11

Political Reform and the Political Reform and the Progressive EraProgressive Era

ObjectivesObjectives: :

Describe reforms designed to end corruption in big business. Describe reforms designed to end corruption in big business.

Explain the contributions of Presidents T. Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson. Explain the contributions of Presidents T. Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson.

Expound upon the gains of the Women’s Movement. Expound upon the gains of the Women’s Movement.

Illustrate the struggles of various ethnic groups in the United States.Illustrate the struggles of various ethnic groups in the United States.

22

Taming the Spoils SystemTaming the Spoils System• Spoils SystemSpoils System – the practice of rewarding political – the practice of rewarding political • supporters with government jobs supporters with government jobs • (Ex. Ambassadorships) (Ex. Ambassadorships)

This happened at both the federal and state levels.This happened at both the federal and state levels.

As soon as a new executive (president or governor) was As soon as a new executive (president or governor) was elected, a whole new set of advisors and government elected, a whole new set of advisors and government employees would be hired. employees would be hired. – This results in what is known as a “This results in what is known as a “fat governmentfat government”.”.

Some have connected the assassination of Some have connected the assassination of President President GarfieldGarfield with this practice. with this practice.

33

Founding of the Civil ServiceFounding of the Civil Service

The The Pendleton ActPendleton Act which stated that the Federal which stated that the Federal government would base employment offers on government would base employment offers on the existence of skills necessary to successfully the existence of skills necessary to successfully fulfill the duties of a position.fulfill the duties of a position.– This was accomplished through a series of exams This was accomplished through a series of exams

and interviews.and interviews.

Passed on Passed on January 16, 1883January 16, 1883 under under President President Chester ArthurChester Arthur. Authored by Senator George . Authored by Senator George Pendleton, a Democrat from Ohio.Pendleton, a Democrat from Ohio.

44

Controlling Big BusinessControlling Big Business

The The Interstate Commerce ActInterstate Commerce Act (1887) founded the (1887) founded the Interstate Commerce CommissionInterstate Commerce Commission (ICC). (ICC). – This was the first Federal regulatory commission.This was the first Federal regulatory commission.

The original purpose was to regulate the movement of The original purpose was to regulate the movement of goods around the country by railroad, but it eventually was goods around the country by railroad, but it eventually was extended to the trucking industry as well.extended to the trucking industry as well.

The Commission was allowed to set standard rates for The Commission was allowed to set standard rates for any commercial good that had to travel across state lines any commercial good that had to travel across state lines to be delivered.to be delivered.– ExamplesExamples: shipping services, agricultural goods, : shipping services, agricultural goods, – telephone services, oil, timber, etc. telephone services, oil, timber, etc.

55

Controlling Big BusinessControlling Big Business

The The Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act was enacted on was enacted on July 2, 1890July 2, 1890..

The Act provides: The Act provides: –– ““Every contract, combination in the form of Every contract, combination in the form of trusttrust or or

otherwise, or otherwise, or conspiracyconspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce , in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal". The Act also provides: "Every declared to be illegal". The Act also provides: "Every person who shall person who shall monopolizemonopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or , or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felonyguilty of a felony.”.”

66

Controlling Big BusinessControlling Big Business

Many judges sided with big business making the Many judges sided with big business making the Sherman Antitrust Act more of a “Sherman Antitrust Act more of a “paper tigerpaper tiger” ” than anything else.than anything else.

The Act was successful in reigning in unions, The Act was successful in reigning in unions, however; because the federal government could however; because the federal government could now order workers that produced “necessary now order workers that produced “necessary goods and services” back to work.goods and services” back to work.– This phrase was interpreted broadly to include almost This phrase was interpreted broadly to include almost

any industry.any industry.

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What’s a Progressive?What’s a Progressive?

Progressives strongly opposed waste and corruption, seeking change in Progressives strongly opposed waste and corruption, seeking change in regard to worker's rights and protection of the ordinary citizen in general. regard to worker's rights and protection of the ordinary citizen in general.

Initially the movement was successful at local level, and then it Initially the movement was successful at local level, and then it progressed to state and gradually national.progressed to state and gradually national.

The Progressives pushed for The Progressives pushed for social justicesocial justice, general equality and public , general equality and public safety, but there were contradictions within the movement, especially safety, but there were contradictions within the movement, especially regarding race.regarding race.

88

Robert M. La FolletteRobert M. La FolletteRepublican Senator from Republican Senator from Wisconsin and a progressive Wisconsin and a progressive reformer.reformer.

