Political Science disarmament

8/18/2019 Political Science disarmament

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DISARMAMENT AFTER WORLD WAR-II

POLITICAL SCIENCE

SUBMITTED BY

MAYANK RAJPUT

ROLL NO. 2015070

DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

VISHAKHAPATNAM

1 | P a g e D I S A R M A M E N T



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am glad that I took up this topic of DISARMAMENT AFTER WORLD WAR-II

to wok upo!" I tak# this oppotu!it$ to #%p#ss m$ gatitud# to thos# who ha&#

'##! i!stum#!tal i! th# succ#ssful compl#tio! of th# po(#ct" I am gat#ful to m$

t#ach#) M!. N"#$%$ D&'" who guid#d m# #&#$ st#p" I would lik# to claif$ m$

#ad#s with m$ #ffots" I ti#d #&#$thi!g to 'i!g light to this po(#ct"

MAYANK RAJPUT




TABLE OF CONTENTS

NUMBER TITLE PAGE NUMBER

1

Ack!owl#dgm#!t *+

2 Ta'l# of ,o!t#!ts *

( A'stact *.

) I!toductio! */

5 E%pla!atio! *0

* Impota!c# of

disamam#!t

1*

7

Wold wa-II

11

+ W#apo!s of Mass-

d#stuctio!

1+

, T#ati#s a!d ,o!&#!tio!s +*

OBJECTIVES

To u!d#sta!d th# co!c#pt of Disamam#!t a!d wh$ it is diff##!t fom ARMS-

,ONTROLLIN2"

To #%plo# th# id#as a!d #aso!s '#hi!d th# impl#m#!tatio! of th# sam# co!c#pt"




To #&aluat# th# aft#math of Wold Wa-II o! th# soci#t$"

To #ad a'out diff##!t committ##s a!d t#ati#s woki!g fo th# disamam#!t of w#apo!s

aft# th# Wold Wa-II

SCOPE OF STUDY

Th# #!d poduct of th# po(#ct will '# th# followi!g3

A thoough stud$ of th# DISARMAMENT OF WEA4ONS

A stud$ o! th# w#apo!s of mass-d#stuctio! a!d how to cu' th# #ff#cts of th# sam#"

HYPOTHESIS

Th# h$poth#sis popos#d '$ th# #s#ach# is that disamam#!t is !ot o!l$ #duci!g th# !o" of

w#apo!s o a!$ #m#d$ that is tak#! aft# th# wa g#ts o&# 'ut disamam#!t is also a! appoach

that is oft#! tak#! o! th# gou!ds of l#ss#!i!g th# pot#!tial fo futu# co!flict"

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Th# #s#ach# has us#d docti!al m#thod of #s#ach" Th# #s#ach# has co!fi!#d h# stud$ to

&aious 'ooks a!d o!li!# mat#ial o! th# Disamam#!t of W#apo!s

S/&! $3$-

Primary Source-

Secondary Source-

ABSTRACT

A d#cad# aft# th# #!d of th# ,old Wa) w# a# wit!#ssi!g a #!#w#d sug# i! woldwid# d#f#!s#

sp#!di!g) a!d th# sp#ct# of !ucl#a catastoph# has agai! '#com# h#adli!# !#ws" Optimistic

!otio!s of #limi!ati!g 'loat#d milita$ #%p#!ditu#s a!d !ightmaish w#apo! s$st#ms that

accompa!i#d th# fall of th# So&i#t 5!io! ha&# gi&#! wa$ to c$!icism) dou't) a!d a ##mphasis




o! milita$ pow#ss" 6ow#&#) alam that has is#! with th# posp#ct of wid#sp#ad d#&#lopm#!t

of w#apo!s of mass d#stuctio! 7g#!#all$ #!compassi!g !ucl#a) ch#mical) a!d 'iological

w#apo!s8 has l#d to ma!$ #!#w#d calls fo #limi!ati!g such amam#!ts" Mo#o&#) a #ali9atio!

that th# o&#wh#lmi!g ma(oit$ of th# t#!s of millio!s of casualti#s fom post-Wold Wa II

co!flicts ha&# #sult#d !ot fom ad&a!c#d w#apo!$ 'ut fom commo! a!d wid#l$ p#&al#!t

w#apo!s) such as la!dmi!#s a!d gu!s) has also h#ight#!#d #ffots towad disamam#!t of

co!&#!tio!al w#apo!s"




INTRODUCTION

Disamam#!t is th# act of #duci!g) limiti!g) o a'olishi!g w#apo!s" Disamam#!t g#!#all$

#f#s to a cou!t$:s milita$ o sp#cific t$p# of w#apo!$" Disamam#!t is oft#! tak#! to m#a!

total #limi!atio! of w#apo!s of mass d#stuctio!) such as !ucl#a ams" 2#!#al a!d ,ompl#t#

Disamam#!t was d#fi!#d '$ th# 5!it#d Natio!s 2#!#al Ass#m'l$ as th# #limi!atio! of all

WMD) coupl#d with th# ;'ala!c#d #ductio! of am#d foc#s a!d co!&#!tio!al amam#!ts)

'as#d o! th# pi!cipl# of u!dimi!ish#d s#cuit$ of th# pati#s with a &i#w to pomoti!g o

#!ha!ci!g sta'ilit$ at a low# milita$ l#&#l) taki!g i!to accou!t th# !##d of all Stat#s to pot#ct

th#i s#cuit$"

I! Mach of 1<=/) l#ss tha! a $#a aft# th# fist d#to!atio! of a! atomic w#apo!) a goup of 5"S"

officials m#t at Dum'ato! Oaks i! Washi!gto!) D",") to d#&#lop th# fist !ucl#a ams co!tol

poposal) calli!g fo comp#h#!si&# !ucl#a disamam#!t" This pla! was i!toduc#d o! >u!# 1=)

