Political Leader 1796-1803 • When Napoleon first started his military career he was involved in

politics but not as a leader. He was setting himself up to be a leader and influenced people from afar. An example of this is “ At the half of July 1801, the First Consul received at Malmaison the jurist Aldini and Gian Galeazzo Serbelloni. They acted as representatives of the second Cisalpine Republic. Unaware of the approaching storm, the words of Bonaparte made them tremble.  Napoleon severely reproached them; blame was cast on the governing Committee with burning violence.

• “They are but committed nonsenses” – he said – “and one steals hastily”. “You have done only stupidities. This pack, born in a mediocre state, wants to enrich too much to the disadvantage of the public expenses, making a profit of its job [...]. How rare are men in Italy! On 18 millions I see only two: Dandolo and Melzi”( http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_lombardy1796.html). Here Napoleon is making them think of what they are doing, so he is influencing what choices the government makes without actually telling them to. So because he had not actually been a political leader but had influenced people to think like him we gave him a B.

B

Political Leader 1804-1813

While Napoleon was the emperor of France he was one of the first of manypoliticians like we have today. He asked people what they wanted, although hedidn’t always follow through with it, the people though that he would so theywould vote for him. All leaders had their downfalls though. Napoleon’s was thathe seemed a little conceited. “ Napoleon crowned himself Emperor on 2December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris. Claims that he seized the crown out ofthe hands of Pope Pius VII during the ceremony in order to avoid subjectinghimself to the authority of the pontiff are apocryphal; in fact, the coronationprocedure had been agreed upon in advance. After the Imperial regalia had beenblessed by the Pope, Napoleon crowned himself before crowning his wifeJoséphine Empress (the moment depicted in David's famous painting, illustratedabove). Then at Milan's cathedral on 26 May 1805, Napoleon was crowned Kingof Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.”(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France#Coronation_as_Emperor).Napoleon deserves an “A” for these years because he has made many chagesthat have stayed permentant in Europe for many years after his death.

A

Political Leader 1814 -1821• When Napoleon was exiled to Elba he created a little army of people so he

could return to Paris and retake control. This worked but his new reign only lasted one hundred days. “ On Elba, which the Allies gave him as a sovereign principality, he plotted his return to France.  On February 26, 1815, after spending 10 months on the island, he escaped from Elba and sailed with some 1100 followers to France, landing at Cannes, on the Golfe Juan-les-Pins on March 1, 1815.  He then set off for Paris, attracting supporters as he went.

• Louis XVIII sent an army, under Marshal Michel Ney [Napoléon had made him a marshal of France in 1804], to arrest Napoléon.  But Ney greeted his old leader with friendship and marched with him to Paris.  The army arrived in Paris on March 20, 1815 and Napoléon was carried on the shoulders of a cheering crowd into the Tuileries.  Louis XVIII fled Paris. 

• Once in Paris, Napoléon immediately proclaimed a new, liberalized constitution that limited his powers.  He also promised the Allies that he would not attack them, but his promise fell on deaf ears and both sides prepared for war. “ (http://www.french-at-a-touch.com/French_History/napoleon_i_1814-1821.htm) He could not have been an awful political leader if he could get people to join his army even after he had been exiled so this is why he has received a C.

C

Political Leader Over All Grade: B

• Over all Napoleon’s political leadership was really quite amazing even when he wasn’t doing the best. “At his best, Napoleon practiced political architecture in a way that one sometimes encounters in American jurisprudence, but almost never in practicing politicians. This biography by an outsider helps us distinguish what was French (and durable) in Napoleon's achievements from what was merely Napoleonic.” (http://www.johnreilly.info/napl.htm). France uses his political ideas still. For one person what he has done is amazing.

B

• At the age of fifteen Napoleon was promoted to the Royal Military Academy in Paris. At the age of 16 he began his apprenticeship as a second lieutenant. He was training with the best artillery unit in the French army. When Napoleon was starting out it was said that he had far more than a military career ahead of him but it wouldn’t be easy for him. “His ambitions soared far beyond a military career, but in French society power and achievement was reserved for the nobility- not for an unsophisticated Corsican solider. (http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/flas/n_myth/perspective/page_1.html) His first real military opportunity came as a captain of artillery at the siege of Toulon, where he seized forts and bombarded the British Naval and land forces, eventually forcing them to sail away; therefore Napoleon deserves a B.

B

• During Napoleons time as emperor he was very successful in military success. He succeeded to get victory over places such as Austerlitz and Friedland, which is demonstrated, in the following quote from wikipedia. He turned the armies of France against almost every major European power, dominating continental Europe through a lengthy streak of military victories—epitomized through battles such as Austerlitz and Friedland—and through the formation of extensive alliance systems. He appointed close friends and several members of his family as monarchs and important government figures of French-dominated states. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France). Therefore we think Napoleon deserves an A for his many victories in his time as emperor.