He ran for President of the He ran for President of the United States as the nominee United States as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in of his own Progressive Party in 1924, carrying Wisconsin and 1924, carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular 17% of the national popular vote. vote.

La Follette has been called La Follette has been called “arguably the most important “arguably the most important and recognized leader of the and recognized leader of the opposition to the growing opposition to the growing dominance of corporations dominance of corporations over the Government.”over the Government.”

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The Wisconsin IdeaThe Wisconsin Idea

La Follette championed numerous progressive reforms, including the first La Follette championed numerous progressive reforms, including the first workers' compensation system, railroad rate reform, direct legislation, workers' compensation system, railroad rate reform, direct legislation, municipal home rule, open government, the minimum wage, non-partisan municipal home rule, open government, the minimum wage, non-partisan elections, the open primary system, direct election of U.S. Senators, elections, the open primary system, direct election of U.S. Senators, women's suffrage, and progressive taxation. women's suffrage, and progressive taxation.

Many of these issues were brought to forefront of national politics during Many of these issues were brought to forefront of national politics during his campaign for U.S. Senator.his campaign for U.S. Senator.

Muckraking journalist Muckraking journalist Lincoln SteffensLincoln Steffens began covering his campaign and began covering his campaign and attempted to spread vicious rumors about La Follette.attempted to spread vicious rumors about La Follette.– This only gave him a bigger platform upon which to discuss his ideas. This only gave him a bigger platform upon which to discuss his ideas.

His later presidential campaign would not have been possible without His later presidential campaign would not have been possible without this publicity.this publicity.

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The Primary SystemThe Primary System

Prior to 1903 party leaders Prior to 1903 party leaders were the people responsible were the people responsible for choosing candidates.for choosing candidates.

Wisconsin developed a Wisconsin developed a system in which people would system in which people would vote to choose electors that vote to choose electors that would relay their choice for a would relay their choice for a particular candidate. particular candidate. – By 1917 all but 4 states followed By 1917 all but 4 states followed

suit.suit.

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Other Election ReformsOther Election Reforms

Some states gave their voters even more power by Some states gave their voters even more power by adding more ways for them to impact legislation.adding more ways for them to impact legislation.

• RecallRecall – people may vote to remove an elected official – people may vote to remove an elected official after they have taken officeafter they have taken office–

• ReferendumReferendum – a proposed legislative act goes to the – a proposed legislative act goes to the people for final approval, rather than to a vote in the people for final approval, rather than to a vote in the legislature.legislature.

• InitiativeInitiative – people sign a petition to propose a law and – people sign a petition to propose a law and then it is either put on the ballot or sent to the legislature then it is either put on the ballot or sent to the legislature for ratification.for ratification.

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Passage of the 16Passage of the 16thth Amendment Amendment

The government was trying to find a way to finance the growth of The government was trying to find a way to finance the growth of infrastructure. Congress passed a federal income tax into law, but it was infrastructure. Congress passed a federal income tax into law, but it was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. So they wrote an amendment deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. So they wrote an amendment to change the Constitutionto change the Constitution

Ratified by Congress on Ratified by Congress on February 3, 1913February 3, 1913, this Amendment allows the , this Amendment allows the Federal Government to levy an income tax. The money collected may be Federal Government to levy an income tax. The money collected may be distributed however the legislature sees fit and does not need to be spent distributed however the legislature sees fit and does not need to be spent proportionally.proportionally.

The courts later interpreted the Sixteenth Amendment to allow a direct tax on The courts later interpreted the Sixteenth Amendment to allow a direct tax on "wages, salaries, commissions, etc. without apportionment." "wages, salaries, commissions, etc. without apportionment."

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Passage of the 17th AmendmentPassage of the 17th Amendment

It was ratified on It was ratified on April 8, 1913April 8, 1913 and was first put into effect for the election of and was first put into effect for the election of 1914. 1914.

It amends Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution to provide for the direct It amends Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution to provide for the direct election of Senators by the people of a state rather than their election or election of Senators by the people of a state rather than their election or appointment by a state legislature. appointment by a state legislature.

It also allows the governor of each state, if authorized by that state's It also allows the governor of each state, if authorized by that state's legislature, to appoint a senator in the event of an opening, until an election legislature, to appoint a senator in the event of an opening, until an election occurs. occurs.

