Political Jurisdiction, Form #05.004

7/24/2019 Political Jurisdiction, Form #05.004

1/74

_giltl`ci Eurlsfl`tlgh 3 ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

_GILVL@CI E^RLPFL@VLGHIcst rnvlsnf5 1/26/2?36
http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/


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VCBIN GA @GHVNHVP

VCBIN GA @GHVNHVP ....................................................................................................................... 2

ILPV GA VCBINP .................................................................................................................................. 2

VCBIN GA C^VDGRLVLNP ................................................................................................................. 0

3 Lhtrgfu tlgh chf fnalhltlgh .......................................................................................................... 33

2

Cutdgrltlns gh pgiltl`ci qunstlghs............................................................................................ 33

0 @dgl`n ga @ltlznhsdlp ls c strl`tiy pgiltl`ci qunstlgh.............................................................. 32

6 @dgl`n ga Fgjl`lin ls c strl`tiy pgiltl`ci qunstlgh................................................................... 30

> @lvli chf _giltl`ci stctusns ............................................................................................................ 36

1 _giltl`ci Rlmdts fnrlvn argj tdn `glh`lfnh`n ga hctlghcilty chf fgjl`lin........................ 3>

= Ptctutgry `ltlznhsdlp chf fgjl`lin gjpcrnf ............................................................................ 3=

4 Vdn Agrnlmh Pgvnrnlmh Ljjuhltlns C`t _rgtn`ts Ptctn @ltlznhs argj @dchmns lh tdnlr

Fgjl`lin chf @ltlznhsdlp by tdn @gurts ...................................................................................... 2?

32 Anfnrci Flstrl`t, @lrùlt, chf Vcx @gurts crn _crt ga tdn Nxnùtlvn Brch`d lhstncf ga tdn

Eufl`lci Brch`d chf tdnrnagrn `ch ghiy rnhfnr pgiltl`ci gplhlghs chf hgt grfnrs ................. 0=32.3

Lhtrgfu`tlgh ........................................................................................................................................................... 0=

32.2 Flstrl t @gurt5 Crtlìn LQ ..................................................................................................................................... 0?3 ^.P. 414 (3630.3 Eufmns wdg cfvchtcmn tdn mgvnrhjnht by GJLVVLHM tg ruin gh lssuns bnagrn tdnj gr by substltutlhm

_RNP^J_VLGHP agr nvlfnh`n crn c`tlhm lh c _GILVL@CI `cpc`lty rctdnr tdch INMCI `cpc`lty .................. >6

30.2 Eufmns lhtnranrlhm wltd `dgl`n ga fgjl`lin gr `ltlznhsdlp crn tnrrgrlsts, c``grflhm tg tdn Anfnrci Rnmuictlghs ... >=30.0 _rnsujptlghs cbgut tdn stctus ga tdn pcrtlns ......................................................................................................... > Cfflhm tdlhms tg tdn stctutgry jnchlhm ga wgrfs ................................................................................................. 1330.1 @ltlhm gr nhagr`lhm lrrninvcht `csn icw gr stctutns lh `lvli `csns rnictlhm tg pcrtlns wltd c agrnlmh fgjl`lin ....... 12 30.= Rnausci ga arch`dlsn `gurts tg flsjlss `csns lhvgivlhm tdgsn wdg crn hgt arch`dlsnns ......................................... 16

36 Sunstlghs tdct Rncfnrs, Mrchf Eurgrs, chf _ntlt Eurgrs Pdguif bn Csklhm tdnMgvnrhjnht ................................................................................................................................... 11

ILPV GA VCBINP

Vcbin 35 @lvli chf pgiltl`ci stctus .......................................................................................................................................... 36Vcbin 25 Naan`t ga fgjl`lin gh `ltlznhsdlp stctus.................................................................................................................... 3>


3/74


VCBIN GA C^VDGRLVLNP

@ghstltutlghci _rgvlslghs

Chhgtctnf @ghstltutlgh, \ncr 2??2, p. 16? ............................................................................................................................ 64Cppglhtjnhts @icusn ............................................................................................................................................................. >1

Crt. L, 4 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 32Crt. L, Pn`, 3? ......................................................................................................................................................................... >=Crt. LLL .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1>Crtlìn 3 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 63, >2, 16Crtlìn 3, Pn`tlgh 4, @icusn 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 62, 61, >3Crtlìn 3, Pn`tlgh. 3? .............................................................................................................................................................. >=Crtlìn 6, Pn`tlgh 0, @icusn 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 1>Crtlìn L .................................................................................................................................................................................. 64Crtlìn LL, 2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 63, 62Crtlìn LLL ....................................................................................................................................... 6?, 62, 6>, 6=, 64, >3, >2, >0Crtlìn LLL, Pn`tlgh 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 22Crtlìn LQ ............................................................................................................................................................. 0=, 03Blii ga Rlmdts .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6, 1?, h. =, 3 I.Nf.2f. 616 (3Ctics Rggalhm @g. v. G`ùpctlghci Pcanty chf Dncitd Rnvlnw @gjj'h, 60? ^.P., ct 6>>, h. 30, 2 Cic. 11 ............................................................................................................................................... 31Blsdgp v. .P., [email protected]., 006 A.Pupp. 63>, 634 .................................................................................................................... 0 (34Brcfy v. ^.P., 0


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7/74

_giltl`ci Eurlsfl`tlgh = ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

_inssy v. Anrmusgh, 310 ^.P. >0=, >62 (342_gstuj @nrnci @gjpchy v. @cilagrhlc Alm Hut @gjpchy, 2=2 ^.P. 12_gwn v. ^hltnf Ptctns, 3?< A.2f. 36= (364 (313->12, 46 P.@t. 3012, 3043, 32 I.Nf.2f. >?1 ............................................. 3>Rl`n v @cyntchg, >24 ^.P. 6, 32? P.@t. 3?66, 36> I.Nf.2f. 3??= (2???).......................................................................... 31

Rgbgz v. Knhhnfy, 23< A.Pupp. 4) .......................................................................................................... >1Rutch v. Rnpubil`ch _crty ga Liilhgls, 6


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3< @grpus Eurls Pn`uhfuj (@.E.P.), @grpgrctlghs, 446 (2??0) ............................................................................................ 002 Bguv. Lhst. h. 22=02C H. Plhmnr, Putdnrichf gh Ptctutns chf Ptctutgry @ghstru`tlgh 6=.?=, p. 3>2, chf h. 3? (>td nf. 3043C @grpus Eurls Pn`uhfuj (@.E.P.), ^hltnf Ptctns, 2< (2??0) .................................................................................... 2?, 00Cjcr, Jcrbury, Pn`tlgh 30, chf tdn Grlmlhci Eurlsfl`tlgh ga tdn Puprnjn @gurt, >1 ^[email protected]. 660, 6>3, h. 60 (3Bic`ks Icw Fl`tlghcry, Plxtd Nfltlgh, p. 36?= ..................................................................................................................... 11Bic`ks Icw Fl`tlghcry, Plxtd Nfltlgh, p. 31> ....................................................................................................................... >=Bic`ks Icw Fl`tlghcry, Plxtd Nfltlgh, p. 21< ....................................................................................................................... 06Bic`ks Icw Fl`tlghcry, Plxtd Nfltlgh, p. 2=1 ....................................................................................................................... 0..................................................................................................... 30, 23, 1=, 14-33>< ......................................................................................................... 33Bgcrf ga Vcx Cppncis............................................................................................................................................................. >2

Bguvlnrs Jcxljs ga Icw, 34>1 ...................................................................................................................................... 0>, >0Bu`khnr v. Alhiny, 2 _nt. >41 (342@grpgrctlzctlgh chf _rlvctlzctlgh ga tdn Mgvnrhjnht, Agrj #?>.?26 ................................................................................... 36Fnpcrtjnht ga Vrncsury.......................................................................................................................................................... 63Fnvlis Cfvg`ctn5 Icwynrs-]dct ]n Crn ^p Cmclhst, PNFJ ............................................................................................ 01

Aicwnf Vcx Crmujnhts tg Cvglf, Agrj #?4.??6, Pn`tlgh 0 .................................................................................................. 02, p. 06, 13Mgvnrhjnht Lhstltutnf Picvnry ^slhm Arch`dlsns, Agrj #?>.?0? .......................................................................................... 1>Mgvnrhjnht Lhstltutnf Picvnry ^slhm Arch`dlsns, Agrj #?>.?0?, Pn`tlgh 23 ....................................................................... 16Mgvnrhjnht Lhstltutnf Picvnry ^slhm Arch`dlsns, Agrj #?>.?0?, Pn`tlgh 23.1 .................................................................... 6>Mgvnrhjnht Lhstltutnf Picvnry ^slhm Arch`dlsns, Agrj #?>.?0?, Pn`tlghs 31-3= ................................................................ >=Mrnct LRP Dgcx, Agrj #33.0?2, @dcptnr 2 ............................................................................................................................ 26Mrnct LRP Dgcx, Agrj #33.0?2, Pn`tlgh 6.33.2 ..................................................................................................................... 3 (3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 31


9/74

_giltl`ci Eurlsfl`tlgh < ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

Kctz, Anfnrci Inmlsictlvn @gurts, 60 Dcrv.I.Rnv. 4.?2= ................................................................................................................. 13Jlhljuj @ghtc`ts Fg`trlhn .................................................................................................................................................. 12Hgtn, Brncklhm Gut ga tdn @cpltcilst _crcflmj5 Vdn Plmhlal`ch`n ga Lfngigmy lh Fntnrjlhlhm tdn Pgvnrnlmh Ljjuhlty ga

Pgvlnt chf Ncstnrh-Big` @gjjnr`lci Nhtltlns, 2 Dgus. E. Lht''i. I. 62> (3_rnsujptlgh5 @dlna ]ncpgh agr ^hicwauiiy Nhicrmlhm Anfnrci Eurlsfl`tlgh, Agrj #?>.?3= ......................................... 1?, 13_rgbinjs wltd Ctdnlstl` Chcr`dlsj, Agrj #?4.?2? .............................................................................................................. 21_rgga Vdct Vdnrn ls c Ptrcw Jch, Agrj #?>.?62 ............................................................................................................... 1?Rncflhms gh tdn Dlstgry chf Pystnj ga tdn @gjjgh Icw, Pn`ghf Nfltlgh, Rgs`gn _guhf, 3, p. 2 ............................... 00Rncsghcbin Bnilna Cbgut Lh`gjn Vcx Ilcblilty, Agrj #?>.??= ....................................................................................... 13, 11Rnqulrnjnht agr Rncsghcbin Hgtl`n, Agrj #?>.?22 .............................................................................................................. 13Rnstctnjnht, Pn`ghf, @ghail`ts, 0 ........................................................................................................................................ 11PNFJ Cbgut ^s _cmn, Pn`tlgh 25 Jlsslgh Ptctnjnht ........................................................................................................... 0?

PNFJ Eurlsfl`tlghs Fctcbcsn Ghilhn, Iltlmctlgh Vggi #? ..................................................................................................................................................... 22Vcx @gurt ............................................................................................................................................................................... 63Vdn Icw ga Hctlghs, Qcttni .................................................................................................................................................... 2>Vdgjcs Enaanrsgh tg Cbbn Crhgux, 3=45240 .................................................................................... >=Vdgjcs Enaanrsgh5 3st Lhcumurci, 34?3. JN 0502? ................................................................................................................. 06^.P. @lr`ult @gurt ................................................................................................................................................................... 12^.P. Flstrl`t @gurt ...................................................................................................................................................... >0, 12, 1>^.P. Puprnjn @gurt ................................................................................................................ 20, 26, 0=, 03, >4, >, 6=, >3, >2, >0, >1, 12, 1>, 11Qctt. Icw Hct. pp. ]dct Dcppnhnf tg Eustl`n7, Agrj #?1.?32 ................................................................................................................ 0=, >3, 1?]dct ls Jystnry Bcbyigh7 Bggk-Pdnifgh Njry ................................................................................................................... 0=]dct ls Jystnry Bcbyigh7 Pnrjghs, Pnrjgh tcpns 4>2=c tdrgumd 4>0=b-Pdnifgh Njry .................................................... 0=]dy Cii Icw ls Rnilmlgus lh Hcturn, Acjliy Mucrflch Aniigwsdlp....................................................................................... 21]dy Fgjl`lin chf Bn`gjlhm c Vcxpcynr Rnqulrn \gur @ghsnht, Agrj #?>.??2 ................................................. 3>, 22, >3]dy Fgjl`lin chf Bn`gjlhm c Vcxpcynr Rnqulrn \gur @ghsnht, Agrj #?>.??2, Pn`tlgh 4 ............................................ 01]dy Ptctutgry @lvli Icw ls Icw agr Mgvnrhjnht chf Hgt _rlvctn _nrsghs, Agrj #?>.?0= ................................ 3>, 06, 1?, 16]dy \gu crn c hctlghci, stctn hctlghci, chf @ghstltutlghci but hgt Ptctutgry @ltlznh, Agrj #?>.??1.......... 3>, 34, 23, 1.??4.. 6>, 61, 1?