A

• The disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point in Napoleons military success. The campaign wrecked the Grande Armée, which never regained its previous strength. In October 1813, the Sixth Coalition defeated his forces at Leipzig and then invaded France. The coalition forced Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814, exiling him to the island of Elba. Less than a year later, he returned to France and regained control of the government in the Hundred Days (les Cent Jours) prior to his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Napoleon spent the remaining six years of his life under British supervision on the island of St. Helena. Napoleon developed relatively few military innovations, although his placement of artillery into batteries and the elevation of the army corps as the standard all-arms unit have become accepted doctrines in virtually all large modern armies. He drew his best tactics from a variety of sources and scored several major victories with a modernized and reformed French army. His campaigns are studied at military academies all over the world and he is widely regarded as one of history's greatest commanders. Aside from his military achievements, Napoleon is also remembered for the establishment of the Napoleonic Code (Code Napoléon), which laid the bureaucratic foundations for the modern French state. (

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France). Although Napoleon lost his power when he was exiled to Elba, he regained some of his power when he returned to France therefore he did as good of job as he could considering the circumstances, therefore he deserves a C.

C

• Napoleon had a very successful military career, however in his early military and during the time he was being exiled there wasn’t much that he did for the people. The climax of his career was his time as emperor when he was victorious therefore Napoleons overall mark is a B. The picture to the right shows Napoleon leading his people through battle.

http://shuzak.com/Personal/Blog/uploaded_images/napoleon-781366.jpgBB

• During the time of Napoleon’s military start, Napoleon wasn’t really involved with international relations. He was only involved with other countries. “French campaign in Italy, which assured the political future of Napoleon Bonaparte, began in March 1796. According to the Peace of Paris (May 15, 1796), King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia-Piedmont was forced to cede Savoy and Nice to France and to grant safe passage to the French armies. On the same day, Napoleon's army drove the Austrians out of Milan, pursuing them into the territory of the Republic of Venice.” (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27723/Italy#318799.hook). Therefore he deserves a C. C

1792 Emperor in waitingTerritories when the French Republic was proclaimed and Napoleon began his rise

to power.

• During Napoleon’s time as emperor, he was quite involved in different countries. He got many allies in different countries because he made them sign peace treaties. “In addition, Napoleon was highly responsible for this, for France controlled many European territories, such as Italy, Germany, and Holland, even though these territories were not under the direct control of the Empire.” (http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REV/NAPOLEAN.HTM)” Because he controlled so many people internationally we have given him an A.

A1811 World at his feetThe empire at its height under Emperor Bonaparte.

• During the time period when Napoleon was being exiled, he lost most of his allies in all the different countries. Also people went against him and did whatever they wanted, so he lost most of his power. “Louis XVIII fled Paris. Napoleon took up residence there once again. He put France on war-footing again, and in June he sent troops into Belgium. The Allies responded, and at Waterloo the French met a coalition of British, Dutch, Belgian and Prussian forces, 234,000 men, the majority Prussian. Napoleon had 128,000, and he lost the battle. The Allies took Napoleon prisoner and sent him to an island more remote than Elba. The island was St. Helena…” (http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h34-np4.html). Therefore he deserves an F.

F

1820 Defeated and dyingThe shrunken territory left after Napoleon's imprisonment on

St Helena.

D+• Napoleon was very successful in his time

as emperor because he gained many allies in different countries. However at the start of his military career he was only involved with France. When he was being exiled, he had lost most of his allies. Therefore Napoleon received a D+ overall.

Personal Relationships 1796- 1803

• When Napoleon first started out he had some friends who were loyal to him. They didn’t seem like best friends for him but they were better then nothing. “Aside from the Battle of Arcole, where Napoleon was lucky rather than clever, the campaign is legitimately legendary. Napoleon returned to France in 1797 as the nation's brightest star, having fully emerged from the need for a patron. Ever a great self-publicist, he maintained the profile of a political independent, thanks partly to the newspapers he now ran.” (http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/bonapartenapoleon/a/bionapoleon.htm). IN all the articles found never once did it say that Napoleon had any close friends, for this reason he has received a C.

C

Personal Relationships 1804-1813

• While Napoleon was emperor he didn’t have many close friends that we know of. For a while he was close to Josephine, at least until he heard the rumours that she had cheated on him. “Joséphine, less in love than Napoleon, is rumoured to have begun an affair with high society playboy Hippolyte Charles in 1796. There is no way of knowing whether or not this is the case, but regardless of the truth of the matter, the rumours so infuriated and hurt Napoleon that his love changed entirely.