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MuckrakersMuckrakers

The term The term muckrakermuckraker most associated with a group of American most associated with a group of American investigative reporters, novelists and critics from the late 1800s to investigative reporters, novelists and critics from the late 1800s to early 1900s, who investigated and exposed societal issues such as early 1900s, who investigated and exposed societal issues such as conditions in slums and prisons, sweatshops, mines and unsanitary conditions in slums and prisons, sweatshops, mines and unsanitary conditions in food processing plants. conditions in food processing plants.

Muckrakers were often accused of being socialists or communists. Muckrakers were often accused of being socialists or communists.

In the early 1900s, muckrakers shed light on such issues by writing In the early 1900s, muckrakers shed light on such issues by writing books and articles for popular magazines and newspapers such as books and articles for popular magazines and newspapers such as CosmopolitanCosmopolitan, , The IndependentThe Independent, and , and McClure'sMcClure's..

President Theodore Roosevelt is credited with originating the term President Theodore Roosevelt is credited with originating the term 'muckraker.' During a speech in 1906 he likened the muckrakers to 'muckraker.' During a speech in 1906 he likened the muckrakers to the Man with the Muckrake, a character in John Bunyan's the Man with the Muckrake, a character in John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Pilgrim's ProgressProgress (1678). (1678).

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Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

Was born in 1831 to a wealthy merchant family. He was Was born in 1831 to a wealthy merchant family. He was the second of five children. the second of five children. – His younger brother Elliot is the father of Eleanor Roosevelt.His younger brother Elliot is the father of Eleanor Roosevelt.

His father had supported Abraham Lincoln; his mother His father had supported Abraham Lincoln; his mother was a former southern belle with two brothers who were was a former southern belle with two brothers who were officers in the Confederate Army.officers in the Confederate Army.

As a child he was severely asthmatic, but was also said As a child he was severely asthmatic, but was also said to be hyperactive and mischievous.to be hyperactive and mischievous.– Because of his illness he was home schooled. He did very well Because of his illness he was home schooled. He did very well

but was horrible at math.but was horrible at math.

In 1876 he graduated from Harvard and then went on to In 1876 he graduated from Harvard and then went on to Columbia Law School.Columbia Law School.

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Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltWhen offered a chance to run for New When offered a chance to run for New York Assemblyman in 1881, he dropped York Assemblyman in 1881, he dropped out of law school to pursue his new goal out of law school to pursue his new goal of entering public life. of entering public life.

He became good friends with fellow He became good friends with fellow Progressive Progressive Henry Cabot LodgeHenry Cabot Lodge (they (they will later become bitter enemies).will later become bitter enemies).

Later he would become head of the Civil Later he would become head of the Civil Service Commission under both Service Commission under both Benjamin Harrison and Grover Benjamin Harrison and Grover Cleveland.Cleveland.

He was named Assistant Secretary of He was named Assistant Secretary of the Navy by William McKinley in 1897.the Navy by William McKinley in 1897.– Later he would accept the post of Vice Later he would accept the post of Vice

President after his success in the President after his success in the Spanish-American War.Spanish-American War.

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The Assassination of McKinleyThe Assassination of McKinleyWhile greeting a crowd of supporters during the Pan-While greeting a crowd of supporters during the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York President American Exposition in Buffalo, New York President William McKinley was shot on William McKinley was shot on September 6, 1901September 6, 1901. .

– Leon Frank CzolgoszLeon Frank Czolgosz waited in line with a pistol waited in line with a pistol in his right hand concealed by a handkerchief. At in his right hand concealed by a handkerchief. At 4:07 P.M. Czolgosz fired twice at the president. 4:07 P.M. Czolgosz fired twice at the president.

– The first bullet grazed the president's shoulder. The first bullet grazed the president's shoulder. The second, however, went through McKinley's The second, however, went through McKinley's stomach, colon, and kidney, and finally lodged in stomach, colon, and kidney, and finally lodged in the muscles of his back.the muscles of his back.

At 2:15 A.M. on September 14, 1901, eight days after At 2:15 A.M. on September 14, 1901, eight days after he was shot, he died from gangrene surrounding his he was shot, he died from gangrene surrounding his wounds. His last words were "It is God's way; His will wounds. His last words were "It is God's way; His will be done, not ours.“ and he was buried in Canton, be done, not ours.“ and he was buried in Canton, Ohio.Ohio.

– This left Roosevelt at 42 as the youngest This left Roosevelt at 42 as the youngest President in American history up until this point.President in American history up until this point.