1<=/) at th# i!augual s#ssio! of th# 5"N" Atomic E!#g$ ,ommissio! '$ 5"S" Am'assado

?a!ad ?auch" 6# popos#d a compl#t# ta!sf# of all atomic w#apo!s) faciliti#s a!d k!ow-

how to i!t#!atio!al o&#sight" Th# poposal was &i#w#d with sk#pticism '$ th# So&i#t 5!io!

a!d d#!ou!c#d as a! att#mpt '$ th# 5!it#d Stat#s to mai!tai! !ucl#a sup#ioit$" Th#s# f#as

w## #i!foc#d wh#! th# 5"S" ,o!g#ss pass#d th# Atomic E!#g$ Act to #sta'lish th# 5"S"

Atomic E!#g$ ,ommissio! as sol# ma!ag# of all !ucl#a mat#ials a!d faciliti#s i! th# 5!it#dStat#s) a!d to pohi'it all i!t#stat# #%cha!g#s of atomic i!fomatio!"

It was !ot o!l$ disag##m#!t '#tw##! th# So&i#t 5!io! a!d th# 5!it#d Stat#s that cut shot this

att#mpt at !ucl#a disamam#!t" ?itai! a!d Fa!c# w## also u!willi!g to suppot th# pla! i!

light of th#i ow! !ucl#a am'itio!s" As th# East-W#st co!fo!tatio! of th# ,old Wa '#cam#

i!c#asi!gl$ igid) su's#@u#!t #ffots towad disamam#!t w## hadl$ gi&#! co!sid#atio!" Th#

wold miss#d a! oppotu!it$ to a&oid a costl$ a!d pot#!tiall$ d#&astati!g !ucl#a comp#titio!)

poi!ti!g to a! i!tacta'l# po'l#m of distust i! th# i!t#!atio!al s$st#m -- th# s#cuit$ dil#mma

-- that p#s#!ts sig!ifica!t o'stacl#s to disami!g" ?$ th# #!d of th# ,old Wa) th## w## o&#

.*)*** !ucl#a wah#ads a'l# to mak# th# wold u!i!ha'ita'l# ma!$ tim#s o&#) k##pi!g

t#!sio!s high a!d glo'al s#cuit$ u!c#tai! fo !#al$ .* $#as" Toda$) much of th#s# as#!als

#mai! i!tact"




A d#cad# aft# th# #!d of th# ,old Wa) w# a# wit!#ssi!g a #!#w#d sug# i! woldwid# d#f#!s#

sp#!di!g) a!d th# sp#ct# of !ucl#a catastoph# has agai! '#com# h#adli!# !#ws" Optimistic

!otio!s of #limi!ati!g 'loat#d milita$ #%p#!ditu#s a!d !ightmaish w#apo! s$st#ms that

accompa!i#d th# fall of th# So&i#t 5!io! ha&# gi&#! wa$ to c$!icism) dou't) a!d a ##mphasis

o! milita$ pow#ss" 6ow#&#) alam that has is#! with th# posp#ct of wid#sp#ad d#&#lopm#!t

of w#apo!s of mass d#stuctio! 7g#!#all$ #!compassi!g !ucl#a) ch#mical) a!d 'iological

w#apo!s8 has l#d to ma!$ #!#w#d calls fo #limi!ati!g such amam#!ts" Mo#o&#) a #ali9atio!

that th# o&#wh#lmi!g ma(oit$ of th# t#!s of millio!s of casualti#s fom post-Wold Wa II

co!flicts ha&# #sult#d !ot fom ad&a!c#d w#apo!$ 'ut fom commo! a!d wid#l$ p#&al#!t

w#apo!s) such as la!dmi!#s a!d gu!s) has also h#ight#!#d #ffots towad disamam#!t of

co!&#!tio!al w#apo!s"




E4PLAINATION

I! g#!#al) disamam#!t is th# #ductio! i! si9# o d#stucti&# capa'ilit$ of a! acto:s capacit$ fo

&iol#!c#" D#spit# p#ssimism that g#!#all$ '#falls discussio!s a'out disamam#!t 7#"g") la'#li!g

such poposals as u!#alistic a!d #uphoic8) th## is #aso! to '#li#&# that disamam#!t is a

&ia'l# tool fo #duci!g th# lik#lihood a!d da!g#s of co!flict" E&#! dui!g th# ,old Wa)

4#sid#!t Ni%o! u!ilat#all$ d#cla#d that th# 5!it#d Stat#s would disass#m'l# its 'iological

w#apo!s pogam) #!couagi!g oth#s to (oi! th# ?iological a!d To%ic W#apo!s ,o!&#!tio! a!d

h#lpi!g pa&# th# wa$ fo d#t#!t# '#tw##! th# 5"S"S"R" a!d th# 5"S" Mo# #c#!tl$) as th# So&i#t

5!io! collaps#d) th# 5!it#d Stat#s damaticall$ a!d u!ilat#all$ withd#w its tactical !ucl#a

w#apo!s d#plo$#d a'oad" Moscow #spo!d#d i! ki!d) h#lpi!g all#&iat# th# cha!c# of a !ucl#a

#%cha!g# as th# So&i#t l#ad#ship lost comma!d a!d co!tol of its milita$ foc#s" Disamam#!t

m#asu#s) how#&#) ha&# !ot sol#l$ '##! aim#d at stat#-to-stat# #latio!s" Dom#stic i!itiati&#s

ha&# #mplo$#d disamam#!t #ffots towad #duci!g &iol#!c# at th# i!t#-goup a!d local l#&#ls"

