Upload
doquynh
View
213
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer
T.D. Paine, J.N. Kabashima and M.E. Jones Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, CA
Understanding the Biology
• Background Information • Life history and
reproduction • Environmental
limitations • Hosts at risk • Seasonal activity • Flight distance/
duration
Understanding the Biology • What are the fungal
associates • How do they interact
with the different hosts
• How do they interact with the success of the insect
• How do these interactions influence spread
Research and Implementation • New species and
new environment • Start with the
experience of others – related species or different environments
• Adapting methods to the California conditions and California stakeholders
Identification of Susceptible Trees
• Botanical Gardens- what trees are attacked, can support pathogen, can support beetle
• Urban forest • Arborist company
inventories
Identification of Symptomatic Trees
Beneath the Bark
1. Box elder (Acer negundo)* 18.Engelmann Oak (Quercus engelmannii)* 2. Big leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)* 19. Cork Oak (Quecus suber) 3. Evergreen Maple (Acer paxii) 20. Valley oak (Quercus lobata)* 4. Trident maple (Acer buergerianum) 21. Coral tree (Erythrina corallodendon) 5 Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) 22. Blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum)* 6. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) 23. Palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata) 7. California Sycamore (Platanus racemosa)* 24. Brea (Cercidium sonorae) 8. Red Willow (Salix laevigata)* 25. Tree of heaven (Alianthus altissima) 9. Avocado (Persea americana) 26. Mesquite (Prosopis articulata)* 10. Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) 27. Weeping willow (Salix babylonica) 11. English Oak (Quercus robur) 28. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta) 12. Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)* 29. Camelia (Camellia semiserrata) 13. London plane (Platanus x acerifolia) 30. Acacia (Acacia spp.) 14.Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)* 31. Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua) 15. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)* 32. Red Flowering Gum (Eucalyptus ficifolia) 16. White Alder (Alnus rhambifolia)* 33. Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda) 17.Titoki (Alectryon excelsus) 34. Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii)* 35. Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe) *Native species to California
Reproductive Hosts from Akif Eskalen
Identify Risk of Movement
• Natural spread through landscape
• Pathways or corridors • Risk to native and
agricultural resources • Facilitated movement
Pathways or Corridors
• Risk to native and agricultural resources
Facilitated Movements
• Firewood Movement
Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Ambrosia Beetles are difficult to control
• Generally only short time outside the tree
• Attract Sex pheromones‐ No
• Aggregation pheromone - No
Cultural Control and Sanitation
• Tree removal • Treatment of slash
and debris • Chipping or
grinding • Solarization and
composting • Firewood
movement
Mark Adams, Downey Trees, Bugwood.org
Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Chemical Control • Insecticides and bark
beetles – getting the material to the target
• Systemic insecticides – new materials and delivery, injections or drenches
• Contact insecticides – barrier sprays
• Value of trees and cost of treatments
Field Monitoring
Ambrosia Beetles
are difficult to control
• Generally only short time outside the tree
• Sex pheromones‐ No
• Aggregation pheromone- No
• Host attractants - Yes
• Sibling mating before females disperse
Pesticide Trials
Name Active Method Equipment
Merit 75 WP Imidacloprid Soil injection
Kioritz injector
Safari 20 SG Dinotefuran Trunk spray
Hand sprayer
Arena 50 WDG Clothianidin Soil drench
Nalgene bottle
Onyx Bifenthrin Trunk spray
Hand Sprayer
Control Untreated
• All treatments at high label rate • Treated: Sept 19 • Taken down: Oct 18 (29 days) • Count: Nov 27 (69 days)
SAFARI
MERIT ARENA
ONYX
CONTROL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
trunk spray trunk spray soil injection soil drench
Safari Onyx Merit Arena control
activ
e en
try
hole
s / s
q ft
trun
k su
rfac
e
Trunk sprays applied to uninfested castor bean logs
Treated logs placed in buckets with a beetle-infested log
1 log from each treatment in each bucket
Tracked for 8 weeks (1+ generation of beetles)