Czolgosz was later found guilty of murder, and was Czolgosz was later found guilty of murder, and was executed by electric chair at Auburn Prison on executed by electric chair at Auburn Prison on October 29, 1901.October 29, 1901.

1818

TR and Big BusinessTR and Big BusinessHis 20,000-word address to the Congress in December 1901, asked Congress to His 20,000-word address to the Congress in December 1901, asked Congress to curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits." They did not act but Roosevelt did, curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits." They did not act but Roosevelt did, issuing 44 lawsuits against major corporations; he was called the “issuing 44 lawsuits against major corporations; he was called the “trust-bustertrust-buster” ”

The first suit he brought (on behalf of the federal government) was against the The first suit he brought (on behalf of the federal government) was against the Northern Securities CompanyNorthern Securities Company in 1902. in 1902.– This large railroad trust had been formed earlier that year by E. H. Harriman, This large railroad trust had been formed earlier that year by E. H. Harriman,

James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates.

– The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines through a Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines through a merger. merger.

After vigorous federal prosecution, the company was dissolved according to the 1904 After vigorous federal prosecution, the company was dissolved according to the 1904 Supreme Court ruling in the Supreme Court ruling in the Northern SecuritiesNorthern Securities case, five to four. case, five to four.

The companies were convicted under the Sherman Antitrust Act, overturning the The companies were convicted under the Sherman Antitrust Act, overturning the previous decision of previous decision of United States v. E. C. Knight Co.United States v. E. C. Knight Co. – In that case, the Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act was insufficient in In that case, the Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act was insufficient in

regulating that monopoly. regulating that monopoly.

1919

TR & Organized LaborTR & Organized Labor

In 1902 the In 1902 the United Mine Workers of AmericaUnited Mine Workers of America went on strike in Pennsylvania. went on strike in Pennsylvania. – Resulting in a shut down of anthracite mines for 163 days.Resulting in a shut down of anthracite mines for 163 days.

To avoid a national emergency Roosevelt called the mine owners and the labor To avoid a national emergency Roosevelt called the mine owners and the labor leaders to the White House and negotiated a compromise. leaders to the White House and negotiated a compromise. – The miners were granted a 10% pay increase and a 9-hour day (from the The miners were granted a 10% pay increase and a 9-hour day (from the

previous 10 hours), but the union was not officially recognized and the price of previous 10 hours), but the union was not officially recognized and the price of coal went up to offset the cost of the pay increase.coal went up to offset the cost of the pay increase.

In later comments, Roosevelt acknowledged the “noble intent” of labor unions and In later comments, Roosevelt acknowledged the “noble intent” of labor unions and suggested the courts were biased against them. suggested the courts were biased against them.

TR and ConsumersTR and Consumers

• Upton Sinclair’s novel Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle The Jungle shocked and sickened readers with its shocked and sickened readers with its description of a meat packaging plantdescription of a meat packaging plant

• Led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906Led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906

2020

[T]he meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one—there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage. There were the butt-ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of corned beef, and all the odds and ends of the waste of the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in the cellar and left there. Under the system of rigid economy which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water—and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public’s breakfast.

Upton Sinclair

TR and Consumers (2)TR and Consumers (2)

• Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr. Harvey Wiley Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr. Harvey Wiley discovered the unhealthy ingredients people were taking discovered the unhealthy ingredients people were taking as “medicine”as “medicine”

• Congress passes Pure Food and Drug ActCongress passes Pure Food and Drug Act– Law requires manufacturers to list all ingredients on a Law requires manufacturers to list all ingredients on a

labellabel

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TR and ConservationTR and Conservation

• TR made TR made conservation conservation a matter of public policya matter of public policy

• TR wanted to protect environment from lumber and mining TR wanted to protect environment from lumber and mining companiescompanies

• TR was a great outdoorsman – loved to fish and hunt and TR was a great outdoorsman – loved to fish and hunt and appreciated beauty of the land appreciated beauty of the land

• With TR’s help, Congress creates U.S. Forest Service and sets With TR’s help, Congress creates U.S. Forest Service and sets aside land to be used as a aside land to be used as a national parknational park

• First national park – First national park – Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park

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William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

• TR decided not to run for president in 1908.TR decided not to run for president in 1908.