Fo i!sta!c#) cit$wid# gu! #%cha!g# pogams i! Washi!gto!) D",") Sa! Fa!cisco) a!d ,hicago

ha&# '##! succ#ssful i! #duci!g th# !um'# of local fi#ams a!d agua'l$ o&#all gu!-#lat#d

i!(ui#s"1

Th## a# th## diff##!t wa$s of &i#wi!g disamam#!t -- u!ilat#al o &olu!ta$) though

'ilat#al o multilat#al ag##m#!ts) a!d foc#d disamam#!t" 5!ilat#al a!d 'imultilat#al

aa!g#m#!ts a# oft#! o&#lappi!g i!itiati&#s" As th# p#c#di!g paagaph sugg#sts) u!ilat#al

disamam#!t is oft#! a! #ffot to #!couag# oth#s to follow suit" Fo i!sta!c#) dui!g th# 1<<*s)

South Afica &olu!tail$ disclos#d a!d disma!tl#d its !ucl#a w#apo!s a!d lo!g-a!g# missil#

pogams) which l#d to a #gio!-wid# moatoium o! atomic w#apo!s though th# d#&#lopm#!t

of a! i!t#!atio!all$ #cog!i9#d Afica! Nucl#a W#apo!s F## Bo!#" Additio!all$) actos i! a!

o!goi!g co!flict som#tim#s s##k to d#fus# t#!sio!s though disamam#!t m#asu#s" R#cog!i9i!g

that o!#:s ow! w#apo!s g#!#at# f#a amo!g pot#!tial i&als that ca! f##d u!c#tai!t$ a!d

hostiliti#s) a! acto ma$ choos# to d#c#as# such a!%i#ti#s '$ &olu!tail$ #duci!g th# si9# o

1 Fo fact sh##ts) local #pots) a!d ha!d'ooks o! gu! #%cha!g# pogams) s## C>oi!Tog#th# O!li!#C at

http3www"h#lp!#twok"ogfam#spu's"+"html 7!o lo!g# a&aila'l# as of Mach .th +*18" Also s##) th#

Wold ,ou!cil of ,huch#s: W#' sit# at http3www"c#phasmi!ist$"comwoldwccdisam"html




d#stucti&#!#ss of its ow! as#!al i! hop#s of #cipocal '#ha&io fom oth#s" This was th# cas#

wh#! th# 5!it#d Stat#s disma!tl#d d#&#lopm#!ts i! its 'iological a!d tactical !ucl#a w#apo!s"

O&# th# last c#!tu$) s#&#al #ffots ha&# also '##! mad# towad glo'al #limi!atio! of w#apo!s

d##m#d too cu#l o u!!#c#ssail$ i!(uious" Fo i!sta!c#) th# ,h#mical W#apo!s ,o!&#!tio!)

th# ?iological a!d To%ic W#apo!s ,o!&#!tio! a!d th# A!ti-4#so!!#l La!dmi!# ?a! a#

i!t#!atio!al ag##m#!ts that outlaw th# d#&#lopm#!t) sal#) a!d us# of such w#apo!s" Whil# !ot

u!i&#sal) th#s# aa!g#m#!ts oft#! #@ui# ma!$ stat#s to #mo&# sp#cifi#d w#apo!s fom th#i

#%isti!g as#!als" Th# #sult is multilat#al disamam#!t #&#! whil# oth#s i! th# i!t#!atio!al

s$st#m co!ti!u# to poss#ss th# capa'ilit$ a!d pot#!tial willi!g!#ss to us# such w#apo!s" This

sugg#sts a sto!g i!cli!atio! fo som# cou!ti#s to isk disad&a!tag# if co!fo!t#d with such

w#apo!s i! th# futu#) i! fa&o of t$i!g to #sta'lish !oms fo th# co!duct of wa Mo#o&#)

th#s# #ffots to stigmati9# paticula w#apo!s ha&# l#d to calls fo m#a!i!gful &#ificatio! a!d

#!foc#m#!t of th# ag##m#!ts though glo'al p#ssu#s i! th# fom of sa!ctio!s a!d i!c#!ti&#s"

R#c#!t cis#s i! th# 4#sia! 2ulf d#mo!stat# that foci'l# disamam#!t is also a! appoach that

is oft#! tak#! o! th# gou!ds of l#ss#!i!g th# pot#!tial fo futu# co!flict" I! shot) actos ma$

s##k to disam oth#s who th#$ d##m i#spo!si'l# o '#llig##!t" I! 1<<1) i!t#!atio!al foc#s

#%p#ll#d Ia@:s milita$ fom uwait" Th# #sulti!g c#as#fi# ag##m#!t '#tw##! th# 5!it#d

Natio!s a!d Ia@ stipulat#d th# disma!tl#m#!t of Ia@:s w#apo!s of mass d#stuctio! pogams

a!d limit#d th# mo'ilit$ of its milita$ withi! its ow! t#ito$" ,o!ti!u#d suspicio!s that Ia@

was u!d#mi!i!g th#s# ag##m#!ts comp#ll#d oth# actos i! th# i!t#!atio!al commu!it$ -- l#d

'$ th# 5!it#d Stat#s -- to agai! us# milita$ foc#) i! a! #ffot to s## though th# disami!g

stipulatio!s" This) how#&#) is !ot th# fist tim# such actio!s ha&# '##! tak#!" Rath#) aft# #&#$

wa th## is g#!#all$ som# t$p# of disamam#!t impos#d upo! th# los#" It is oft#!) 'ut !ot

alwa$s) th# cas# that th#s# aa!g#m#!ts a# #s#!t#d a!d c#at# chall#!g#s o! th#i ow! 7#"g")

2#ma!$ aft# Wold Wa I &#sus 2#ma!$ aft# Wold Wa II8"




WHY DISARMAMENT IS IMPORTANT

It is g#!#all$ difficult fo actos to #!su# that i&als will !ot att#mpt to gai! u!du# i!flu#!c#

o&# th#m though th# us# of &iol#!c#" Tust is oft#! lacki!g i! social #latio!s) paticulal$

dui!g tim#s of u!c#tai!t$ a!d hostiliti#s" This oft#! l#ads oppo!#!ts to s##k i!c#asi!gl$

g#at# capacit$ to i!flict &iol#!c# o! oth#s that ca! #sult i! th# stockpil# of o&#l$ th#at#!i!g

o p#!icious w#apo!s" This h#ight#!s mutual sk#pticism a!d sig!ifica!tl$ #duc#s th# posp#cts

fo #sol&i!g diff##!c#s p#ac#full$ a!d though !#gotiatio!"