Safari Dinotefuran Danitol Fenpropathrin Onyx Bifenthrin Control
0
100
200
300
400
week 2 week 4 week 6 week 8
atta
cks
per s
q m
controlOnyxSafariDanitol
Pesticide treated logs exposed to beetles in buckets
Surface attacks
Onyx
Control
Danitol
Safari
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Control Danitol Onyx Safari
galle
ries
per s
q m
Pesticide treated logs exposed to beetles in buckets
Gallery density
Round 2: with Pentra-bark Trunk sprays applied to uninfested
castor bean logs
• Danitol (+PB) • Arena (+PB) • Onyx
• Safari (+PB) • Orange oil (+PB) • Control
Treated logs placed in buckets with a beetle-infested log
Sets of trials: insecticide+PB, control, PB only, Onyx
Tracked for 8 weeks (1+ generation of beetles)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
UTC PEN ARN APB ONYX0
10
20
30
40
50
60
UTC PEN DAN DPB ONYX
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
UTC PEN NI 7 NPB ONYX0
10
20
30
40
50
60
UTC PEN SAF SPB ONYX
Arena
Orange Oil
Danitol
Safari
Surface attacks after 2 weeks of beetle exposure %
att
acks
per
buc
ket
% a
ttac
ks p
er b
ucke
t
a
ab
ab ab b
a
ab
ab
ab
b
a
b b
b
b
0
2000
4000
6000
UTC PEN ARN APB ONYX0
2000
4000
6000
8000
UTC PEN DAN DPB ONYX
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
UTC PEN NI 7 NPB ONYX0
1000
2000
3000
4000
UTC PEN SAF SPB ONYX
Orange Oil
Danitol
Safari
Arena
Gal
lerie
s pe
r sq
met
er
Gal
lerie
s pe
r sq
met
er
Gallery Density
Summary: Insecticides
– BEST: Bifenthrin: Onyx
– Also: Clothianidin: Arena (trunk spray)
Imidacloprid: Merit
– Not Danitol and Orange Oil
Cultural Control and Sanitation
• Tree removal • Treatment of slash
and debris • Chipping or
grinding • Solarization and
composting • Firewood
movement
Mark Adams, Downey Trees, Bugwood.org
Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Firewood movement
Joseph O'Brien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Chipping
• < 1 inch • 1-2 inch • >2 inch • Control, trunk sections
Box elder (Nov 2012)
Total Emergence over 112 days
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
trunk coarse medium fine
>2 inch 1-2 inch <1 inch
beet
les
per k
g ho
st m
ater
ial
8-Jan
0
5
10
15
20
25
trunk coarse medium fine
>2 inch 1-2 inch <1 inch
beet
les
per k
g ho
st m
ater
ial 8-Jan
Chipping: round 2
Solarization
• Infested logs under clear or black plastic sheeting in full sun
• Test logs removed from plastic every 2 weeks
• Test logs held in bucket indoors for 2 weeks, then checked for signs of beetle activity (fresh sawdust around holes)
Fall Solarization: beginning Oct 14.
Maximum temperature under tarp: clear = 120-127 deg F;
black 100-109 deg F
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Oct 21 Nov 4 Nov 20 Dec 4 Dec 18 Jan 14
activ
e be
etle
s pe
r sq
met
er
controlclearblack
0
100
200
300
week 0 week 2 week 4 week 6 week 8 week 10
beet
les
per s
q m
eter
controlblackclear
Summer solarization: beginning June 25.
Maximum temperature exceeded 130 deg F
Summer Solarization: started June 17
Summary: Sanitation
• Firewood movement will spread beetle
• Chipping appears very effective
• Solarization: effective in summer
– Ambient temperatures 95-105°F (33-40°C)
– Otherwise, store covered logs on site for several months
Field evaluation of tree health
• Beetle Attacks
• Watering Regime
wikipedia.org
Huntington Garden Liquidambar
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
low watered wateredD
ieba
ck
Atta
cks
attacksdieback
The most important factor was water
Water Significant Effect (α=0.05, p=0.0253)
www.sactree.com/
Beetle Attacks Not Significant (α=0.05, p=0.2078)
How does water stress affect attack rate?
• Box elder
Different Watering Regimes
wikipedia.org
How does water stress affect attack rate?
• Sycamore
Drought Stress at UCI
wikipedia.org
0
20
40
60
80
June July Sept June July Sept
heavy heavy heavy light light light
# N
ew A
ttack
s
no water
irrigated
a
b a
b
0
20
40
60
June July Sept June July Sept
heavy heavy heavy light light light
% N
ew A
ttack
s
no water
irrigated
a
b
0
25
50
75
100
June July Sept June July Sept
heavy heavy heavy light light light
% Y
ello
w o
r bar
e
no water
irrigated
a
b
b
a
Acknowledgements California Avocado Commission
Nursery Growers Association California Association of Nurseries
and Garden Centers CDFA Specialty Crops Program
The Huntington Library and Botanical Garden
Dan Berry Tim Thibault Rancho Vasquez Monica Dimson
West Coast Arborists Akif Eskalin
Richard Stouthamer
UCR lab support Chris Hanlon Colin Umeda Robin Veasey
Gabby Martinez Blake Miles
Yasmin Khalil Sarah Jaime