• TR chose Taft to be his successor – Taft was Secretary TR chose Taft to be his successor – Taft was Secretary of War of War

• Taft was governor of Philippines – did a very good jobTaft was governor of Philippines – did a very good job

• Problem – Taft was not as energetic or as liberal as TRProblem – Taft was not as energetic or as liberal as TR

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Taft – The Good and the BadTaft – The Good and the Bad

• Good Good – Broke up more trusts than TRBroke up more trusts than TR– Created agency to control child laborCreated agency to control child labor– Gave government workers 8-hour work dayGave government workers 8-hour work day• Bad Bad

- Tariff increase (Payne-Aldrich Tariff)Tariff increase (Payne-Aldrich Tariff)- Gave conserved lands to business for developmentGave conserved lands to business for development

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Uncle Joe Cannon

Sereno Payne

Nelson Aldrich

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Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot

He was a progressive who strongly believed in the efficiency movement. He was a progressive who strongly believed in the efficiency movement. – The most economically efficient use of natural resources was his goal.The most economically efficient use of natural resources was his goal.

– Pinchot developed a plan by which the forests could be developed by private interests, under set Pinchot developed a plan by which the forests could be developed by private interests, under set terms, in exchange for a fee. terms, in exchange for a fee.

–

Pinchot made the standards at the Forestry Service very high and quickly set off to Pinchot made the standards at the Forestry Service very high and quickly set off to professionalize the forestry industry. professionalize the forestry industry.

He was fired from the Forestry Service by He was fired from the Forestry Service by Howard TaftHoward Taft for speaking out against policies of for speaking out against policies of the Department of the Interior that were environmentally unsoundthe Department of the Interior that were environmentally unsound

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Governor PinchotGovernor Pinchot

Governor William Sproul appointed him Pennsylvania Governor William Sproul appointed him Pennsylvania State Commissioner of Forestry in 1920. State Commissioner of Forestry in 1920.

Pinchot's aim, however, was to become governor. His Pinchot's aim, however, was to become governor. His 1922 campaign for the office concentrated on popular 1922 campaign for the office concentrated on popular reforms: government economy, enforcement of reforms: government economy, enforcement of Prohibition and regulation of public utilities. He won and Prohibition and regulation of public utilities. He won and became Pennsylvania’s 29became Pennsylvania’s 29thth governor. governor.

Pinchot retired at the end of his term in 1927. But won a Pinchot retired at the end of his term in 1927. But won a second term in 1930, battling for regulation of public second term in 1930, battling for regulation of public utilities, relief for the unemployed, and construction of utilities, relief for the unemployed, and construction of paved roads to "get the farmers out of the mud." paved roads to "get the farmers out of the mud." – This was the achievement he was most proud of. This was the achievement he was most proud of.

2727

Election of 1912Election of 1912Roosevelt endorsed William Howard Taft as the Republican Roosevelt endorsed William Howard Taft as the Republican candidate in 1908 because he claimed to be a genuine candidate in 1908 because he claimed to be a genuine "progressive“. "progressive“.

In that election Taft easily defeated three-time candidate William In that election Taft easily defeated three-time candidate William Jennings Bryan.Jennings Bryan.

• Many claim that the Progressive movement “lost steam” under Taft Many claim that the Progressive movement “lost steam” under Taft because he was not as charismatic a leader as Roosevelt. This because he was not as charismatic a leader as Roosevelt. This lead many to leave the party to support the newly liberal lead many to leave the party to support the newly liberal Democrats.Democrats.

In 1910, Roosevelt and Taft broke off their friendship. Roosevelt lost In 1910, Roosevelt and Taft broke off their friendship. Roosevelt lost the Republican nomination to Taft and ran in the 1912 election on the Republican nomination to Taft and ran in the 1912 election on his own one-time his own one-time Bull MooseBull Moose ticket. ticket. – He beat Taft in the popular vote.He beat Taft in the popular vote.– This split caused Democrat Woodrow Wilson to pull ahead because This split caused Democrat Woodrow Wilson to pull ahead because

neither could gain enough electoral votes to win.neither could gain enough electoral votes to win.

2828

Wilson and New FreedomWilson and New FreedomWilson continued the work begun by Wilson continued the work begun by Roosevelt in trust-busting. Roosevelt in trust-busting.

He spoke to Congress urging them to He spoke to Congress urging them to revive the free enterprise system and to revive the free enterprise system and to “wake up the economy”.“wake up the economy”.

In 1914, the In 1914, the Federal Trade Federal Trade CommissionCommission (FTC) was founded. (FTC) was founded. – This agency investigates reports of This agency investigates reports of

fraud by businesses.fraud by businesses.