5!ilat#al disamam#!t ca! '# us#d to #duc# th#s# f#as a!d t#!sio!s a!d pa&# th# wa$ fo

g#at# coop#atio!" I! oth# wods) disami!g ca! d#fus# a da!g#ous situatio! '#caus# it is

g#!#all$ s##! as a g#stu# of '#!ig! i!t#!t a!d d#c#as#s th# p#c#i&#d th#at that o!# pos#s to

oth#s" Mo#o&#) it ca! #!couag# #cipocal '#ha&io amo!g would-'# ad&#sai#s" ?ilat#al o

multilat#al ag##m#!ts ca! '# us#d to ack!owl#dg# mutuall$ !o!-th#at#!i!g i!t#!t a!d ca!

futh# coop#atio! that i!c#as#s ta!spa#!c$ a!d dialogu# '#tw##! pot#!tial i&als" 6ow#&#)

th# &#$ sk#pticism that chaact#i9#s ad&#saial #latio!s mak#s i!itiatio! of such #ffots

u!lik#l$ dui!g tim#s that th#$ a# most !##d#d" Thus) much of th# wold has focus#d o!

'a!!i!g w#apo!s d##m#d i!huma!# pio to co!flict situatio!s i! od# to stigmati9# a!d cutail

th#i us# wh#! hostiliti#s do #upt" Whil# foci'l# disamam#!t is a! a!ci#!t pactic#) it has th#

pot#!tial to g#!#at# social #s#!tm#!t that ma$ fost# agg#ssi&# '#ha&io i! th# futu#" #t) this

is !ot alwa$s th# cas#) as show! '$ th# cu#!t fi#!dl$ #latio!s '#tw##! th# &ictos of Wold

Wa II a!d >apa! a!d 2#ma!$"




WORLD WAR-II 61,(,-1,)5

O/8$3"9!: A;&&#&93! $9 A88&$!&#&93 C$/!& W% W$-II

It has '##! oft#! said that th# Euop# stum'l#d i! to wold wa-I i! 1<1=" 6istoia!s of th# wold

wa-I oft#! sugg#st th# 'lam# of out'#ak of wa was ought to '# sha#d amo!g a &ai#t$ of

cou!ti#s" Most of th#s# histoia!s do !ot acc#pt th# id#a that o!# si!gl# cou!t$ was #!ti#l$ to

'lam#"

Wold Wa-II was #!ti#l$ diff##!t" Euop# did !ot accid#!tl$ stum'l# i!to this wa" I!st#ad) it

was 'ought a'out '$ th# will of o!# ma!3 Adolf 6itl#" 6itl# was to '# 'lam#d fo th# Wold

Wa-II" Fu#l#d '$ fa!atical a!ti-s#mitism a!d a d#si# to s## th# 2#ma! R#ich #%pa!d) 6itl#

stat#d wold wa-II wh#! h# s#!t toops to i!&ad# 4ola!d i! S#pt#m'# 1<<"




WEAPONS OF MASS-DESTRUCTION

NUCLEAR WEAPONS

Nucl#a w#apo!s a# th# most da!g#ous w#apo!s o! #ath" O!# ca! d#sto$ a whol# cit$)

pot#!tiall$ killi!g millio!s) a!d (#opadi9i!g th# !atual #!&io!m#!t a!d li&#s of futu#

g#!#atio!s though its lo!g-t#m catastophic #ff#cts" Th# da!g#s fom such w#apo!s ais#

fom th#i &#$ #%ist#!c#" Although !ucl#a w#apo!s ha&# o!l$ '##! us#d twic# i! wafa#Gi!

th# 'om'i!gs of 6ioshima a!d Nagasaki i! 1<=.Ga'out ++)*** #pot#dl$ #mai! i! ou wold

toda$ a!d th## ha&# '##! o&# +)*** !ucl#a t#sts co!duct#d to dat#" Disamam#!t is th# '#st

pot#ctio! agai!st such da!g#s) 'ut achi#&i!g this goal has '##! a t#m#!dousl$ difficult

chall#!g#"

Th# 5!it#d Natio!s has sought to #limi!at# such w#apo!s #&# si!c# its #sta'lishm#!t" Th# fist

#solutio! adopt#d '$ th# 5N 2#!#al Ass#m'l$ i! 1<=/ #sta'lish#d a ,ommissio! to d#al with

po'l#ms #lat#d to th# disco&#$ of atomic #!#g$ amo!g oth#s" Th# ,ommissio! was to mak#

poposals fo) i!t# alia) th# co!tol of atomic #!#g$ to th# #%t#!t !#c#ssa$ to #!su# its us#

o!l$ fo p#ac#ful pupos#s" Th# #solutio! also d#cid#d that th# ,ommissio! should mak#

poposals fo Cth# #limi!atio! fom !atio!al amam#!ts of atomic w#apo!s a!d of all oth# ma(o

w#apo!s adapta'l# to mass d#stuctio!"C

A !um'# of multilat#al t#ati#s ha&# si!c# '##! #sta'lish#d with th# aim of p#&#!ti!g !ucl#a

polif#atio! a!d t#sti!g) whil# pomoti!g pog#ss i! !ucl#a disamam#!t" Th#s# i!clud# th#

T#at$ o! th# No!-4olif#atio! of Nucl#a W#apo!s 7N4T8) th# T#at$ ?a!!i!g Nucl#a W#apo!

