Pollution contributed by oldermotorcycles in SingaporeA motorcycle registered before 1 July 2003 emits 10 times more Carbon Monoxide (CO) compared to a new motorcycle.

A motorcycle registered before 1 July 2003 emits 30 times more Hydrocarbons (HC) compared to a new motorcycle.

Health effects of air pollution:

A motorcycle registered before 1 July 2003 emits 12 times more Carbon Monoxide (CO) compared to a Euro VI car.

While motorcycles form 15% of our local vehicle population, they contribute to 53% of CO emissions from vehicles.

While motorcycles registered before 1 July 2003 form around 20% of the motorcycle fleet, they contribute to 40% of CO emissions from motorcycles.

A motorcycle registered before 1 July 2003 emits 50 times more Hydrocarbons (HC) compared to a Euro VI car.

HCHC HC

HCCO

COCO

CO

COCOCO

COHC

HCHC

HC

Contribution of CO by vehicle population

Other vehicle population

Motorcycles

85% 47%

15% 53%Contribution

of COVehicle

population

Perc

enta

ge

0

20

40

60

80

100

Motorcycles < 15 years old

Motorcycles ≥ 15 years old

Contribution of CO by motorcycle population

79% 60%

21% 40%

Contribution of CO

Motorcycle population

Perc

enta

ge

0

20

40

60

80

100

• The World Health Organization (WHO) deems air pollution to be the single largest environment health risk.1

• Motorcycle emissions contain CO and HC. They react with other chemicals to form Ozone.• CO and Ozone are known to impair respiratory functions. At high concentrations, CO is toxic.

1 www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/

COHC

COHC