Later, Wilson signed the Later, Wilson signed the Clayton Clayton Antitrust ActAntitrust Act which reiterated the which reiterated the legislative intentlegislative intent of the Sherman Act of the Sherman Act while limiting the use of that act to while limiting the use of that act to regulation of unions.regulation of unions.

Library of Congress(111-SC-4984)

2929

The Women’s MovementThe Women’s Movement

In July 1848 more than 300 men and women assembled In July 1848 more than 300 men and women assembled in in Seneca Falls, New YorkSeneca Falls, New York, for the nation's first , for the nation's first women's rights convention. women's rights convention. – On the first day, Elizabeth Cady Stanton presented the On the first day, Elizabeth Cady Stanton presented the

organizers' organizers' Declaration of Sentiments and ResolutionsDeclaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (patterned after the(patterned after the Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence). ).

– The Seneca Falls declaration held that "all men and women" are The Seneca Falls declaration held that "all men and women" are created equal and are endowed with inalienable rights including created equal and are endowed with inalienable rights including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

– The 12 resolutions of the The 12 resolutions of the Declaration of SentimentsDeclaration of Sentiments called called for the repeal of laws that enforced unequal treatment of for the repeal of laws that enforced unequal treatment of women, the recognition of women as the equals of men, the women, the recognition of women as the equals of men, the granting of the right to vote, the right for women to speak in granting of the right to vote, the right for women to speak in churches, and the equal participation of women with men in "the churches, and the equal participation of women with men in "the various trades, professions, and commerce." various trades, professions, and commerce."

3030

SuffrageSuffrage

Connections made at the convention eventually lead to Connections made at the convention eventually lead to the creation of the the creation of the National Women’s Suffrage National Women’s Suffrage AssociationAssociation..

SuffrageSuffrage was granted in the “new” western states in the was granted in the “new” western states in the late 1800s mainly because of the low population and the late 1800s mainly because of the low population and the need for registered voters for the rights of incorporation.need for registered voters for the rights of incorporation.

As the need for more income grew so too did the As the need for more income grew so too did the number of women in the workforce, nearly number of women in the workforce, nearly 5 million5 million by by 1900.1900.– This only added fuel to the suffrage fire because now women This only added fuel to the suffrage fire because now women

were subjected to direct taxation and were still not allowed to were subjected to direct taxation and were still not allowed to vote.vote.

– They therefore had They therefore had TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATIONTAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!!

Leaders of the Suffrage Leaders of the Suffrage MovementMovement

• Susan B. Anthony – arrested for illegal votingSusan B. Anthony – arrested for illegal voting

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton – one of the first women to Elizabeth Cady Stanton – one of the first women to become a lawyerbecome a lawyer

• They were the first generation leaders of the They were the first generation leaders of the National National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA)Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA)

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Next Generation of Woman’s Next Generation of Woman’s Suffrage LeadersSuffrage Leaders

• Carrie Chapman Catt – strategy to win state by state Carrie Chapman Catt – strategy to win state by state approval; met with leaders in Washington many timesapproval; met with leaders in Washington many times

• Alice Paul – grass roots support through protest and civil Alice Paul – grass roots support through protest and civil disobediencedisobedience

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New Opportunities for WomenNew Opportunities for Women

Prior to the emergence of a solidified women’s movement, the entrance of Prior to the emergence of a solidified women’s movement, the entrance of women into certain professions was limited.women into certain professions was limited.– While women could study to become professionals, many states While women could study to become professionals, many states

refused to license them.refused to license them.

Around the same time, women’s organizations which had once been only Around the same time, women’s organizations which had once been only social in nature (The Daughter’s of the American Revolution, The Women’s social in nature (The Daughter’s of the American Revolution, The Women’s Auxiliary, etc.) began to take on political stances.Auxiliary, etc.) began to take on political stances.

Women’s ClubsWomen’s Clubs

• Women joined clubs to read books and share ideasWomen joined clubs to read books and share ideas

• Clubs raised money for libraries, schools and parksClubs raised money for libraries, schools and parks

• African American women formed own clubs to battle African American women formed own clubs to battle against segregationagainst segregation

• Florence Kelley – investigates sweatshop conditions and Florence Kelley – investigates sweatshop conditions and organized organized boycottsboycotts of goods produced by factories that of goods produced by factories that employed childrenemployed children

3434

3535

ProhibitionProhibitionIn 1874 a group of women, lead by Frances Willard, formed the In 1874 a group of women, lead by Frances Willard, formed the Women’s Christian Temperance UnionWomen’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). (WCTU).