T#sts I! Th# Atmosph##) I! Out# Spac# A!d 5!d# Wat#) also k!ow! as th# 4atial T#st ?a!

T#at$ 74T?T8) a!d th# ,omp#h#!si&# Nucl#a-T#st-?a! T#at$ 7,T?T8) which was sig!#d i!

1<</ 'ut has $#t to #!t# i!to foc#"

A !um'# of 'ilat#al a!d pluilat#al t#ati#s a!d aa!g#m#!ts s##k to #duc# o #limi!at#

c#tai! cat#goi#s of !ucl#a w#apo!s) to p#&#!t th# polif#atio! of such w#apo!s a!d th#i

d#li&#$ &#hicl#s" Th#s# a!g# fom s#&#al t#ati#s '#tw##! th# 5!it#d Stat#s of Am#ica a!d

Russia! F#d#atio! as w#ll as &aious oth# i!itiati&#s) to th# Nucl#a Suppli#s 2oup) th#

Missil# T#ch!olog$ ,o!tol R#gim#) th# 6agu# ,od# of ,o!duct agai!st ?allistic Missil#




4olif#atio!) a!d th# Wass#!aa Aa!g#m#!t"

5!it#d Stat#s a!d 5SSRRussia! !ucl#a w#apo!s stockpil#s) 1<=.-+**/" Th#s# !um'#s

i!clud# wah#ads !ot acti&#l$ d#plo$#d) i!cludi!g thos# o! #s#&# status o sch#dul#d fo

disma!tl#m#!t" Stockpil# totals do !ot !#c#ssail$ #fl#ct !ucl#a capa'iliti#s si!c# th#$ ig!o#

si9#) a!g#) t$p#) a!d d#li&#$ mod#"

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

Th# ?iological W#apo!s ,o!&#!tio! 7?W,8) th# fist multilat#al disamam#!t t#at$ 'a!!i!g

th# d#&#lopm#!t) poductio! a!d stockpili!g of a! #!ti# cat#go$ of w#apo!s of mass

d#stuctio!) was op#!#d fo sig!atu# o! 1* Apil 1<H+" Th# ?W, #!t##d i!to foc# o! +/

Mach 1<H."

Th# S#co!d R#&i#w ,o!f##!c# 71<0/8 ag##d that th# Stat#s 4ati#s w## to impl#m#!t a

!um'# of co!fid#!c#-'uildi!g m#asu#s 7,?M8 i! od# to p#&#!t o #duc# th# occu#!c# of




am'iguiti#s) dou'ts a!d suspicio!s a!d i! od# to impo&# i!t#!atio!al co-op#atio! i! th# fi#ld

of p#ac#ful 'iological acti&iti#s" Th# ,?Ms w## #%pa!d#d '$ th# Thid R#&i#w ,o!f##!c#

71<<18"

5!d# th#s# ag##m#!ts) th# Stat#s 4ati#s u!d#took to po&id#d a!!ual #pots - usi!g ag##d

foms - o! sp#cific acti&iti#s #lat#d to th# ?W, i!cludi!g3 data o! #s#ach c#!t#s a!d

la'oatoi#s i!fomatio! o! &acci!# poductio! faciliti#s i!fomatio! o! !atio!al 'iological

d#f#!s# #s#ach a!d d#&#lopm#!t pogamm#s d#claatio! of past acti&iti#s i! off#!si&# a!do

d#f#!si&# 'iological #s#ach a!d d#&#lopm#!t pogamm#s i!fomatio! o! out'#aks of

i!f#ctious dis#as#s a!d simila occu#!c#s caus#d '$ to%i!s pu'licatio! of #sults a!d

pomotio! of us# of k!owl#dg# a!d co!tacts i!fomatio! o! l#gislatio!) #gulatio!s a!d oth#

m#asu#s"

R#cog!i9i!g th# !##d to futh# st#!gth#! th# ?W,) a goup of go&#!m#!tal #%p#ts 7JEREK8

was #sta'lish#d at th# Thid R#&i#w ,o!f##!c# 71<<18 to id#!tif$ a!d #%ami!# pot#!tial

&#ificatio! m#asu#s fom a sci#!tific a!d t#ch!ical sta!dpoi!t" At a Sp#cial ,o!f##!c# i!

S#pt#m'# 1<<=) th# Stat#s pati#s ag##d to #sta'lish th# Ad 6oc 2oup of th# Stat#s pati#s to

th# ?W, i! od# to !#gotiat# a!d d#&#lop a l#gall$-'i!di!g &#ificatio! #gim# fo th#

,o!&#!tio!"

Th# Fouth R#&i#w ,o!f##!c# 71<</8 w#lcom#d th# d#cisio! of th# Ad 6oc 2oup to i!t#!sif$

its wok with a &i#w to compl#ti!g it '#fo# th# Fifth R#&i#w ,o!f##!c# to '# h#ld i! +**1" Th#

Ad 6oc 2oup was u!a'l# to co!clud# th# !#gotiatio!s o! th# daft l#gal i!stum#!t 7potocol8"

Du# to p#sisti!g di&#g#!t &i#ws a!d positio!s o! c#tai! k#$ issu#s) th# Fifth R#&i#w

,o!f##!c# 7+**18 d#cid#d to ad(ou! its poc##di!gs a!d #sum# its wok i! No&#m'# +**+ i!

