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© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized without permission.
Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Water: An Overview and
Related WRF ResearchKenan Ozekin
Senior Research ManagerAlice Fulmer
Regional Liaison
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Outline
• Background• Regulations• Occurrence• WRF Research• Conclusions
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PFAS in the Headlines
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PFAS in the Headlines
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
What are PFAS?
• Poly and Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of man-made chemicals.
• The carbon-fluorine bond is the shortest and strongest chemical bond in nature
• Persistent and resistant to degradation • PFAS family=thousands of diverse compounds• PFAS are found in people, wildlife and fish all over the
world.• Some PFAS can stay in people’s bodies a long time. • Some PFAS do not break down easily in the
environment.
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Uses of PFAS
• Commercial and consumer products containing PFAS were first introduced in the 1950s
• PFAS have been used for many years to make products that resist heat, stains, grease and water
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Human Exposure to PFAS
Landfillleachate (<10,000 ng/L)1
Adapted from Oliaei 2013, Environ Pollut Res1Allred et al. 2014 J Chrom;2 Schultz et al. 2006; Higgins ES&T 20053Schultz et al. 2006 a&b ES&T; 4Ahrens et al. Chemosphere 2015
• Inhalation• ingestion (dust/fibre)
man
ufac
ture
r was
te
liquids
breast milk
Biosolids
(<3,000 ng/g)2
Effluents
(<100 ng/L)3
solids
AFFF-impacted groundwater = up to mg/L
was
tew
ater
trea
tmen
tAFFF
AFFF-impacted surface water ~ 100s ng/L4
cord blood
goods
WRF Project 4322 Webcast
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Biomonitoring NHANES PFAS Data
*No serum available in 2001-2 aMeasured as isomers
*
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
History of PFAS
1950s• 1949 - 3M began producing PFOS based compunds
1960s• 1967 - FDA approved use in food packaging
2000s
• 2002 - 3M phased out PFOS production• 2008 - 3M phased out PFOA production
2010 to Present
• 2015 - All manufacturers phased out PFOA production
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Potential Health Effects – Further Research Needed• Animals
• Increased liver weight (critical effect)• Spleen, thymus, and developmental• Cancer—liver, testis, pancreas
• Humans• Possible changes in growth, learning and behavior• Decreased fertility• Increased cholesterol• Immune effects• Cancer—kidney, bladder, testicular, prostate
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Regulations
• No Federal Regulations• Health Advisories
EPA Provisional Health Advisory, 2009Short-term adverse health effectsPFOS: 200 ppt, PFOA: 400 ppt
EPA Health Advisory, 2016Long-term adverse health effectsPFOS: 70 ppt, PFOA: 70 ppt, PFOS + PFOA: 70 ppt
“EPA's health advisories are non-enforceable and non-regulatory and provide technical information to states agencies and other public health officials on health effects, analytical methodologies, and treatment technologies associated with drinking water contamination.”
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Regulations
• Several states have passed groundwater quality regulations for PFOA.
• In West Virginia and Ohio, residents must be provided with alternative drinking water when PFOA levels exceed 70 ppt.
• Minnesota has adopted a Chronic Health Risk Limit of 300 ppt for PFOA and PFOS in drinking water.
• New Jersey has established a preliminary health-based guidance of 40 ppt for PFOA in drinking water.
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
PFAS Occurrence
Source: Hu XC et al., Environmental Science & Technology Letters
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this presentation may be copied, reproduced, or otherwise utilized without permission.
Water Research Foundation PFAS Research
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
WRF PFAS Research
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Summary of PFAS removals for various treatment processes
Source – WRF Project 4322 Final Report
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
WRF Current Research
• New Focus Area titled “Management, analysis, removal, fate and transport of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water”
• Objectives• Analysis of emerging and unidentified PFAS• Vulnerability of waters to PFAS and identification of
sources and hotspots• Management alternatives for PFAS• Behavior, fate, and transport of PFAS in treatment• Treatment and removal of PFAS
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Potential FA Projects• Investigation of water quality impacts on removal of PFAS by GAC and IX• Investigation of PFAS treatment in surface water• Investigation of treatment alternatives for short-chain PFAS• Fate and transport of PFAS in wastewater treatment and biosolids• Oxidation of PFAS precursors and PFAS formation • Qualitative structure activity relationships for predicting removal of new and
emerging PFAS• Testing and development of innovative treatment technologies for PFAS removal• Analytical method development to detect emerging and currently unidentified
PFAS• Investigation of alternative management strategies to prevent PFAS from
entering drinking water supplies (e.g., policies, pre-treatment of point-sources)• Occurrence of hot spots and major sources of PFAS
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
New RFP
• Title - Investigation of Treatment Alternatives for Short-Chain Poly and Perfluoroalkyl Substances
• Objectives• The objective of this project is to investigate treatment
alternatives for short-chain PFASs in drinking water sources.
• Approach• Testing of variety of technologies• Using both surface and groundwater sources• Testing a range of operating conditions
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
New DOD Project
• Title - Evaluation and Life Cycle Comparison of Ex-Situ Treatment Technologies for Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Groundwater
• Lead Organization: The Water Research Foundation (PI: Alice Fulmer)
• Research Team: Colorado School of Mines (Chris Bellona, Chris Higgins), North Carolina State University (Detlef Knappe), University of Colorado – Boulder (Sherri Cook), CDM Smith (Charles Schaefer)
• It is under contract
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Project Objectives To compare established & emerging PFAS treatment approaches on a life-cycle assessment (LCA) and costing (LCC) basis, and to provide a framework for selection of effective treatment technologies
• Synthesis and generation of data to assess PFAS treatment using LCA & LCC using various treatment scenarios and metrics
• Comprehensive side-by-side comparison of competing technologies for removal and/or destruction of a variety of PFASs in groundwater
• Established treatment technologies include granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange (IX), GAC followed by IX, and nanofiltration or reverse osmosis (NF/RO)
• Emerging treatment technology is superfine powdered activated carbon (sPAC) with separation by ceramic microfiltration (MF) with possible inclusion of destructive technologies (i.e., electrochemical, non-thermal plasma and UV-sensitized treatment processes) for treatment of residuals (i.e., IX regenerant, RO/NF concentrate)
• Development of a treatment technology decision support tool based on data & stakeholder input
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Task 1 – Experimental Design and Data Needs
Task 1a – Database and Framework DevelopmentTask 1b – Expert Panel Feedback
Task 2 – Lab-Scale Treatability Study
Task 2a – Work Plan and System Design Task 2b – Lab-Scale Experimentation
Task 4 – Technology Transition
Task 3 – Comprehensive Evaluation of PFASTreatment Approaches
Task 3a – Technology Characterization and Sub-Model Creation
Task 3c – Decision Support ToolTask 3b – Life Cycle Metrics Analysis
Task 5 – Management and Reporting
Task 4a – Workshop Task 4b – Outreach
Integration of Project Tasks to Support Objectives
© 2018 The Water Research Foundation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Conclusions
• PFAAs are extremely persistent and bioaccumulative. • Some are highly water soluble thus a major pathway for
human exposure is the consumption of contaminated drinking water.
• Ineffective water treatment techniques: • Ferric or alum coagulation • Granular filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration • Aeration/oxidation: permanganate, ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide• Disinfection: ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and chloramines
• Anion exchange and granular activated carbon treatment preferably removed longer-chain PFAAs and the PFSAs compared to the PFCAs.
• Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration demonstrated significant removal for all the PFAAs.