Pollution of marine environment by shipping in Bangladesh & possible

preventive methods

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Khairul HassanDoctoral studentDepartment of Maritime Engineering, Kyushu University, Japan.m.khaer@yahoo.com

In Bangladesh about 11% of area occupied by water. About 6,000 km navigable water ways and navigating About 5,500 registered and many unregistered vessels.

IntroductionIntroduction

Shipping activities as the source of pollutionsThe vessel navigating activitiesShipyard(ship production) activities and Ship breaking yard activities(ship scraping)

Significant reduction of the pollutions in Bangladesh-By proper design and management systems By growing up consciousness about pollution.

Various types of adverse effects of these pollutions.

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IntroducingShipping activities that can pollute marine environment

The activities that can reduce pollution.

Marine EnvironmentsMarine Environments

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Coastal area Inland area

Marine Environment in Bangladesh

Most pullulated zoneAround Chittagong port area

Most pullulated zoneAround Dhaka city

Most pollution scientists use different or more precise terms:Wastes are described as inputsTheir occurrence in the sea is described as contaminationThe damage they have on marine environment as pollution

Kinds of pollutionKinds of pollution

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Natural pollution Unnatural pollution

Pollution

Un-natural pollutions have increased significantly as- The rapid development of the industrial activities, Electricity infrastructures Transportations and others

Land-based activities: Land-fills, rivers and floodwaters, industrial outfalls, discharge from storm water drains untreated municipal sewerage, littering of beaches, coastal areas (tourism), fishing industry.

Marine based activities: shipping (eg. transport, tourism, fishing), offshore mining and extraction, illegal dumping at sea, discared fishing gear, shipyard and ship breaking yards activities.

Different types of vessels emitted different pollutants:

Oil, oily chemicals, garbage, sewage and the anti-fouling paint on a ship’s hull, emission gases, marine pests in ship’s ballast water or clinging to the ship’s hull.

Most unexpected source -unregistered vessels in Bangladesh

Pollution by vessels activitiesPollution by vessels activities

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Oil substances with bilge & ballast water thrown into waterLeakage during oil transfer process and from the engine room.

Dumping of garbage and sewage into waterways from ships.

Pollution by vessels activitiesPollution by vessels activities

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Oil spill pollutes water in marine environment .

Leakage during oil transfer process and from the engine room.

Vessels-major source of oil for water pollution in Bangladesh.

Pollution by vessels activitiesPollution by vessels activities

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Most dangerous factor - foreign and local ships find the marine area of Bangladesh as a safe place for throwing away their garbage and sewage.

Pollution by vessels activitiesPollution by vessels activities

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Emissions produced by burning fuel from ships

Chemical Reactiona.CmHnSp + (b. O2 +c. N2) → e.CO2+f.CO+g.HC+h.NOx+k.O2+s.HO2+t.N2+y.SO2

Where, CmHnSp is diesel; a, e, f, g, h, k, s, t and y are coefficients determined by mass balance b and c are the air compositions determined by mass balance.

Pollution by vessels activitiesPollution by vessels activities

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Emissions Produced by burning fuelEmissions Produced by burning fuel

The Shipping sector consumes:About 5% 　 global oil consumptionProduced emissions every yearAbout 12.57 million tones NOX,About 10.54 million tones SOX

Huge amounts of CO2

Pollution from ship breaking yards during breaking and scrapping the old ships.

Pollution by ship breaking yardsPollution by ship breaking yards

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The ship-breaking yard in Chittagong is the world's second.

The ship breaking industry creates numerous hazards for the coastal and marine environment

Pollution by ship breaking yardsPollution by ship breaking yards

95% of total weight is steel.Coating 10 to 100 tons of paint contain Pb, Cd, organotins, As, Zn, Cr.

And also contain a wide range of other hazardous wastes, sealants containing PCBs, up to 7.5 tones of asbestos.

High concentrations

Oil & grease

Heavy metals

Poor working condition

Several thousands liters- oil, polychlorinated biphenyls.12

Pollution by shipyards Pollution by shipyards

During hull preparation for painting the wash water includingmarine growth on hull, old paints and heavy metals Contaminants with the nearby waters.

Paint stripping and painting activitiesSolvent-based paints including volatile organic compounds(VOCs), anti-fouling regulated hazardous

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During repairing of old shipsWastages, sewage, oily things, coating of the hull, ballast and bilge water.

Impacts of pollutionsImpacts of pollutions

80 percent of the animal protein in diet comes from fishDue to pollution destroying the living places of the fishes

So reducing the amount of fishes in water That makes more unemployed people.