P`rlpturns

3 Egdh 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 023 Egdh 253>-3= ........................................................................................................................................................................ 203 Egdh 0 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 023 Pcj. 3?5> ............................................................................................................................................................................. 213 Pcj. 453?-34 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 013 Pcj. 4533 Pcj. 456-< ........................................................................................................................................................................... 022 @gr. >52?-23 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 032 @grlhtdlchs 153=-34 ............................................................................................................................................................. 20


10/74

_giltl`ci Eurlsfl`tlgh 3? ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

Cfcj chf Nvn ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2=Cjgs 653; 153 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 21Cpgstin _cui ........................................................................................................................................................................... 24Fchlni 250> ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21Fnut. 2453-36 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 21Npd. 252-3< ............................................................................................................................................................................. 2=Npd. 653=-26 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 24Npd. 1536-2? ........................................................................................................................................................................... 03

Nxgfus 3< ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21Nxgfus 20502-00 .................................................................................................................................................................... 0>Nxgfus 2054 ............................................................................................................................................................................ >534 ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24Mcrfnh ga Nfnh....................................................................................................................................................................... 2=Mnhnsls 3? .............................................................................................................................................................................. 21Dncvnh.................................................................................................................................................................................... 2>Lsclcd 0?53-> ........................................................................................................................................................................... 01Lsclcd 62523-2> ....................................................................................................................................................................... 0>Ecjns 352= .............................................................................................................................................................................. 20Ecjns 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 24Ecjns 656 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 20Enr. >521-03 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 0>

Ensus ................................................................................................................................................................................. 0?, 06Egdh 3652 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 21Egdh 3>53 ........................................................................................................................................................................... >.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

3 Lhtrgfu`tlgh chf fnalhltlgh3

Vdn suben`t ga dgw tg flstlhmulsd bntwnnh inmci qunstlghs chf pgiltl`ci qunstlghs ls ch gatnh gvnriggknf crnc ga icw tdct2`ch dcvn frcjctl` caan`ts nspn`lciiy lh rnictlgh tg tdn suben`ts ga tcxctlgh, sgvnrnlmhty, chf arnnfgj. Vdn rncsgh ch0uhfnrstchflhm ga tdls jcttnr ls ljpgrtcht ls tdct `gurts wlii arnqunhtiy lhtnranrn nspn`lciiy lh tcx `csns wltd c pcrtys `dgsnh6fgjl`lin gr ltlznhsdlp lh grfnr tg gjpni tdnj tg bn`gjn c tcxpcynr. Jgst iltlmchts fght rncilzn tdct tdls c`tuciiy cjguhts>tg ch cbusn ga eurlsfl`tlgh chf prgfu`ns c vglf eufmjnht chf tdny ic`k tdn cblilty tg nxpiclh wdy. @ghsnqunhtiy, tdny ciigw1tdnjsnivns tg bn hnnfinssiy vl`tljlznf by c `grruptnf `gurt. Vdls jnjgrchfuj wlii ag`us gh prgvlflhm inmci cutdgrltlns tg=prgvn wdy `gurts wdl`d fg tdls crn vlgictlhm tdnlr cutdgrlty, brncklhm fgwh tdn snpcrctlgh ga pgwnrs, chf lhvgivlhm4tdnjsnivns lh pgiltl`ci jcttnrs gr pgiltl`ci qunstlghs. Vdls lhagrjctlgh wlii prgvlfn stchflhm tg nltdnr dciinhmn gr flsjlss

ls `gjjlttnf tg chgtdnr brch`d ga mgvnrhjnht chf/gr bn`cusn tdgsn lssuns crn hgt `cpcbin, agr ghn rncsgh gr31

chgtdnr, ga eufl`lci rnsgiutlgh. Lsicjl` Rnpubil` ga Lrch v. _cdicvl, 331 Jls`.2f. >-=?1, = I.Nf.2f. 110.2?

[Bic`ksIcw Fl`tlghcry, Plxtd Nfltlgh, pp. 33>4-33>


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2. Vcsdelch v. Rnpubil`ch _crty ga @ghhn`tlùt, 6=< ^.P. 2?4, 3?= P.@t. >66, 36 (3?1 ^.P. 226 (3?1 ^.P. 226 (3

rnspghslblilty agr c pcrtlùicr mgvnrhjnhtci auh`tlgh tg ghn ga tdn pgiltl`ci brch`dns. Vdnrn crn hujnrgus31

lhstch`ns ga tdls sgrt ga tnxtuci `gjjltjnht, n.m., Crt. L, 4, chf lt ls hgt tdgumdt tdct flsputns ljpil`ctlhm tdnsn3=

prgvlslghs crn hgheustl`lcbin. Rctdnr, tdn lssun ls wdntdnr tdn @ghstltutlgh dcs mlvnh ghn ga tdn pgiltl`ci brch`dns34

alhci rnspghslblilty agr lhtnrprntlhm tdn s`gpn chf hcturn ga su`d c pgwnr.3, jcy, agr22

nxcjpin, prnìufn eufl`lci rnvlnw ga wdntdnr c prgspn`tlvn jnjbnr lh ac`t jnnts tdgsn qucilal`ctlghs. Pnn _gwnii20

v. J`@grjc`k,0 ^.P. 641, >64 (3=-61? (Bic`k, E., `ghùrrlhm).03

[Hlxgh v. ^hltnf Ptctns, >?1 ^.P. 226 (3ciinmlch`n. Chf tdn wgrfs rnictn tg tdn tljn ga blrtd lh tdn ghn `csn, cs tdny fg [31< ^.P. 16Z tg tdn tljn61

ga hcturcilzctlgh lh tdn gtdnr. _nrsghs hgt tdus suben`t tg tdn eurlsfl`tlgh ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns ct tdn tljn ga blrtd6=

`chhgt bn`gjn sg catnrwcrfs, nx`npt by bnlhm hcturcilznf, nltdnr lhflvlfuciiy, cs by prg`nnflhms uhfnr tdn64

hcturcilzctlgh c`ts, gr `giin`tlvniy, cs by tdn agr`n ga c trncty by wdl`d agrnlmh tnrrltgry ls c`qulrnf.6.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

@ghsnqunhtiy, c `gurt wdl`d lhtnranrns wltd ghns vgiuhtcry `dgl`n ga `ltlznhsdlp ls lhvgivlhm ltsnia lh c strl`tiy pgiltl`ci3

jcttnr. Dgwnvnr, `gurts jcy lhtnrvnhn lh prnvnhtlhm tdn gpprnsslgh ga pgiltl`ci rlmdt wdl`d sprlhm argj ghns `ltlznhsdlp.2Agr lhstch`n, tdn stctutn bnigw prgtn`ts pngpin bcsnf gh tdnlr `ltlznhsdlp stctus50

VLVIN 48@DC_VNR 328P^B@DC_VNR LL8_crt QLLL8 3026b6

3026b. ^haclr ljjlmrctlgh-rnictnf njpigyjnht prc`tl`ns>

_rgdlbltlgh ga fls`rljlhctlgh bcsnf gh hctlghci grlmlh gr `ltlznhsdlp stctus1

(0) _rgtn`tnf lhflvlfuci fnalhnf=

Cs usnf lh pcrcmrcpd (3), tdn tnrj prgtn`tnf lhflvlfuci jnchs ch lhflvlfuciwdg4

(C) ls c `ltlznh gr hctlghci ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns, gr(34?, rnvnrsnf by @dch`niigr ]ciwgrtd gh cppnci (?=, >?32), wdgsn fn`rnn wcs caalrjnf by tdn `gurt ga nrrgrs (= Dlii, 2>; Fnindchty v. ]crhnr,>?

=> Lii. 34>; Pdnrlfch v. @givlh, =4 Lii. 20=; Bnnbn v. Rgblhsgh, >2 Cic. 11; chf Jguitgh v. Rnlf, >6 Cic. 02?.>3

Vdn ruin nstcbilsdnf lh Pcwynr's @csn wcs cppilnf lh Jgrmch v. Huhh, 46 Anf. >>3, lh wdl`d Eufmn Iurtgh sclf>2

tdct 'c gurt ga nqulty wlii hgt, by lheuh`tlgh, rnstrclh ch nxnùtlvn gaal`nr argj jcklhm c wrghmaui rnjgvci ga>0

c subgrflhctn cppglhtnn, hgr rnstrclh tdn cppglhtjnht ga chgtdnr.'Pljlicr fn`lslghs dcvn bnnh jcfn lh gtdnr>6

`lrùlt `gurts ga [3=3 .P. 011, 0=4Z tdn ^hltnf Ptctns by Eufmns _crfnn chf Hnwjch, lh @gupnr v. Pjytd>>(H. F. Mc.) 46 Anf. =>=; by Eufmn Klrkpctrl`k, lh _cmn v. Jgaantt (F. H. E.) 4> Anf. 04; by Eufmn Enhklhs, lh @crr>1

v. Mgrfgh (H. F. Lii.) 42 Anf. 0=0, 0=


17/74

_giltl`ci Eurlsfl`tlgh 3= ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

Vdnrnagrn, hg `gurt `ch lhtnranrn wltd ygur pgiltl`ci `dgl`n ga fgjl`lin chf tdnrnby prn`iufn ygu argj lhvgivlhm ygursnia lh3tdn cfjlhlstrctlgh ga mgvnrhjnht cs c pubil` gaal`nr gr wltdlh tdn fgjl`lin ga ygur `dgl`n.2

= Ptctutgry `ltlznhsdlp chf fgjl`lin `gjpcrnf0

Bgtd `ltlznhsdlp chf fgjl lin fnpnhf gh ciinmlch`n. Agr lhstch`n, gur fns`rlptlgh ga fgjl`lin lh sn`tlgh6 rnvncinf6tdct lt ls bcsnf gh ciinmlch`n lh nx`dchmn agr prgtn`tlgh. Bnlhm c stctutgry `ltlznh cisg dcs c prnrnqulsltn ga ciinmlch`n. Agr>lhstch`n51

VLVIN 48@DC_VNR 328P^B@DC_VNR LLL8_crt L8 36?3=

36?3. Hctlghcis chf `ltlznhs ga ^hltnf Ptctns ct blrtd4

Vdn agiigwlhm sdcii bnhctlghcischf `ltlznhs ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns ct blrtd5vgiuhtcry, ls wdct jckns bgtd ga tdnj c pgiltl`ci rnictlgh chf tdn nxprnsslgh ga c Alrst Cjnhfjnht rlmdt ga arnn pgiltl`ci31cssg`lctlgh. ]ltd `ltlznhsdlp, tdn ciinmlch`n ls flrn`tnf tgwcrfs c stctn.3=

Vdnrn `chhgt bn c hctlgh wltdgut c pngpin. Vdn vnry lfnc ga c pgiltl`ci `gjjuhlty, su`d cs c hctlgh ls, ljpilns34

ch [44 ^.P. 312, 311Z cssg`lctlgh ga pnrsghs agr tdn prgjgtlgh ga tdnlr mnhnrci wniacrn. Nc`d ghn ga tdn pnrsghs3

Ciinmlch`n chf `ltlznhsdlp, flaanr, lhfnnf, lh cijgst nvnry `dcrc`tnrlstl`. @ltlznhsdlp ls tdn naan`t ga `gjpc`t;01

ciinmlch`n ls tdn gaasprlhm ga pgwnr chf hn`nsslty. @ltlznhsdlp ls c pgiltl`ci tln; ciinmlch`n ls c tnrrltgrlci tnhurn.0=

@ltlznhsdlp ls tdn `dcrtnr ga nqucilty; ciinmlch`n ls c bcfmn ga lhanrlgrlty. @ltlznhsdlp ls `ghstltutlghci;04

ciinmlch`n ls pnrsghci. @ltlznhsdlp ls arnnfgj; ciinmlch`n ls snrvltufn. @ltlznhsdlp ls gjjuhl`cbin; ciinmlch`n0

strghmnst nvlfnh`n ga wltdfrcwlhm ciinmlch`n argj c prnvlgus, sgvnrnlmh.61

[Vcibgt v. Echsgh, 0 ^.P. 300 (3=) (dncfhgtns, hgt wltdlh `csn)Z6=
http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-IIIhttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-IIIhttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-IIIhttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-III/part-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-III/part-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-III/part-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1401https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1401https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=88&page=162http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=88&page=162http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=88&page=162http://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Authorities/SupremeCourt/Talbot_v_Janson3US133.htmhttp://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Authorities/SupremeCourt/Talbot_v_Janson3US133.htmhttp://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Authorities/SupremeCourt/Talbot_v_Janson3US133.htmhttp://famguardian.org/TaxFreedom/Authorities/SupremeCourt/Talbot_v_Janson3US133.htmhttp://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=88&page=162https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1401https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-III/part-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12/subchapter-IIIhttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/chapter-12https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8http://sedm.org/


