,âNewâZealand.
Koorders,âS.H.,âandâT.âValeton.â1913â1918.âAtlasâderâBaumartenâvonâ Javaâ (Atlasâ ofâ treeâ speciesâ ofâ Java.).â Fa.â P.W.M.â Trap,âLeiden,âtheâNetherlands.
Kunzel,âW.â 1989.âAgroforestryâ inâTonga:âAâTraditionalâSourceâofâDevelopmentâofâSustainableâFarmingâSystems.âOccasionalâPaperâ12.âSouthâPacificâSmallholderâProject,âUniversityâofâNewâEngland,âArmidale,âNSW,âAustralia.
Lane-Poole,âC.E.â 1925.âTheâForestâResourcesâofâ theâTerritoriesâofâPapuaâandâNewâGuinea.âReportâtoâtheâParliamentâofâtheâCommonwealthâ ofâ Australia.â Governmentâ printerâ forâ theâStateâofâVictoria,âAustralia.
Li,âH.W.,âC.B.âHe,âG.W.âChen,âandâJ.âHu.â1999.âAâphytocoeno-logicalâ studyâofâaâDracontomelon macrocarpumâ communityâ inâXishuangbanna.âActaâBotanicaâYunnanica,â21:â333â345.
Martel,âF.â&âAssociates.â1998.âRapidâRuralâAssessmentâSurveysâinâSamoa.âFinalâReport.âSPRIGâ(SouthâPacificâRegionalâIni-tiativeâ onâ Forestâ Geneticâ Resources),â CSIROâ Forestryâ andâForestâProducts,âYarralumla,âAustralia.
Merrill,âE.D.â1967â(reprint).âEnumerationâofâPhilippineâflower-ingâPlants.â4âVols.âAsherâandâCo.,âAmsterdam.
ChĂnh,â N.N,â C.T.â Chung,â V.V.â CĂąn,â N.X.â Dung,â N.K.â Dung,âN.K.âDĂ o,âT.âHop,âT.T.âOanh,âN.B.âQuynh,â andâN.N.âThĂŹn.â1996.â Vietnamâ ForestâTrees.â Forestâ Inventoryâ andâ PlanningâInstitute.âAgriculturalâPublishingâHouse,âHanoi,âVietnam.
Powell,â J.M.â 1976.â Ethnobotany.â In:â K.â Paijmansâ (ed.).â NewâGuineaâVegetation.âANUâPress,âCanberra,âAustralia.
1ïżœâ Pometia pinnataâ(tava)â
Sandom,âJ.H.â1978.âTheâPerformanceâofâExoticâandâIndigenousâSpeciesâ inâ theâ Solomonâ Islands.â Silviculturalâ noteâ S/1/78.âForestryâ Division/Ministryâ ofâ Naturalâ Resources,â Honiara,âSolomonâIslands.
Saulei,âS.,âandâR.âKiapranis.â1996.âForestâregenerationâfollowingâselectiveâloggingâoperationsâinâaâlowlandârainâforestâinâPapuaâNewâGuinea.âScienceâinâNewâGuineaâ22:â27â37.â
Seeber,âG.,âH.J.âWeidelt,âandâV.S.âBanaag.â 1985.âDendrologicalâcharactersâ ofâ importantâ forestâ treesâ fromâ easternâ Mindanao.â2ndâedition.âGTZ,âEschborn,âGermany.
Seemann,âB.â1865.âFloraâVitiensis:âAâDescriptionâofâtheâPlantsâofâtheâVitiâorâFijiâIslandsâwithâanâAccountâofâTheirâHistory,âUses,âandâProperties.âL.âReeveâandâCo.,âLondon.
Siwatibau,âS.,âC.âBani,âandâJ.âKaloptap.â1998.âAâCommunityâFor-estryâSurveyâofâOverâTwentyâRuralâCommunitiesâinâVanuatuâforâNineteenâSelectedâTreeâSpecies.âReportâbyâIslandâConsult-ing,âFSPIâ(Vanuatu)âtoâCSIROâDivisionâofâForestry/SPRIGâProject,âCanberra,âAustralia.
