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Taxonomy
• Kingdom: Plantae• Phylum: Tracheophyta• Class: Magnoliopsida• Order: Myrtales• Family: Punicaceae• Genus: Punica• Species: granata• ( granatum)
Botanical Description
• Short (less than 5 m), spiny shrub with shiny leaves of 4-6 cm
• Bears red/orange bell shaped flowers
• Deciduous• Produces red spherical fruits
approx 10 cm in diameter– Each fruit contains numerous
seeds covered in fleshy arils (seed packets) contained in walls of membranous tissue
History
• Cultivated in: India, Afghanistan, Southeastern Europe including the Mediterranean, Egypt and other parts of Africa, Ancient Persia (now the Modern Middle East)
• One of the oldest herbals known in traditional medicine, used for thousands of years in areas of the Middle East and Mediterranean
Ancient Uses
o Mentioned in the papyrus Ebers of Egypt in 1550BC
o Greek physicians advised women of childbearing age to ingest the seeds of pomegranate to prevent pregnancy
o Giambattista della Porta suggested eating the seeds to strengthen teeth back in 1588 with his book, Phytognomonica
A Traditional Use• Pomegranates have astringent
properties because of the alkaloids (pelletierine tannate) present in the bark of the stems and roots and have been used for many years as an anthelmintic: removing tapeworms
• The chemicals cause the tapeworm to loosen its hold on the intestinal walls and they can be removed from the body through purging
Modern Uses
• Powerful Antioxidant• Has strong degree of free
radical scavenging, absorbs oxygen radicals, lowers LDL levels in blood
• Shows in vitro anticancer properties
www.pomwonderful.com/juice.html
Medicinal Properties and Uses
• Juice of Leaves and Fruits– Gastroenterological ailments and Ulcers– Antiarthersceloris– Prevent cancers– Hypertension– Diabetes
• Rind and Bark of stem and roots– Anthelmintic– Antidiarrheal– Promotes mucous discharge
• Dried Flowers – Hematuria, hemorrhoids, hemoptysis, dysentery, chronic diarrhea,
and bronchitis
Constituents [2][3][13]
• Fruit Rind and Pulp– Antioxidants
• Polyphenols• Tannins (Ellagitannins)• Anthocyanins
– Steroid estrogen estrone (one of the few plants in nature)
• Roots, Bark, Leaves, Young Fruit– Piperidine alkaloids
• Pelletierine, Isopelletierine (Active)• N-methylisopelletierine, pseudopelletierine (Inactive)
– Punico tannic acid
Polyphenols Present [14]
In Vitro Anticancer Studies
• “Polyphenols from fermented juice at concentration ranging from100 to 1000 mg/ml inhibited aromatase activity by 60–80% and 17-b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1 activity by 79%. In two breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MB-MDA-231 cells, fermented pomegranate juice polyphenols consistently showed about twice the anti-proliferative effect as fresh pomegranate juice polyphenols.”
• “pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) possesses remarkable antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic properties against human PCa cells both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of human PCa PC-3 cells with an extract of pomegranate fruit (PFE, 10–100 mg/ml; 48 h) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth/cell viability and induction of apoptosis.”
Abdulhamid mohtat Kandahar AfghanistanAbdulhamid mohtat Kandahar Afghanistan
Status of Pomegranate in Afghanistan Status of Pomegranate in Afghanistan
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Introduction Afghanistan can be considered the
country of the pomegranate fruit because of the excellent quality of the cultivars that thrive there.
Afghanistan is a land for 48 leading world cultivars of pomegranate commonly growing in Kandahar, Helmand, Kapisa, Samangan, Farha, Nenroz, Balkh and Herat Provinces.
Kandahar Province has historically, widely been known as main production area for its high quality and productivity.
Pomegranate ranks 5th after grapes, almond, apricot and apple.
The area has decreased from 5667 ha (1996) to 2500 ha (2003).
The average yields are in the range of about 8.6- 9.6 t/ha.
Total production is around 24,000 Mt Production in the Kandahar Province
is approximately 10,000 metric tons; and the main cultivar is ‘Kandahari’
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Pomegranate is among the main exported fruits of Afghanistan that is exported to Pakistan, Russia and Arabic Countries.
Most of the pomegranate growing areas in Afghanistan are situated between 700-1500 m above sea level, and it can be grown in such ranges commercially.
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Climatic adaptationFortunately, the climatic condition of Afghanistan is:suitable for pomegranate growing.Pomegranate can't withstand areas where the temperature is below minus 16c to- 20 oc in winter.In Afghanistan among 48 cultivars of pomegranate are:
o 20 cultivars are sweet,o 17 cultivars are medium sweet o 11 cultivars are sour.