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Vdn ljpil`ctlgh ga tdn prn`nflhm qugtn ls tdct la ciinmlch`n fnrlvnf argj fgjl`lin chf tdct fnrlvnf argj `ltlznhsdlp crn lh3`ghail`t, tdnh ghn dcs tg tckn prn`nfnh`n bn`cusn ghail`tlhm ciinmlch`ns crn hgt ciigwnf. Vdn prc`tl`ci `ghslfnrctlghs ga ilan2wguif incf jgst rctlghci pngpin tg pic`n tdn ljpgrtch`n ga ciinmlch`n argj fgjl`lin cbgvn tdct ga `ltlznhsdlp.0

@ltlznhsdlp chf fgjl`lin crn `gjpinjnhtcry cspn`ts tdct alx c pnrsghs pgiltl`ci caalilctlghs, cssg`lctlghs chf rnictlghsdlps6uhfnr tdn Alrst Cjnhfjnht5>

3. Hctlghcilty (4 .P.@. 33?3(c)(23)) cssg`lctns tdn lhflvlfuci wltd c mrgup ga pngpin g``upylhm c pgiltl`ci `gjjuhlty1`ciinf c stctn.=

2. Fgjl`lin cssg`lctns tdn lhflvlfuci wltd tdn mgvnrhjnht ga ig`ci mnhnrci eurlsfl`tlgh lh tdn crnc wdnrn dn ilvns, chf4tdnrnby alxns dls rnictlghsdlp tg dls ljjnflctn hnlmdbgrs chf dls pgiltl`ci rlmdts lh rnictlgh tg tdgsn hnlmdbgrs. Fgjl`lin

]dy \gu crn c hctlghci, stctn hctlghci, chf @ghstltutlghci but hgt Ptctutgry @ltlznh, Agrj #?>.??1dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

31

Vdn tcbin bnigw, argj tdn cbgvn ilhk, fns`rlbns tdn caan`t tdct `dchmns lh fgjl`lin dcvn gh `ltlznhsdlp stctus lh tdn `csn3=

ga bgtd agrnlmh hctlghcis chf fgjnstl` hctlghcis. C fgjnstl` hctlghci ls chyghn bgrh chywdnrn wltdlh chy ghn34ga tdn >? stctns gh hghanfnrci ichf gr wdg wcs bgrh lh chy tnrrltgry gr pgssnsslgh ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns. C agrnlmh3.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

Vcbin 25 Naan`t ga fgjl`lin gh `ltlznhsdlp stctus3

@GHFLVLGH

Fns`rlptlgh Fgjl`lin ]LVDLH

tdn ANFNRCI UGHN chf

ig`ctnf lh ANFNRCI UGHN

Fgjl`lin ]LVDLH

tdn ANFNRCI UGHN chf

tnjpgrcrliy ig`ctnf

cbrgcf lh agrnlmh `guhtry

Fgjl`lin ]LVDG^V tdn

ANFNRCI UGHN chf ig`ctnf

]LVDG^V tdn ANFNRCI

UGHN

Ig`ctlgh ga fgjl`lin ^hltnf Ptctns pnr

21 ^.P.@. ==?3(c)(


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1. Vdn tnrj lhflvlfucics usnf gh tdn LRP Agrj 3?6? jnchs ch cilnhnhmcmnf lh c trcfn gr buslhnss. Cii tcxpcynrs3crn cilnhs nhmcmnf lh c trcfn gr buslhnss. Vdls ls ghalrjnf by 21 @.A.R. 3.3663-3(`)(0), 21 @.A.R. 3.3-3(c)(2)(ll),2chf> .P.@. >>2c(c)(2). Ptctutgry ^.P. `ltlznhscs fnalhnf lh4 .P.@. 36?3crn hgt lhflvlfucisuhinss tnjpgrcrliy0cbrgcf pursucht tg21 ^.P.@.

4 Vdn Agrnlmh Pgvnrnlmh Ljjuhltlns C`t _rgtn`ts Ptctn @ltlznhs argj @dchmns lh tdnlr1

Fgjl`lin chf @ltlznhsdlp by tdn @gurts=

Vdn Inmci Nh`yìgpnflc chf gtdnr sgur`ns `ghalrj tdct tdn ^.P. mgvnrhjnht ls c agrnlmh stctn lh rnictlgh tg c stctn ga tdn4

^hlgh5.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

vcrlnty ga agrjs, grmchlzctlghs, su`d cs c sdlpplhm ilhn gr ch clrilhn, c stnni `gjpchy, c nhtrci bchk, ch nxpgrt3

cssg`lctlgh, c mgvnrhjnhtci prgùrnjnht cmnh`y gr c fnpcrtjnht gr jlhlstry wdl`d c`ts chf ls sucbin lh lts2

gwh hcjn.Lf. ct 1136. Agr c flsùsslgh ga `csn icw rnmcrflhm tdn stctus ga qucsl-`gjjnr`lci nhtltlns lh sg`lcilst0

stctns, snn Bgrh & ]nstlh, p. 060-066 (3 (3


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Vdnrnagrn, tdgsn bgrh wltdlh gr fgjl`linf wltdlh stctns ga tdn ^hlgh crn agrnlmh wltd rnspn`t tg anfnrci inmlsictlvn3

eurlsfl`tlgh chf qucilay cs agrnlmh sgvnrnlmhs uhfnr tdn Agrnlmh Pgvnrnlmh Ljjuhltlns C`t (A.P.L.C.). @ghsnqunhtiy, tdgsn2fgjl`linf lh stctns ga tdn ^hlgh50

3. @ch ghiy alin uhfnr flvnrslty ga ltlznhsdlp eurlsfl`tlgh pursucht tg Crtl`in LLL, Pn`tlgh 2 ga tdn @ghstltutlgh ga tdn ^hltnf6Ptctns ga Cjnrl`c. Hgtn tdct tdny jcy HGV cssnrt flvnrslty ga `ltlznhsdlp pursucht tg24 ^.P.@. 3002bn`cusn tdn>Ptctn rnanrrnf tg lh 24 ^.P.@. 3002(f) ls c anfnrci tnrrltgry gr pgssnsslgh chf HGV c stctn ga tdn ^hlgh.1

2. Nhegy sgvnrnlmh ljjuhlty argj tdn eurlsfl`tlgh ga anfnrci `gurts, suben`t tg tdn nx`nptlghs aguhf lh 24 ^.P.@. 31?>=

rnictlhm jclhiy tg `gjjnr`n wltd tdn anfnrci zghn.40. Crn nhtltinf tg dcvn tdnlr pgiltl`ci `dgl`n ga `ltlznhsdlp chf fgjl`lin rnspn`tnf chf rn`gmhlznf by nvnry anfnrci `gurt., LRP Agrj ]-6, gr LRP Agrj 3?6?.30>. Purrnhfnr tdnlr sgvnrnlmhty chf tdnlr `ghstltutlghci rlmdts chf `gjjlt c `rljn uhfnr 24 ^.P.@.

VLVIN 348_CRV L8@DC_VNR 608 ,???. Vdls naan`tlvniy26incvns hg rnfrnss agr tdgsn wdg crn wrghmnf by tdn LRP gr tdn `gurts tdnjsnivns la tdn jghntcry cjguhts lhvgivnf crn inss2>tdch $=>,???. @ghsnqunhtiy, lt prneufl`ns tdn rlmdts ga tdgsn fgjl`linf lh anfnrci tnrrltgrlns chf pgssnsslghs lh tdn `csn ga21wrghms `gjjlttnf by tdn anfnrci mgvnrhjnht cmclhst tdnj. Vdls ls tdn gppgsltn ga wdct ghn wguif nxpn`t. Vdn vnry purpgsn2=tdct mgvnrhjnht wcs nstcbilsdnf wcs tg prgtn`t tdn pngpin lt snrvns, chf ynt tdn pngpin lh tdn tnrrltgrlns chf pgssnsslghs wdg24crn suppgsnf tg bn prgtn`tnf by tdn anfnrci mgvnrhjnht dcvn hg cvnhun ga inmci rnfrnss uhinss tdn wrghms crn nxgrbltchtiy2gaal`n lh tdn caaclrs ga tdnlr `dur`d chf tdnlr Mgf agr tdn bnhnalt ga cii jchklhf. Bgtd tdn Blbin chf tdn Puprnjn @gurt01cfjlttnf tdct ygu `chhgt gwn prljcry ciinmlch`n tg twgsgvnrnlmhs, chf tdct ls wdy tdn Bic`ksIcw Fl`tlghcry scys ygu `ch0=ghiy dcvn fgjl`lin lh GHN _IC@N, wdl`d agr @drlstlchs `ch bn hg pic`n gh ncrtd.04

Hg snrvcht `ch snrvn twg jcstnrs; agr nltdnr dn wlii dctn tdn ghn chf igvn tdn gtdnr, gr nisn dn wlii bn igyci tg0wltd tdn nxnr`lsn ga rnilmlgus rlmdts561
http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1332https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1332https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1332https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1605https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1605https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1605https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1201https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1201https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1201https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/911https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/911https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/911https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-43https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-43https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-43https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/911https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/911http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/article03/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/article03/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1332https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1332https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1401https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1401https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1401http://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htmhttp://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htmhttp://www.biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=luke%2016:13&version1=50http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=luke%2016:13&version1=50http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=luke%2016:13&version1=50http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=luke%2016:13&version1=50http://sedm.org/Forms/FormIndex.htmhttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1401https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1332http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/article03/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/911https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-43https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-Ihttps://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/911https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1201https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1605https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1332http://sedm.org/


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tdct sg`lnty chf cii pngpin `gjprlslhm tdct sg`lnty bn`gjn "agrnlmhnrs" rnictlvn tg dlj lh su`d c csn. Dn bn`gjns c "trchslnht3agrnlmhnr" chf tdn ghiy icws tdct crn gbilmctgry upgh dlj crn tdn rljlhci icws chf hg gtdnr. Bnigw ls wdct tdn .P. Puprnjn2@gurt dnif cbgut tdn rlmdt ga pngpin tg `dggsn tg flscssg`lctn wltd su`d "agrnlmhnrs" wdg `ch fg tdnj dcrj. Hgtn tdct tdny0scy tdn ^hltnf Ptctns mgvnrhjnht dcs tdn rlmdt tg nxìufn agrnlmhnrs wdg crn lheurlgus. Vdls cutdgrlty, lt scys, `gjns argj6tdn @ghstltutlgh, wdl`d lh turh wcs fninmctnf by tdn Pgvnrnlmh _ngpin. Vdn _ngpin `chhgt fninmctn ch cutdgrlty tdny fg hgt>dcvn, tdnrnagrn tdny just lhflvlfuciiy CIPG dcvn tdls cutdgrlty wltdlh tdnlr gwh prlvctn ilvns ga nxìuflhm lheurlgus pngpins1argj tdnlr inmci chf pgiltl`ci ilan by `dchmlhm tdnlr fgjl`lin chf ltlznhsdlp. Vdls c`t ga nxìuflhm su`d agrnlmhnrs bn`gjns=wdct wn `cii c pgiltl`ci flvgr`n chf tdn rnsuit c``gjpilsdns tdn nqulvcinht ga fls`ghhn`tlhm argj tdn mgvnrhjnht jctrlx54

"Vdn mgvnrhjnht, pgssnsslhm tdn pgwnrs wdl`d crn tg bn nxnr`lsnf agr prgtn`tlgh chf snùrlty, ls ìgtdnf wltd

chf prnsslhm. Vdn scjn hn`nsslty, lh c inss prnsslhm fnmrnn, jcy crlsn wdnh wcr fgns hgt nxlst, chf tdn scjn31

cutdgrlty wdl`d cfeufmns tdn hn`nsslty lh ghn `csn just cisg fntnrjlhn lt lh tdn gtdnr. Lh bgtd `csns lts3=

fntnrjlhctlgh ls `ghìuslvn upgh tdn eufl`lcry. La tdn mgvnrhjnht ga tdn `guhtry ga wdl`d tdn agrnlmhnrs nxìufnf34

crn suben`ts ls flssctlsalnf wltd tdls c`tlgh, lt `ch jckn `gjpiclht tg tdn nxnùtlvn dncf ga gur mgvnrhjnht, gr343, 1?=Z chf hnvnr fnhlnf by tdn20

nxnùtlvn gr inmlsictlvn fnpcrtjnhts.26

[. . .Z2>

Vdn pgwnr ga nxìuslgh ga agrnlmhnrs bnlhm ch lh`lfnht ga sgvnrnlmhty bnighmlhm tg tdn mgvnrhjnht ga tdn21