2#!#&a" Th# ,o!f##!c# was #co!&#!#d i! No&#m'# +**+ a!d adopt#d a Fi!al R#pot that

i!clud#d a d#cisio! to hold a!!ual m##ti!gs of Stat#s pati#s a!d #%p#ts m##ti!gs i! th# !#%t

th## $#as l#adi!g up to th# R#&i#w ,o!f##!c# i! +**/"

Th# Si%th R#&i#w ,o!f##!c# 7+**/8 succ##d#d i! comp#h#!si&#l$ #&i#wi!g th# ,o!&#!tio!)

adopti!g a fi!al docum#!t '$ co!s#!sus" Th# Stat#s pati#s adopt#d a d#tail#d pla! fo pomoti!g

u!i&#sal adh##!c#) a!d d#cid#d to updat# a!d st#amli!# th# poc#du#s fo su'missio! a!d

disti'utio! of th# ,o!fid#!c#-?uildi!g M#asu#s 7,?Ms8" Th#$ also adopt#d a comp#h#!si&#




i!t#-s#ssio!al pogamm# spa!!i!g fom +**H to +*1*" I! a sig!ifica!t d#&#lopm#!t) th#

,o!f##!c# ag##d to #sta'lish a! Impl#m#!tatio! Suppot 5!it 7IS58 to assist Stat#s pati#s i!

impl#m#!ti!g th# ,o!&#!tio!"

MISSILES

Missil#s co!ti!u# to '# a focus of i!c#as#d i!t#!atio!al att#!tio!) discussio! a!d acti&it$" Th#i

pot#!tial to ca$ a!d d#li&# w#apo!s of mass d#stuctio! 7WMD8 pa$load @uickl$ a!d

accuat#l$ mak#s missil#s a @ualitati&#l$ sig!ifica!t political a!d milita$ issu#" I! additio!) th#

di&#sit$ of i!t#!atio!al &i#ws o! matt#s #lat#d to missil#s pos#s a paticula chall#!g# fo

#ffots to add#ss th# issu# i! multilat#al foa"

,u#!tl$) th## is !o l#gall$ 'i!di!g multilat#al i!stum#!t d#ali!g with th# issu# of missil#s"

4usua!t to 2#!#al Ass#m'l$ #solutio!s) th## 4a!#ls of 2o&#!m#!t E%p#ts d#&ot#d to th#

issu# of missil#s ha&# '##! #sta'lish#d withi! th# 5!it#d Natio!s" Th# fist 4a!#l was #sta'lish#d

fom >ul$ +**1 to >ul$ +**+) th# s#co!d 4a!#l i! +**= a!d th# thid 4a!#l compl#t#d its wok i!

>u!# +**0) ag##i!g o! its #pot '$ co!s#!sus"

4#s#!tl$) s#&#al oth# multilat#al #gim#s #%ist which s##k to p#&#!t th# polif#atio! of

missil#s a!d #lat#d t#ch!olog$" Th#s# i!clud#) !ota'l$) th# 6agu# ,od# of ,o!duct 76,O,8

a!d th# Missil# T#ch!olog$ ,o!tol R#gim# 7MT,R8"

T<& I!!/& M"!!"%&! "9 $%% "3! A!8&3! R&83! 3<& S&&3$= G&9&$%

A>*(>17* - T<& "!!/& #"!!"%&! "9 $%% "3! $!8&3! R&83 3<& S&&3$= G&9&$% 6200+

This #pot was p#pa#d '$ th# 4a!#l of 2o&#!m#!tal E%p#ts) #sta'lish#d pusua!t to 2#!#al

Ass#m'l$ #solutio! .</H of D#c#m'# +**=) to add#ss th# issu# of missil#s i! all its asp#cts)

i!cludi!g id#!tif$i!g a#as wh## co!s#!sus ca! '# #ach#d"

Th# #pot discuss#s th# 'ackgou!d a!d p#s#!t situatio! with #gad to missil#s) a!d id#!tifi#s

a !um'# of k#$ issu#s which should '# tak#! i!to accou!t i! od# to add#ss) i! a

comp#h#!si&# ma!!#) th# issu# of missil#s i! all its asp#cts" Th#s# issu#s i!clud#) i!t# alia) th#




glo'al a!d #gio!al s#cuit$ 'ackdop which po&id#s th# moti&atio! 7o lack th##of8 fo missil#

d#&#lopm#!t) t#sti!g) poductio!) ac@uisitio!) ta!sf#) poss#ssio!) d#plo$m#!t a!d us# th#

cicumsta!c#s of ta!sf# to a!d us# of c#tai! t$p#s of missil#s a!d missil# t#ch!olog$ '$ Stat#

o !o!-Stat# actos th# issu# of disamam#!t) ams co!tol a!d !o!-polif#atio! th#

i!t##latio! '#tw##! docti!#s) stat#gi#s a!d missil#-#lat#d '#ha&io th# #lati&# sali#!c# of

'allistic a!d cuis# missil#s as w#ll as missil#s as d#li&#$ &#hicl#s fo w#apo!s of mass

d#stuctio! o co!&#!tio!al ams missil# d#f#!s# a!d th# i!c#as#d co!ti'utio! of spac#-'as#d

capa'iliti#s to a wid# a!g# of huma! #!d#a&os"

Th# 4a!#l co!clud#d) amo!g oth# thi!gs) that it was impota!t to ha&# co!ti!u#d i!t#!atio!al

#ffots to d#al with th# i!c#asi!gl$ compl#% issu# of missil#s i! th# i!t##st of i!t#!atio!al

p#ac# a!d s#cuit$) a!d to futh# d#li'#at# o! th# issu#) sp#cificall$ focusi!g att#!tio! o!