Among all of them the seedless cultivar is very famous.
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Climatic adaptation…………. Generally Afghan pomegranate
has 14-19% sugar content.
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Climatic adaptation ………
The tree tolerates limy, slightly alkaline, saline, calcareous, wet and low fertile soils
Drought resistance Trees have a low winter chilling requirement:200 - 400
hours.
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Production
Pomegranate is among the main exported fruits of Afghanistan
Pomegranate is exported to Pakistan, Russia and Arabic Countries
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Cultivar
As we know the pomegranate originated in Afghanistan and Iran due to the an existing wild type and a number of cultivated varieties growing in several provinces of Afghanistan
Currently, more than 160 varieties of pomegranate are available in Ex-situ germplasm collection in UCDavis, California
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Propagation
Hardwood cuttings are the easiest and most satisfactory method of propagating of pomegranate
Mature wood/ branches of 1 year old are cut into pieces 20-25cm long of wood 1/2 to 1 cm in diameter
Cuttings must be younger than 6 months and older than 2 years are unsuitable
Treat cutting with 500-2000 ppm IBA
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Layout and design
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Orchard layout
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Planting an orchard
In Afghanistan the planting of pomegranate is done in late of winter (20 – 25 days) before sprouting, but it is also possible to plant it in early winter in plain areas, after shedding of leaves
Generally, for pomegranate the planting distances of 4 -5 m of row and 3 – 4 m for plant to plant are recommended
Square and rectangular systems
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Manure and fertilizer
Manure and fertilizer In Afghanistan the farmers apply farm yard
manure in orchards of pomegranate in autumn
In general application of 11 kg of well decomposed farm yard manure and 250 g urea, 125 g triple super phosphate and 125 g of potassium sulphate are recommended for a one year saplings each year for 4-5 years
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Manure and fertilizer………. Based on other recommendations a 6 year old or
onward aged tree of pomegranate can be manure with 30-50 kg F.Y.M, 1- 1.5 kg Urea, 0.5 Kg T.S.P or DAP and 0.5 kg (POS).
Excessive or late application of Nitrogen may delay fruit maturity and deplete color
some evidence indicate that excessive nitrogen application cause increased vegetative growth and reduced fruit production
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Irrigation The pomegranate can with stand
long period of drought compared to other fruit crops.
Irrigation, however, must be applied to obtain higher yield and quality.
The orchards of pomegranate need to be irrigated in Afghanistan to obtain qualitative and quantities yield due to the dry and semi dry climate.
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Irrigation……………
In general light and regular irrigations are essential during fruiting season
Irrigation at 10-12 days interval is needed until harvesting
The farmers irrigated their pomegranate orchard 6-8 time/year with flood irrigation
During winter there is no need for frequent irrigation
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Cold weather and pomegranate
Cold weather and pomegranate The pomegranate trees can withstand frost, it is
injured by temperatures below minus (-11 Celsius) and will died below ( -16-20 Celsius)
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Cold weather and pomegranate……………………….
The pomegranate trees are injured by the low temperature of autumn and winter as well as spring
Precautions to prevent the bad affects of low temperature/frost injury
Retarding of plant growth until autumn by no irrigation and no application of nitrogenous fertilizers can hasten growth in the following season
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Cold weather and pomegranate………..
Maintain regular irrigation specially in late of summer
Establish orchards at air drainage places/sites that can’t accumulate cold air due to the flow of air.
Painting of tree stems with lime solution. Burning of some materials to produce smoke which
can make a layer for forest protection
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Sun Scald As we know pomegranate is grown in
sunny, dry and hot areas and the tree has a habit to bear fruit to outside of the tree crown which can expose fruit to sun.
Sun causes deterioration to fruit branches and even main stem, the affected portion shows dark cracking spot on fruit and blacking /coloring of exposed stems to sun light
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How to prevent sunscald Close plantation will avoid the effect of sun scald by
mutual shading Planting of windbreak around orchard, especially to
south side to create shade on trees. Joint the plantation of almond trees with omegranate
to reduce the affect of sun, almond has loose and thinned leaves which allows some penetration of sun light to pomegranate trees.
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Fruiting Fruits are borne terminally on short
spurs arising from mature shoots, these bear fruits for three or four years
Only limited pruning of the bearing trees are required
The gradual growth of new shoots should be encouraged by restricted cutting back of the bearing shoots
Suckers and water sprouting must be removed regularly
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Tree training and pruningTree training and pruningTraining is done only to give proper shape and size to the trees, trees are trained to single or multiple trunked trees that are common in Afghanistan
Modified leader system is the best for Pomegranate
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Tree training and pruning
Multi-stemmed trees:The natural growth habit of the pomegranate is to produce many suckers from the base of the tree5-6 stems/ vigorous suckers should be selected around the base of the young treesAllow to grow, selection of 4-5 suckers to be developed into permanent trunks may take 2-3 or more years.