^hltnf Ptctns cs c pcrt ga tdgsn sgvnrnlmh pgwnrs fninmctnf by tdn `ghstltutlgh, tdn rlmdt tg lts nxnr`lsn ct chy2=

tljn wdnh, lh tdn eufmjnht ga tdn mgvnrhjnht, tdn lhtnrnsts ga tdn `guhtry rnqulrn lt, `chhgt bn mrchtnf cwcy24

gr rnstrclhnf gh bndcia ga chy ghn.Vdn pgwnrs ga mgvnrhjnht crn fninmctnf lh trust tg tdn ^hltnf Ptctns, chf2

jcttnrs lh `ghtrgvnrsy bntwnnh tdn pcrtlns, wdg crn twg stctns ga tdls ^hlgh, sgvnrnlmh wltdlh tdnlr rnspn`tlvn1

bguhfcrlns, scvn tdct pgrtlgh ga pgwnr wdl`d tdny dcvn mrchtnf tg tdn anfnrci mgvnrhjnht, chf agrnlmh tg nc`d=

gtdnr agr cii but anfnrci purpgsns.Pg tdny dcvn bnnh `ghslfnrnf by tdls @gurt, tdrgumd c ighm snrlns ga yncrs4chf `csns, tg tdn prnsnht tnrj; furlhm wdl`d, lh tdn `csn ga Vdn Bchk ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns v. Fchlnis, tdls @gurt; 363 H.\. 6=3 (3=44)Z0>

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW01

_CÎPNH, NVDL@P (Vdliiy's trchsictlgh), `dcp.

hnlmdbgr; lt ls ch gpnh cvgwci tdct tdn icttnr ls hgt ch nhf lh ltsnia, dcvlhm tdn scjn vciun cs tdn lhflvlfuci's gwh61ilan. Vdn mnhnrci agrjuic ga tdn futy ga eustl`n jcy tdnrnagrn bn stctnf cs agiigws5 Fg hg wrghm ygursnia, chf6=

pnrjlt hg wrghm tg bn fghn, sg acr cs ilns lh ygur pgwnr; gr, nxprnssnf pgsltlvniy5 Rnspn`t chf prgtn`t tdn rlmdt.64

[Rncflhms gh tdn Dlstgry chf Pystnj ga tdn @gjjgh Icw, Pn`ghf Nfltlgh, Rgs`gn _guhf, 3, p. 2Z6>
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35/74


36/74


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bndcvlgr ga tdn klhm wdg wlii rnlmh gvnr ygu5 Dn wlii tckn ygur sghs chf cppglht tdnj agr dls gwh `dcrlgts0

chf tg bn dls dgrsnjnh, chf sgjn wlii ruh bnagrn dls `dcrlgts. Dn wlii cppglht `cptclhs gvnr dls tdguschfs6

chf `cptclhs gvnr dls alatlns, wlii snt sgjn tg pigw dls mrguhf chf rncp dls dcrvnst, chf sgjn tg jckn dls>

wncpghs ga wcr chf nqulpjnht agr dls dcrlgts. Dn wlii tckn ygur fcumdtnrs tg bn pnraujnrs, ggks, chf bcknrs.1

Chf dn wlii tckn tdn bnst ga ygur alnifs, ygur vlhnycrfs, chf ygur gilvn mrgvns, chf mlvn tdnj tg dls snrvchts.=

Dn wlii tckn c tnhtd ga ygur mrclh chf ygur vlhtcmn, chf mlvn lt tg dls gaal`nrs chf snrvchts. 31 Chf dn wlii tckn4

ygur jcin snrvchts, ygur anjcin snrvchts, ygur alhnst yguhm jnh,[cZ chf ygur fghknys, chf put tdnj tg dls

]dg tckn `guhsni [inmci cfvl`nZ, but hgt ga Jn,31

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]dg wcik tgmg fgwh tg Nmypt [BcbyighZ,3

Pdcii bn ygurdujlilctlgh.21

Agr dls prlh`ns wnrn ct Ugch,2=

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Vdny wnrn cii csdcjnf gac pngpin wdg guif hgt bnhnalt [arch`dlsnsZ tdnj, 2,Blbin, HKEQZ02

Hgtl`n tdn ichmucmn hg dnip gr bnhnalt lh tdn icst qugtn cbgvn. Mgf ls fns`rlblhm ch HACLR gr ^HNS^CI trcfn wrgumdt00gut ga fnspnrctlgh chf wdl`d prgfu`ns ^P^R\. ]n fns`rlbn tdls cs tdn rcw fnci s`cj, wdl`d ls c nupdnjlsj agr06

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Vdn scjn uhnquci scin agr hgtdlhm dcppnhnf furlhm tdn acjlhn lh Nmypt, chf cisg lh tdn alrst `lty Bcbyigh bntwnnh Hljrgf04chf dls vl`tljs, wdnrn dn usnf tdn _I^HFNR tg bulif dls tgwnr tg `ninbrctn dls vchlty. Fg ygu snn c pcttnrh dnrn7 Lts0.??2, Pn`tlgh 4.63

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LJ_GPPLBIN.61

6. Rnqulrnjnht agr `ghsnht ga tdn mgvnrhnf lh chy chf nvnry lhtnrc`tlgh bntwnnh tdn mgvnrhnf chf tdn mgvnrhgrs. Pnn6=Agrj #?>.??0.64

>. @ghtnhtjnht, wdl`d ls tdn gppgsltn ga `gvntgushnss.6?

Agr jgrn gh wdg Bcbyigh tdn Dcrigt chf Jystnry Bcbyigh ls, snn5>3

3. Fnvlis Cfvg`ctn5 Icwynrs-]dct ]n Crn ^p Cmclhst, PNFJ>2dttp5//snfj.grm/wdct-wn-crn-up-cmclhst/>0
http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/http://sedm.org/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+30&version=NKJVhttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+30&version=NKJVhttps://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+30&version=NKJVhttp://sedm.org/what-we-are-up-against/http://sedm.org/what-we-are-up-against/http://sedm.org/what-we-are-up-against/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+30&version=NKJVhttp://sedm.org/


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_giltl`ci Eurlsfl`tlgh 0= ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

2. ]dct ls Jystnry Bcbyigh7 Pnrjghs, Pnrjgh tcpns 4>2=c tdrgumd 4>0=b-Pdnifgh Njry3dttp5//sdnifghnjryilbrcry.acjmucrflch.grm/@cssnttnVcpnfJnsscmns/3/PdnifghNjry/JystnryBcbyigh/Bcbyigh.dtj2

0. ]dct ls Jystnry Bcbyigh7 Bggk-Pdnifgh Njry0dttp5//sdnifghnjryilbrcry.acjmucrflch.grm/Bggks/JystnryBcbyigh/jystnrybcbyigh.dtj6

6. Bcbyigh tdn Mrnct ls Aciilhm, Ec`k Dggk>dttp5//acjmucrflch.grm/_ubil`ctlghs/BcbyighVdnMrnctLsAciilhm/lhfnx.dtj1

Icstiy, _rnslfnht Bcrc`k Gbcjc cmrnns wltd us tdct rnilmlgus pngpin crn agrnlmhnrs lh tdnlr gwh sg`lnty, chf by tdct dn `ch=

ghiy jnch argj bgtd c INMCI pnrspn`tlvn chf c _GILVL@CI pnrspn`tlvn54

_rnslfnht Gbcjc Cfjlts _ngpin ga Acltd crn agrnlmhnrs chf strchmnrs lh tdnlr gwh sg`lnty, PNFJ \gutubn @dchhnidttps5//www.ygutubn.`gj/wct`d7v:^nKbkCkCPT6

32 Anfnrci Flstrl`t, @lrùlt, chf Vcx @gurts crn _crt ga tdn Nxnùtlvn Brch`d lhstncf ga tdn,4?? pcmns ga mgvnrhjnht fgùjnhtctlgh, tdn30agiigwlhm ac`ts cbgut cii anfnrci `gurts536

3. Vdct anfnrci flstrl`t, `lrùlt, chf nvnh tdn ^.P. Puprnjn @gurtscppniictn but hgt grlmlhci eurlsfl`tlgh, crn inmlsictlvn3>Crtlìn LQ tnrrltgrlci `gurts tdct, ilkn @ghmrnss ltsnia, dcvn hg eurlsfl`tlgh wltdlh stctns ga tdn ^hlgh.31

2. Vdct anfnrci flstrl`t chf `lrùlt `gurts crn pcrt ga tdn Nxnùtlvn, chf hgtEufl`lciBrch`d ga tdn anfnrci mgvnrhjnht.3=0. Vdct tdn anfnrci mgvnrhjnht, nx`nptlhm pgsslbiy tdn grlmlhci eurlsfl`tlgh Puprnjn @gurt, dcs bnnh auh`tlghlhm wltdgut34

c Eufl`lci Brch`d slh`n tdn aguhflhm ga tdls `guhtry lh 3=4. Vdct pngpin fgjl`linf wltdlh c stctn ga tdn ^hlgh `chhgt icwauiiy snrvn cs eurlsts lh anfnrci `gurt.221. Vdct anfnrci eufmns just rnslfn gh anfnrci tnrrltgry wltdlh tdn nxtnrlgr iljlts ga tdn eufl`lci flstrl`t lh wdl`d tdny snrvn20

chf crn mulity ga c dlmd jlsfnjnchgr chf jcy bn ljpnc`dnf la tdny fg hgt.26=. Vdct inmlsictlvn Crtlìn LQ anfnrci `gurts `gh`nrh tdnjsnivns nxìuslvniy wltd tdn tnrrltgry chf gtdnr prgpnrty ga tdn2>

^hltnf Ptctns chf fg hgt `gh`nrh tdnjsnivns wltd tdn rlmdts ga pnrsghs.214. Vdct ghiy tdgsn wltd sgjn `ghhn`tlgh tg anfnrci prgpnrty, lhìuflhm ichf, tnrrltgry, arch`dlsns, gr `ghtrc`ts, `ch icwauiiy2=

cppncr bnagrn ch Crtlìn LQ `gurt wltd c `csn gr `ghtrgvnrsy. Vdls ls c hcturci `ghsnqunh`n ga tdn `ghtnht ga Crtlìn LQ24ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns @ghstltutlgh.20. Vrylhm tg fn`nlvn tdn cuflnh`n tdct crn tdn tcrmnt ga su`d prgpcmchfc lh grfnr tg fnprlvn tdnj ga @ghstltutlghciiy01

prgtn`tnf rlmdts tg ilan, ilbnrty, chf prgpnrty.0=6. Nhmcmlhm lh ch uhicwaui fnprlvctlgh ga rlmdts lh vlgictlgh ga62 ^.P.@. 3


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qugtn anfnrci `csn icw tdct ls sljpiy lrrninvcht tg tdn rn`lplnht ga tdn hgtl`n bn`cusn dn gr sdn ls fgjl`linf wltdlh c stctn ga3tdn ^hlgh gh gtdnr tdch anfnrci tnrrltgry. Vdny wlii fg tdls lh vlgictlgh ga wdct crn `ciinf `dgl`n ga icw ruins. Vdn ac`t2tdct tdn `csn icw tdny crn `ltlhm ls lrrninvcht ls `ghalrjnf by50

3. Anfnrci Ruin ga @lvli _rg`nfurn 3=, wdl`d rnqulrns tdct tdn `lvli `gfns argj tdn fgjl`lin ga tdn pcrty crn tdn ghiy prgpnr6bcsls tg sun lh anfnrci `lvli `gurt.>

LQ. _CRVLNP 8Ruin 3=.1

Ruin 3=. _crtlns _iclhtlaa chf Fnanhfcht; @cpc`lty=

(b) @cpc`lty tg Pun gr bn Punf.4

@cpc`lty tg sun gr bn sunf ls fntnrjlhnf cs agiigws5

gr icws; chf31

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0. Vdn Ruins ga Fn`lslgh C`t, 24 ^.P.@. 31>2, wdl`d scys gh tdn suben`t5Y01

