Political Philosophy Report1

8/3/2019 Political Philosophy Report1

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Political Schools of

Thought

04/28/12 Gina Lee M. Santos 1


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LiberalismConservatism

Socialism

Communism

04/28/12 2Gina Lee M. Santos


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LiberalismThe word "liberal" derives from

the Latin "liber" (meaning"free" or "not a slave"). Ineveryday use, it meansgenerous and open-minded, aswell as free from restraint andfrom prejudice.



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Liberalism


John Locke (1632-1704)English philosopher who isoften called the father ofliberalism

In his writings he argued infavor of limited governmentand protection for individual

rights.

Rejected the populardoctrine of the divine right

of kings.


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Liberalism

John Stuart Mill

popularized and

expanded liberalideas in the mid-19th Century

utilitarianliberalism

http://www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_mill.htmlhttp://www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_mill.html


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Types of Liberalism


ClassicalLiberalism

Freedom fromcoercion

laissez-faireeconomic policy

opposes thewelfare state

Social Liberalism

freedom of citizens right to an

education, healthcare and a livingwage

provision ofwelfare

progressive


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What Makes A Liberal?

Liberals stressequality ofopportunity, reject

special treatmentfor those withprivilege

Equality beforethe law



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What Makes A Liberal?

Freedom is a leading valueand it is pluralistic:freedom of association,

freedom of religion,freedom of assembly

Liberals are thought to bemore permissive and opento change thanConservatives (e.g. same-

sex marriage)04/28/12 Gina Lee M. Santos 8


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Different Kinds of Liberals

Egalitarian liberalism welfarestate, progressive taxation,

equalization payments, stateintervention

Libertarian liberalism rejects

attempts of state to achievesocial equality by manipulatingthe economy



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Key Liberal Principles


Responsible Government Civil Liberties

Constitutionalism

Individualism Rule of Law

Majority Rule

Popular Sovereignty

International Co-operation


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Conservatism

From the Latin word conservare tokeep, guard, observe; a commitment topreserve tradition while recognizingthere needs to be gradual improvement

Favors tradition (in the sense ofvarious religious, cultural, or nationally-

defined beliefs and customs) in the faceof external forces for change, and iscritical of proposals for radical socialchange



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Founder of TraditionalConservative Ideology

Edmund Burke

-Anglo-Irish Philosopher

-British writer & Member

of Parliament in

Late 18th century

-the father of Conservatism in Anglo

American circles


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Wrote Reflection on theRevolution in France.

Advocated conservingtradition, authority, andmoral values.

Asserts:

That because of theprofound humantendency towardirrational behavior,humans needguidance anddirection fromtraditional authoritiesfor society to enjoy

peace and stability.


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Types of Conservatism

Cultural

Religious

Fiscal

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Key ConservativePrinciples

Reverence for the past

Constitutionalcontinuity

Opposition to

RevolutionThe Religious Basis of

the State

The priority of dutiesover rights

Loyalty

Common Sense and

Pragmatism04/28/12 Gina Lee M. Santos 15

S i li


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Socialism


It is the transitional stage between

capitalism and communism.

Karl Marx (Father of Socialism)

American socialists favor an expanded role of govt.and share the following views:

Public ownership of key industries Vast public job programs all who want to work

will be put to work (Build jobs, not jails)

High taxes for wealthy

Cut in defense spending against war Social and economic equality is goal

Against capitalist free market economy

Healthcare and childcare provided for all

Free post secondary education (college)


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Socialism


A reaction to the Industrial Revolution,

characterized by:rejection of the idea that the wealthy deservetheir wealth because they created it - butinstead an argument that wealthy exploit

working classesvision of society based on economic equality

belief in cooperation, production for benefit ofall

idea of public ownership of means of production


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Socialisms principles

Egalitarianism (equality)

Humankind will be unified and cooperative

Wealth owned in common, used for the commongood

Capitalism exploits the very people who createsocietys wealth.

Moralism

Division of rich and poor is evil

Capitalism is fundamentally unjust

The ideal future = peace, social justice and trueliberty for all.


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SOCIALISM PRINCIPLES

man is naturally good

a bad environmentmakes people bad

govt should regulateeconomy publicownership

equality is important,but the common goodis the ultimate goal

people give govt

authority, and can takeit away changehappens throughREFORM


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Communism Marx and Engels studied the history of the worlds economies.

This means the way that power, industry and finance arecontrolled.

They saw the way countries developed in stages.

Primitive

Communism

Feudalism

Capitalism

Socialism

Communism


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Documents

Political Philosophy Report1