Pollack Kaqun Zuglo-presents

Gerald H. Pollack, PhDUniversity of Washington

Seattle

Vermont 2012

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Gilbert Ling

Role of water in cell biology

10 m

Exclusion ZoneEZ

200 m

Another example

Basic finding confirmed Felix Blyakhman (Ural State Univ) Wei-Chun Chin (U. Cal. Merced) Toshio Hirai (Shinshu University) Mark Banaszak Holl (Univ. of Michigan) Tom Lowell (Vermont Photonics) Diedrich Schmidt (Tsukuba) Gerhard Artmann (Aachen) David Maughan (U. Vermont) Miklos Kellermayer (Budapest) Fettah Kosar (Harvard) Jacques Huyghe (Eindhoven) Nikolay Bunkin (Moscow)

Questions to Answer

Is the exclusion phenomenon general? Does it really arise from water ordering? What energy creates this order? Can the ordered zone explain everyday

phenomena?

Question #1:Generality

Surfaces: gels, polymers, biological surfaces, monolayers

Solutes excluded: down to mw 100 and lower

Nafion

pH-sensitive dye(s)

H+

H+

H+

dye excluded

Small solutes excluded

many solutes excluded

many hydrophilic surfaces generate exclusion zones

Generality

Question #2

Is this zone physically different from bulk water? EZ

Evidence that exclusion-zone (EZ) wateris physically different from bulk water

EZ water molecules more constrained (NMR) EZ molecules more stable (infrared radiation) EZ has negative charge (electrical potential) EZ absorbs at 270 nm (light-absorption spectrum) EZ is more viscous (falling ball viscometry) EZ molecules aligned (polarizing microscopy) EZ molecular structure different (IR absorption) EZ optical properties different (refractive index)

Zheng et al., Adv. Colloid and Interface Sci, 127: 19-27, 2006Chai et al., J Phys Chem, 112: 2242 2247, 2008Zheng et al., J. Coll. Interface Sci, 332: 511514, 2009Yoo et al. J. Phys. Chem. Letters 2: 532- 536, 2011

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Nafion

H+ H+ H+

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from previous slide

pH-sensitive dye

Control Current vs. Time

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Time (s)

Cu

rre

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(uA

) Confirms charge separationConfirms charge separation

Current flow between exclusion zone and water beyond

A charged battery in waterA charged battery in water

Separated charges should attract

Charges genuinely separated


EZ water molecules more constrained (NMR) EZ molecules more stable (infrared radiation) EZ has negative charge (electrical potential) EZ absorbs at 270 nm (light-absorption spectrum) EZ is more viscous (falling ball viscometry) EZ molecules aligned (polarizing microscopy) EZ molecular structure different (IR absorption) EZ optical properties different (refractive index)


Summary, so farmay extend far

veryLiquid crystalline

Negative charge

Fourth phase of water?(Sir Wm. Hardy, 1912)

Excludes solutes

(Non-dipolar?)

Non-dipolar EZ Structure?

Negative charge (dipoles neutral) 270-nm absorption (ring-like structures)

Structure should have precedent

Precedent: ICE

remove protons = negative charge; non solid

NOTH2O

Advantages of sheet-like EZ

Precedent Negative charge Ring-like structures (270-nm absorption) Able to accommodate helical structures Large sheets eliminate Brownian instability

unstable? stable


Precedent Negative charge Ring-like structures (270-nm absorption) Able to accommodate helical structures Large sheets eliminate Brownian instability Tight lattice keeps hydronium ions out

Crystalline zone keeps protons (hydronium ions) out

Battery charge remains separatedBattery charge remains separated

EZ


Precedent Negative charge Ring-like structures (270-nm absorption) Able to accommodate helical structures Large sheets eliminate Brownian instability Tight lattice keeps hydronium ions out

Is the sheet-like honeycomb actually seen?

ATP synthase-subunit c

McGeoch and McGeoch Interface 2008

ordered hexagonal

sheets of water

SEM

TEM

Answer to Question #2Is EZ physically distinct from bulk?

YesLayered honeycomb structure

Question #3

What charges the water battery?

(Incident radiant energy)(Incident radiant energy)

infrared most powerful

EZwatermaterial

Reduce incident radiant energy

Answer to Question #4Energy?

EZ buildup powered by photonic energyOrders water

Charges the water battery

water

generates heat(conventional)

impartschemical energyfor building orderand separating charge

Possible Energy Flow in Universe

sun

water


imparts energyfor building orderand separating charge


sun

water


imparts energyfor building orderand separating charge


sun

Can this energy be harvested?

Nafion tube or gel tube

Energy can be harvested

water

nafion

exclusion zone

exclusion zone

nafion

Polyacrylic acid gel

EZ

PAA gel

EZEZ

work done

system MUST absorb energy

water transduces light energy

E = H2O

Can EZ existence help explain

everyday phenomena?

Question #4

five examples

Charged aerosol droplets come togetherbecause of like-likes-like mechanism

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liquid crystalline water

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+likelike--likeslikes--like (Feynman)like (Feynman)

(Tale of Genji)

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Stability: attractive force = repulsive force

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Particles stick together because of like-likes-like

2. Sandcastles

3. Ice

Ice Formation Paradox

Creating order commonly requires

energy input

Creating order in ice requires energy withdrawal

Does ice violate general rule? No

ICE

Why?

remove protons exclusion zoneprotons + exclusion zone ice

ice precursor

intimately tied to EZ

add protons

Is EZ really necessary for ice formation?