• During the Egyptian campaign of 1798, Napoleon started one of many affairs of his own with Pauline Bellisle Foures, the wife of a junior officer who became known as "Napoleon's Cleopatra". The relationship between Joséphine and Napoleon was never the same after this. His letters became less loving. No subsequent lovers of Joséphine are recorded, but Napoleon continued to take on mistresses. In 1804 he said "power is my mistress."”

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_de_Beauharnais) At this point in time Napoleon’s friends were few so he gets a D.

D

Once Napoleon was exiled he had no personal relationships that we know of. The best of his relationships were with his army that he was building. This was more of a strickley business relationship then anything. “On February 26, 1815, Napoleon managed to sneak past his guards and somehow escape from Elba, slip past interception by a British ship, and return to France. Immediately, people and troops began to rally to the returned Emperor. French police forces were sent to arrest him, but upon arriving in his presence, they kneeled before him.” (http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/napoleon/section9.rhtml). This shows that Napoleon can make friends or acquaintances and get them to like him well enough to help him. For this he deserves a C.

C

During Napoleon’s life he never had any really close friends but he had many aquaintences. So overall Napoleon has received a D for hhis personal relationships.

DJosephine is alone because Napoleon left her to rule France.

C

When Napoleon first started with his military career he had somewhat of an idea of how to rule but he wouldn’t have been as good as he was later in his life. He had some vague ideas but not to much more, he probably knew that later in his life he waned to rule people but at that moment he was to busy concentrating on getting the people to like him and need him. He accomplished this without to much trouble. While he was in his military career many people practically worshiped the ground he walked on. ”However, his emergence as head of state in France was not his first opportunity to rule a country. What historians often overlook is that Napoleon, far from being a military commander with no experience as a ruler, was in fact a proven and capable administrator. It was while in Italy and Egypt that the young general learned about the demands of government, experimented with reform and experienced real power.“ (http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/napoleon/c_beforebrumaire.html) Many people probably knew that one day he would be a great leader but at that point in his life he was not ready to rule. So he deserves a C.

Napoleon ruled France very efficiently while he was emperor. He took care of the people and most would do anything for him. The only problem with his ruling was that he made the women worth even less then they already were. When he made the code Napoleon he went with what the people already did but at that point he could have changed how the women’s were thought of. “Napoléon did not seek to wipe out the past but to assimilate the old and the new into a cohesive whole. Interestingly, Olympe de Gouges' idea of the social contract between husband and wife was adopted in part.

The Code introduces the idea of Community. This was the joint pool of assets and liabilities in a marriage. The Code explains what was to be included in the pool and what was excluded by law. The wife's dowry was included but her "paraphernalia" was not. The term is not defined in the Code but using Napoléon's intended means of interpretation, ie. the use of logic and deduction from other sections, one can assume that it meant little more than her trinkets. married women could not make a donation during their lifetime without the assistance or special consent of the husband or being authorized by law.

The husband had the power and management of all of the property in community. One may say that in this way, the system was no different to the old regime. However, the husband could not alienate or pledge the immovables and could only exchange immovables with the consent of the wife and had to account to her like an agent or usufructuary in relation to her assets in the community.” (http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/society/c_women.html#code). At the time most people would like this part of the code Napoleon but looking at it from our point of view it could have advanced France by centuries if he had made the women have an equal status. For this he deserves a B-.

B-

Ability to Rule France 1814 – 1821

At this time in Napoleon’s life he was still a good ruler it was just that he was a little to protective of France and he stopped caring as much to what the people wanted. When Napoleon was exiled most people would think that no one wanted him to rule them anymore but when Napoleon got together an army on Elba and snuck back to Paris many people fought for him and he was once again in power of Paris for one hundred days. ” He was down but he was not out. On March 1, 1815, Napoleon returned to Paris to cheering crowds. His army was still loyal to him, and Louis, fearful of his life, fled Paris. The alliance had started to bicker among itself, but this unexpected turn of events stunned them into action. Napoleon instantly went on the move, marching into the Low Countries of Belgium. There he met the allied army which had been cobbled together in the greatest haste under the command of Wellington at Waterloo. On June 18, the coalition forces dealt Napoleon a final and resounding defeat. Barely over a hundred days after his triumphant return, Napoleon was utterly defeated and was exiled to St. Helena, a dreary island in the South Atlantic where he lived out his days, fat and powerless, until 1821.” (http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REV/NAPOLEAN.HTM) Most rulers in the past people wouldn’t want to come back and would revolt and not let an old ruler come back. This proves that Napoleon although old and not as good as he had been was loved by his people. He deserves a B.

B

Napoleon was a very good ruler for France during his life span. He for the most part treated people fairly and listened to them. “He was willing to listen to the advice of people who disagreed with him” (England, 2004). This made Napoleon a much better ruler then many people before and after him. Although he didn’t always follow through with his word he got a lot more votes because of how he approached the people. B

Bibliography• England. Napoleon: a political biography. New York, NY: Scribner, 2004• (http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites

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