Polymers in defense and railways

5/24/2018 Polymers in defense and railways

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Project on

Application of polymers

In

Defence & Railways

Submitted to

Ms. Ritima Banerjee

Prepared by:

Abhijeet Kumar 2k11/ps/001

Fiyanshu Kaka 2k11/ps/019

Deepak Hasija 2k11/ps/014


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Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as polyamides, first producedon February 28, 1935, by Wallace arothers at !u"ont#s research facility at the !u"ont $%perimental &tation'

(ylon

is one of the most commonly used polymers'

urrently, )e*lar has many applications, ranging from bicycle tires and racing sails to body armor because of its

high tensile strength+to+weight ratio by this measure it is 5 times stronger than steel on an e-ual weight basis'./0 tis

also used to make modern drumheads that hold up withstanding high impact' When used as a wo*en material, it is


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suitable for mooring lines and other underwater applications'

similar fiber called waron with roughly the same chemical structure was de*eloped by k4o in the 196s

commercial production started in 1987, and waron is now manufactured by eiin'

Introduction


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Polymers in defence

Kevlar:-

olecular formula .+:+7;/+:+(;+7;/+(;+0n

Kevlar is the registered trademark for a para+aramid syntheticfiber, related to other aramids such as (ome% and

echnora' !e*eloped at !u"ont in 1975, this high strength

material was first commercially used in the early196s as a replacement for steel in racing tires' ypically it is

spun into ropes or fabric sheets that can be used as

such or as an ingredient in composite material components'

urrently, )e*lar has many applications, ranging from bicycle

tires and racing sails to body armor because of its

high tensile strength+to+weight ratio by this measure it is 5

times stronger than steel on an e-ual weight basis' t isalso used to make modern drumheads that hold up withstanding

high impact' When used as a wo*en material, it is

suitable for mooring lines and other underwater applications'


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similar fiber called waron with roughly the same chemical

structure was de*eloped by k4o in the 196s

commercial production started in 1987, and waron is now

manufactured by eiin'

Production:-

)e*lar is synthesi4ed in solution from the monomers 1,/+

phenylene+diamine


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)e*lar


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Applications:-

Protection

1.Cryogenics

)e*lar is often used in the field of cryogenics for its low

thermal conducti*ity and high strength relati*e to other

materials for suspension purposes' ost often used to suspend a

paramagnetic salt enclosure from a superconductingmagnet mandrel in order to minimi4e any heat leaks to the

paramagnetic material' t is also used a thermal standoff

or structural support where low heat leaks are desired'

2.Armor

)e*lar is a well+known component of personal armor such as combat

helmets, ballistic face masks, and ballistic *ests' he "&B helmet

and *est used by >nited &tates military forces since the 1986s both

ha*e )e*lar as a key component, as do their replacements' :ther

military uses include bulletproof facemasks used by sentries and spall


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liners used to protect the crews of armoured fighting *ehicles' $*en

(imit4+class aircraft carriers include )e*lar armor around *ital spaces'

Celated ci*ilian applications include $mergency &er*ice#s protection

gear if it in*ol*es high heat


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materials used for paraglider suspension lines n Fencing it is

used in the protecti*e ackets, breeches, plastrons and

the bib of the masks'

ennis rac-uets are often strung with )e*lar'

t is e*en used in sails for high performance racing boats'

t is increasingly being used in the EpetoE, the padded co*ering

which protects the picadors# horses in the bullring'

Shoes:-

With ad*ancements in technology, (ike used )e*lar in shoes

for the first time' t launched the $lite &eries ,with

enhancements to its earlier *ersion of basketball shoes by using

)e*lar in the anterior as well as the shoe laces' his was done to

decrease the elasticity of the tip of the shoe in contrast to nylon

used con*entionally as )e*lar e%panded by about 1A againstnylon which e%panded by about 36A' &hoes in this range

included eGron, ;yper!unk and Hoom )obe ?' ;owe*er

these shoes were launched at a price range much higher than

a*erage cost of basketball shoes' t was also used as speed

control patches for certain &oap &hoes models' and the laces for

the adidas F56 adiHero "rime football boot'


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)e*lar is a *ery popular material for racing canoes'

Rope, cable, sheath:-

he fiber is used in wo*en rope and in cable, where the fibers

are kept parallel within a polyethylene slee*e' he cables ha*ebeen used in suspension bridges such as the bridge at berfeldy

in &cotland' hey ha*e also been used to stabili4e cracking

concrete cooling towers by circumferential application followed

by tensioning to close the cracks'

)e*lar is widely used as a protecti*e outer sheath for optical

fiber cable, as its strength protects the cable from damage andkinking' When used in this application it is commonly known

by the trademarked name "arafil'


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)e*lar mooring line

Composite materials:-

ramid fibers are widely used for reinforcing composite

materials, often in combination with carbon fiber and glass

fiber' he matri% for high performance composites is usually

epo%y resin' ypical applications include monoco-ue

bodies for F1 racing cars, helicopter rotor blades, tennis, table

tennis, badminton and s-uash rackets, kayaks, cricket

bats, and field hockey, ice hockey and lacrosse sticks'

2=' ylon :!