Smith,âA.C.â 1985.âFloraâVitiensisâNova.âVolâ 3.âPacificâTropicalâBotanicalâGarden,âLÄwaâi,âKauaâi,âHawaiâi.â
Soetisna,âU.,âD.E.âRantau,âandâE.S.âMulyaningsih.â1999.âDesic-cationâ andâ storageâ trialâ ofâ recalcitrantâ seed:â aâ caseâ studyâ ofâPometia pinnataâandâShorea leprulosa.âIn:âM.âMarzalina, etâal. (eds.).â IUFROâ Seedâ Symposiumâ 1998â âRecalcitrantâ Seeds,ââProceedingsâofâtheâConferenceâheldâinâKualaâLumpur,âMalay-sia,â12â15âOctoberâ1998.â
Sykes,âW.R.â1970.âContributionsâtoâtheâfloraâofâNiue.âNewâZea-landâDepartmentâofâScienceâandâIndustryâResearchâBulletinâ200:â1â321.
Thaman,â R.R.â 1976.â Theâ Tonganâ Agriculturalâ Systems:â WithâSpecialâ Emphasisâ onâ Plantâ Assemblages.â Universityâ ofâ theâSouthâPacific,âSuva.
Thaman,âR.R.â1982.âHurricaneâIsaacâandâTonga:âAânaturalâorâcul-turalâdisaster?âJournalâofâtheâSchoolâofâSocialâandâEconomicâDevelopment,âUniversityâofâtheâSouthâPacificâ3(8):â22â34.
Thaman,âR.R.â1989.âAgrodeforestationâandâtheâneglectâofâtrees:âthreatâ toâ theâ wellâ beingâ ofâ Pacificâ societies.â Ples:â Anâ Envi-ronmentalâEducationâJournalâforâtheâSouthâPacificâRegionâ5:â48â64.
Thaman,âR.R.â1989.âFijianâagroforestry:âtrees,âpeopleâandâsustain-ableâpolyculturalâdevelopment.âIn:âJ.âOvertonâ(ed.).âRuralâFiji.âInstituteâ ofâ Pacificâ Studies,â Universityâ ofâ theâ Southâ Pacific,âSuva.
Thaman,âR.R.â1993a.âTongatapuâIsland,âTonga.âIn:âW.C.âClarkeâandâR.R.âThamanâ(eds.).âPacificâIslandâagroforestry:âSystemsâforâsustainability.âUnitedâNationsâUniversityâPress,âTokyo.
Thaman,â R.R.â 1993b.â Rarotongaâ andâ Aitutaki,â theâ Cookâ Is-lands.âIn:âW.C.âClarkeâandâR.R.âThamanâ(eds.).âPacificâIslandâagroforestry:âSystemsâ forâ sustainability.âUnitedâNationsâUni-versityâPress,âTokyo.
Thaman,âR.R.,âandâW.A.âWhistler.â1996.âAâReviewâofâUsesâandâStatusâofâTreesâandâForestsâ inâLand-UseâSystemsâ inâSamoa,âTonga,âKiribati,âandâTuvaluâwithârecommendationsâforâfutureâaction.âWorkingâPaperâ5.âSouthâPacificâForestryâDevelopmentâProgramme.âSuva,âFiji.
Thaman,âR.R.,âL.âWilson,âM.âTuiwawa,âS.âVodonaivalu,âandâS.V.âTuisese.â2000.âTrees,âforestâgeneticâresourcesâandâarborealâdi-versityâ inâFiji:âCurrentâstatusâandâprospectsâ forâconservationâ
andâ sustainableâ useâaâ viewâ fromâ theâ village.â Southâ PacificâRegionalâ Initiativeâ onâ Forestâ Geneticâ Resourcesâ (SPRIG),âCanberraâandâUniversityâofâtheâSouthâPacific,âSuva,âFiji.