VLVIN 248_CRV Q8@DC_VNR 3338 31>20=

31>2. Ptctn icws cs ruins ga fn`lslgh04

Vdn icws ga tdn snvnrci stctns, nx`npt wdnrn tdn @ghstltutlgh gr trnctlns ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns gr C`ts ga @ghmrnss0.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

"Vdnrn ls hg Anfnrci @gjjgh Icw, chf @ghmrnss dcs hg pgwnr tg fnìcrn substchtlvn ruins ga @gjjgh Icw3

cppil`cbin lh c stctn. ]dntdnr tdny bn ig`ci gr mnhnrci lh tdnlr hcturn, bn tdny `gjjnr`lci icw gr c pcrt ga tdn2

Icw ga Vgrts"0

[Nrln Rclirgcf v. Vgjpklhs, 0?6 ^.P. 16 (3. Bic`ksIcw Fl`tlghcry5>

@gjjgh icw. Cs flstlhmulsdnf agrj stctutgry icw `rnctnf by tdn nhc`tjnht ga inmlsicturns, tdn `gjjgh icw1

`gjprlsns tdn bgfy ga tdgsn prlh`lpins chf ruins ga c`tlgh, rnictlhm tg tdn mgvnrhjnht chf snùrlty ga pnrsghs chf=

prgpnrty, wdl`d fnrlvn tdnlr cutdgrlty sginiy argj uscmns chf ùstgjs ga ljjnjgrlci chtlqulty, gr argj tdn4eufmjnhts chf fn`rnns ga tdn `gurts rn`gmhlzlhm, caalrjlhm, chf nhagr`lhm su`d uscmns chf ùstgjs chf, lh0 @.C.2f. 33, 4>. Lt `ghslsts ga tdgsn prlh`lpins, uscmn chf30

ruins ga c`tlgh cppil`cbin tg mgvnrhjnht chf snùrlty ga pnrsghs chf prgpnrty wdl`d fg hgt rnst agr tdnlr cutdgrl ty36

upgh chy nxprnss chf pgsltlvn fnìcrctlgh ga tdn wlii ga tdn inmlsicturn. Blsdgp v. ^.P., [email protected]., 006 A.Pupp.3>

63>, 634.31

@cila. @lvli @gfn, Pn`tlgh 22.2, prgvlfns tdct tdn "`gjjgh icw ga Nhmichf, sg acr cs lt ls hgt rnpumhcht tg gr3=

lh`ghslstnht wltd tdn @ghstltutlgh ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns, gr tdn @ghstltutlgh gr icws ga tdls Ptctn, ls tdn ruin ga34

fn`lslgh lh cii tdn `gurts ga tdls Ptctn."3

[Bic`ksIcw Fl`tlghcry, Plxtd Nfltlgh, p. 2=1Z21

La ygu wguif ilkn tg incrh jgrn cbgut `dgl`n ga icw ruins tg prnvnht pgiltl`ci cbusn by `gurts, snn52=

Aicwnf Vcx Crmujnhts tg Cvglf, Agrj #?4.??6, Pn`tlgh 0dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

Lt ls tdn futy ga vlmlicht Cjnrl`chs, anfnrci eufmns, mgvnrhjnht njpigynns, chf mgvnrhjnht `guhsni tg bn cinrt agr tdn cbusn24

ga `csn icw cs pgiltl`ci prgpcmchfc chf tdny sdguif stgp lt ljjnflctniy wltd cpprgprlctn `ltctlghs ga inmci cutdgrlty. La2

[Dcin v. Dnhkni,2?3 ^.P. 60(3


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3. Vdnrn ls hg stctutn wltdlh Vltin 24 ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns @gfn nstcbilsdlhm chy ga tdnj pursucht tg Crtlìn LLL ga [email protected]

2. ]dnh @ghmrnss wchts tg lhvgkn Crtlìn LLL ga tdn @ghstltutlgh chf flrn`tiy `ghanr Crtlìn LLL eurlsfl`tlgh, tdny khgw0NTC@VI\ dgw tg fg lt. Bnigw ls ch nxcjpin ga su`d ichmucmn nxprnssiy `ghanrrlhm Crtlìn LLL eurlsfl`tlgh upgh ch6ncrilnr vnrslgh ga tdn @gurt ga @icljs prlgr tg 3ga @icljs grlmlhciiy wcs ch Crtlìn LLL `gurt but bn`cjn ch Crtlìn L `gurt wdnh tdn @gurt ga Cppncis agr tdn Anfnrci1@lrùlt wcs `rnctnf. Plh`n 3td @lr. 3?3 ^.P. 414 (3?3 ^.P. 414 (3

`ghtrgi gvnr tdn cppglhtjnht ga lhanrlgr gaal`nrs lh su`d cmnh`lns; chf la tdgsn cmnh`lns crn pubilìy rnmcrfnf cs61

bnyghf dls `ghtrgic "dncfinss Agurtd Brch`d"-- dn jcy dcvn inss lh`nhtlvn tg `crn cbgut su`d cppglhtjnhts.6=

Lt `guif bn crmunf, tdnh, tdct ju`d ga tdn rclsgh f'ntrn agr pnrjltt lhm cppglht lvn pgwnr tg bn igfmnf lh "Dncfs64

ga Fnpcrtjnhts," snn suprc ct


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Lhtniilmnh`n Cmnh`y chf tdn Nhvlrghjnhtci _rgtn`tlgh Cmnh`y, agr nxcjpin, tdgumd hgt @cblhnt cmnh`lns gr3

`gjpghnhts ga @cblhnt cmnh`lns, crn hgt "lhfnpnhfnht" cmnh`lns lh tdn snhsn ga lhfnpnhfnh`n argj _rnslfnhtlci2

`ghtrgi.) [>?3 ^.P.

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L dcvn cirncfy nxpiclhnf tdct tdn Vcx @gurt, ilkn lts prnfn`nssgrs, nxnr`lsns tdn nxn`utlvn pgwnr ga tdn ^hltnf31

Ptctns. Vdls fgns hgt, ga `gursn, suaal`n tg jcrknt c "Fnpcrtjnh[tZ" agr purpgsns ga tdn Cppglhtjnhts @icusn. La,3=

agr lhstch`n, tdn Vcx @gurt wnrn c subflvlslgh ga tdn Fnpcrtjnht ga tdn Vrncsury -- cs tdn Bgcrf ga Vcx34

Cppncis usnf tg bn -- lt wguif hgt qucilay. Lh ac`t, dgwnvnr, tdn Vcx @gurt ls c arnnstchflhm, snia-`ghtclhnf3?3 ^.P. 414,


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>. Arch`dlsn gurts cfeufl`ctn gvnr pubil` jghlns, chf tdnsn jghlns J^PV BN@GJN pubil` BNAGRNc stctutgry3arch`dlsn `gurt `ch nvnh icwauiiy nhtnrtclh c pntltlgh agr tdn snrvl`ns ga tdn `gurt. \gu just fghctn tdn jghlns, lh ac`t,2tg c pubil` usn chf c pubil` gaal`n BNAGRN tdny `ch nvnh icwauiiy bn rnpgrtnf tg tdn LRP gh ch lhagrjctlgh rnturh tg0bnmlh wltd. Dnh`n, tdgsn wdg mg bnagrn tdn `gurt just icwauiiy bn snrvlhm lh c pubil` gaal`n chf tdct gaal`n just bn6`rnctnf chf nxlst LHFN_NHFNHV ga chy prgvlslgh ga tdn Lhtnrhci Rnvnhun @gfn chf hgt bn `rnctnf B\ tdn L.R.@.>Vcx @gurt Ruin 30(c) scys tdct GHI\ tcxpcynrs, chf dnh`n pubil` gaal`nrs wltdlh tdn PCJN brch`d cs tdn ^.P.1Vcx @gurt ltsnia, `ch pntltlgh sclf `gurt. 21 ^.P.@. 1


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2. La tdn ^.P. Vcx @gurt rnciiy fgns nxnr`lsn eufl`lci pgwnr, tdnh dgw `ch tdny lssun fnìcrctgry eufmjnhts cbgut tcxns,3wdl`d crn prgdlbltnf by 24 ^.P.@. 22?3(c)7 Vdn Arnytcm `csn scys sn`tlgh =660C(b) ga tdn Lhtnrhci Rnvnhun @gfn2

spn`lal`ciiy cutdgrlzns tdn @dlna Eufmn ga tdn Vcx @gurt tg csslmh agur `ctnmgrlns ga `csns tg spn`lci trlci eufmns5 (3)0chyfnìcrctgry eufmjnht prg`nnflhm,chf ynt 24 ^.P.@. 22?3(c) agrblfs fnìcrctgry eufmjnhts agr c RNCI `gurt6nxnr`lslhm RNCI eufl lci pgwnr. Dnrn ls ch nxcjpin ga tdct prgdlbltlgh upgh c Flstrl`t @gurt, wdnrnby sgjnghn>

wchtnf tg bn fnìcrnf c hghtcxpcynr51

Ppn`lal`ciiy, Rgwnh snnks c fnìcrctgry eufmjnht cmclhst tdn ^hltnf Ptctns ga Cjnrl`c wltd rnspn`t tg "wdntdnr=

gr hgt tdn piclhtlaa ls c tcxpcynr pursucht tg, chf/gr uhfnr 21 ^.P.@. ==?3(c)(36)." (Pnn @gjpi. ct 2.) Vdls4@gurt ic`ks eurlsfl`tlgh tg lssun c fnìcrctgry eufmjnht "wltd rnspn`t tg Anfnrci tcxns gtdnr tdch c`tlghs.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

4. By wdct `ghstltutlghci cutdgrlty `ch tdgsn `dcrmnf wltd prgtn`tlhm _RLQCVN rlmdts cbusn tdnlr cutdgrlty tg `gjpni3NQNR\GHN tg `ghvnrt tdnj tg _^BIL@ rlmdts7 Lsht lt VRNCPGH tg jckn c buslhnss gut cbuslhm tdn inmlsictlgh2

chf snin`tlvn nhagr`njnht tg c``gjpilsd tdn G__GPLVN nhf ga tdn `rnctlgh ga mgvnrhjnht tg bnmlh wltd70ruinrs lhstncf ga tdn ilvlhm Mgf, chf `gjpni pcyjnht ga tltdns tg tdls ackn rnilmlgh wltdgut vlgictlhm tdn Alrst1Cjnhfjnht nstcbilsdjnht ìcusn by `rnctlhm c stctn-spghsgrnf rnilmlgh7 Vdn Rnilmlgus Arnnfgj Rnstgrctlgh C`t=cppilns NQNR\]DNRN, lhìuflhm anfnrci tnrrltgry chf wltdlh mgvnrhjnht ltsnia. Pnn 62 ^.P.@. @dcpt. 23B.4

Vdn "nstcbilsdjnht ga rnilmlgh" ìcusn ga tdn Alrst Cjnhfjnhtjnchs ct incst tdls5 hnltdnr c stctn hgr tdn

Hnltdnr c stctn hgr tdn Anfnrci Mgvnrhjnht `ch, gpnhiy gr sn`rntiy, pcrtl`lpctn lh tdn caaclrs ga chy rnilmlgus31

grmchlzctlghs gr mrgups chf vl`n vnrsc.3=

[Nvnrsgh v. Bf. ga Nf., 00? ^.P. 3, 3> (33?.>.@gh`nhtrctn cii pgwnr chf sgvnrnlmhty tg wdct cjguhts tg c prlvctn, fn ac`tg, agr prgalt `grpgrctlgh jghgpgiy21

`ciinf tdn ^hltnf Ptctns.2=3?.1.Jckn lt ljpgsslbin agr c prlvctn pnrsgh tg mnt c rnjnfy lh CH\ `gurt lh wdl`d arch`dlsn pcrtl`lpctlgh ls ct lssun,24

bn`cusn cii pgtnhtlci eurlsts crn rn`nlvlhm brlbns argj tdn arch`dlsn chf pgsslbiy nvnh pcrtl`lpctlhm uhicwauiiy.2_RLQCVN rlmdts chf @GHPVLV^VLGHCI rlmdts, chf ynt tdnrn LP hgt `gurt wltdlh tdn anfnrci mgvnrhjnht tdct `ch01nvnh nhtnrtclh c sult gr prgvlfn c rnjnfy agr su`d c pnrsgh. Dnh`n, tdnrn LP hg rnci mgvnrhjnht ct tdn anfnrci invni.0=Vdn ghiy wcy ygu `ch cpprgc`d ^hìn, lh sdgrt, ls cs c prlvlinmnf stctutgry njpigynn gr pubil` gaal`nr wdg dcs hg04

rlmdts chf wgrks cs c dncp wdgrn agr ^hìn wltdgut `gjpnhsctlgh. Vg cff lhsuit tg lheury, tdls prlvlinmnf stctn ga0.??2dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