!ensity + 1'15 g@cm3

$lectrical conducti*ity+


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hermal conducti*ity + 6'25 W@


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(ylon fibers are used in many applications, including clothes fabrics, bridal *eils,

package paper, carpets, musical strings, pipes, and rope etc'

&olid nylon is used for mechanical parts such as machine screws, gears and otherlow+ to medium+stress components pre*iously cast in metal' $ngineering+grade

nylon is processed by e%trusion, casting, and inection molding' &olid nylon is

used in hair combs' ype 7,7 (ylon 161 is the most common commercial grade of

nylon, and (ylon 7 is the

most common commercial grade of molded nylon' For use in tools such as the

spudger, a nylon is a*ailable in glass+filled *ariants which increase structural and

impact strength and rigidity, and molybdenum sulfide+filled *ariants which

increase lubricity'

ramids are another type of polyamide with -uite different chain structures which

include aromatic groups in the main chain' &uch polymers make e%cellent ballistic

fibers'

Production:-

he first approachM combining molecules with an acid


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The characteristic features of nylon 6,6 include:

O "leats and creases can be heat+set at higher temperatures

O ore compact molecular structure

O Getter weathering properties better sunlight resistanceO &ofter E;andE

O ;igher melting point


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O Bood specific strength

O ransparent to infrared light '&' currency' t the

outset of the war, cotton accounted for more than 86A of all fibers used and

manufactured, and wool fibers accounted for nearly all of the rest' Gy

ugust 19/5, manufactured fibers had taken a market share of 25A, at the

e%pense of cotton'

&ome of the terpolymers based upon nylon are used e*ery day in

packaging' (ylon has been used for meat wrappings and sausage sheaths'

Use in composites:-

(ylon can be used as the matri% material in composite materials, with

reinforcing fibers like glass or carbon fiber such a composite has a higher

density than pure nylon' &uch thermoplastic composites


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high energy used to create them is usually e%pensi*e, so most nylons reach the

garbage dumps, decaying *ery slowly'&ome recycling is done on nylon, usually

creating pellets for reuse in the industry'

"#poly$inylidene fluo ide


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olecular formula +


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fine powder grade, )P(C 566 "?!F or ;PC 5666 "?!F, is also used as

the principal ingredient of high+end paints for metals' hese "?!F paints ha*e

e%tremely good gloss and color retention, and they are in use on many prominent

buildings around the world, e'g' the "etronas owers in alaysia and aipei 161

in aiwan, as well as on commercial and residential metal roofing'

"?!F membranes are used for western blots for immobili4ation of proteins, due

to its non+specific affinity for amino acids' "?!F is sold under a *ariety of brand

names including ;ylar


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spin coating, and film casting=' angmuir+Glodgett films ha*e also been made' n

the case of solution+based processing, typical sol*ents used include

dimethylformamide as well as the more *olatile butanone' n a-ueous

emulsion polymeri4ation, the fluorosurfactant perfluorononanoic acid is used in

anion form as a processing aid by solubili4ing monomers' For characteri4ation ofthe molecular weight *ia gel permeation chromatography


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Applications:-

1!lectrical wires

"?!F is commonly used as insulation on some kinds of electrical wires, because

of its combination of fle%ibility, low weight, low thermal conducti*ity, high

chemical corrosion resistance, and heat resistance' ost of the narrow

36+gauge wire used in wire wrap circuit assembly and printed circuit board rework

is "?!F+insulated' n this use the wire is generally referred to as E)ynar wireE,

from the trade name'

he pie4oelectric properties of "?!F are used to ad*antage to manufacture tactile

sensor arrays, ine%pensi*e strain gauges and lightweight audio transducers'

"ie4oelectric panels made of "?!F are used on the ?enetia Gurney &tudent !ustounter, a scientific instrument of the (ew ;ori4ons space probe that measures

dust density in the outer solar system'

2=batteries

"?!F is the standard binder material used in the production of composite

electrodes for lithium ion batteries' 1+2A weight solution of "?!F dissol*ed in (+

ethyl+2+pyrrolidone


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"?!F is used for specialty monofilament fishing lines, sold as fluorocarbon

replacements for nylon monofilament'

:ptical density is lower than nylon, which makes the line less discernible' he

surface is harder, so it is more

resistant to abrasion and sharp fish teeth' t is also denser than nylon, making itsink faster'

Documents

Polymers in defense and railways