Freeze initiates in EZ

ice

(EZ + protons)

Testing the proton rush

replace microspheres with pH-sensitive dye

red color = many protons

cooling plate

freezing

Ice formation involves protons

EZ + protons = ice

Energy paradox resolved

Increased order DOES require energy

Reverse: Melting

Absorption spectra

melted water

samples

Melting should produce EZ water

270 nm = signature of EZ

4. Low friction

Liquid layer known since Michael Faraday

EZ + protons?

Pressure should produce EZ + protons

ice

EZ

Pressing harder should give lower friction!

5. Biological applications

Low friction: why your joints dont squeak

Should be filled with protons

Injury-induced swelling

sprain

XX

X

No restraint to swelling

Swelling arises from buildup of large EZ layers

Obtaining energy: Can we get energy from the environment (like plants)

Pedro Cabrales UCSD

Might radiant energy help drive blood flow?

Laboratory studies: radiant energy drives the flow

Might absorbed external energy assist blood flow?

Cells are full of EZ

water

Separated charges drive reactions

Radiant energy may help power cells

EZs Central for Biological Function

Anesthetics (impair function): diminish EZ size

Aspirin (enhance function): builds EZ

EZ water central to function

Practical Use of Radiant Energy?

Getting energyfrom sunlight and water

hydrophilichydrophilicmaterialmaterial

Excluded stuff

Obtaining drinking water

Excluded salt?

contaminated watercontaminated water

EZ

Main Conclusions

Where weve come

Water is fascinating to studyFun to study

Why only one cloud when the vapor rises all over?

Elmar Fuchs, Wetsus

Water is a dipole

i. klyuzhin

Test for solute distribution

Initial experimental approach:

solutes excluded

solutes included


Surfaces Solutes


Surfaces: hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic Solutes

hydrophobic hydrophilic

Hydrophilic gel surfaces do exclude

Polyvinyl alcohol Polyacrylic acid Polyacrylamide PolyHEMA Collagen Agarose

muscle

microspheres

Biological specimens excludeBiological specimens excludeBiological specimens exclude

50 m

monolayerMonolayers exclude

Generality?

Surfaces: Numerous hydrophilic surfaces show exclusion

Solutes

Excluded particles

Polystyrene microspheres Silica microspheres Erythrocytes Bacteria Colloidal gold (4 - 7 nm) Quantum dots Ash, dirt

fluorophore-labeled albumin

Excluded solutes


EZ water molecules more constrained (NMR) EZ molecules more stable (infrared radiation) EZ has negative charge (electrical potential) EZ absorbs at 270 nm (light-absorption spectrum) EZ is more viscous (falling ball viscometry) EZ molecules aligned (polarizing microscopy) EZ molecular structure different (IR absorption)


Takehome message:the shaky edifice of

science

light

slit 1

slit 2

cuvetteNafion

100 m

spectrophotometer

UV-VIS absorption spectrum

Another charged battery in water


EZ water molecules more constrained (NMR) EZ molecules more stable (infrared radiation) EZ has negative charge (electrical potential) EZ absorbs at 270 nm (light-absorption spectrum) EZ is more viscous (falling ball viscometry) EZ molecules aligned (polarizing microscopy) EZ molecular structure different (IR absorption)


Question #3: Can crystalline water explain counter-intuitive anomalies?

What behavior do we expect from a crystal?

Crystalline elements stick together

gelatin dessert (95% water)gelatin dessert (95% water)gelatin dessert (95% water)

Why doesnWhy doesnWhy doesnt the water dribble out?t the water dribble out?t the water dribble out?

Crevices are filled with liquid crystal

Crystalline water is gel-like.

Crystalline water grows at air-water interface

air meniscus clear zone water + microspheres

2 mm

Clear zone similar to EZ

Thick gel-like bandNegative potential

ManyManyMany structured layersstructured layersstructured layerscreate high surface tensioncreate high surface tensioncreate high surface tension

water

water

water

Crystals can be pretty stiff

Water structure stiff enoughWater structure stiff enoughto keep bridge from collapsingto keep bridge from collapsing

Answer to Question #3

Yes

Liquid crystalline water explains many anomalies

It explains why water batteryIt explains why water batterycharges remain separatedcharges remain separated

100 m

Near infrared illumination

nafion

100 m

Control

Nafion

EZ

temperature rise < 1

With illumination 5 min

EZ

Converted to work

higher waterlower water

Evidence that incident energy MUST be absorbed

exclusion beyond

A charged battery in waterA charged battery in water

exclusion beyond


EZ water molecules more constrained (NMR) EZ molecules more stable (infrared radiation) EZ has negative charge (potential measurement) EZ absorbs at 270 nm (light-absorption spectrum) EZ is more viscous (falling ball viscometry) EZ molecules aligned (polarizing microscopy) EZ molecular structure different (IR absorption)


including chemical reactions in cells

Possible things to includeEvaporation see older talks

Anesthetics + aspirinFreezing

Joint lubrication/friction- see Vancouver extra session

Practical Use of Radiant Energy?

Getting energyfrom sunlight and water

hydrophilichydrophilicmaterialmaterial

Excluded stuff

Obtaining drinking water

Excluded salt?

contaminated watercontaminated water

EZ

200 m

PAAPAA gel Exclusion zone

(EZ)

0 200 400 600 800 2000 3000 4000 5000

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2EZ

-si

ze ra

tio

Wavelength (nm)

Effect of Wavelength on EZ Size(5 min exposure)

control (low incident intensity)visible infrared

Charged aerosol droplets come togetherbecause of like-likes-like

Injury-induced swelling

EZ water builds up next to protein surfaces Tendency to swell tissue Cross-links btw. proteins restrain swelling Injury tears cross-links EZ water builds unrestrained; tissue swells

EZ Size Modulates Function

Impairment anesthetics: diminish EZ

Enhancement aspirin: builds EZ

EZ water central to function

Documents

Pollack Kaqun Zuglo-presents