3?. Rnausn tg c`khgwinfmn gr nhagr`n tdn rnqulrnjnht tdct fgjl`lin wltdlh chy stctn ga tdn ^hlgh gh gtdnr tdch anfnrci>

tnrrltgry fgns hgt rnprnsnht fgjl`lin wltdlh tdn ^hltnf Ptctns cs fnalhnf lh 21 ^.P.@. ==?3(c)(ls531

3. Vg dcvn snpcrctn arch`dlsn gurts wltdlh tdn Nxnùtlvn Brch`d agr cfjlhlstnrlhm anfnrci arch`dlsns su`d cs lh`gjn tcxns.3=2. Vg prgdlblt eufmns lh anfnrci flstrl`t `gurts argj nhtnrtclhlhm chy arch`dlsn lssun chf tg agùs nxìuslvniy gh Crtlìn LLL34

auh`tlghs ga prgtn`tlhm rlmdts.3. Vg prgdlblt Crtlìn LLLeufmns argj bnlhm tcxpcynrs suben`t tg LRP nxtgrtlgh. Vdls wlii ciigw hghtcxpcynrs tg rn`nlvn2>`gjpintn chf lhfnpnhfnht eufmns lh tdnlr tcx trlcis.21

1. Vg prnvnht tdn Inmlsictlvn Brch`d argj uhicwauiiy fninmctlhm tdn cutdgrlty tg `giin`t tg chgtdnr brch`d ga tdn2=mgvnrhjnht, su`d cs tdn Vrncsury wltdlh tdn Nxnùtlvn Brch`d bn`cusn tdls snpcrctns tdn tcxctlgh argj tdn24

rnprnsnhtctlgh auh`tlghschf ghiy nh`gurcmns ic`k ga c``guhtcblilty chf usurpctlgh. Crtlìn 3, Pn`tlgh 4, @icusn 32

=. Vg jgflay tdn Chtl-Lheuh`tlgh C`t, 21 ^.P.@. =623, chf tdn Fnìcrctgry Eufmjnhts C`t, 24 ^.P.@. 22?3(c) tg lhfl`ctn01tdct tdnsn prgvlslghs lh tdn `ghtnxt ga tcxns ghiy cppiy tg tcxpcynr chf hgt tg hghtcxpcynrs sg tdct anfnrci `gurts0=

fght uhicwauiiy chf `rljlhciiy cbusn tdnsn c`ts cmclhst prlvctn `ltlznhs wdg crn hgt wltdlh tdn ^hltnf Ptctns anf nrci04mgvnrhjnht cs arch`dlsnns. Vypl`ciiy, tdny uhicwauiiy cbusn tdnsn c`ts lh `gheuh`tlgh wltd tdn Auii _cyjnht Ruin0, 4? P.@t. 10?, 16= (3

@ghslstnht wltd tdn cbgvn, tdn ^.P. Puprnjn @gurt dcs dnif tdn agiigwlhm. Hgtn tdct tdny lhfl`ctnf tdct tdny `chhgt nxnr`lsn61cfjlhlstrctlvn eurlsfl`tlgh cs pcrt ga tdn Nxnùtlvn Brch`d, bn`cusn tdny rn`gmhlzn tdct tdls wguif vlgictn tdn snpcrctlgh ga6=pgwnrs564
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_giltl`ci Eurlsfl`tlgh >2 ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

Rnanrrlhm tg tdn prgvlslghs agr pctnht cppncis tdls `gurt sclf lhButtnrwgrtd v. ^.P., 332 ^.P. >?, 1?, > P.@t. 2>,3

24 I.Nf. 1>1,tdct tdn auh`tlgh ga tdn `gurt tdnrnuhfnr wcs hgt tdct ga nxnr`lslhm grflhcry eurlsfl`tlgh ct icw gr2

lh nqulty, but ga tcklhm c stnp lh tdn stctutgry prg`nnflhm uhfnr tdn pctnht icws lh clf ga tdn _ctnht Gaal`n. Chf lh0

_gstuj @nrnci @gjpchy v. @cilagrhlc Alm Hut @gjpchy, 2=2 ^.P. 1

@gurt ga Cppncis uhfnr sn`tlgh < ga tdn c`t ga 3AH2ls hgt c eufl`lci eufmjnht.Lt ls c jnrn cfjlhlstrctlvn1

fn`lslgh.Lt ls jnrniy ch lhstru`tlgh tg tdn @gjjlsslghnr ga _ctnhts by c gurt wdl`d ls jcfn pcrt ga tdn jc`dlhnry=ga tdn _ctnht Gaal`n agr cfjlhlstrctlvn purpgsns. Chgtdnr `csn lh pglht lsKniinr v. _gtgjc` Nin`trl` _gwnr @g.,4

213 ^.P. 624, 662-666, 60 P.@t. 66>, 1= I.Nf. =03,wdl`d lhvgivnf c stctutgry prg`nnflhm lh tdn `gurts ga tdn ^P@C s 4

Lh tdn `csns eust `ltnf, cs cisg lh gtdnrs, lt ls rn`gmhlznf tdct tdn `gurts ga tdn Flstrl`t ga @giujblc crn hgt31

`rnctnf uhfnr tdn eufl`lcry crtl`in ga tdn @ghstltutlgh but crn inmlsictlvn `gurts, chf tdnrnagrn tdct @ghmrnss3=

jcy lhvnst tdnj wltd eurlsfl`tlgh ga cppncis chf prg`nnflhms su`d cs dcvn bnnh eust fns`rlbnf.34

But tdls `gurt [tdn ^.P. Puprnjn @gurtZ `chhgt bn lhvnstnf wltd eurlsfl`tlgh ga tdct `dcrc`tnr, wdntdnr agr3, 1= I.Nf. =03,chf `csns `ltnf;_gstuj @nrnci26

@g. v. @cilagrhlc Alm Hut @gjpchy, suprc, pcmns =??-=?3 ga2=2 ^.P. 6= P.@t. 246,=3 I.Nf. 6=4;Ilbnrty2>

]crndgusn @g. v. Mrchhls, 2=0 ^.P. =?, =6,6= P. 242, =3 I.Nf. >63; ]liilhm v. @dl`cmg Cufltgrluj21

Cssg`lctlgh, 2== ^.P. 2=6, 24?=, =2 I.Nf. 44?;Nx pcrtnBckniltn @grpgrctlgh, 2=< ^.P. 604, 66


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ga `rljlhci prg`nnflhms, pcrtlùicriy lhvgivlhm jlhgr gaanhsns, tdn fnanhfcht's cttgrhny cppncrs gh dls3

bndcia. Pnn n.m., Anfnrci Ruin ga @rljlhci _rg`nfurn 60.2

Ch cppncrch`n jcy bn nltdnr mnhnrci gr spn`lci; tdn agrjnr ls c sljpin chf uhqucilalnf gr uhrnstrl`tnf0

subjlsslgh tg tdn eurlsfl`tlgh ga tdn `gurt, tdn icttnr ls c subjlsslgh tg tdn eurlsfl`tlgh agr sgjn spn`lal` purpgsn6

ghiy, hgt agr cii tdn purpgsns ga tdn sult. C spn`lci cppncrch`n ls agr tdn purpgsn ga tnstlhm gr gben`tlhm tg tdn>

suaal`lnh`y ga snrvl`n gr tdn eurlsfl`tlgh ga tdn `gurt gvnr fnanhfcht wltdgut subjlttlhm tg su`d eurlsfl`tlgh; c1

mnhnrci cppncrch`n ls jcfn wdnrn tdn fnanhfcht wclvns fnan`ts ga snrvl`n chf subjlts tg tdn eurlsfl`tlgh ga=

`gurt. Lhsurch`n @g. ga Hgrtd Cjnrl`c v. Kuhlh, 3=> Hnb. 21?, 323 H.].2f. 0=2, 0=>, 0=1.4

[Bic`ksIcw Fl`tlghcry, Plxtd Nfltlgh, p. . @ghtlhuciiy njpdcslzn tdct tdny crn uhfnr alhch`lci furnss.3?6. C eufmn `chhgt pcrtl`lpctn cs c pubil` gaal`nr nhmcmnf lh c trcfn gr buslhnss wltdlh tdn Nxnùtlvn Brch`d lh tdn33

`ghtnxt ga lh`gjn tcxns, chf ynt cisg ìclj tg bn c eufl`lci gaal`nr wltdlh chgtdnr brch`d ga tdn mgvnrhjnht agr gtdnr32purpgsns. Vdls ls ch cbsurf ghtrcfl`tlgh. Vdn Anfnrcilst _cpnrs `ghalrjs tdct pgwnr gvnr c jchs subslstnh`n ls pgwnr30gvnr dls wlii. Vdls jnchs tdct eufmns `chhgt bn suben`t tg nhagr`njnht by ch Nxnùtlvn Brch`d cmnh`y wltdlh tdn36Fnpcrtjnht ga tdn Vrncsury `ciinf tdn LRP gh tdn ghn dchf, chf ct tdn scjn tljn dcvn eufl`lci lhfnpnhfnh`n chf3>gben`tlvlty lh chy snhsn ga tdn wgrf lh tdn `ghtnxt ga lh`gjn tcx `csns bnlhm dncrf bnagrn tdnj.31

Lh tdn mnhnrci `gursn ga dujch hcturn, C _G]NR GQNR C JCHs P^BPLPVNH@N CJG^HVP VG C _G]NR3=

GQNR DLP ]LII.34

[Cinxchfnr Dcjlitgh, Anfnrcilst _cpnr Hg. =

La ygu wguif ilkn jgrn lhagrjctlgh cbgut dgw cii brch`dns ga tdn mgvnrhjnht, lhìuflhm tdn eufl`lcry, nx`nnf tdnlr21@ghstltutlghci bguhfs lh vlgictlgh ga tdn Pnpcrctlgh ga _gwnrs Fg`trlhn, snn52=

Mgvnrhjnht @ghsplrc`y tg Fnstrgy tdn Pnpcrctlgh ga _gwnrs, Agrj #?>.?20dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

30.3 Eufmns wdg cfvchtcmn tdn mgvnrhjnht by GJLVVLHM tg ruin gh lssuns bnagrn tdnj gr by24

substltutlhm _RNP^J_VLGHP agr nvlfnh`n crn c`tlhm lh c _GILVL@CI `cpc`lty rctdnr2> ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

Vcbin 65 @gjpcrlsgh ga @GHPVLV^VLGHCI `gurt wltd INMLPICVLQN ARCH@DLPN `gurt3

# @dcrc`tnrlstl` @GHPVLV^VLGHCI/@GJJGH

IC] @G^RV

INMLPICVLQN/PVCV^VGR\

ARCH@DLPN @G^RV

3 Brch`d ga mgvnrhjnht

`gurt chf eufmn crn lh

Eufl`lci brch`d Nxnùtlvn brch`d

2 @gurt `rnctnf by @ghstltutlgh gr _^RP^CHV tg cspn`lal` `ghstltutlghci prgvlslgh lh tdn

c`t tdct `rnctnf lt

C`t ga @ghmrnss GHI\. Nxprnssiylhvgkns HG `ghstltutlghci cutdgrlty lh

tdn c`t `rnctlhm tdn `gurt.0 Hcjn ga `gurt Cppncrs lh tdn @ghstltutlgh Fgns HGV cppncr lh tdn @ghstltutlgh.

@gjpcrn Flstrl`t @gurt ga tdn ^hltnf

Ptctns (lh ghstltutlgh) wltd ^hltnfPtctns Flstrl`t @gurt (ùrrnht)

6 Rlmdt bnlhm nhagr`nf _RLQCVN rlmdt _^BIL@ rlmdt/arch`dlsn

> Hcjn ga `gurt `grrnspghfs

wltd

Hcjn lh tdn @ghstltutlgh su`d csflstrl`t @gurt ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns

Hcjn mlvnh by @ghmrnss, su`d cs^hltnf Ptctns Flstrl`t @gurt, wdl`dFGNP HGV cppncr lh tdn @ghstltutlgh.

1 @cpc`lty lh wdl`d eufmn

c`ts

@GHPVLV^VLGHCI/INMCI`cpc`lty

_GILVL@CI `cpc`lty wltdlh c_GILVL@CI brch`d ga tdn mgvnrhjnht(Nxnùtlvn Brch`d)

= Grlmlh ga `gurts

eurlsfl`tlgh

3. Fgjl`lin gr rnslfnh`n wltdlh tdn

nxìuslvn eurlsfl`tlgh ga tdn `gurtGR

2. _dysl`ci prnsnh`n gh ichfprgtn`tnf by tdn @ghstltutlgh cttdn tljn ga tdn lheury.