â Thomson,âL.A.J,âK.âDamas,âandâR.R.âThaman.â2000.âPometia pinnataâ J.â R.â Forst.â &â G.â Forst.â Taun.â Speciesâ informationâsheetâpreparedâforâtheâPapuaâNewâGuineaâForestâDomestica-tionâ andâ Conservationâ Project.â CSIROâ Forestryâ andâ ForestâProducts,âCanberra,âACT,âAustralia.
Uriarte,âM.T.â 1994.âAir-pollutionâ resistantâ speciesâ recommend-edâ forâurbanâareasâ (Aâhighlyâ resistantâ species).âTechno-InfoâSeries,â 4(1)â JanâMarch.â ERDS-NCR-DENR,â Quezonâ City,âPhilippines.
Uwamariya,âA.â2003.âPometia pinnataâJ.R.âForsterâ&âJ.G.âForster.âIn:âGunn,âB.V.,âA.âAgiwa,âD.âBosimbi,âB.âBrammall,âL.âJarua,âandâA.âUwamariya.âSeedâhandlingâandâpropagationâofâPapuaâNewâGuineaâsâtreeâspecies.âACIAR/CSIRO/PNGFRI.
VanâRoyen,âP.â1964.âManualâofâtheâForestâTreesâofâNewâGuinea.âPartâ2âSapindaceae.âDivisionâofâBotany,âDepartmentâofâFor-ests,âLae,âPapuaâNewâGuinea.
Walter,âA.,âC.âSam,âandâA.âMabonlala.â1995.âLesâarbresâfrutiersâduâVanuatuâ(FruitâandânutâtreesâofâVanuatu).âORSTOMâAc-tualitiesâ48:â23â27.
â Walter,â A.,â andâ C.â Sam.â 2002.â Fruitsâ ofâ Oceania.â ACIARâMonographâ85.â[trs.âP.âFerrarâfromâFruitsâdâOcĂ©anie]âCanberra,âAustralia.
Weiblen,âG.D.â 1998.âCompositionâandâ structureâofâ aâoneâhect-areâforestâplotâinâtheâCraterâMountainâWildlifeâManagementâArea,âPapuaâNewâGuinea.âScienceâinâNewâGuineaâ24:â23â32.
Weiner,âM.A.â1971.âEthnomedicineâinâTonga.âEconomicâBotanyâ25:â423â450.
Whitmore,âT.C.â 1974.âChangeâwithâTimeâ andâ theâRoleâofâCy-clonesâinâTropicalâRainâForestâonâKolombangara,âSolomonâIs-lands.âCommonwealthâForestryâInstituteâPaperâ46.âUniversityâofâOxford,âUK.
Whitmore,â T.C.â 1966.â Guideâ toâ theâ Forestsâ ofâ theâ BritishâSolomonâ Islands.â Britishâ Solomonâ Islandsâ Protectorate.â Ox-fordâUniversityâPress,âUK.
Whitmore,âT.C.â1975.âTropicalâRainâForestsâofâtheâFarâEast.âClar-endonâPress,âOxford,âUK.
Whitmore,âT.C.â1976.âNaturalâvariationâandâitsâtaxonomicâtreat-mentâwithinâtropicalâtreeâspeciesâasâseenâinâtheâFarâEast.âIn:âBurley,â J.â andâ B.T.â Stylesâ (eds.).â Tropicalâ trees:â Variation,âBreedingâandâConservation.âLinnaeanâSociety,âLondon.â
Whitmore,âT.C.,âandâI.G.M.âTantra.â1986.âTreeâfloraâofâIndone-sia.âChecklistâforâSumatra.âForestâResearchâandâDevelopmentâCentre,âBogor,âIndonesia.