#%isti!g a!d #m#gi!g a#as of co!s#!sus" Th# 4a!#l also #mphasi9#d th# impota!t ol# of th#

5!it#d Natio!s i! po&idi!g a mo# stuctu#d a!d #ff#cti&# m#cha!ism to 'uild such a

co!s#!sus"

A>5,>27+ - T<& "!!/& #"!!"%&! "9 $%% "3! $!8&3! R&83 3<& S&&3$= G&9&$% 6200)

Th# 2#!#al Ass#m'l$ #@u#st#d th# S#c#ta$-2#!#al i! its #solutio! .0H) with th#

assista!c# of a pa!#l of go&#!m#!tal #%p#ts to '# #sta'lish#d i! +**=) to #%plo# futh# th#

issu# of missil#s i! all its asp#cts a!d to su'mit a #pot fo co!sid#atio! '$ th# 2#!#al

Ass#m'l$ at its fift$-!i!th s#ssio!"

Th# pa!#l h#ld th## s#ssio!s at th# 5!it#d Natio!s 6#ad@uat#s dui!g +**=) th# fist fom +

to +H F#'ua$) th# s#co!d fom 1H to +1 Ma$ a!d th# thid fom 1< to + >ul$" C6ow#&#) gi&#!

th# compl#%it$ of th# issu# at ha!d) !o co!s#!sus was #ach#d o! th# p#paatio! of a fi!al

#potC"

2#!#al Ass#m'l$ #solutio! A.</H #@u#st#d th# S#c#ta$-2#!#al to p#pa# a #pot) withth# suppot of @ualifi#d co!sulta!ts a!d th# 5!it#d Natio!s I!stitut# fo Disamam#!t R#s#ach)

as appopiat#) taki!g i!to accou!t th# &i#ws #%p#ss#d '$ M#m'# Stat#s) to co!ti'ut# to th#

5!it#d Natio!s #!d#a&o to add#ss th# issu# of missil#s i! all its asp#cts) '$ id#!tif$i!g a#as

wh## co!s#!sus ca! '# #ach#d) a!d to su'mit it to th# 2#!#al Ass#m'l$ at its si%t$-fist

s#ssio!" It also #@u#sts th# S#c#ta$-2#!#al) with th# assista!c# of a 4a!#l of 2o&#!m#!tal




E%p#ts) to '# #sta'lish#d i! +**H o! th# 'asis of #@uita'l# g#ogaphical disti'utio!) to #%plo#

futh# wa$s a!d m#a!s to add#ss withi! th# 5!it#d Natio!s th# issu# of missil#s i! all its

asp#cts) i!cludi!g id#!tif$i!g a#as wh## co!s#!sus ca! '# #ach#d) a!d to su'mit a #pot fo

co!sid#atio! '$ th# 2#!#al Ass#m'l$ at its si%t$-thid s#ssio!"

A>57>22, - T<& "!!/& #"!!"%&! "9 $%% "3! $!8&3! R&83 3<& S&&3$= G&9&$% 62002

Th# #pot a'o&# was p#pa#d '$ th# 4a!#l of 2o&#!m#!tal E%p#ts) #sta'lish#d pusua!t to

2#!#al Ass#m'l$ #solutio! .. A) of +* No&#m'# +***) to add#ss th# issu# of missil#s i!

all its asp#cts" Th# #pot po&id#s a! o&#&i#w gi&i!g th# 'ackgou!d a!d cu#!t situatio! i!

th# fi#ld of missil#s" It also d#sci'#s a !um'# of a#as of co!c#!"

Th#s# co!c#!s a# #lat#d to) i!t# alia) th# i!c#asi!g !um'#) a!g#) t#ch!ological

sophisticatio! a!d g#ogaphic sp#ad of missil#s a!d th#i capa'ilit$ of d#li&#i!g w#apo!s of

mass d#stuctio!) i! paticula !ucl#a w#apo!s) as w#ll as co!&#!tio!al w#apo!s) missil#

d#f#!s#s a!d th#i stat#gic co!s#@u#!c#s) th# pot#!tial us# of spac#-lau!ch &#hicl# t#ch!olog$

fo th# d#&#lopm#!t of missil#s) th# ol# of missil#s i! milita$ docti!#s as w#ll as th# ol# a!d

scop# of co!fid#!c#-'uildi!g m#asu#s"

Th# 4a!#l co!clud#d) amo!g oth# thi!gs) that th#s# a!d oth# issu#s a# #gad#d as s#ious

co!c#!s fo i!t#!atio!al p#ac# a!d s#cuit$" It !ot#d that th## a# multipl# appoach#s

cu#!tl$ u!d#tak#! to d#al with th# issu# of missil#s) 'oth withi! a!d outsid# th# 5!it#d

Natio!s" Th# 4a!#l also stat#d that it is #ss#!tial to co!ti!u# #ffots i! this #gad a!d !ot#d th#

ol# of th# 5!it#d Natio!s i! this co!t#%t" Fi!all$) it co!clud#d that all appoach#s u!d#tak#! at

th# !atio!al) 'ilat#al) #gio!al) plui-lat#al a!d multilat#al l#&#ls) i!cludi!g th# i!itiati&#s

d#sci'#d i! th# #pot) !##d to '# futh# #%plo#d"

CHEMICAL WEAPONS

Th# mod#! us# of ch#mical w#apo!s '#ga! with Wold Wa I) wh#! 'oth sid#s to th# co!flict

us#d poiso!ous gas to i!flict ago!i9i!g suff#i!g a!d to caus# sig!ifica!t 'attl#fi#ld casualti#s"

Such w#apo!s 'asicall$ co!sist#d of w#ll-k!ow! comm#cial ch#micals put i!to sta!dad

mu!itio!s such as g#!ad#s a!d atill#$ sh#lls" ,hloi!#) phosg#!# 7a choki!g ag#!t8 a!d

mustad gas 7which i!flicts pai!ful 'u!s o! th# ski!8 w## amo!g th# ch#micals us#d" Th#