– They held meetings with officials which “revealed the evils of They held meetings with officials which “revealed the evils of alcohol”. According to this group alcohol was a direct alcohol”. According to this group alcohol was a direct CAUSECAUSE of each of the following societal ills:of each of the following societal ills:

1.1. Domestic ViolenceDomestic Violence

2.2. Child AbuseChild Abuse

3.3. UnemploymentUnemployment

4.4. MurderMurder

5.5. TheftTheft

6.6. VagrancyVagrancy

After hearing this convincing argument, and being pressured by After hearing this convincing argument, and being pressured by their constituents, Congress passed the their constituents, Congress passed the 1818thth Amendment Amendment..

3636

The 18The 18thth Amendment Amendment

The "The "Volstead ActVolstead Act," was passed by Congress over ," was passed by Congress over President Wilson's veto on President Wilson's veto on October 28, 1918October 28, 1918 and and established the legal definition of intoxicating liquor and established the legal definition of intoxicating liquor and established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.

– Section 1.Section 1. … the manufacture, sale, or transportation … the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States into, or the exportation thereof from the United States … for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.… for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

–

It is the only amendment to the United States Constitution It is the only amendment to the United States Constitution

to ever be repealed (by the to ever be repealed (by the Twenty-first AmendmentTwenty-first Amendment).).

Carrie NationCarrie Nation

• Carrie Nation led a radical response to sale of alcoholCarrie Nation led a radical response to sale of alcohol

• First marriage ended because her husband became alcoholicFirst marriage ended because her husband became alcoholic

• She was generous to needy and poor; visited prisoners in jailShe was generous to needy and poor; visited prisoners in jail

• Came to public attention when she used bricks and hatchets to Came to public attention when she used bricks and hatchets to close down bars in Kansasclose down bars in Kansas

• Her actions led to several beatings and jail timeHer actions led to several beatings and jail time

• She collapsed during a lecture on the evils of alcohol and died She collapsed during a lecture on the evils of alcohol and died several months laterseveral months later

• She was also a supporter of women’s suffrageShe was also a supporter of women’s suffrage

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Unexpected ConsequenceUnexpected Consequence

• The passage of the 18The passage of the 18thth Amendment did little to stop the flow of alcohol Amendment did little to stop the flow of alcohol

• Made alcohol more attractive (fun doing bad things!)Made alcohol more attractive (fun doing bad things!)

• SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies – Hidden bars in cities operating against the law – Hidden bars in cities operating against the law

• Bootleggers Bootleggers - those who smuggled alcohol across state lines- those who smuggled alcohol across state lines

• Organized CrimeOrganized Crime – large scale criminal operations – large scale criminal operations

• Al Capone – famous gangster who made millions off of illegal booze; jailed Al Capone – famous gangster who made millions off of illegal booze; jailed for tax evasionfor tax evasion

• FBI in charge of enforcing prohibitionFBI in charge of enforcing prohibition

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FBI agent Elliot Ness

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Challenges Facing African AmericansChallenges Facing African Americans

Jim Crow lawsJim Crow laws allowed for an increased period allowed for an increased period of discrimination against African Americans to of discrimination against African Americans to exist following the Civil War Amendments.exist following the Civil War Amendments.

Discrimination in housing, lending, education Discrimination in housing, lending, education and employment were particularly unfair in both and employment were particularly unfair in both the North and South.the North and South.– RedliningRedlining, or the informal segregation of where , or the informal segregation of where

certain groups are allowed to live, started in this certain groups are allowed to live, started in this period and some say that it still exists today. period and some say that it still exists today.

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

• Became most prominent African American of his timeBecame most prominent African American of his time

• Taught himself to readTaught himself to read

• Founded Tuskegee Institute in AlabamaFounded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

• Wanted blacks to learn a trade and move up gradually Wanted blacks to learn a trade and move up gradually (economic power(economic power social equality)social equality)

• View popular among white leadersView popular among white leaders

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Tuskegee Institute today

W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois

• First African American to receive PhD from Harvard First African American to receive PhD from Harvard UniversityUniversity

• Criticized Washington’s approach to equalityCriticized Washington’s approach to equality

• Believed blacks had to fight for their rights in the courtsBelieved blacks had to fight for their rights in the courts

• In 1909, helped found the NAACP – an organization to In 1909, helped found the NAACP – an organization to help blacks obtain equal rights in the courtshelp blacks obtain equal rights in the courts

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Other Famous African AmericansOther Famous African Americans

George Washington CarverGeorge Washington Carver made great strides in the made great strides in the field of genetics. His successful cross breeding of field of genetics. His successful cross breeding of peanut plants in the South saved the industry from ruin.peanut plants in the South saved the industry from ruin.