Whitmore,â T.C.,â I.G.M.â Tantra,â andâ U.â Sutisna.â 1986â1990.âTreeâ Floraâ ofâ Indonesia.â Checklistsâ forâ Sumatra,â Sulawesi,âBali,âNusaâTengeraâ&âTimor,âMalukuâandâKalimantan.â6âvols.âAgencyâ forâ Forestryâ Researchâ andâ Development,â Forestâ Re-searchâandâDevelopmentâCentre,âBogor,âIndonesia.
Womersley,âJ.S.,âandâJ.B.âMcAdam.â1957.âTheâforestsâandâforestâconditionsâinâtheâterritoriesâofâPapuaâandâNewâGuinea.âGov-ernmentâPrinter,âPortâMoresby,âPapuaâNewâGuinea.
Yuncker,âT.G.â1959.âPlantsâofâTonga.âB.P.âBishopâMuseumâBul-letinâ220.
Zhou,âS.Q.â1993.âCultivationâofâAmomum villosumâinâtropicalâfor-ests.âForestâEcologyâandâManagementâ60:â157â162.
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ïżœ
Traditional Tree InitiativeâSpecies Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (www.traditionaltree.org)
Pometia pinnata (tava)Authors:âLexâA.J.âThomson1âandâRandolphâR.âThaman2
1.âSouthâPacificâRegionalâInitiativeâofâForestâGeneticâResourcesâ(SPRIG)âProject,âSPCâForestryâProgram,âSuva,âFijiâ(currentâcontactâinfo:âIPGRI,âViaâdeiâTreâDenariâ472/a,â00057âMaccareseâ(Fiumicino),âRome,âItaly;âE-mail:â[email protected]).
2.âGeographyâDepartment,âSchoolâofâSocialâandâEconomicâDevelopment,âTheâUniversityâofâtheâSouthâPacific,âPOâBoxâ1168,âSuva,âFiji;âE-mail:â[email protected].
Acknowledgments:âTheâauthorsâandâpublisherâthankâDaleâEvans,âBrianâGunn,âDianeâRagone,âandâArtâWhistlerâforâtheirâinput.âRecommended citation:âThomson,âL.A.J.,âandâR.R.âThaman.â2006.âPometia pinnataâ(tava),âver.â2.1.âIn:âElevitch,âC.R.â(ed.).âSpeciesâ
ProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestry.âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âHĆlualoa,âHawaiâi.â<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.
Sponsors: PublicationâwasâmadeâpossibleâbyâgenerousâsupportâofâtheâUnitedâStatesâDepartmentâofâAgricultureâWesternâRegionâSus-tainableâAgricultureâResearchâandâEducationâ(USDA-WSARE)âProgram;âSPC/GTZâPacific-GermanâRegionalâForestryâProject;âUSDAâNaturalâResourcesâConservationâServiceâ(USDAâNRCS);âStateâofâHawaiâiâDepartmentâofâLandâ&âNaturalâResourcesâDivi-sionâofâForestryâ&âWildlife;âandâtheâUSDAâForestâServiceâForestâLandsâEnhancementâProgram.âThisâmaterialâisâbasedâuponâworkâsupportedâbyâtheâCooperativeâStateâResearch,âEducation,âandâExtensionâService,âU.S.âDepartmentâofâAgriculture,âandâAgriculturalâExperimentâStation,âUtahâStateâUniversity,âunderâCooperativeâAgreementâ2002-47001-01327.â
Series editor:âCraigâR.âElevitchPublisher:âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âPOâBoxâ428,âHĆlualoa,âHawaiâiâ96725,âUSA;âTel:â808-324-4427;âFax:â808-324-
4129;âE-mail:â[email protected];âWeb:â<http://www.agroforestry.net>.âThisâinstitutionâisâanâequalâopportunityâprovider.Reproduction:âCopiesâofâthisâpublicationâcanâbeâdownloadedâfromâ<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.âThisâpublicationâmayâbeârepro-
ducedâforânoncommercialâeducationalâpurposesâonly,âwithâcreditâgivenâtoâtheâsource.â©â2006âPermanentâAgricultureâResources.âAllârightsâreserved.
â â
â â â