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For environmental damages by ship breaking yardsExtinction about 10 different species of seawater fishes21 have become rare in Bangladesh

Impacts of pollutionsImpacts of pollutions

Spill & leakage of oil, bilge and ballast water from vesselThreats existence of fish, shrimp and other livings.

１ http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=132782

In August 1994, the oil spill happened from a vessel of Panama’s flag which capsized near the Sundarbans.

Immediate mortality of a great number of fauna and flora.

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Impacts on human bodyImpacts on human body

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Effects of EmissionsEffects of Emissions

Acid rain Toxic air

pollution

Ozone depletion

Melting polar ice risk of rising sea levels Increase frequency of

floods

The emission gases contribute significantlyThe global warming

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Prevention of the pollutionsPrevention of the pollutionsProper management of the wastages minimizing and ultimately reducing the pollution.

Government, non-Governmental shipping organizations, intergovernmental shipping agencies

Come forward and mobilize communities To adapt techniques and activities that are sustainable.

The awareness of the crew Increasing by training and applying marine laws very strictly.

Reduced pollutions by throwing the pollutants from ships.

To prevent oil spills and oil leakage, banned unfitted vessels.Prevent to run unregistered marine vehicles and industries.Form the law to confirm the punishment for avoiding the law.

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Emission reduction methods Emission reduction methods Comparatively marine vehicles emitted less emissions.But in Bangladesh Using old engine emitted more emissions.For environment issue these few amount can’t be neglected if possible to mitigate.

Reduction of Fuel Consumption or use best quality fuel and engine

Preventive MethodCounter action Method

Reduction of Produced emissions

Reduction of Production of emission sources

Emission Reduction

Absorption or conversion of emissions gases

Preventive methods is more reliable and efficient .By reducing the fuel consumptionBy using good quality fuel that produce low emissions.

For high speed ship wave resistance is very importantBy design optimization - required skill person.About 8% fuel consumption and emissions can be reduced.

For low speed ship frictional resistance is very importantSmoothing hull - required regular maintenance.About 3-4% fuel consumption and emissions can be reduced.

Which method is best in Bangladesh? Which method is best in Bangladesh?

Speed limit of Inland vessels in Bangladesh 6-12knots. 20

Which method is best in Bangladesh? Which method is best in Bangladesh?

In Bangladesh for power reduction –reduction of frictional resistance is the most applicable method.

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In Bangladesh difficulties : Lack of consciousness lack of knowledge and reluctant to grow up consciousnesses.

Best management practice-For maintenance, housekeeping and materials management.

Alternatives of Sandblasting for removing coatingsDry, abrasive grit or high-pressure water blasting.

Alternative anti-fouling coatings with less toxicity to discourage buildup of marine organisms on hulls.

Reducing emissions of volatile organic compounds and hazardous air pollutants-

water-borne, high-solids paints and powder coatings,more efficient painting techniques and properly maintainedcleaned spray guns and high-efficient application equipment.

Prevention of shipyards pollutionPrevention of shipyards pollution

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Prevention of pollution from ship breaking yardsPrevention of pollution from ship breaking yards

Identifies, quantifies and locates the type of waste on board

carried out before dismantling process.

Removing and cleaning of liquids, fuels, oils, liquids residues.

A safe working and operating procedures must maintain.

Removing the consumable and loose equipment properly.

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Prevention of pollution from ship breaking yardsPrevention of pollution from ship breaking yards

All hazardous wastesAsbestos, Polychlorinated biphenyls, bilge and ballast waters, oil and fuels metal cutting and paints and also miscellaneous ship machinery.properly removed and disposed.

Drawing working plan and following safe and cutting sequence

Techno-scientific and best management practices applied for-Handing, storing, disposing materials and substances of ship.

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ConclusionConclusionThe shipping activities that pollute marine environment :

Ship production, ship navigation & Ship breaking.Most unexpected source of pollution: Unregistered vesselsMost important factor for pollution in Bangladesh

unconsciousness & violate the laws.For low speed inland vessels in Bangladesh:By regular hull maintenance mitigating

-about 3- 4% of fuel consumption and emissions.Proper wastage management & consciousness reduce pollution.

Shipyards mainly pollute by sand blasting and painting worksMitigating by grit/water blasting, environmental friendly paints.Pollutants of breaking yard-wastage, coating, metal, oily things.

Pollution reduction by proper management of wastages before scraping and

scraping metals, coatings & oil after scraping. 25