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Tree training and pruning……………
All other remaining suckers should be removed in summer and during dormant season.
Many growers prefer the multi trunk system in case of frost and sun scald to avoid it, usually only one or two trunks are injured by these climatic factors
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Single stemmed tree
By removing all the side shoots, single stem is left
This operation begins at the time of planting, the main stem is pinched at a height of about 80-100 cm that resulted for the formation of well distributed 4-5 branches on all sides about 50-70 cm from the ground level
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single stemmed tree………..
Formed branches are allowed to grow in 3 years of planting, which can maintain desired shape of single stem( modified leader system)
Mechanical support may be needed for the first 3-4 years or until trunks are large and rigid enough to support the developing top which is not common in Afghanistan.
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Pruning
Pomegranate trees require a small amount of pruning each winter to maintain shape, good bearing surface and healthy position
Pruning of water shoots, weak crotches, dead twigs, old spurs
Shortening of spurs bearing branches from tips to encourage the new growth
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Fruit cracking Fruit cracking is a major problem of pomegranate,
that is common in all pomegranate growing areas of Afghanistan
This disorder is reported to be due to mainly two reasons, one is boron deficiency and another is moisture stress conditions
That created due to irregular irrigation or irregular rain fall in late summer after a long dry period
Fluctuation in day and night temperatures may also lead to fruit cracking.
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Fruit cracking
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Precaution and control methods of cracking
Harvesting of fruit should be taken few days before of its real maturity; delay in harvest will hasten cracking of fruit
Supply of moisture regularly through drip irrigation to soil especially near to harvesting time, avoids dryness of soil in this time
Plant windbreak around pomegranate plantation to avoid night and day temperature fluctuation.
Plantation of almond trees in orchard to produce shade and avoid light intensity.
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Precaution and control methods of cracking…………..
Application of nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 600 g of urea / tree reduces cracking.
Planting of fruit cracking tolerate types or varieties
Paper shelled or soft seeded types are tolerant. Mulching of soil with straw, sugar cane trash,
paddy husk could conserve moisture in soil for long time.
Two times picking will reduce cracking rate allowing the mature fruit to be picked early
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Harvesting: The trees may bear fruits from the fourth year and
continue to do so for about 25-30 years and can live for 200 years Color change of fruit: each variety can attain specific color
at its maturity, the fruits are harvested when the fruit skin turns its color to yellow, pink, red, brown color.
The fruit juice must pass a minimum color and decrease its acidity with a maximum sugar content of 18-21 % brix which can be determined by refractometer
Pickers should harvest fruit with clippers
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Packaging Commonly in Afghanistan
pomegranates are packaged in wooden boxes, plastic bags, and jute bags in baskets or even without packaging all together transported in trucks
Afghan traders package pomegranates in wooden boxes with size of (60 x 40 x 30 cm)
Recently some NGO’s such as ROP.CADG and etc. provide a special packing cartons
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Storage Pomegranate keeps well for a
long time and is similar to the apple in having a long storage life
In Afghanistan the controlled atmospheric and other modern stores are not available
Afghan producers use ordinary rooms as storage for pomegranate
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Storage……….Handling and Storing:Pomegranate should be handled carefully through all stages of Harvesting, Packing, handling, Storage and marketingProper packaging and handling can reduce injuries and prevent contamination and damage
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Kabul sarubi
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Description of Commercially Grown Varieties
Ganesh : This variety has pinkish yellow to reddish yellow rind colour, having light pink arils and soft seeds. Fruit weighs between 225-250 gms with medium T.S.S.
Ruby: The fruit skin is red in colour and weighs between 225-275 gms. The grains are soft, having high T.S.S.
Arakta: Fruits are dark red in colour with soft seeds and with high T.S.S.
Bhagwa: The fruit is glossy red in colour with soft seeds and high T.S.S.
MAHA ANAR• ‘MAHA ANAR’ is the leading apex co-operative marketing society
promoted by leading co-operative societies of Pomegranate Growers in Maharashtra State (India).
• As this is the apex marketing co-operative society and its role is to guide the growers for cultivation of Pomegranate (In Maharashtra state are under pomegranate is around 83,000 hectors out of which more than 40,000 hectors area is covered by MAHA ANAR) towards higher quality production and marketing of pomegranate in to the international (EXPORT) market.
• Societies are having there own pre cooling as well as cold storage facility with sound network of refrigerated trucks for transportation of fresh pomegranate fruits from field to the cold storage and up to the air port. MAHA ANAR is exporting Pomegranate from last many years.
Thank you