#sults w## i!discimi!at# a!d oft#! d#&astati!g" N#al$ 1**)*** d#aths #sult#d" Si!c# Wold

Wa I) ch#mical w#apo!s ha&# caus#d mo# tha! o!# millio! casualti#s glo'all$"

As a #sult of pu'lic outag#) th# 2#!#&a 4otocol) which pohi'it#d th# us# of ch#mical

w#apo!s i! wafa#) was sig!#d i! 1<+." Whil# a w#lcom# st#p) th# 4otocol had a !um'# of

sig!ifica!t shotcomi!gs) i!cludi!g th# fact that it did !ot pohi'it th# d#&#lopm#!t) poductio!

o stockpili!g of ch#mical w#apo!s" Also po'l#matic was th# fact that ma!$ Stat#s that atifi#d

th# 4otocol #s#&#d th# ight to us# pohi'it#d w#apo!s agai!st Stat#s that w## !ot pat$ to th#

4otocol o as #taliatio! i! ki!d if ch#mical w#apo!s w## us#d agai!st th#m" 4oiso! gass#s

w## us#d dui!g Wold Wa II i! Na9i co!c#!tatio! camps a!d i! Asia) although ch#mical

w#apo!s w## !ot us#d o! Euop#a! 'attl#fi#lds"

Th# ,old Wa p#iod saw sig!ifica!t d#&#lopm#!t) ma!ufactu# a!d stockpili!g of ch#mical

w#apo!s" ?$ th# 1<H*s a!d 0*s) a! #stimat#d +. Stat#s w## d#&#lopi!g ch#mical w#apo!s

capa'iliti#s" ?ut si!c# th# #!d of Wold Wa II) ch#mical w#apo!s ha&# #pot#dl$ '##! us#d i!

o!l$ a f#w cas#s) !ota'l$ '$ Ia@ i! th# 1<0*s agai!st th# Islamic R#pu'lic of Ia!"

C9'&93"9 9 3<& P<"?"3"9 3<& D&'&%8#&93: P/3"9: S3@8"%"9;

$9 U!& C<&#"$% W&$89! $9 9 T<&" D&!3/3"9

Aft# 1+ $#as of !#gotiatio!s) th# ,h#mical W#apo!s ,o!&#!tio! 7,W,8 was adopt#d '$ th#

,o!f##!c# o! Disamam#!t i! 2#!#&a o! S#pt#m'# 1<<+" Th# ,W, allows fo th# sti!g#!t

&#ificatio! of complia!c# '$ Stat# 4ati#s" Th# ,W, op#!#d fo sig!atu# i! 4ais o! 1

>a!ua$ 1<< a!d #!t##d i!to foc# o! +< Apil 1<<H" Th# ,W, is th# fist disamam#!t

ag##m#!t !#gotiat#d withi! a multilat#al fam#wok that po&id#s fo th# #limi!atio! of a!

#!ti# cat#go$ of w#apo!s of mass d#stuctio! u!d# u!i&#sall$ appli#d i!t#!atio!al co!tol"

O;$9"$3"9 3<& P<"?"3"9 C<&#"$% W&$89! 6OPCW

With th# #!t$-i!to-foc# of th# ,h#mical W#apo!s ,o!&#!tio! 7,W,8 o! +< Apil 1<<H) th#

Oga!i9atio! fo th# 4ohi'itio! of ,h#mical W#apo!s 7O4,W8 was fomall$ #sta'lish#d"




Th# O4,W T#ch!ical S#c#taiat is locat#d i! Th# 6agu#) th# N#th#la!ds" ,u#!tl$) 10<

!atio!s) #p#s#!ti!g a'out <0 of th# glo'al populatio!) ha&# (oi!#d th# ,W," Th# O4,W

missio! is to impl#m#!t th# po&isio!s of th# ,W, a!d to #!su# a c#di'l#) ta!spa#!t #gim#

to &#if$ th# d#stuctio! of ch#mical w#apo!s to p#&#!t th#i #-#m#g#!c# i! a!$ m#m'#

Stat# to po&id# pot#ctio! a!d assista!c# agai!st ch#mical w#apo!s to #!couag# i!t#!atio!al

coop#atio! i! th# p#ac#ful us#s of ch#mist$ a!d to achi#&# u!i&#sal m#m'#ship of th#

O4,W" Th# coop#atio! '#tw##! th# 5!it#d Natio!s a!d th# Oga!i9atio! fo th# 4ohi'itio! of

,h#mical W#apo!s is #gulat#d '$ th# #latio!ship ag##m#!t '#tw##! 'oth oga!i9atio!s

adopt#d '$ th# 2#!#al Ass#m'l$ i! S#pt#m'# +**1"




TREATIES AND CONFERENCES FOR DISARMAMENT

10<<3 6agu# 4#ac# ,o!f##!c#

1<+-=3 Wold Disamam#!t ,o!f##!c#

1</*3 T#! Natio! Disamam#!t ,ommitt##

1</+-1</03 Eight##! Natio! Disamam#!t ,ommitt##

1</<-1<H03 ,o!f##!c# of th# ,ommitt## o! Disamam#!t

1<H<p#s#!t3 ,o!f##!c# o! Disamam#!t 7,D8

1<*01<*<3 Lo!do! Na&al ,o!f##!c#

1<+11<++3 Washi!gto! Na&al ,o!f##!c#

1<+H3 2#!#&a Na&al ,o!f##!c#

1<*3 Lo!do! Na&al ,o!f##!c# l#adi!g to th# Lo!do! Na&al T#at$

1<.3 Lo!do! Na&al ,o!f##!c# l#adi!g to th# S#co!d Lo!do! Na&al T#at$


Documents

Political Science disarmament