@ghsnht tg pcrtl`lpctn lh tdn arch`dlsn.

4 _rnsujptlghs cs nvlfnh`n

vlgictn fun prg`nss7

\ns Hg

< @gurt jcy icwauiiy fnìlhn

tg c`t wdnh _iclhtlaa

prgpnriy lhvgkns lts

eurlsfl`tlgh7

Hg \ns

Ch ljpgrtcht jntdgf tg flstlhmulsd wdntdnr c `grrupt eufmn ls c`tlhm lh c _GILVL@CI `cpc`lty crn chy ga tdn agiigwlhm2

bndcvlgrs nvlfnh`nf by dlj gr dnr50

3. Jckns `ghìuslvn prnsujptlghs cbgut ac`ts rnictnf tg tdn `csn agr tdn bnhnalt ga tdn Mgvnrhjnht gr fnanhfs tdn6mgvnrhjnht prgsnùtgr argj dcvlhm tg prgvn prnsujptlghs dn/sdn ls substltutlhm lh pic`n ga nvlfnh`n. Cii su`d>prnsujptlghs lhvcrlcbiy crn jcfn tg tdn BNHNALV ga tdn mgvnrhjnht chf ct tdn NT_NHPN ga tdn prlvctn pcrty tg tdn1prg`nnflhm.=

Lt ls cppcrnht,' tdls `gurt sclf lh tdn Bcliny @csn (23< ^.P. 20< ,03 P. @t. 36>, 3>3) 'tdct c `ghstltutlghci4

prgdlbltlgh `chhgt bn trchsmrnssnf lhflrn`tiy by tdn `rnctlgh ga c stctutgry prnsujptlgh chy jgrn tdch lt `ch>

[Plhklhm Auhf @csns, 1
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57/74

_giltl`ci Eurlsfl`tlgh >= ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

"Lt ls inat... tg tdn eurlns, la tdny tdlhk tdn pnrjchnht eufmns crn uhfnr chy blcs wdctnvnr lh chy `cusn, tg tckn3

gh tdnjsnivns tg eufmn tdn icw cs wnii cs tdn ac`t. Vdny hnvnr nxnr`lsn tdls pgwnr but wdnh tdny suspn`t2

pcrtlcilty lh tdn eufmns; chf by tdn nxnr`lsn ga tdls pgwnr tdny dcvn bnnh tdn alrjnst buiwcrks ga Nhmilsd0

ilbnrty."6

[Vdgjcs Enaanrsgh tg Cbbn Crhgux, 3=45240Z>

6. @chhgt icwauiiy NIN@V tdnjsnivns lhtg pubil` gaal`n by @GHPNHVLHM VG VDN E^RLPFL@VLGH GA gr1C__NCRLHM lh sclf `gurt gr nvnh _NVLVLGHLHM su`d ch cfjlhlstrctlvn arch`dlsn `gurt. Vdn GHI\ VDLHM tdn=arch`dlsn eufmn `ch icwauiiy fg ls FLPJLPP tdn `csn agr ic`k ga eurlsfl`tlgh. La dn c``npts lt khgwlhm tdct tdn iltlmcht4

ls HGV ch Nxnùtlvn Brch`d pubil` gaal`nr, dn ls bgtd `rljlhciiy ljpnrsghctlhm c pubil` gaal`nr CHF vlgictlhm tdn. @chhgt icwauiiy `ghanr _GILVL@CI eurlsfl`tlgh tg tdn Nxnùtlvn Brch`d Cfjlhlstrctlvn trlbuhci nvnh LA tdny `ghsnht33tg lts eurlsfl`tlgh.32

1. La tdn hgh-arch`dlsnn ls pnhcilznf by sclf INMLPICVLQN ARCH@DLPN `gurt, dn/sdn ls tdn suben`t ga ch30uh`ghstltutlghci Blii ga Cttclhfnr, wdl`d ls chy klhf ga pnhcity cfjlhlstnrnf by NLVDNR tdn INMLPICVLQN gr36NTN@^VLQN brch`dns ga tdn mgvnrhjnht gr by chy brch`d GVDNR tdch c VR^N eufl`lci brch`d.3>

^hltnf Ptctns @ghstltutlgh31

Crtlìn 3, Pn`tlgh. 3?3=

Hg Ptctn sdcii nhtnr lhtg chy Vrncty, Ciilch`n, gr @ghanfnrctlgh; mrcht Inttnrs ga Jcrqun chf Rnprlsci; `glh34Jghny; njlt Bliis ga @rnflt; jckn chy Vdlhm but mgif chf slivnr @glh c Vnhfnr lh _cyjnht ga Fnbts; pcss chy3, 36 I.Nf. 646, 6, 11 P.@t. 3?=0, 3?=


58/74


`lvlilch pgpuictlgh, gr chy snmjnht tdnrnga, lh aurtdnrch`n ga pgiltl`ci gr3sg`lci [rctdnr tdch icwauiZ gben`tlvns.2

Vdnrnagrn, eufmns tdct lhtnranrn wltd c pnrsghs `dgl`n ga fgjl`lin gr `ltlznhsdlp crn VNRRGRLPVP. Vdn jgst nhilmdtnhlhm0chf nigqunht ga tdn csns wdl`d fns`rlbns tdls liinmci c`tlvlty by eufmns wcs tdn .P. Puprnjn @gurt csn gaIutdnr v. Bgrfnh,6wdl`d stctnf5>

"But, agrtuhctniy agr gur arnnfgj argj pgiltl`ci nx`ltnjnhts lh eufl`lci futlns, tdls `gurt [tdn ^.P. Puprnjn1

@gurtZ `ch hnvnr wltd prgprlnty bn `ciinf gh gaal`lciiy tg bn tdn ujplrn lh qunstlghs jnrniy pgiltl`ci. Vdn=

cfeustjnht ga tdnsn qunstlghs bnighms tg tdn pngpin chf tdnlr pgiltl`ci rnprnsnhtctlvns, nltdnr lh tdn Ptctn gr4

mnhnrci mgvnrhjnht. Vdnsn qunstlghs rnictn tg jcttnrs hgt tg bn snttinf gh strl`t inmci prlh`lpins. Vdny crn

pnrvnrtnf, la hgt nhtlrniy prgstrctnf.But, ciigwlhm tdn pngpin tg jckn `ghstltutlghs chf uhjckn tdnj, ciigwlhm31

tdnlr rnprnsnhtctlvns tg jckn icws chf uhjckn tdnj, chf wltdgut gur lhtnranrnh`n cs tg tdnlr prlh`lpins gr pgil`y3=

lh fglhm lt, ynt, wdnh `ghstltutlghs chf icws crn jcfn chf put lh agr`n by gtdnrs, tdnh tdn `gurts, cs njpgwnrnf34

by tdn Ptctn gr tdn ^hlgh, `gjjnh`n tdnlr auh`tlghs chf jcy fn`lfn gh tdn rlmdts wdl`d `ghail`tlhm pcrtlns `ch3

pnr sn qunstlghs ga icw, chf crn wnii sultnf tg tdn nfu`ctlgh chf dcblts ga tdn bnh`d. But tdn gtdnr flsputnf21

pglhts lh jcklhm `ghstltutlghs, fnpnhflhm gatnh, cs bnagrn sdgwh, gh pgil`y, lhìlhctlgh, pgpuicr rnsgivns chf2=

pgpuicr wlii chf crlslhm hgt lh rnspn`t tg prlvctn rlmdts, hgt wdct ls jnuj chf tuuj, but lh rnict lgh tg pgiltl`s,24

tdny bnighm tg pgiltl`s, chf tdny crn snttinf by pgiltl`ci trlbuhcis, chf crn tgg fncr tg c pngpin brnf lh tdn s`dggi2

su`d vcrlgus `ghslfnrctlghs lh tdnlr eufmjnhts cs [64 ^.P. >0Z bnighm tg jnrn pgiltl`ci qunstlghs, tdny wlii01

fntdrghn tdnjsnivns chf igsn ghn ga tdnlr gwh lhvciucbin blrtdrlmdts; buliflhm up lh tdls wcy -- sigwiy, but0=surniy -- c hnw sgvnrnlmh pgwnr lh tdn rnpubil`, lh jgst rnspn`ts lrrnspghslbin chf uh`dchmncbin agr ilan, chf04

ghn jgrn fchmnrgus, lh tdngry ct incst, tdch tdn wgrst nin`tlvn gilmcr`dy lh tdn wgrst ga tljns.Cmclh, lhstncf01(344>)Z22

"Eustl`nls tdn nhf ga mgvnrhjnht. Lt ls tdn nhf ga `lvli sg`lnty. Lt nvnr dcs bnnh, chf nvnr wlii bn pursunf, uhtli lt20

bn gbtclhnf, gr uhtli ilbnrty bn igst lh tdn pursult."26

[Anfnrcilst _cpnr #>3, Ecjns JcflsghZ2>

30.0 _rnsujptlghs cbgut tdn stctus ga tdn pcrtlns21

C `gjjgh tn`dhlqun agr eufmns tg c`t lh c pgiltl`ci rctdnr tdch inmci gr eufl`lci `cpc`lty ls tg jckn prnsujptlghs cbgut tdn2=stctus ga tdn pcrtlns tdct tdnrn ls hg nvlfnh`n gh tdn rn`grf tg suppgrt chf tg trnct tdgsn prnsujptlghs cs substchtlvn ac`t. Vdn24caan`t ga jcklhm su`d uhsubstchtlctnf prnsujptlghs ls tg52

6. Vurh eufmns lhtg "prlnsts" ga c `lvli rnilmlgh.01>. Vurh inmci prg`nss lhtg ch c`t ga rnilmlgh.0=1. Vrchsagrj "cttgrhnys" lhtg fnc`ghs ga c stctn-spghsgrnf rnilmlgh.04=. Vurh tdn `gurtrggj lhtg c `dur`d buliflhm.0.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

Aicwnf Vcx Crmujnhts tg Cvglf, Agrj #?4.??6, Pn`tlgh 4.30dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

2. Vdct ygu crn c arch`dlsnn `ciinf c tcxpcynr.30. Vdct bn`cusn ygu crn c tcxpcynr, ygu crn suben`t tg tdn Lhtnrhci Rnvnhun @gfn.26. Vdct tdn mgvnrhjnht `ch ljpgsn futlns gh prlvctn pcrtlns wltdgut tdnlr `ghsnht chf wltdgut vlgictlhm tdn Vdlrtnnhtd0

Cjnhfjnht prgdlbltlgh cmclhst lhvgiuhtcry snrvltufn. Lh ac`t, tdny `cht, chf tdny just prnsujn tdct ygu crn c6

pubil` gaal`nr BNAGRN tdny `ch nvnh lhvgivn ygu lh ch c`tlgh lhvgivlhm anfnrci stctutns. Pnn5>6.3. _rgga Vdct Vdnrn ls c Ptrcw Jch, Agrj #?>.?621

dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj=6.2. ]dy \gur Mgvnrhjnht lsNltdnr c Vdlna gr \gu crn c _ubil` Gaal`nragr Lh`gjn Vcx _urpgsns, Agrj #?>.??44

dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj.?0=3?

dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj33>. Vdct tdn gaanhsn g`ùrrnf lh c stctutgry Ptctn, wdl`d ls c anfnrci tnrrltgry chf hgt c stctn ga tdn ^hlgh. Vdls ls c acisn32

prnsujptlgh lh hncriy cii `csns lhvgivlhm tdgsn fgjl`linf wltdlh c stctn ga tdn ^hlgh.301. Vdct tdn gaanhsn g`ùrrnf lh tdn anfnrci eufl`lci flstrl`t, wdl`d lhìufns anfnrci tnrrltgry chf prgpnrty wltdlh tdn flstrl`t36

chf nxìufns prlvctn prgpnrty hgt `ghhn`tnf wltd chy arch`dlsn.3>=. Vdct ygu `ghsnhtnf tg tdn eurlsfl`tlgh ga tdn `gurt by jcklhm ch cppncrch`nlh `gurt, su`d cs sdgwlhm up pdysl`ciiy31

gr alilhm c pincflhm lh ch c`tlgh.3=4. Vdct tdgsn snrvlhm gh tdn eury chf fgjl`linf wltdlh tdn nxìuslvn eurlsfl`tlgh ga c stctn ga tdn ^hlgh crn qucilalnf tg34

snrvn lh c anfnrci trlci. Lh ac`t, tdny `chhgt icwauiiy qucilay tg snrvn uhinss tdny crn fgjl`linf gh anfnrci tnrrltgry3.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