Sarah WalkerSarah Walker created a line of hair care products for created a line of hair care products for African American women and became the first American African American women and became the first American woman to earn more than $1 million.woman to earn more than $1 million.

Ida B. WellsIda B. Wells was a civil rights advocate and an early was a civil rights advocate and an early women's rights advocate active in the Woman Suffrage women's rights advocate active in the Woman Suffrage Movement. She lead the crusade to have the practice of Movement. She lead the crusade to have the practice of lynchinglynching outlawed. , outlawed. ,

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Challenges Facing Mexican AmericansChallenges Facing Mexican Americans

In the Southwest Mexican In the Southwest Mexican migrant farmersmigrant farmers had been had been crossing the border for work for decades. crossing the border for work for decades.

It was not until around 1900 that things got so bad in It was not until around 1900 that things got so bad in Mexico that they were compelled to stay.Mexico that they were compelled to stay.

They were often paid very little and, like African They were often paid very little and, like African Americans, were denied housing and education.Americans, were denied housing and education.

Many Mexican Americans settled in Texas and southern Many Mexican Americans settled in Texas and southern California.California.– The population of The population of Los AngelesLos Angeles tripled between 1910 and 1920 tripled between 1910 and 1920

as a result.as a result.

Response by Mexican Response by Mexican AmericansAmericans

• Sought to preserve language and cultureSought to preserve language and culture– Barrios – ethnic neighborhoodsBarrios – ethnic neighborhoods

• Mutualistas – Mutualistas – mutual aid societiesmutual aid societies– Paid for insurancePaid for insurance– Paid for legal advicePaid for legal advice– Raised money for sick and needyRaised money for sick and needy

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Challenges Facing Asian AmericansChallenges Facing Asian Americans

Following the passage of the Following the passage of the Chinese Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882Exclusion Act of 1882 many West Coast many West Coast companies started to recruit workers from other companies started to recruit workers from other Asian countries like Japan and the Philippines.Asian countries like Japan and the Philippines.

They too were forced to endure discrimination in They too were forced to endure discrimination in housing, lending and education.housing, lending and education.

Many in the western states did not dissociate Many in the western states did not dissociate these new immigrants from the Chinese who these new immigrants from the Chinese who had “taken” their jobs on the railroad and they had “taken” their jobs on the railroad and they engaged in anti-Asian protests.engaged in anti-Asian protests.

Gentlemen’s AgreementGentlemen’s Agreement• In 1906, San Francisco forced Asian children to attend separate schools from whitesIn 1906, San Francisco forced Asian children to attend separate schools from whites

• Japan protested the move and created an international crisisJapan protested the move and created an international crisis

• Unions pressured TR to limit Japanese immigrationUnions pressured TR to limit Japanese immigration

• ““Gentlemen’s Agreement” reached in 1907Gentlemen’s Agreement” reached in 1907

– Japan would stop sending workers to U.S.Japan would stop sending workers to U.S.

– U.S. stop the segregated schoolsU.S. stop the segregated schools

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Religious MinoritiesReligious Minorities

As the number of immigrants from southern and eastern As the number of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe increased, so too did the number of Roman Europe increased, so too did the number of Roman Catholics in the United States.Catholics in the United States.– Groups like the Groups like the Anti-Catholic American Protective Anti-Catholic American Protective

AssociationAssociation lobbied Congress for quotas on Catholic lobbied Congress for quotas on Catholic immigrants.immigrants.

People of the Jewish faith faced stereotypes of being People of the Jewish faith faced stereotypes of being greedy and untrustworthy. greedy and untrustworthy.

Many formed small communities within larger cities so Many formed small communities within larger cities so they could provide for themselves and not have to be they could provide for themselves and not have to be degraded by other prejudiced business owners.degraded by other prejudiced business owners.– ExamplesExamples: Little Italy, Greenwich Village, etc.: Little Italy, Greenwich Village, etc.