[Bic`ksIcw Fl`tlghcry, Plxtd Nfltlgh, p. 114Z3

Eufmns gr mgvnrhjnht prgsnùtgrs gr nvnh tdn LRP, wdnh tdny cbusn tdn wgrf arlvgigus, cbusn tdn agiigwlhm tc`tl`s tdct2vlgictn fun prg`nss ga icw chf tdn rlmdts ga tdn pcrtlns cfvnrsniy caan`tnf50

3. Vdny `ltn `csn icw argj c agrnlmh eurlsfl`tlgh wltdlh wdl`d tdn pcrty ls hgt fgjl`linf, wdl`d ls tdnrnagrn lrrninvcht.62. Vdny usn prgvlslghs ga c arch`dlsn cmrnnjnht, su`d cs tdn L.R.@. Pubtltin C trcfn gr buslhnss arch`dlsn, cmclhst tdgsn>

wdg crn hgt suben`t tg lt bn`cusn hgt stctutgry tcxpcynrs, chf wdl`d crn tdnrnagrn lrrninvcht.1

0. Vdny rnausn tg prgvlfn inmciiy cfjlsslbin nvlfnh`n slmhnf uhfnr pnhcity ga pnreury cs rnqulrnf by 21 ^.P.@. 1?1>=prgvlhm tdct tdn tdlhm tdny fns`rlbn cs arlvgigus ls nrrghngus lh chy wcy.4

6. Vdny prgvlfn tdct wdl`d ls hgt inmciiy cfjlsslbin nvlfnh`n cs eustlal`ctlgh agr wdy sgjntdlhm ls arlvgigus. Agr

gbilmctn chyghn nisn nltdnr uhfnr tdn `gh`npt ga nquci prgtn`tlgh chf nquci trnctjnht.31Agr fntclis gh wdy hghn ga tdn cbgvn crn inmci nvlfnh`n ga ch gbilmctlgh chf tdnrnagrn `chhgt bn usnf cs eustlal`ctlgh3=agr ciilhm sgjntdlhm arlvgigus, snn534

Rncsghcbin Bnilna Cbgut Lh`gjn Vcx Ilcblilty, Agrj #?>.??=

dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

Agr aurtdnr fntclis gh tdn suben`t ga tdls sn`tlgh, snn53.?2=dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

30.> Cfflhm tdlhms tg tdn stctutgry jnchlhm ga wgrfs2?

Vdn purpgsn ga prgvlflhm stctutgry fnalhltlghs agr tnrjs ls tg P^_NRPNFN, hgt NHICRMN, tdn jnchlhm ga grflhcry wgrfs,23c``grflhm tg tdn ^.P. Puprnjn @gurt522

"]dnh c stctutn lhìufns ch nxpil`lt fnalhltlgh, wn just agiigw tdct fnalhltlgh, nvnh la lt vcrlns argj tdct tnrj's20

grflhcry jnchlhm.Jnnsn v. Knnhn, 643 ^.P. 61>, 646-64> (3


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Vdn cblilty tg inmlsictn ls rnsnrvnf ghiy agr tdn inmlsictlvn brch`d. @gurts jcy hgt inmlsictn by cfflhm tdlhms tg fnalhltlghs3tdct crn hgwdnrn lhfl`ctnf lh tdn stctuns tdnjsnivns. Hnltdnr eurlns hgr eufmns ch icwauiiy lhvgivn tdnjsnivns lh tdct prg`nss2chf la tdny fg, tdny50

3. Pubstltutn tdnlr gwh wlii agr tdct ga tdn inmlsicturn.62. Vurh c sg`lnty ga icw lhtg c sg`lnty ga jnh.>0. Bn`gjn tdn nqulvcinht ga c `ghstltutlghci `ghvnhtlgh chf c pgil`y bgcrf.16. Jckn tdn `gurtrggj lhtg c iyh`d jgb cmclhst tdn fnanhfcht.=

Agr aurtdnr fntclis gh tdn suben`t ga tdls sn`tlgh, snn54

Inmci Fn`nptlgh, _rgpcmchfc, chf Arcuf, Agrj #?>.?36dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

30.1 @ltlhm gr nhagr`lhm lrrninvcht `csn icw gr stctutns lh `lvli `csns rnictlhm tg pcrtlns wltd c

Hg surprlslhmiy, `gurts chf mgvnrhjnht prgsn`utgrs wlii arnqunhtiy turh `gurts lhtg pgiltl`ci agrujs lhstncf ga inmci agrujs31by `ltnlhm `csn icw gr `lvli stctutns cmclhst hghrnslfnht pcrtlns wdg crn hgt suben`t tg tdnj chf agr wdl`d sclf cutdgrltlns crn3=lrrninvcht.34

Vdnrn crn ghiy tdrnn wcys tg bn`gjn suben`t tg tdn `lvli eurlsfl`tlgh ga c spn`lal` mgvnrhjnht gr vnhun. Vdnsn wcys crn53ljjuhlty uhfnr5210.3. Vdn Agrnlmh Pgvnrnlmh Ljjuhltlns C`t, 24 ^.P.@. 31?>.2=0.2. Vdn Jlhljuj @ghtc`ts Fg`trlhn, wdl`d ljpinjnhts tdn Agurtnnhtd Cjnhfjnht. Pnn Lhtnrhctlghci Pdgn @g. v.24

]csdlhmtgh, 021 ^.P. 03? (3) .2.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

Pnn cisg @incralnif Vrust @g. v. ^hltnf Ptctns, 034 ^.P. 010, 01< (32=, >06 (32 (3) ("]dnh tdn ^hltnf Ptctns, wltd `ghstltutlghci cutdgrlty, jckns0

`ghtrc`ts [gr arch`dlsnsZ, lt dcs rlmdts chf lh`urs rnspghslbliltlns sljlicr tg tdgsn ga lhflvlfucis wdg crn pcrtlns6

tg su`d lhstrujnhts. Vdnrn ls hg flaanrnh`n . . . nx`npt tdct tdn ^hltnf Ptctns `chhgt bn sunf wltdgut lts>

`ghsnht") (`ltctlgh gjlttnf); ^hltnf Ptctns v. Bgstwl`k, 0, 11 (34==) ("Vdn ^hltnf Ptctns, wdnh tdny1

`ghtrc`t wltd tdnlr `ltlznhs, crn `ghtrgiinf by tdn scjn icws tdct mgvnrh tdn `ltlznh lh tdct bndcia"); @ggkn v.=

^hltnf Ptctns, ("]dnrnvnr tdn pubil` chf prlvctn c`ts ga tdn mgvnrhjnht33

snnj tg `gjjlhmin, c `ltlznh gr `grpgrctn bgfy just by suppgsltlgh bn32

substltutnf lh lts pic`n, chf tdnh tdn qunstlgh bn fntnrjlhnf wdntdnr tdn30c`tlgh wlii iln cmclhst tdn suppgsnf fnanhfcht"); G'Hnlii v. ^hltnf Ptctns, 203 @[email protected], 421 (3=, 610 (3


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]n cisg nstcbilsd lh tdn agiigwlhm fgùjnht tdct cijgst cii `lvli stctutgry icw ls, lh ac`t, icw agr mgvnrhjnht bn`cusn lt3rnmuictns pubil` `ghfu`t ga pubil` gaal`nrs. Vdn cblilty tg rnmuictn prlvctn `ghfu`t ls rnpumhcht tg tdn @ghstltutlgh, cs dnif2by tdn ^.P. Puprnjn @gurt, chf tdnrnagrn, tdn nhc`tjnht chf nhagr`njnht ga stctutns ls rnciiy eust tdn nhagr`njnht ga tdn0nqulvcinht ga tdn njpigyjnht cmrnnjnht agr pubil` gaal`nrs ga tdn mgvnrhjnht56

]dy Ptctutgry @lvli Icw ls Icw agr Mgvnrhjnht chf Hgt _rlvctn _nrsghs, Agrj #?>.?0=dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

30.=

Rnausci ga arch`dlsn `gurts tg flsjlss `csns lhvgivlhm tdgsn wdg crn hgt arch`dlsnns>

]n tdgrgumdiy flsùss tdn flaanrnh`ns bntwnnh arch`dlsn `gurts chf `ghstltutlghci `gurts lh tdn agiigwlhm rnsgur`n gh gur1wnbsltn5=

Mgvnrhjnht Lhstltutnf Picvnry slhm Arch`dlsns, Agrj #?>.?0?, Pn`tlgh 23dttp5//snfj.grm/Agrjs/AgrjLhfnx.dtj

Cii arch`dlsn `gurts dcvn lh `gjjgh tdct tdny `chhgt tckn eurlsfl`tlgh gvnr chy `csn hgt lhvgivlhm tdgsn wdg `ghsnht tg bn4arch`dlsnns chf la tdny fg, c tgrt ls `gjjlttnf. Nxcjpins ga arch`dlsnns lhìufn spgusns uhfnr tdn acjliy `gfn lh ygur

RÎN 30. E^RLPFL@VLGH31

(c) Hgtl`n ga Fnal`lnh`y gr ga Vrchsanrnn gr Alfu`lcry Ilcblilty Rnqulrnf5 Nx`npt lh c`tlghs agr fnìcrctgry3=

eufmjnht, agr flsìgsurn, agr rncfeustjnht gr cfeustjnht ga pcrthnrsdlp ltnjs, agr cfjlhlstrctlvn `gsts, gr agr34

rnvlnw ga acliurn tg cbctn lhtnrnst (snn Vltins TTL, TTLL, TTLQ,TTQL, chf TTQLL), tdn eurlsfl`tlgh ga tdn @gurt322

(rnictlhm tg tdn wlhfacii prgalt tcx),gr lh chy gtdnr tcxns wdl`d crn tdn suben`t ga tdn lssuch`n ga c hgtl`n ga20

fnal`lnh`y by tdn @gjjlsslghnr; chf (2) lh c `csn `gjjnh`nf lh tdn @gurt by c trchsanrnn gr alfu`lcry, upgh tdn26

lssuch`n by tdn @gjjlsslghnr ga c hgtl`n ga ilcblilty tg tdn trchsanrnn gr alfu`lcry. Pnn @gfn sn`s. 1232, 1230,2>

chf 1


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_giltl`ci Eurlsfl`tlgh 1> ga =6@gpyrlmdt Pgvnrnlmhty Nfu`ctlgh chf Fnanhsn Jlhlstry,dttp5//snfj.grmAgrj ?>.??6, Rnv. 1-26-2?36 NTDLBLV5WWWWWWWW

Vdn flstlh`tlgh bntwnnh pubil` rlmdts chf prlvctn rlmdts dcs hgt bnnh fnalhltlvniy nxpiclhnf lh gur prn`nfnhts.03

Hgr ls lt hn`nsscry tg fg sg lh tdn prnsnht `csns, agr lt suaal`ns tg gbsnrvn tdct c jcttnr ga pubil` rlmdts just ct c2

jlhljuj crlsn bntwnnh tdn mgvnrhjnht chf gtdnrs.Nx pcrtn Bckniltn @grp., suprc, ct 6>3, 6< P.@t., ct 630.60Lh `ghtrcst, tdn ilcblilty ga ghn lhflvlfuci tg chgtdnr uhfnr tdn icw cs fnalhnf,@rgwnii v. Bnhsgh, suprc, ct >3,6

>2 P.@t., ct 2

agrjnr `ctnmgry jcy bn rnjgvnf argjCrt. LLL`gurts chf fninmctnf tg inmlsictlvn `gurts gr cfjlhlstrctlvn1

cmnh`lns agr tdnlr fntnrjlhctlgh. PnnCtics Rggalhm @g. v. G``upctlghci Pcanty chf Dncitd Rnvlnw @gjj'h,=

60? ^.P. 662, 6>?, h. =, 3 I.Nf.2f. 616 (3 .P.,4

ct >?->3, >2 P.@t., ct 2

fnalhn rlmdts tdct lt dcs `rnctnf. Rctdnr, su`d lhrgcfs summnst uhwcrrchtnf nh`rgc`djnhts upgh tdn eufl`lci21

pgwnr ga tdn ^hltnf Ptctns, wdl`d gur @ghstltutlgh rnsnrvns agr Crt. LLL `gurts.2=

[Hgrtdnrh _lpnilhn @ghst. @g. v. Jcrctdgh _lpn Ilhn @g., 6>4 ^.P. >?, 3?2 P.@t. 24>4 (3.?0? fg`ujnht `ltnf ncrilnr. Dnh`n, chy arch`dlsn eufmn snrvlhm lh c arch`d

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Political Jurisdiction, Form #05.004